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Zhang R, Sun N, Zhao Z, Wang S, Zhang M, Zhao L, Liu Y, Feng S. Bionic dual-scale structured films for efficient passive radiative cooling accompanied by robust durability. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38885043 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Passive radiative cooling (PRC), as an energy-free cooling approach, is ingeniously harnessed for certain natural organisms to withstand extreme high-temperature climates, which has inspired numerous bionic designs. However, it is a great challenge to enhance the durability of the designed materials in practical scenarios while inheriting the natural biological principles. We demonstrate bionic dual-scale structured (BDSS) films for efficient passive radiative cooling accompanied by robust durability after discovering the excellent thermoregulatory properties of the inner surface of Hawaiian scallop shell. We found that the inner surface of the shell consists of large-scale triangular ridges scattered with small-scale terrace steps. This dual-scale structure can enhance the reflectivity of sunlight by efficient Mie scattering and increase the emissivity in the mid-infrared range by lengthening the propagation of photons, thereby decreasing the surface temperature. Underpinned by this finding, we developed a BDSS film that features a strong solar spectrum reflectivity of 0.95 and a high mid-infrared emissivity of 0.98, achieving a sub-ambient cooling of 10.8 °C under direct sunlight. Additionally, the designed films possess robust durability including excellent self-cleaning, flexibility, mechanical strength, chemical stability, and anti-ultraviolet radiation, which is promising for thermal thermoregulation in various harsh scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Ningning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Zehong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Shixu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yahua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Shile Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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2
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Watari A, Iizuka Y, Fujita K, Masunaga H, Kawamoto K. Long-term relationships between summer clouds and aerosols over mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9059. [PMID: 38643285 PMCID: PMC11032361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While the short-term relationship between clouds and aerosols is well known, no adequate data is available to verify the longer-term, annual to decadal, relationship. It is important to quantify the aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) for mitigating uncertainty in climate prediction. Here the long-term ACI over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere was analyzed by using seasonally-resolved ion fluxes reconstructed from a southeastern Greenland ice core (SE-Dome ice core) as aerosol proxies, and satellite-based summer cloud amount between 1982 and 2014. As a result, SO42- flux in the ice core shows significant positive correlation with total cloud amounts (CC T ) and cloud droplet concentration ( N d ) in the summer over the southeastern Greenland Sea, implying that the sulfate aerosols may contribute to the variability ofCC T via microphysical cloud processes. Significant positive correlations are persistent even under the constrained conditions when cloud formation factors such as relative humidity, air temperature at cloud height, and summer North Atlantic Oscillation are limited within ± 1σ variability. Hence sulfate aerosols should control the interannual variability of summerCC T In terms of decadal changes,CC T was approximately 3-5% higher in the 1960s-1970s than in the 1990s-2000s, which can be explained by changes in the,SO 4 2 - flux preserved in the SE-Dome ice core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Watari
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
- Nippon Koei Energy Solutions Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 102-8539, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Iizuka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Koji Fujita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Masunaga
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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3
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Yuan T, Song H, Wood R, Oreopoulos L, Platnick S, Wang C, Yu H, Meyer K, Wilcox E. Observational evidence of strong forcing from aerosol effect on low cloud coverage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh7716. [PMID: 37939179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols cool Earth's climate indirectly by increasing low cloud brightness and their coverage (Cf), constituting the aerosol indirect forcing (AIF). The forcing partially offsets the greenhouse warming and positively correlates with the climate sensitivity. However, it remains highly uncertain. Here, we show direct observational evidence for strong forcing from Cf adjustment to increased aerosols and weak forcing from cloud liquid water path adjustment. We estimate that the Cf adjustment drives between 52% and 300% of additional forcing to the Twomey effect over the ocean and a total AIF of -1.1 ± 0.8 W m-2. The Cf adjustment follows a power law as a function of background cloud droplet number concentration, Nd. It thus depends on time and location and is stronger when Nd is low. Cf only increases substantially when background clouds start to drizzle, suggesting a role for aerosol-precipitation interactions. Our findings highlight the Cf adjustment as the key process for reducing the uncertainty of AIF and thus future climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Yuan
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Hua Song
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- SSAI Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lazaros Oreopoulos
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Steven Platnick
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Meyer
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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4
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Gong J, Zhu Y, Chen D, Gao H, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yao X. The occurrence of lower-than-expected bulk N CCN values over the marginal seas of China - Implications for competitive activation of marine aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159938. [PMID: 36336057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we combined the measured bulk particle number concentration (NCN), particle number size distribution (PNSD) and bulk cloud condensation nuclei concentration (NCCN) at various supersaturation (SS) levels to investigate competitive activation of aerosols in the marine atmospheres over the marginal seas of China during two winter campaigns Campaign A (December 9-19, 2019) and Campaign B (December 28, 2019-January 16, 2020). During the two campaigns, we observed various categories of aerosols, i.e., long-range transport continental aerosols, clean marine aerosols, grown new particles ranging from nucleation mode to larger sizes, and grown pre-existing particles ranging from Aitken mode to accumulation mode size, etc. We found that the measured NCCN increased by only approximately 30 % with increases in SS levels from 0.2 % to 1.0 %, e.g., (1.8 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 0.2 % and (2.4 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 1.0 % during Campaign A. We further calculated the hygroscopicity parameter kappa (κ) by combining simultaneously measured PNSD and bulk NCCN to explore the causes. The calculated κ values were below 0.1 at SS = 0.4 % during the 72 % (or 88 %) period of Campaign A (or Campaign B). When κ values below 0.1 (or 0.2) were excluded, the remaining κ values were apparently reasonable, with an average of 0.22 (or 0.36) and a standard deviation of 0.10 (or 0.21) at SS = 0.4 % during Campaign A (or Campaign B). The unexpectedly lower κ values were discussed in terms of competitive activation of aerosols in marine atmospheres together with its net contribution to lowering the measured bulk NCCN below the expected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Gong
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Duihui Chen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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5
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Song Y, Li J, Tsona NT, Liu L, Du L. Enrichment of short-chain organic acids transferred to submicron sea spray aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158122. [PMID: 35988626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids, considered to be a substantial component of the marine carbon cycle, can enter the atmosphere through sea spray aerosol (SSA) and further affect the climate. Despite their importance, the distribution and mixing state of organic acids in SSA over the marine boundary layer are poorly understood and therefore need more investigation. Here, we have used ion chromatography (IC) in anion mode to measure short-chain organic acids concentrations in SSA collected throughout a custom-made SSA simulation chamber. The enrichment behavior and morphology of monocarboxylic acids (MAs, C1-8) and dicarboxylic acids (DAs) in submicron SSA were studied in seawater. We found that with MAs addition, the number concentration and mass concentration of SSA particles decreased gradually for C5-8 MAs, whereas they weakly varied with DAs addition due to the fact that carboxyl groups at both ends of DAs increased the surface tension of seawater. Moreover, the target compounds in submicron SSA displayed a surface activity-dependent enrichment behavior, where seawater with stronger surface activity, such as that containing MAs with >5 carbons, was more enriched in SSA in comparison to seawater with weaker surface activity. MAs with chain length <5 carbons were slightly enriched in SSA, whereas the enrichment factor (EF) of C5-8 MAs further increased with increasing chain length. These findings are of utmost importance in further understanding and quantifying the contribution of organic matter to SSA, which is crucial for assessing the atmosphere feedback of the marine carbon cycle. MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK: Surface tension of seawater is the key factor affecting the enrichment of short-chain organic acids in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingrui Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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6
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Gu J, Feng J, Hao X, Fang T, Zhao C, An H, Chen J, Xu M, Li J, Han W, Yang C, Li F, Chen D. Establishing a non-hydrostatic global atmospheric modeling system at 3-km horizontal resolution with aerosol feedbacks on the Sunway supercomputer of China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1170-1181. [PMID: 36545983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the era of global warming and highly urbanized development, extreme and high impact weather as well as air pollution incidents influence everyday life and might even cause the incalculable loss of life and property. Despite the vast development of atmospheric models, there still exist substantial numerical forecast biases objectively. To accurately predict extreme weather, severe air pollution, and abrupt climate change, numerical atmospheric model requires not only to simulate meteorology and atmospheric compositions simultaneously involving many sophisticated physical and chemical processes but also at high spatiotemporal resolution. Global integrated atmospheric simulation at spatial resolutions of a few kilometers remains challenging due to its intensive computational and input/output (I/O) requirement. Through multi-dimension-parallelism structuring, aggressive and finer-grained optimizing, manual vectorizing, and parallelized I/O fragmenting, an integrated Atmospheric Model Across Scales (iAMAS) was established on the new Sunway supercomputer platform to significantly increase the computational efficiency and reduce the I/O cost. The global 3-km atmospheric simulation for meteorology with online integrated aerosol feedbacks with iAMAS was scaled to 39,000,000 processor cores and achieved the speed of 0.82 simulation day per hour (SDPH) with routine I/O, which enabled us to perform 5-day global weather forecast at 3-km horizontal resolution with online natural aerosol impacts. The results demonstrate the promising future that the increasing of spatial resolution to a few kilometers with online integrated aerosol feedbacks may significantly improve the global weather forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiawang Feng
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Fang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Hong An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Junshi Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Li
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenting Han
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangnan Institute of Computing Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dexun Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Mansour K, Rinaldi M, Preißler J, Decesari S, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, Paglione M, Facchini MC, O'Dowd C. Phytoplankton Impact on Marine Cloud Microphysical Properties Over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036355. [PMID: 35860437 PMCID: PMC9285769 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the impact of natural cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) variability on cloud properties in marine air is low, thus contributing to climate prediction uncertainty. By analyzing cloud remote sensing observations (2009-2015) at Mace Head (west coast of Ireland), we show the oceanic biota impact on the microphysical properties of stratiform clouds over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. During spring to summer (seasons of enhanced oceanic biological activity), clouds typically host a higher number of smaller droplets resulting from increased aerosol number concentration in the CCN relevant-size range. The induced increase in cloud droplet number concentration (+100%) and decrease in their radius (-14%) are comparable in magnitude to that generated by the advection of anthropogenically influenced air masses over the background marine boundary layer. Cloud water content and albedo respond to marine CCN perturbations with positive adjustments, making clouds brighter as the number of droplets increases. Cloud susceptibility to marine aerosols overlaps with a large variability of cloud macrophysical and optical properties primarily affected by the meteorological conditions. The above findings suggest the existence of a potential feedback mechanism between marine biota and the marine cloud-climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Mansour
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Maria C. Facchini
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
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Gaiser EE, Kominoski JS, McKnight DM, Bahlai CA, Cheng C, Record S, Wollheim WM, Christianson KR, Downs MR, Hawman PA, Holbrook SJ, Kumar A, Mishra DR, Molotch NP, Primack RB, Rassweiler A, Schmitt RJ, Sutter LA. Long-term ecological research and the COVID-19 anthropause: A window to understanding social-ecological disturbance. Ecosphere 2022; 13:e4019. [PMID: 35573027 PMCID: PMC9087370 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The period of disrupted human activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, coined the "anthropause," altered the nature of interactions between humans and ecosystems. It is uncertain how the anthropause has changed ecosystem states, functions, and feedback to human systems through shifts in ecosystem services. Here, we used an existing disturbance framework to propose new investigation pathways for coordinated studies of distributed, long-term social-ecological research to capture effects of the anthropause. Although it is still too early to comprehensively evaluate effects due to pandemic-related delays in data availability and ecological response lags, we detail three case studies that show how long-term data can be used to document and interpret changes in air and water quality and wildlife populations and behavior coinciding with the anthropause. These early findings may guide interpretations of effects of the anthropause as it interacts with other ongoing environmental changes in the future, particularly highlighting the importance of long-term data in separating disturbance impacts from natural variation and long-term trends. Effects of this global disturbance have local to global effects on ecosystems with feedback to social systems that may be detectable at spatial scales captured by nationally to globally distributed research networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E. Gaiser
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - John S. Kominoski
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Diane M. McKnight
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Chingwen Cheng
- The Design SchoolArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of BiologyBryn Mawr CollegeBryn MawrPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Wilfred M. Wollheim
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Martha R. Downs
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter A. Hawman
- Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sally J. Holbrook
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Noah P. Molotch
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Andrew Rassweiler
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Russell J. Schmitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lori A. Sutter
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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9
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Climatological Characteristics and Aerosol Loading Trends from 2001 to 2020 Based on MODIS MAIAC Data for Tianjin, North China Plain. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) in East Asia has a severe air pollution problem. In this study, the long-term spatial distribution and interannual trends of aerosol optical depth (AOD) were investigated using the MODIS MAIAC (multiangle implementation of the atmospheric correction) dataset from 2001 to 2020 for Tianjin, a city on the NCP. The annual AOD in Tianjin was 0.59 from 2001 to 2020. The average AOD of Tianjin was the highest in summer (0.96), followed by spring (0.58) and autumn (0.51). The annual AOD in Tianjin increased significantly in 2008 (approximately 0.77), and the minimum annual AOD was observed in 2020 (0.41). In summer, AOD in the 11 districts of Tianjin significantly increased from 2001 to 2010 and gradually decreased from 2011 to 2020. The occurrence frequency of AOD in the range of 0.2–0.5 was high in Tianjin accounting for almost 40% of the total proportion. In Tianjin, AOD exhibited a positive trend from 2001 to 2008 and an obvious negative growth trend from 2009 to 2020 due to anthropogenic emission. The findings are valuable for analyzing the climatological characteristics of aerosol loading and their optical properties at the district level of cities on the NCP.
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10
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Zaveri RA, Wang J, Fan J, Zhang Y, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Mei F, Newsom R, Pekour M, Tomlinson J, Comstock JM, Shrivastava M, Fortner E, Machado LAT, Artaxo P, Martin ST. Rapid growth of anthropogenic organic nanoparticles greatly alters cloud life cycle in the Amazon rainforest. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj0329. [PMID: 35020441 PMCID: PMC8754412 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions remain uncertain in assessing climate change. While anthropogenic activities produce copious aerosol nanoparticles smaller than 10 nanometers, they are too small to act as efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The mechanisms responsible for particle growth to CCN-relevant sizes are poorly understood. Here, we present aircraft observations of rapid growth of anthropogenic nanoparticles downwind of an isolated metropolis in the Amazon rainforest. Model analysis reveals that the sustained particle growth to CCN sizes is predominantly caused by particle-phase diffusion-limited partitioning of semivolatile oxidation products of biogenic hydrocarbons. Cloud-resolving numerical simulations show that the enhanced CCN concentrations in the urban plume substantially alter the formation of shallow convective clouds, suppress precipitation, and enhance the transition to deep convective clouds. The proposed nanoparticle growth mechanism, expressly enabled by the abundantly formed semivolatile organics, suggests an appreciable impact of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud life cycle in previously unpolluted forests of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A. Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Fan Mei
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rob Newsom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mikhail Pekour
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jason Tomlinson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luiz A. T. Machado
- National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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11
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Huang X, Ding A. Aerosol as a critical factor causing forecast biases of air temperature in global numerical weather prediction models. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1917-1924. [PMID: 36654401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Weather prediction is essential to the daily life of human beings. Current numerical weather prediction models such as the Global Forecast System (GFS) are still subject to substantial forecast biases and rarely consider the impact of atmospheric aerosol, despite the consensus that aerosol is one of the most important sources of uncertainty in the climate system. Here we demonstrate that atmospheric aerosol is one of the important drivers biasing daily temperature prediction. By comparing observations and the GFS prediction, we find that the monthly-averaged bias in the 24-h temperature forecast varies between ± 1.5 °C in regions influenced by atmospheric aerosol. The biases depend on the properties of aerosol, the underlying land surface, and aerosol-cloud interactions over oceans. It is also revealed that forecast errors are rapidly magnified over time in regions featuring high aerosol loadings. Our study provides direct "observational" evidence of aerosol's impacts on daily weather forecast, and bridges the gaps between the weather forecast and climate science regarding the understanding of the impact of atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Yli-Juuti T, Mielonen T, Heikkinen L, Arola A, Ehn M, Isokääntä S, Keskinen HM, Kulmala M, Laakso A, Lipponen A, Luoma K, Mikkonen S, Nieminen T, Paasonen P, Petäjä T, Romakkaniemi S, Tonttila J, Kokkola H, Virtanen A. Significance of the organic aerosol driven climate feedback in the boreal area. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5637. [PMID: 34561456 PMCID: PMC8463617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol particles cool the climate by scattering solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Higher temperatures resulting from increased greenhouse gas levels have been suggested to lead to increased biogenic secondary organic aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations creating a negative climate feedback mechanism. Here, we present direct observations on this feedback mechanism utilizing collocated long term aerosol chemical composition measurements and remote sensing observations on aerosol and cloud properties. Summer time organic aerosol loadings showed a clear increase with temperature, with simultaneous increase in cloud condensation nuclei concentration in a boreal forest environment. Remote sensing observations revealed a change in cloud properties with an increase in cloud reflectivity in concert with increasing organic aerosol loadings in the area. The results provide direct observational evidence on the significance of this negative climate feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tero Mielonen
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Arola
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Isokääntä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helmi-Marja Keskinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anton Laakso
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Lipponen
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Romakkaniemi
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Tonttila
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Kokkola
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Zang L, Rosenfeld D, Mao F, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Gong W, Wang Z. CALIOP retrieval of droplet effective radius accounting for cloud vertical homogeneity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21921-21935. [PMID: 34265968 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring cloud droplet effective radius (re) is of great significance for studying aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI). Passive satellite retrieval, e.g., MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), requires sunlight. This requirement prompted developing re retrieval using active sensors, e.g., CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization). Given the highest sensitivity of vertically homogeneous clouds to aerosols that feed to cloud base, here CALIOP profile measurements were used for the first time to quantify cloud vertical homogeneity and estimate cloud re during both day and night. Comparison using simultaneous Aqua-MODIS measurements demonstrates that CALIOP retrieval has the highest accuracy for vertically homogeneous clouds, with R2 (MAE, RMSE) of 0.72 (1.75 µm, 2.25 µm), while the accuracy is lowest for non-homogeneous clouds, with R2 (MAE, RMSE) of 0.60 (2.90 µm, 3.70 µm). The improved re retrieval in vertically homogeneous clouds provides a basis for possible breakthrough insights in ACI by CALIOP since re in such clouds reflects most directly aerosol effects on cloud properties. Global day-night maps of cloud vertical homogeneity and respective re are presented.
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14
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Jia H, Ma X, Yu F, Quaas J. Significant underestimation of radiative forcing by aerosol-cloud interactions derived from satellite-based methods. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3649. [PMID: 34131118 PMCID: PMC8206093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite-based estimates of radiative forcing by aerosol-cloud interactions (RFaci) are consistently smaller than those from global models, hampering accurate projections of future climate change. Here we show that the discrepancy can be substantially reduced by correcting sampling biases induced by inherent limitations of satellite measurements, which tend to artificially discard the clouds with high cloud fraction. Those missed clouds exert a stronger cooling effect, and are more sensitive to aerosol perturbations. By accounting for the sampling biases, the magnitude of RFaci (from -0.38 to -0.59 W m-2) increases by 55 % globally (133 % over land and 33 % over ocean). Notably, the RFaci further increases to -1.09 W m-2 when switching total aerosol optical depth (AOD) to fine-mode AOD that is a better proxy for CCN than AOD. In contrast to previous weak satellite-based RFaci, the improved one substantially increases (especially over land), resolving a major difference with models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Jia
- grid.260478.fCollaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, and Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China ,grid.265850.c0000 0001 2151 7947Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, Albany, NY USA ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- grid.260478.fCollaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, and Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangqun Yu
- grid.265850.c0000 0001 2151 7947Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, Albany, NY USA
| | - Johannes Quaas
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Paglione M, Decesari S, Rinaldi M, Tarozzi L, Manarini F, Gilardoni S, Facchini MC, Fuzzi S, Bacco D, Trentini A, Pandis SN, Nenes A. Historical Changes in Seasonal Aerosol Acidity in the Po Valley (Italy) as Inferred from Fog Water and Aerosol Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7307-7315. [PMID: 34000801 PMCID: PMC8173609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acidity profoundly affects almost every aspect that shapes the composition of ambient particles and their environmental impact. Thermodynamic analysis of gas-particle composition datasets offers robust estimates of acidity, but they are not available for long periods of time. Fog composition datasets, however, are available for many decades; we develop a thermodynamic analysis to estimate the ammonia in equilibrium with fog water and to infer the pre-fog aerosol pH starting from fog chemical composition and pH. The acidity values from the new method agree with the results of thermodynamic analysis of the available gas-particle composition data. Applying the new method to historical (25 years) fog water composition at the rural station of San Pietro Capofiume (SPC) in the Po Valley (Italy) suggests that the aerosol has been mildly acidic, with its pH decreasing by 0.5-1.5 pH units over the last decades. The observed pH of the fog water also increased 1 unit over the same period. Analysis of the simulated aerosol pH reveals that the aerosol acidity trend is driven by a decrease in aerosol precursor concentrations, and changes in temperature and relative humidity. Currently, NOx controls would be most effective for PM2.5 reduction in the Po valley both during summer and winter. In the future, however, seasonal transitions to the NH3-sensitive region may occur, meaning that the NH3 reduction policy may become increasingly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paglione
- Institute
for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Leone Tarozzi
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Francesco Manarini
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Stefania Gilardoni
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Sandro Fuzzi
- Italian
National Research Council—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences
and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Regional
Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (ARPAE) of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna 40122, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Regional
Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (ARPAE) of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna 40122, Italy
| | - Spyros N. Pandis
- Institute
for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute
for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
- School
of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Feng R, Zhou R, Shi W, Shi N, Fang X. Exploring the spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of ambient PM 10 in nine core cities of China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8991. [PMID: 33903720 PMCID: PMC8076262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We focus on the causes of fluctuations in wintertime PM10 in nine regional core cities of China using two machine learning models, Random Forest (RF) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). RF and RNN both show high performance in predicting hourly PM10 using only gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) as inputs, showing the predominance of the secondary inorganic aerosol and implying the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium between gaseous air pollutants and PM10. Also, we find the following results. The correlation of gaseous air pollutants and PM10 were more relevant than that of meteorological conditions and PM10. CO was the predominant factor for PM10 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta while SO2 and NO2 were also important features for PM10 in the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin. The spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of PM10 in China are revealed. The long-range transported PM10 was substantiated to be insignificant, except in the sandstorms. The severity of PM10 was attributable to the lopsided shift of thermodynamic equilibrium and the phenology of indigenous flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China. .,Ecological and Environmental Science and Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong Zhou
- Ecological and Environmental Science and Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Simulation study on the indirect effect of sulfate on the summer climate over the eastern China monsoon region. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8295. [PMID: 33859321 PMCID: PMC8050310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed a sensitivity test using the half number concentration of sulfate in the nucleation calculation process to study the aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) of sulfate on clouds, precipitation, and monsoon intensity in the summer over the eastern China monsoon region (ECMR) with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5. Numerical experiments show that the ACI of sulfate led to an approximately 30% and 34% increase in the cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number concentrations, respectively. Cloud droplet effective radius below 850 hPa decreased by approximately 4% in the southern ECMR, while the total liquid water path increased by 11%. The change in the indirect radiative forcing due to sulfate at the top of the atmosphere in the ECMR during summer was − 3.74 W·m−2. The decreased radiative forcing caused a surface cooling of 0.32 K and atmospheric cooling of approximately 0.3 K, as well as a 0.17 hPa increase in sea level pressure. These changes decreased the thermal difference between the land and sea and the gradient of the sea-land pressure, leading to a weakening in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and a decrease in the total precipitation rate in the southern ECMR. The cloud lifetime effect has a relatively weaker contribution to summer precipitation, which is dominated by convection. The results show that the ACI of sulfate was one possible reason for the weakening of the EASM in the late 1970s.
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18
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Yu S, Wang L, Li Z, Li M, Liu W, Li P, Rosenfeld D, Seinfeld JH. City-level air quality improvement in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2016/17 to 2017/18 heating seasons: Attributions and process analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116523. [PMID: 33508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the implementation of clean air strategies, PM2.5 pollution abatement has been observed in the "2 + 26" cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region (referred to as the BTH2+26) and their surrounding areas. To identify the drivers for PM2.5 concentration decreases in the BTH2+26 cites from the 2016/17 heating season (HS1617) to the 2017/18 heating season (HS1718), we investigated the contributions of meteorological conditions and emission-reduction measures by Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations. The source apportionments of five sector sources (i.e., agriculture, industry, power plants, traffic and residential), and regional sources (i.e., local, within-BTH: other cities within the BTH2+26 cities, outside-BTH, and boundary conditions (BCON)) to the PM2.5 decreases in the BTH2+26 cities were estimated with the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM). Mean PM2.5 concentrations in the BTH2+26 cities substantially decreased from 77.4 to 152.5 μg m-3 in HS1617 to 52.9-101.9 μg m-3 in HS1718, with the numbers of heavy haze (daily PM2.5 ≥150 μg m-3) days decreasing from 17-77 to 5-30 days. The model simulation results indicated that the PM2.5 concentration decreases in most of the BTH2+26 cities were attributed to emission reductions (0.4-55.0 μg m-3, 2.3-81.6% of total), but the favorable meteorological conditions also played important roles (1.9-25.4 μg m-3, 18.4-97.7%). Residential sources dominated the PM2.5 reductions, leading to decreases in average PM2.5 concentrations by more than 30 μg m-3 in severely polluted cities (i.e., Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Xingtai, and Beijing). Regional source analyses showed that both local and within-BTH sources were significant contributors to PM2.5 concentrations for most cities. Emission controls in local and within-BTH sources in HS1718 decreased the average PM2.5 concentrations by 0.1-47.2 μg m-3 and 0.3-22.1 μg m-3, respectively, relative to those in HS1617. Here we demonstrate that a combination of favorable meteorological conditions and anthropogenic emission reductions contributed to the improvement of air quality from HS1617 to HS1718 in the BTH2+26 cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Mengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, PR China
| | - Daniel Rosenfeld
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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19
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Glassmeier F, Hoffmann F, Johnson JS, Yamaguchi T, Carslaw KS, Feingold G. Aerosol-cloud-climate cooling overestimated by ship-track data. Science 2021; 371:485-489. [PMID: 33510021 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of anthropogenic aerosol on the reflectivity of stratocumulus cloud decks through changes in cloud amount is a major uncertainty in climate projections. In frequently occurring nonprecipitating stratocumulus, cloud amount can decrease through aerosol-enhanced cloud-top mixing. The climatological relevance of this effect is debated because ship exhaust only marginally reduces stratocumulus amount. By comparing detailed numerical simulations with satellite analyses, we show that ship-track studies cannot be generalized to estimate the climatological forcing of anthropogenic aerosol. The ship track-derived sensitivity of the radiative effect of nonprecipitating stratocumulus to aerosol overestimates their cooling effect by up to 200%. The offsetting warming effect of decreasing stratocumulus amount needs to be taken into account if we are to constrain the cloud-mediated radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Glassmeier
- Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. .,Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.,Institut für Meteorologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Jill S Johnson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Takanobu Yamaguchi
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ken S Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graham Feingold
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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20
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Zheng G, Wang Y, Wood R, Jensen MP, Kuang C, McCoy IL, Matthews A, Mei F, Tomlinson JM, Shilling JE, Zawadowicz MA, Crosbie E, Moore R, Ziemba L, Andreae MO, Wang J. New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:527. [PMID: 33483480 PMCID: PMC7822916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine low clouds play an important role in the climate system, and their properties are sensitive to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. While new particle formation represents a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally, the prevailing view is that new particle formation rarely occurs in remote marine boundary layer over open oceans. Here we present evidence of the regular and frequent occurrence of new particle formation in the upper part of remote marine boundary layer following cold front passages. The new particle formation is facilitated by a combination of efficient removal of existing particles by precipitation, cold air temperatures, vertical transport of reactive gases from the ocean surface, and high actinic fluxes in a broken cloud field. The newly formed particles subsequently grow and contribute substantially to cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer and thereby impact marine low clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael P Jensen
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Isabel L McCoy
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Matthews
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jason M Tomlinson
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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21
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A Global Climatology of Dust Aerosols Based on Satellite Data: Spatial, Seasonal and Inter-Annual Patterns over the Period 2005–2019. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A satellite-based algorithm is developed and used to determine the presence of dust aerosols on a global scale. The algorithm uses as input aerosol optical properties from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Aqua Collection 6.1 and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)-Aura version v003 (OMAER-UV) datasets and identifies the existence of dust aerosols in the atmosphere by applying specific thresholds, which ensure the coarse size and the absorptivity of dust aerosols, on the input optical properties. The utilized aerosol optical properties are the multiwavelength aerosol optical depth (AOD), the Aerosol Absorption Index (AI) and the Ångström Exponent (a). The algorithm operates on a daily basis and at 1° × 1° latitude-longitude spatial resolution for the period 2005–2019 and computes the absolute and relative frequency of the occurrence of dust. The monthly and annual mean frequencies are calculated on a pixel level for each year of the study period, enabling the study of the seasonal as well as the inter-annual variation of dust aerosols’ occurrence all over the globe. Temporal averaging is also applied to the annual values in order to estimate the 15-year climatological mean values. Apart from temporal, a spatial averaging is also applied for the entire globe as well as for specific regions of interest, namely great global deserts and areas of desert dust export. According to the algorithm results, the highest frequencies of dust occurrence (up to 160 days/year) are primarily observed over the western part of North Africa (Sahara), and over the broader area of Bodélé, and secondarily over the Asian Taklamakan desert (140 days/year). For most of the study regions, the maximum frequencies appear in boreal spring and/or summer and the minimum ones in winter or autumn. A clear seasonality of global dust is revealed, with the lowest frequencies in November–December and the highest ones in June. Finally, an increasing trend of global dust frequency of occurrence from 2005 to 2019, equal to 56.2%, is also found. Such an increasing trend is observed over all study regions except for North Middle East, where a slight decreasing trend (−2.4%) is found.
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22
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Sellegri K, Nicosia A, Freney E, Uitz J, Thyssen M, Grégori G, Engel A, Zäncker B, Haëntjens N, Mas S, Picard D, Saint-Macary A, Peltola M, Rose C, Trueblood J, Lefevre D, D'Anna B, Desboeufs K, Meskhidze N, Guieu C, Law CS. Surface ocean microbiota determine cloud precursors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:281. [PMID: 33431943 PMCID: PMC7801489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One pathway by which the oceans influence climate is via the emission of sea spray that may subsequently influence cloud properties. Sea spray emissions are known to be dependent on atmospheric and oceanic physicochemical parameters, but the potential role of ocean biology on sea spray fluxes remains poorly characterized. Here we show a consistent significant relationship between seawater nanophytoplankton cell abundances and sea-spray derived Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) number fluxes, generated using water from three different oceanic regions. This sensitivity of CCN number fluxes to ocean biology is currently unaccounted for in climate models yet our measurements indicate that it influences fluxes by more than one order of magnitude over the range of phytoplankton investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sellegri
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alessia Nicosia
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyn Freney
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julia Uitz
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Melilotus Thyssen
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM110, Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Gérald Grégori
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM110, Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Birthe Zäncker
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Haëntjens
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Sébastien Mas
- MEDIMEER, UMS3282 OSU OREME, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Sète, France
| | - David Picard
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexia Saint-Macary
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maija Peltola
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Clémence Rose
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jonathan Trueblood
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Lefevre
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM110, Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), UMR 7673 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Desboeufs
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université de Paris, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | - Cécile Guieu
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cliff S Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Zhang R, Tang Y, Shan W, Liu H, Li H, Chen J. Experimental and an electrolyte non-random two-liquid model to predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium of CO2 in aqueous solutions of diethylenetriamine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820964179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and desorption data of CO2 in aqueous solutions with a mass fraction of 10% and 20% of diethylenetriamine are measured at 313.15, 343.15, 373.15, and 393.15 K. The electrolyte non-random two-liquid theory is developed using Aspen V9.0 to correlate and predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium of CO2 in aqueous diethylenetriamine solutions. The model predicted the heat capacity and saturated vapor pressure data of diethylenetriamine, the mixed heat of a diethylenetriamine–H2O binary system, and the vapor–liquid equilibrium data of a diethylenetriamine–H2O–CO2 ternary system. The physical parameters and the interaction parameters of the model system are calculated. The model predicted CO2 solubility showing a 10% average absolute deviation from experimental data. The calculated values of the model are basically consistent with the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilei Zhang
- Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, P.R. China
| | - Yandong Tang
- Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Shan
- Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
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24
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Jose S, Nair VS, Babu SS. Anthropogenic emissions from South Asia reverses the aerosol indirect effect over the northern Indian Ocean. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18360. [PMID: 33110106 PMCID: PMC7591568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in the formation of warm clouds by acting as efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and their interactions are believed to cool the Earth-Atmosphere system (‘first indirect effect or Twomey effect’) in a highly uncertain manner compared to the other forcing agents. Here we demonstrate using long-term (2003–2016) satellite observations (NASA’s A-train satellite constellations) over the northern Indian Ocean, that enhanced aerosol loading (due to anthropogenic emissions) can reverse the first indirect effect significantly. In contrast to Twomey effect, a statistically significant increase in cloud effective radius (CER, µm) is observed with respect to an increase in aerosol loading for clouds having low liquid water path (LWP < 75 g m−2) and drier cloud tops. Probable physical mechanisms for this effect are the intense competition for available water vapour due to higher concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols and entrainment of dry air on cloud tops. For such clouds, cloud water content showed a negative response to cloud droplet number concentrations and the estimated intrinsic radiative effect suggest a warming at the Top of the Atmosphere. Although uncertainties exist in quantifying aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) using satellite observations, present study indicates the physical existence of anti-Twomey effect over the northern Indian Ocean during south Asian outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Jose
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India.
| | - Vijayakumar S Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India
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25
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Mason RAB, Wall CB, Cunning R, Dove S, Gates RD. High light alongside elevated P CO2 alleviates thermal depression of photosynthesis in a hard coral ( Pocillopora acuta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/20/jeb223198. [PMID: 33087470 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The absorbtion of human-emitted CO2 by the oceans (elevated P CO2 ) is projected to alter the physiological performance of coral reef organisms by perturbing seawater chemistry (i.e. ocean acidification). Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are driving ocean warming and changes in irradiance (through turbidity and cloud cover), which have the potential to influence the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs. Here, we explored whether physiological impacts of elevated P CO2 on a coral-algal symbiosis (Pocillopora acuta-Symbiodiniaceae) are mediated by light and/or temperature levels. In a 39 day experiment, elevated P CO2 (962 versus 431 µatm P CO2 ) had an interactive effect with midday light availability (400 versus 800 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and temperature (25 versus 29°C) on areal gross and net photosynthesis, for which a decline at 29°C was ameliorated under simultaneous high-P CO2 and high-light conditions. Light-enhanced dark respiration increased under elevated P CO2 and/or elevated temperature. Symbiont to host cell ratio and chlorophyll a per symbiont increased at elevated temperature, whilst symbiont areal density decreased. The ability of moderately strong light in the presence of elevated P CO2 to alleviate the temperature-induced decrease in photosynthesis suggests that higher substrate availability facilitates a greater ability for photochemical quenching, partially offsetting the impacts of high temperature on the photosynthetic apparatus. Future environmental changes that result in moderate increases in light levels could therefore assist the P. acuta holobiont to cope with the 'one-two punch' of rising temperatures in the presence of an acidifying ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A B Mason
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Centre for Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Wall
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.,Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ross Cunning
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.,Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Sophie Dove
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Centre for Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ruth D Gates
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
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26
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Jang KS, Choi M, Park M, Park MH, Kim YH, Seo J, Wang Y, Hu M, Bae MS, Park K. Assessment of PM 2.5-bound nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) during winter at urban sites in China and Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114870. [PMID: 32504978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient fine particles (PM2.5) were collected in two urban cities in China and Korea (Beijing and Gwangju, respectively) simultaneously in January 2018. Analysis of the nonpolar and semipolar organic matter (OM) using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed that compounds containing only C, H, and O (CHO) and those containing C, H, O, and N (CHON) accounted for more than 90% of the total intensity of the OM peaks. Higher proportions of CHON compounds were observed during days with abnormally high PM2.5 concentrations at both sites than on regular or non-event days. The proportion of CHON species at the Beijing site was not correlated with secondary ionic species (i.e., NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) or gaseous components (i.e., O3, NO2, and SO2). In contrast, the proportion of CHON species at the Gwangju site was positively correlated with the concentrations of particulate nitrate and ammonium ions, assuming that ambient ammonium nitrate plays a role in the atmospheric formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) at the Gwangju site and that Gwangju is more strongly influenced by secondary aerosols than Beijing is. In particular, a significant proportion of the compounds observed at the Beijing site contained only C, H and N (CHN), while negligible amounts of CHN were detected at the Gwangju site. The CHN species in Beijing were identified as quinoline compounds and the corresponding -CH2 homologous series using complementary GC × GC-TOF MS analysis. These results suggest that NOCs and their -CH2 homologous series from primary emissions may be significant contributors to nonpolar and semipolar OM during winter in Beijing, while NOCs with high oxidation states, likely formed via ambient-phase nitrate-mediated reactions, may be the dominant OM constituents in Gwangju.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Choi
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Park
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Seo
- Scientific Instruments Reliability Assessment Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Gui K, Che H, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Zhai S, Wang Z, Luo M, Zhang L, Liao T, Zhao H, Li L, Zheng Y, Zhang X. Construction of a virtual PM 2.5 observation network in China based on high-density surface meteorological observations using the Extreme Gradient Boosting model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105801. [PMID: 32480141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With increasing public concerns on air pollution in China, there is a demand for long-term continuous PM2.5 datasets. However, it was not until the end of 2012 that China established a national PM2.5 observation network. Before that, satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) was frequently used as a primary predictor to estimate surface PM2.5. Nevertheless, satellite-retrieved AOD often encounter incomplete daily coverage due to its sampling frequency and interferences from cloud, which greatly affect the representation of these AOD-based PM2.5. Here, we constructed a virtual ground-based PM2.5 observation network at 1180 meteorological sites across China using the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model with high-density meteorological observations as major predictors. Cross-validation of the XGBoost model showed strong robustness and high accuracy in its estimation of the daily (monthly) PM2.5 across China in 2018, with R2, root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error values of 0.79 (0.92), 15.75 μg/m3 (6.75 μg/m3) and 9.89 μg/m3 (4.53 μg/m3), respectively. Meanwhile, we find that surface visibility plays the dominant role in terms of the relative importance of variables in the XGBoost model, accounting for 39.3% of the overall importance. We then use meteorological and PM2.5 data in the year 2017 to assess the predictive capability of the model. Results showed that the XGBoost model is capable to accurately hindcast historical PM2.5 at monthly (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 14.75 μg/m3), seasonal (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 12.28 μg/m3), and annual (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 10.10 μg/m3) mean levels. In general, the newly constructed virtual PM2.5 observation network based on high-density surface meteorological observations using the Extreme Gradient Boosting model shows great potential in reconstructing historical PM2.5 at ~1000 meteorological sites across China. It will be of benefit to filling gaps in AOD-based PM2.5 data, as well as to other environmental studies including epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Zeng
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- School of Geography and Planning and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingting Liao
- Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmosphere Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
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28
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Christensen MW, Jones WK, Stier P. Aerosols enhance cloud lifetime and brightness along the stratus-to-cumulus transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17591-17598. [PMID: 32661149 PMCID: PMC7395436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosols are hypothesized to enhance planetary albedo and offset some of the warming due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. Aerosols can enhance the coverage, reflectance, and lifetime of warm low-level clouds. However, the relationship between cloud lifetime and aerosol concentration has been challenging to measure from polar orbiting satellites. We estimate two timescales relating to the formation and persistence of low-level clouds over [Formula: see text] spatial domains using multiple years of geostationary satellite observations provided by the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Synoptic (SYN) product. Lagrangian trajectories spanning several days along the classic stratus-to-cumulus transition zone are stratified by aerosol optical depth and meteorology. Clouds forming in relatively polluted trajectories tend to have lighter precipitation rates, longer average lifetime, and higher cloud albedo and cloud fraction compared with unpolluted trajectories. While liquid water path differences are found to be negligible, we find direct evidence of increased planetary albedo primarily through increased drop concentration ([Formula: see text]) and cloud fraction, with the caveat that the aerosol influence on cloud fraction is positive only for stable atmospheric conditions. While the increase in cloud fraction can be large typically in the beginning of trajectories, the Twomey effect accounts for the bulk (roughly 3/4) of the total aerosol indirect radiative forcing estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - William K Jones
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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29
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Schulze BC, Charan SM, Kenseth CM, Kong W, Bates KH, Williams W, Metcalf AR, Jonsson HH, Woods R, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001098. [PMID: 33225018 PMCID: PMC7676499 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above-cloud organic aerosol layer (AC-OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC-OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κ CCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κ AMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant "marine" hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol-cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s-1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s-1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Charan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W. Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K. H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W. Williams
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - A. R. Metcalf
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | | | - R. Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R. C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Wang L, Li M, Yu S, Chen X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Xia Y, Li J, Liu W, Li P, Lichtfouse E, Rosenfeld D, Seinfeld JH. Unexpected rise of ozone in urban and rural areas, and sulfur dioxide in rural areas during the coronavirus city lockdown in Hangzhou, China: implications for air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 18:1713-1723. [PMID: 32837481 PMCID: PMC7292245 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus named COVID-19, initially identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread rapidly at the global scale. Most countries have rapidly stopped almost all activities including industry, services and transportation of goods and people, thus decreasing air pollution in an unprecedented way, and providing a unique opportunity to study air pollutants. While satellite data have provided visual evidence for the global reduction in air pollution such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) worldwide, precise and quantitative information is missing at the local scale. Here we studied changes in particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), NO2, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) at 10 urban sites in Hangzhou, a city of 7.03 million inhabitants, and at 1 rural site, before city lockdown, January 1-23, during city lockdown, January 24-February 15, and during resumption, February 16-28, in 2020. Results show that city lockdown induced a sharp decrease in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 concentrations at both urban and rural sites. The NO2 decrease is explained by reduction in traffic emissions in the urban areas, and by lower regional transport in rural areas during lockdown, as expected. SO2 concentrations decreased from 6.3 to 5.3 μg m-3 in the city, but increased surprisingly from 4.7 to 5.8 μg m-3 at the rural site: this increase is attributed both to higher coal consumption for heating and emissions from traditional fireworks of the Spring Eve and Lantern Festivals during lockdown. Unexpectedly, O3 concentrations increased by 145% from 24.6 to 60.6 μg m-3 in the urban area, and from 42.0 to 62.9 μg m-3 in the rural area during the lockdown. This finding is explained by the weakening of chemical titration of O3 by NO due to reductions of NOx fresh emissions during the non-photochemical reaction period from 20:00 PM to 9:00 AM (local time). During the lockdown, compared to the same period in 2019, the daily average concentrations in the city decreased by 42.7% for PM2.5, 47.9% for PM10, 28.6% for SO2, 22.3% for CO and 58.4% for NO2, which is obviously explained by the absence of city activities. Overall, we observed not only the expected reduction in some atmospheric pollutants (PM, SO2, CO, NO2), but also unexpected increases in SO2 in the rural areas and of ozone (O3) in both urban and rural areas, the latter being paradoxically due to the reduction in nitrogen oxide levels. In other words, the city lockdown has improved air quality by reducing PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2, but has also decreased air quality by augmenting O3 and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Linhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000 Hebei People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Coll France, CNRS, INRA, IRD, CEREGE, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13100 Aix En Provence, France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Daniel Rosenfeld
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Molecular identification of organic vapors driving atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4442. [PMID: 31570718 PMCID: PMC6769005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Particles formed in the atmosphere via nucleation provide about half the number of atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei, but in many locations, this process is limited by the growth of the newly formed particles. That growth is often via condensation of organic vapors. Identification of these vapors and their sources is thus fundamental for simulating changes to aerosol-cloud interactions, which are one of the most uncertain aspects of anthropogenic climate forcing. Here we present direct molecular-level observations of a distribution of organic vapors in a forested environment that can explain simultaneously observed atmospheric nanoparticle growth from 3 to 50 nm. Furthermore, the volatility distribution of these vapors is sufficient to explain nanoparticle growth without invoking particle-phase processes. The agreement between observed mass growth, and the growth predicted from the observed mass of condensing vapors in a forested environment thus represents an important step forward in the characterization of atmospheric particle growth. Condensation of organic vapors is a main factor controlling the growth of atmospheric particles. Here the authors identify a distribution of organic vapors in a forested environment able to explain nanoparticle growth at the same location, contributing to understanding aerosol climate effects.
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Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, Azam F, Bakken LR, Baylis M, Behrenfeld MJ, Boetius A, Boyd PW, Classen AT, Crowther TW, Danovaro R, Foreman CM, Huisman J, Hutchins DA, Jansson JK, Karl DM, Koskella B, Mark Welch DB, Martiny JBH, Moran MA, Orphan VJ, Reay DS, Remais JV, Rich VI, Singh BK, Stein LY, Stewart FJ, Sullivan MB, van Oppen MJH, Weaver SC, Webb EA, Webster NS. Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:569-586. [PMID: 31213707 PMCID: PMC7136171 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, in which we now live, climate change is impacting most life on Earth. Microorganisms support the existence of all higher trophic life forms. To understand how humans and other life forms on Earth (including those we are yet to discover) can withstand anthropogenic climate change, it is vital to incorporate knowledge of the microbial 'unseen majority'. We must learn not just how microorganisms affect climate change (including production and consumption of greenhouse gases) but also how they will be affected by climate change and other human activities. This Consensus Statement documents the central role and global importance of microorganisms in climate change biology. It also puts humanity on notice that the impact of climate change will depend heavily on responses of microorganisms, which are essential for achieving an environmentally sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - William J Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kenneth N Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Farooq Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars R Bakken
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael J Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Antje Boetius
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, and The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Christine M Foreman
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, and Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine and Environmental Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David M Karl
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, School of Ocean and Earth Science & Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer B H Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Victoria J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David S Reay
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Justin V Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Virginia I Rich
- Microbiology Department, and the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, and Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Y Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, and the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine and Environmental Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols. Nature 2019; 572:51-55. [PMID: 31367029 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cooling of the Earth's climate through the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds offsets an unknown fraction of greenhouse gas warming. An increase in the amount of water inside liquid-phase clouds induced by aerosols, through the suppression of rain formation, has been postulated to lead to substantial cooling, which would imply that the Earth's surface temperature is highly sensitive to anthropogenic forcing. Here we provide direct observational evidence that, instead of a strong increase, aerosols cause a relatively weak average decrease in the amount of water in liquid-phase clouds compared with unpolluted clouds. Measurements of polluted clouds downwind of various anthropogenic sources-such as oil refineries, smelters, coal-fired power plants, cities, wildfires and ships-reveal that aerosol-induced cloud-water increases, caused by suppressed rain formation, and decreases, caused by enhanced evaporation of cloud water, partially cancel each other out. We estimate that the observed decrease in cloud water offsets 23% of the global climate-cooling effect caused by aerosol-induced increases in the concentration of cloud droplets. These findings invalidate the hypothesis that increases in cloud water cause a substantial climate cooling effect and translate into reduced uncertainty in projections of future climate.
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Bodas‐Salcedo A, Mulcahy JP, Andrews T, Williams KD, Ringer MA, Field PR, Elsaesser GS. Strong Dependence of Atmospheric Feedbacks on Mixed-Phase Microphysics and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in HadGEM3. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:1735-1758. [PMID: 31598189 PMCID: PMC6774284 DOI: 10.1029/2019ms001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the atmospheric processes that explain the large changes in radiative feedbacks between the two latest climate configurations of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental model. We use a large set of atmosphere-only climate change simulations (amip and amip-p4K) to separate the contributions to the differences in feedback parameter from all the atmospheric model developments between the two latest model configurations. We show that the differences are mostly driven by changes in the shortwave cloud radiative feedback in the midlatitudes, mainly over the Southern Ocean. Two new schemes explain most of the differences: the introduction of a new aerosol scheme and the development of a new mixed-phase cloud scheme. Both schemes reduce the strength of the preexisting shortwave negative cloud feedback in the midlatitudes. The new aerosol scheme dampens a strong aerosol-cloud interaction, and it also suppresses a negative clear-sky shortwave feedback. The mixed-phase scheme increases the amount of cloud liquid water path (LWP) in the present day and reduces the increase in LWP with warming. Both changes contribute to reducing the negative radiative feedback of the increase of LWP in the warmer climate. The mixed-phase scheme also enhances a strong, preexisting, positive cloud fraction feedback. We assess the realism of the changes by comparing present-day simulations against observations and discuss avenues that could help constrain the relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - G. S. Elsaesser
- Goddard Institute for Space StudiesColumbia University/NASANew YorkNYUSA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Sato
- Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kentaroh Suzuki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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