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Xu JW, Wang BS, Gao P, Huang HT, Wang FY, Qiu W, Zhang YY, Xu Y, Gou JB, Yu LL, Liu X, Wang RJ, Zhu T, Hou LH, Wang Q. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with orally administered aerosolized bivalent adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine and B.1.1.529 variant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in adults 18 years and older: a randomized, double blinded, parallel controlled trial. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2281355. [PMID: 37933089 PMCID: PMC11025474 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies that can induce a broad spectrum immune response are important to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We conducted a randomized, double-blind and parallel controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the bivalent (5×1010viral particles) and B.1.1.529 variant (5×1010viral particles) adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccines administrated via inhalation. 451 eligible subjects aged 18 years and older who had been vaccinated with three doses inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were randomly assigned to inhale one dose of either B.1.1.529 variant Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, N=150), bivalent Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, N=151), or Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (5×1010viral particles; Ad5-nCoV-IH group, N=150). Adverse reactions reported by 37 (24.67%) participants in the Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, 28 (18.54%) in the Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, and 26 (17.33%) in the Ad5-nCoV-IH group with mainly mild to moderate dry mouth, oropharyngeal pain, headache, myalgia, cough, fever and fatigue. No serious adverse events related to the vaccine were reported. Investigational vaccines were immunogenic, with significant difference in the GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 between Ad5-nCoV/O-IH (43.70) and Ad5-nCoV-IH (29.25) at 28 days after vaccination (P=0.0238). The seroconversion rates of neutralizing antibodies against BA.1 in Ad5-nCoVO-IH, Ad5-nCoV/O-IH, and Ad5-nCoV-IH groups were 56.00%, 59.60% and 48.67% with no significant difference among the groups. Overall, the investigational vaccines were demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated in adults, and was highly effective in inducing mucosal immunities in addition to humoral and cellular immune responses defending against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Trial registration: Chictr.org identifier: ChiCTR2200063996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Xu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bu-Sen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Huang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yu Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bo Gou
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Ling Yu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yubei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing- Wang
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Yang Y, Miller H, Byazrova MG, Cndotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Shi J, Forsman H, Lee P, Yang L, Filatov A, Zhai Z, Liu C. The characterization of CD8 + T-cell responses in COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2287118. [PMID: 37990907 PMCID: PMC10786432 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2287118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of the protective role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cross-reactive responses intermediated by CD8+ T cells in unexposed cohorts are described. Additionally, the relevance of resident CD8+ T cells in the upper and lower airway during infection and CD8+ T-cell responses following vaccination are discussed, including recent worrisome breakthrough infections and variants of concerns (VOCs). Lastly, we explain the correlation between CD8+ T cells and COVID-19 severity. This review aids in a deeper comprehension of the association between CD8+ T cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broadens a vision for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabio Cndotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junming Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Murugesan R, Sagar P, Kumar R, Kabra SK, Chaturvedi PK, Khan MA, Singh CA, Kumar R, Thakar A. Long Term Impact of Adeno-tonsillectomy on Immunity Against Respiratory Viral Infections; Evidence Deduced During COVID-19 Pandemic. Indian J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s12098-024-05125-x. [PMID: 38710955 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-024-05125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection in patients who have undergone adeno-tonsillectomy (AT) as compared to their siblings. METHODS In this bidirectional cohort control study, 36 cohorts, younger than 18 y, who underwent AT, and 27 controls (siblings of the enrolled cohorts, younger than 18 y) were recruited. Incidence of COVID-19 was analyzed by symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 testing, and SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody measurement. RESULTS In the cohort group, the overall COVID-19 positivity rate was 80.5% (n = 29/36) and symptomatic COVID-19 positivity rate was 68.9% (n = 20/29). Among the controls, the overall COVID-19 positivity rate was 44% (n = 12/27) and symptomatic COVID-19 positivity rate was 16% (n = 2/12). The cohorts had 1.8 times higher risk of contracting COVID-19 infection and the relative risk of symptomatic COVID-19 infections as compared to controls was 4.14. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that adeno-tonsillectomy poses children at a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 infections and likely other viral upper respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaneeshwaran Murugesan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prem Sagar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Maroof Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirom Amit Singh
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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4
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Duan C, Liu L, Wang T, Wang G, Jiang Z, Li H, Zhang G, Ye L, Li C, Cao Y. Evidence linking COVID-19 and the health/well-being of children and adolescents: an umbrella review. BMC Med 2024; 22:116. [PMID: 38481207 PMCID: PMC10938697 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences during childhood and adolescence have enduring impacts on physical and mental well-being, overall quality of life, and socioeconomic status throughout one's lifetime. This underscores the importance of prioritizing the health of children and adolescents to establish an impactful healthcare system that benefits both individuals and society. It is crucial for healthcare providers and policymakers to examine the relationship between COVID-19 and the health of children and adolescents, as this understanding will guide the creation of interventions and policies for the long-term management of the virus. METHODS In this umbrella review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023401106), systematic reviews were identified from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; EMBASE (OvidSP); and MEDLINE (OvidSP) from December 2019 to February 2023. Pairwise and single-arm meta-analyses were extracted from the included systematic reviews. The methodological quality appraisal was completed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Single-arm meta-analyses were re-presented under six domains associated with COVID-19 condition. Pairwise meta-analyses were classified into five domains according to the evidence classification criteria. Rosenberg's FSN was calculated for both binary and continuous measures. RESULTS We identified 1551 single-arm and 301 pairwise meta-analyses from 124 systematic reviews that met our predefined criteria for inclusion. The focus of the meta-analytical evidence was predominantly on the physical outcomes of COVID-19, encompassing both single-arm and pairwise study designs. However, the quality of evidence and methodological rigor were suboptimal. Based on the evidence gathered from single-arm meta-analyses, we constructed an illustrative representation of the disease severity, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatments, and outcomes from 2020 to 2022. Additionally, we discovered 17 instances of strong or highly suggestive pairwise meta-analytical evidence concerning long-COVID, pediatric comorbidity, COVID-19 vaccines, mental health, and depression. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study advocate for the implementation of surveillance systems to track health consequences associated with COVID-19 and the establishment of multidisciplinary collaborative rehabilitation programs for affected younger populations. In future research endeavors, it is important to prioritize the investigation of non-physical outcomes to bridge the gap between research findings and clinical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Evidence-Based Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Evidence-Based Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Müller TR, Gao Y, Wu J, Ribeiro O, Chen P, Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Söderdahl G, Smith CIE, Loré K, Chen MS, Ljungman P, Ingelman-Sundberg HM, Ljunggren HG, Österborg A, Sette A, Grifoni A, Aleman S, Buggert M. Memory T cells effectively recognize the SARS-CoV-2 hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:156-161.e3. [PMID: 38211584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
T cells are critical in mediating the early control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection. However, it remains unknown whether memory T cells can effectively cross-recognize new SARS-CoV-2 variants with a broad array of mutations, such as the emergent hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Here, we report in two separate cohorts, including healthy controls and individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by prior infection or vaccination demonstrate resilient immune recognition of BA.2.86. In both cohorts, we found largely preserved SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell magnitudes against mutated spike epitopes of BA.2.86. Functional analysis confirmed that both cytokine expression and proliferative capacity of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells to BA.2.86-mutated spike epitopes are similarly sustained. In summary, our findings indicate that memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells continue to provide cell-mediated immune recognition to highly mutated emerging variants such as BA.2.86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oriana Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Cankat S, Demael MU, Swadling L. In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:103-118. [PMID: 38148330 PMCID: PMC10805787 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the coronaviridae family are endemic to human populations and have caused several epidemics and pandemics in recent history. In this review, we will discuss the feasibility of and progress toward the ultimate goal of creating a pan-coronavirus vaccine that can protect against infection and disease by all members of the coronavirus family. We will detail the unmet clinical need associated with the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the four seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, NL63, HKU1 and 229E) in humans and the potential for future zoonotic coronaviruses. We will highlight how first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and natural history studies have greatly increased our understanding of effective antiviral immunity to coronaviruses and have informed next-generation vaccine design. We will then consider the ideal properties of a pan-coronavirus vaccine and propose a blueprint for the type of immunity that may offer cross-protection. Finally, we will describe a subset of the diverse technologies and novel approaches being pursued with the goal of developing broadly or universally protective vaccines for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cankat
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - M U Demael
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - L Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
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7
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Noh HE, Rha MS. Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Respiratory Tract. Pathogens 2024; 13:113. [PMID: 38392851 PMCID: PMC10892713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract, the first-line defense, is constantly exposed to inhaled allergens, pollutants, and pathogens such as respiratory viruses. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract plays a crucial role in the protection against invading respiratory pathogens. Therefore, a better understanding of mucosal immunity in the airways is critical for the development of novel therapeutics and next-generation vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, our knowledge of mucosal immune responses in the airways has expanded. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge regarding the key components of the mucosal immune system in the respiratory tract. In addition, we summarize the host immune responses in the upper and lower airways following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, and discuss the impact of allergic airway inflammation on mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Noh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Benede N, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Hahnle L, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Facey-Thomas H, Scott C, Day J, Spracklen TF, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, MacGinty R, Botha M, Workman L, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Zar HJ, Ntusi NA, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. iScience 2024; 27:108728. [PMID: 38235336 PMCID: PMC10792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lina Hahnle
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Heidi Facey-Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Day
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Timothy F. Spracklen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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9
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Maini MK. Tissue T cells in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination responses. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 63:152287. [PMID: 37925792 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this conference report, I highlight the potential to target tissue-resident T cells to enhance prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine immunity. I describe our recent findings on exploiting frontline sentinal immunosurveillance by liver-resident immunity for functional cure of hepatitis B. We showed that therapeutic vaccine-induced HBV-specific T cells are constrained by liver-resident NK cells; cytokine-activation and PD-L1 blockade of NK cells converted them into helpers able to instead boost HBV-specific T cells. Turning to tissue-resident T cells in the lung, we found this pool can include T cells able to recognise SARS-CoV-2, including cross-reactive responses present prior to the pandemic. The importance of inducing T cells with future prophylactic vaccines was underscored by their selective expansion in a subset of donors aborting SARS-CoV-2 infection without detectable antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Professor of Viral Immunology and Honorary Consultant Physician, Wellcome Trust Investigator, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building Room 409, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PP, United Kingdom.
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10
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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11
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Mitsi E, Diniz MO, Reiné J, Collins AM, Robinson RE, Hyder-Wright A, Farrar M, Liatsikos K, Hamilton J, Onyema O, Urban BC, Solórzano C, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sheehan E, Lambe T, Draper SJ, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Maini MK, Ferreira DM. Respiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6815. [PMID: 37884506 PMCID: PMC10603102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal immunity induced by vaccination is vital for protection from coronavirus infection in animal models. In humans, the capacity of peripheral vaccination to generate sustained immunity in the lung mucosa, and how this is influenced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, is unknown. Here we show using bronchoalveolar lavage samples that donors with history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated. Infection also induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery. Spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunising event. Thus, peripheral vaccination alone does not appear to induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mitsi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan E Robinson
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Hyder-Wright
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Farrar
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Josh Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Onyia Onyema
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Britta C Urban
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Emma Sheehan
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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12
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Abdelaziz MO, Raftery MJ, Weihs J, Bielawski O, Edel R, Köppke J, Vladimirova D, Adler JM, Firsching T, Voß A, Gruber AD, Hummel LV, Fernandez Munoz I, Müller-Marquardt F, Willimsky G, Elleboudy NS, Trimpert J, Schönrich G. Early protective effect of a ("pan") coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166765. [PMID: 37520530 PMCID: PMC10372429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the danger posed by human coronaviruses. Rapid emergence of immunoevasive variants and waning antiviral immunity decrease the effect of the currently available vaccines, which aim at induction of neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, T cells are marginally affected by antigen evolution although they represent the major mediators of virus control and vaccine protection against virus-induced disease. Materials and methods We generated a multi-epitope vaccine (PanCoVac) that encodes the conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses. PanCoVac contains elements that facilitate efficient processing and presentation of PanCoVac-encoded T cell epitopes and can be uploaded to any available vaccine platform. For proof of principle, we cloned PanCoVac into a non-integrating lentivirus vector (NILV-PanCoVac). We chose Roborovski dwarf hamsters for a first step in evaluating PanCoVac in vivo. Unlike mice, they are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Roborovski dwarf hamsters develop COVID-19-like disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2 enabling us to look at pathology and clinical symptoms. Results Using HLA-A*0201-restricted reporter T cells and U251 cells expressing a tagged version of PanCoVac, we confirmed in vitro that PanCoVac is processed and presented by HLA-A*0201. As mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, we tested the protective effect of single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac administered via the intranasal (i.n.) route in the Roborovski dwarf hamster model of COVID-19. After infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2, animals immunized with a single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac i.n. did not show symptoms and had significantly decreased viral loads in the lung tissue. This protective effect was observed in the early phase (2 days post infection) after challenge and was not dependent on neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion PanCoVac, a multi-epitope vaccine covering conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses, might protect from severe disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pathogenic coronaviruses. The use of (HLA-) humanized animal models will allow for further efficacy studies of PanCoVac-based vaccines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O. Abdelaziz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Weihs
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Bielawski
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Edel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Köppke
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julia M. Adler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Firsching
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voß
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca V. Hummel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Fernandez Munoz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Müller-Marquardt
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nooran S. Elleboudy
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Müller TR, Sekine T, Trubach D, Niessl J, Chen P, Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Olofsson A, Amaya Hernandez SP, Gao Y, Cai C, Söderdahl G, Smith CIE, Österborg A, Loré K, Sällberg Chen M, Ljungman P, Ljunggren HG, Karlsson AC, Saini SK, Aleman S, Buggert M. Additive effects of booster mRNA vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection on T cell immunity across immunocompromised states. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg9452. [PMID: 37437015 PMCID: PMC7615622 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination has frequently been observed in individuals with various immunodeficiencies. Given the increased antibody evasion properties of emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants, it is necessary to assess whether other components of adaptive immunity generate resilient and protective responses against infection. We assessed T cell responses in 279 individuals, covering five different immunodeficiencies and healthy controls, before and after booster mRNA vaccination, as well as after Omicron infection in a subset of patients. We observed robust and persistent Omicron-reactive T cell responses that increased markedly upon booster vaccination and correlated directly with antibody titers across all patient groups. Poor vaccination responsiveness in immunocompromised or elderly individuals was effectively counteracted by the administration of additional vaccine doses. Functionally, Omicron-reactive T cell responses exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic profile and signs of longevity, characterized by CD45RA+ effector memory subpopulations with stem cell-like properties and increased proliferative capacity. Regardless of underlying immunodeficiency, booster-vaccinated and Omicron-infected individuals appeared protected against severe disease and exhibited enhanced and diversified T cell responses against conserved and Omicron-specific epitopes. Our findings indicate that T cells retain the ability to generate highly functional responses against newly emerging variants, even after repeated antigen exposure and a robust immunological imprint from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Darya Trubach
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Olofsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Patricia Amaya Hernandez
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis Cai
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. I. Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Buggert M. Guardians of the oral barriers. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230550. [PMID: 37184540 PMCID: PMC10192290 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa serves as a frontline defense against many infections. Stolley et al. (2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20221853) discovered that the oral mucosa houses CD8+ CD103+ resident memory T cells, which are important for protecting against local viral infections in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Murdocca M, Citro G, Centanini E, Giannini R, Latini A, Centofanti F, Piano Mortari E, Cocciadiferro D, Novelli A, Bernardini S, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. COVID-19: S-Peptide RBD 484-508 Induces IFN-γ T-Cell Response in Naïve-to-Infection and Unvaccinated Subjects with Close Contact with SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:1417. [PMID: 37515105 PMCID: PMC10386297 DOI: 10.3390/v15071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability on the market of different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, there are still unanswered questions on whether they can stimulate long-lasting protection. A deep understanding of adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is important for optimizing both vaccine development and pandemic control measures. Among cytokines secreted by lymphocytes in response to viral infection, IFN-γ plays a pivotal role both in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we report on 28 naïve-to-SARS-Cov-2-infection and unvaccinated subjects, having reported a close and prolonged contact with COVID-19-positive patients. Samples were tested for defective genetic variants in interferon pathway genes by whole exome sequencing and anti-IFN autoantibodies production was investigated. Subject T-cells were cultured and infected with pseudotype particles bearing the S proteins and in parallel stimulated with two S-peptides designed on the RBD region of the spike protein. Our results showed that one of these peptides, RBD 484-508, induces a significant increase in IFN-γ gene expression and protein production in T-cells, comparable to those obtained in cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. This work deepens our understanding of immune response and highlights the selected peptide as a reasonable approach to induce broad, potent, and variant concern-independent T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Citro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Centanini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Giannini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Latini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Centofanti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Cocciadiferro
- Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Adamo S, Gao Y, Sekine T, Mily A, Wu J, Storgärd E, Westergren V, Filén F, Treutiger CJ, Sandberg JK, Sällberg M, Bergman P, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Ljunggren HG, Price DA, Ekström AM, Sette A, Grifoni A, Buggert M. Memory profiles distinguish cross-reactive and virus-specific T cell immunity to mpox. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:928-936.e4. [PMID: 37236191 PMCID: PMC10211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mpox represents a persistent health concern with varying disease severity. Reinfections with mpox virus (MPXV) are rare, possibly indicating effective memory responses to MPXV or related poxviruses, notably vaccinia virus (VACV) from smallpox vaccination. We assessed cross-reactive and virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and mpox convalescent donors. Cross-reactive T cells were most frequently observed in healthy donors over 45 years. Notably, long-lived memory CD8+ T cells targeting conserved VACV/MPXV epitopes were identified in older individuals more than four decades after VACV exposure and exhibited stem-like characteristics, defined by T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) expression. In mpox convalescent donors, MPXV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were more prevalent than in controls, demonstrating enhanced functionality and skewing toward effector phenotypes, which correlated with milder disease. Collectively, we report robust effector memory MPXV-specific T cell responses in mild mpox and long-lived TCF-1+ VACV/MPXV-specific CD8+ T cells decades after smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adamo
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Akhirunnesa Mily
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Storgärd
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Victor Westergren
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Finn Filén
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Treutiger
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK
| | - Anna-Mia Ekström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden.
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18
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Nowill AE, Caruso M, de Campos-Lima PO. T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2: what if the known best is not the optimal course for the long run? Adapting to evolving targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133225. [PMID: 37388738 PMCID: PMC10303130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanity did surprisingly well so far, considering how unprepared it was to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat. By blending old and ingenious new technology in the context of the accumulated knowledge on other human coronaviruses, several vaccine candidates were produced and tested in clinical trials in record time. Today, five vaccines account for the bulk of the more than 13 billion doses administered worldwide. The ability to elicit biding and neutralizing antibodies most often against the spike protein is a major component of the protection conferred by immunization but alone it is not enough to limit virus transmission. Thus, the surge in numbers of infected individuals by newer variants of concern (VOCs) was not accompanied by a proportional increase in severe disease and death rate. This is likely due to antiviral T-cell responses, whose evasion is more difficult to achieve. The present review helps navigating the very large literature on T cell immunity induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination. We examine the successes and shortcomings of the vaccinal protection in the light of the emergence of VOCs with breakthrough potential. SARS-CoV-2 and human beings will likely coexist for a long while: it will be necessary to update existing vaccines to improve T-cell responses and attain better protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre E. Nowill
- Integrated Center for Pediatric OncoHaematological Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Caruso
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro O. de Campos-Lima
- Boldrini Children’s Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Molecular and Morphofunctional Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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19
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Höglund P. SSI 2023 in Turku: The 49th annual meeting of the Scandinavian Society for Immunology coming up. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13301. [PMID: 39008032 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Petter Höglund
- Center for hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Zurbuchen Y, Michler J, Taeschler P, Adamo S, Cervia C, Raeber ME, Acar IE, Nilsson J, Warnatz K, Soyka MB, Moor AE, Boyman O. Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:955-965. [PMID: 37106039 PMCID: PMC10232369 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The B cell response to different pathogens uses tailored effector mechanisms and results in functionally specialized memory B (Bm) cell subsets, including CD21+ resting, CD21-CD27+ activated and CD21-CD27- Bm cells. The interrelatedness between these Bm cell subsets remains unknown. Here we showed that single severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Bm cell clones showed plasticity upon antigen rechallenge in previously exposed individuals. CD21- Bm cells were the predominant subsets during acute infection and early after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunization. At months 6 and 12 post-infection, CD21+ resting Bm cells were the major Bm cell subset in the circulation and were also detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, where they carried tissue residency markers. Tracking of individual B cell clones by B cell receptor sequencing revealed that previously fated Bm cell clones could redifferentiate upon antigen rechallenge into other Bm cell subsets, including CD21-CD27- Bm cells, demonstrating that single Bm cell clones can adopt functionally different trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Michler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taeschler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan E Acar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Soyka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Eser TM, Baranov O, Huth M, Ahmed MIM, Deák F, Held K, Lin L, Pekayvaz K, Leunig A, Nicolai L, Pollakis G, Buggert M, Price DA, Rubio-Acero R, Reich J, Falk P, Markgraf A, Puchinger K, Castelletti N, Olbrich L, Vanshylla K, Klein F, Wieser A, Hasenauer J, Kroidl I, Hoelscher M, Geldmacher C. Nucleocapsid-specific T cell responses associate with control of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airways before seroconversion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2952. [PMID: 37225706 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, it has remained unclear precisely which components of the early immune response protect against the development of severe COVID-19. Here, we perform a comprehensive immunogenetic and virologic analysis of nasopharyngeal and peripheral blood samples obtained during the acute phase of infection with SARS-CoV-2. We find that soluble and transcriptional markers of systemic inflammation peak during the first week after symptom onset and correlate directly with upper airways viral loads (UA-VLs), whereas the contemporaneous frequencies of circulating viral nucleocapsid (NC)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells correlate inversely with various inflammatory markers and UA-VLs. In addition, we show that high frequencies of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present in acutely infected nasopharyngeal tissue, many of which express genes encoding various effector molecules, such as cytotoxic proteins and IFN-γ. The presence of IFNG mRNA-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the infected epithelium is further linked with common patterns of gene expression among virus-susceptible target cells and better local control of SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, these results identify an immune correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2, which could inform the development of more effective vaccines to combat the acute and chronic illnesses attributable to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea M Eser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Baranov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Huth
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mohammed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Flora Deák
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Luming Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kami Pekayvaz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Leunig
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo Nicolai
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 2BE, UK
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Raquel Rubio-Acero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Reich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Philine Falk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alissa Markgraf
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Puchinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Benede NSB, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, Botha M, Workman L, Zar HJ, Ntusi NAB, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell functional profiles in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.16.23290059. [PMID: 37292954 PMCID: PMC10246143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.23290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi S. B. Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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23
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Pieren DKJ, Kuguel SG, Rosado J, Robles AG, Rey-Cano J, Mancebo C, Esperalba J, Falcó V, Buzón MJ, Genescà M. Limited induction of polyfunctional lung-resident memory T cells against SARS-CoV-2 by mRNA vaccination compared to infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1887. [PMID: 37019909 PMCID: PMC10074357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) present at the respiratory tract may be essential to enhance early SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance, thus limiting viral infection and disease. While long-term antigen-specific TRM are detectable beyond 11 months in the lung of convalescent COVID-19 patients, it is unknown if mRNA vaccination encoding for the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein can induce this frontline protection. Here we show that the frequency of CD4+ T cells secreting IFNγ in response to S-peptides is variable but overall similar in the lung of mRNA-vaccinated patients compared to convalescent-infected patients. However, in vaccinated patients, lung responses present less frequently a TRM phenotype compared to convalescent infected individuals and polyfunctional CD107a+ IFNγ+ TRM are virtually absent in vaccinated patients. These data indicate that mRNA vaccination induces specific T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung parenchyma, although to a limited extend. It remains to be determined whether these vaccine-induced responses contribute to overall COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián G Kuguel
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Rosado
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba G Robles
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rey-Cano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mancebo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Cable J, Balachandran S, Daley-Bauer LP, Rustagi A, Antony F, Frere JJ, Strampe J, Kedzierska K, Cannon JL, McGargill MA, Weiskopf D, Mettelman RC, Niessl J, Thomas PG, Briney B, Valkenburg SA, Bloom JD, Bjorkman PJ, Iketani S, Rappazzo CG, Crooks CM, Crofts KF, Pöhlmann S, Krammer F, Sant AJ, Nabel GJ, Schultz-Cherry S. Viral immunity: Basic mechanisms and therapeutic applications-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:32-45. [PMID: 36718537 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses infect millions of people each year. Both endemic viruses circulating throughout the population as well as novel epidemic and pandemic viruses pose ongoing threats to global public health. Developing more effective tools to address viruses requires not only in-depth knowledge of the virus itself but also of our immune system's response to infection. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Viral Immunity: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications." This report presents concise summaries from several of the symposium presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ferrin Antony
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Justin J Frere
- East Harlem Health Outreach Partnership; Department of Medical Education; and Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Strampe
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Chelsea M Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kali F Crofts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center and Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Modex Therapeutics Inc., an OPKO Health Company, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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26
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Thomas OG, Rickinson A, Palendira U. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1451. [PMID: 37206956 PMCID: PMC10191779 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism - or mechanisms - responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Thomas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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28
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Henze L, Braun J, Meyer-Arndt L, Jürchott K, Schlotz M, Michel J, Grossegesse M, Mangold M, Dingeldey M, Kruse B, Holenya P, Mages N, Reimer U, Eckey M, Schnatbaum K, Wenschuh H, Timmermann B, Klein F, Nitsche A, Giesecke-Thiel C, Loyal L, Thiel A. Primary ChAdOx1 vaccination does not reactivate pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1056525. [PMID: 36798117 PMCID: PMC9927399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1056525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available COVID-19 vaccines include inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, mRNA-based, viral vectored and adjuvanted protein-subunit-based vaccines. All of them contain the spike glycoprotein as the main immunogen and result in reduced disease severity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. While we and others have shown that mRNA-based vaccination reactivates pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity, the effect of vector vaccines in this regard is unknown. Here, we studied cellular and humoral responses in heterologous adenovirus-vector-based ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (AZ; Vaxzeria, AstraZeneca) and mRNA-based BNT162b2 (BNT; Comirnaty, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccination and compared it to a homologous BNT vaccination regimen. AZ primary vaccination did not lead to measurable reactivation of cross-reactive cellular and humoral immunity compared to BNT primary vaccination. Moreover, humoral immunity induced by primary vaccination with AZ displayed differences in linear spike peptide epitope coverage and a lack of anti-S2 IgG antibodies. Contrary to primary AZ vaccination, secondary vaccination with BNT reactivated pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity, comparable to homologous primary and secondary mRNA vaccination. While induced anti-S1 IgG antibody titers were higher after heterologous vaccination, induced CD4+ T cell responses were highest in homologous vaccinated. However, the overall TCR repertoire breadth was comparable between heterologous AZ-BNT-vaccinated and homologous BNT-BNT-vaccinated individuals, matching TCR repertoire breadths after SARS-CoV-2 infection, too. The reasons why AZ and BNT primary vaccination elicits different immune response patterns to essentially the same antigen, and the associated benefits and risks, need further investigation to inform vaccine and vaccination schedule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Henze
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Braun
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lil Meyer-Arndt
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marica Grossegesse
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Mangold
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Dingeldey
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Kruse
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Mages
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Eckey
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lucie Loyal
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Lu X, Yamasaki S. Current understanding of T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:51. [PMID: 36447270 PMCID: PMC9706904 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important part of adaptive immunity, T cells are indispensable in the defense against pathogens including viruses. SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus that occurred at the end of 2019 and has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, most of the infected patients recovered without any antiviral therapies, suggesting an effective immunity developed in the bodies. T cell immunity responds upon SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and plays crucial roles in eliminating the viruses and generating T cell memory. Specifically, a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells could support the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are also protective against the infection. SARS-CoV-2-recognizing T cells could be detected in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed donors, but the role of these cross-reactive T cells is still in debate. T cell responses could be diverse across individuals, mainly due to the polymorphism of HLAs. Thus, compared to antibodies, T cell responses are generally less affected by the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Up to now, a huge number of studies on SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells have been published. In this review, we introduced some major findings addressing the questions in the main aspects about T cell responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2, to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Epitope Analysis Team, Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Research Center for Systems Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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30
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Fujii SI, Yamasaki S, Iyoda T, Shimizu K. Association of cellular immunity with severity of COVID-19 from the perspective of antigen-specific memory T cell responses and cross-reactivity. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:50. [PMCID: PMC9706959 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCoronaviruses regularly cause outbreaks of zoonotic diseases characterized by severe pneumonia. The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused the global pandemic disease COVID-19 that began at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly owing to its infectious nature and rapidly progressing pneumonia. Although the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 is high, indicated by the worldwide spread of the disease in a very short period, many individuals displayed only subclinical infection, and some of them transmitted the disease to individuals who then developed a severe symptomatic infection. Furthermore, there are differences in the severity of infection across countries, which can be attributed to factors such as the emergence of viral mutations in a short period of time as well as to the immune responses to viral factors. Anti-viral immunity generally consists of neutralizing antibodies that block viral infection and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that eliminate the virus-infected cells. There is compelling evidence for the role of neutralizing antibodies in protective immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after the viral entry is complex and warrants a comprehensive discussion. Here, we discuss the protection afforded by cellular immunity against initial infection and development of severe disease. The initial failure of cellular immunity to control the infection worsens the clinical outcomes and functional profiles that inflict tissue damage without effectively eliminating viral reservoirs, while robust T cell responses are associated with mild outcomes. We also discuss persistent long-lasting memory T cell-mediated protection after infection or vaccination, which is rather complicated as it may involve SARS-CoV-2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes or cross-reactivity with previously infected seasonal coronaviruses, which are largely related to HLA genotypes. In addition, cross-reactivity with mutant strains is also discussed. Lastly, we discuss appropriate measures to be taken against the disease for immunocompromised patients. In conclusion, we provide evidence and discuss the causal relationship between natural infection- or vaccine-mediated memory T cell immunity and severity of COVID-19. This review is expected to provide a basis to develop strategies for the next generation of T cell-focused vaccines and aid in ending the current pandemic.
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31
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Ong EZ, Yee JX, Ooi JSG, Syenina A, de Alwis R, Chen S, Sim JXY, Kalimuddin S, Leong YS, Chan YFZ, Sekulovich R, Sullivan BM, Lindert K, Sullivan SB, Chivukula P, Hughes SG, Low JG, Ooi EE, Chan KR. Immune gene expression analysis indicates the potential of a self-amplifying Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:154. [PMID: 36443317 PMCID: PMC9703414 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable potency has been demonstrated for mRNA vaccines in reducing the global burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. An alternative form of the mRNA vaccine is the self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) vaccine, which encodes an alphavirus replicase that self-amplifies the full-length mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) transgene. However, early-phase clinical trials of sa-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidates have questioned the potential of this platform to develop potent vaccines. We examined the immune gene response to a candidate sa-mRNA vaccine against COVID-19, ARCT-021, and compared our findings to the host response to other forms of vaccines. In blood samples from healthy volunteers that participated in a phase I/II clinical trial, greater induction of transcripts involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, antigen presentation and complement activation at 1 day post-vaccination was associated with higher anti-S antibody titers. Conversely, transcripts involved in T-cell maturation at day 7 post-vaccination informed the magnitude of eventual S-specific T-cell responses. The transcriptomic signature for ARCT-021 vaccination strongly correlated with live viral vector vaccines, adjuvanted vaccines and BNT162b2 1 day post-vaccination. Moreover, the ARCT-021 signature correlated with day 7 YF17D live-attenuated vaccine transcriptomic responses. Altogether, our findings show that sa-mRNA vaccination induces innate immune responses that are associated with the development of adaptive immunity from other forms of vaccines, supporting further development of this vaccine platform for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Z. Ong
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Xin Yee
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin S. G. Ooi
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayesa Syenina
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiwei Chen
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean X. Y. Sim
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Shan Leong
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne F. Z. Chan
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kelly Lindert
- grid.508931.6Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Pad Chivukula
- grid.508931.6Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Jenny G. Low
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.512024.00000 0004 8513 1236Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre at SingHealth-Duke-NUS (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Costa PR, Correia CA, Marmorato MP, Dias JZDC, Thomazella MV, Cabral da Silva A, de Oliveira ACS, Gusmão AF, Ferrari L, Freitas AC, Patiño EG, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Scharf R, Kallás EG, Silveira CGT. Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032411. [PMID: 36341425 PMCID: PMC9634255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavac is a widely used SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, but its long-term immune response assessment is still lacking. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, including T cell activation markers, antigen-specific cytokine production and antibody response following vaccination in 53 adult and elderly individuals participating in a phase 3 clinical trial. Activated follicular helper T (Tfh), non-Tfh and memory CD4+ T cells were detected in almost all subjects early after the first vaccine dose. Activated memory CD4+ T cells were predominantly of central and effector memory T cell phenotypes and were sustained for at least 6 months. We also detected a balanced Th1-, Th2- and Th17/Th22-type cytokine production that was associated with response over time, together with particular cytokine profile linked to poor responses in older vaccinees. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels peaked 14 days after the second dose and were mostly stable over one year. CoronaVac was able to induce a potent and durable antiviral antigen-specific cellular response and the cytokine profiles related to the response over time and impacted by the senescence were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ramos Costa
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Argondizo Correia
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Prado Marmorato
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Vailant Thomazella
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cabral da Silva
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Arianne Fagotti Gusmão
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ferrari
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Carvalho Freitas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Clinicas Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Clinicas Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia Gisele Terrassani Silveira
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cássia Gisele Terrassani Silveira,
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Lim JME, Tan AT, Le Bert N, Hang SK, Low JGH, Bertoletti A. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinees induces virus-specific nasal-resident CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of broad specificity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220780. [PMID: 35972472 PMCID: PMC9386509 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid recognition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells by resident T cells in the upper airway might provide an important layer of protection against COVID-19. Whether parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection induces nasal-resident T cells specific for distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins is unknown. We isolated T cells from the nasal mucosa of COVID-19 vaccinees who either experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (n = 34) or not (n = 16) and analyzed their phenotype, SARS-CoV-2 specificity, function, and persistence. Nasal-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected almost exclusively in vaccinees who experienced SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Importantly, the Spike-specific T cells primed by vaccination did not suppress the induction of T cells specific for other SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The nasal-resident T cell responses persisted for ≥140 d, with minimal sign of waning. These data highlight the importance of viral nasal challenge in the formation of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral immunity at the site of primary infection and further define the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ming Er Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anthony Tanoto Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jenny Guek Hong Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Disease, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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34
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Sundberg E, Hoffman T, Nilsson A, Pahnke S, Enblad G, Kolstad L, Rönnberg B, Lundkvist Å, Torkki M, Zhou O, Anderson J, Harila‐Saari A, Palle J. COVID-19 seroprevalence and clinical picture in Swedish pediatric oncology and hematology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29773. [PMID: 35615775 PMCID: PMC9348419 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children develop symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) more rarely than adults upon infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pediatric oncology and hematology patients may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to their underlying disease or treatment. We investigated COVID-19 and seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, respectively, in a Swedish cohort of pediatric oncology and hematology patients. PROCEDURE Patients (n = 136) were recruited between June 2020 and September 2021 at Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Sweden. Up to six consecutive blood samples per patient were analyzed for wild-type anti-S1 IgM and IgG antibodies (including after vaccination, n = 4). Clinical data on COVID-19 (including polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test results) were collected from electronic medical records. A questionnaire was completed at recruitment. RESULTS A cumulative seroprevalence (IgM and IgG) of 33% (45/136 patients, 95% confidence interval: 25%-41%) was observed in this patient cohort, of whom 66% (90/136 patients) were under severe immunosuppressive treatment during the study period. Increasing patient age (p = .037) and PCR test results (p < .002) were associated with seropositivity in nonvaccinated cases. Most seropositive, nonvaccinated cases (32/43, 74%) were never PCR-verified for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 13 patients with PCR-verified infection, nine (69%) reported mild disease. A majority (63%) reported continued school attendance during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Swedish pediatric oncology and hematology patients developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, despite their diagnosis and/or treatment, and the observed seroprevalence was similar to that in national pediatric outpatients. PCR-verified cases underestimate the true incidence of COVID-19 in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sundberg
- Department of Children's Oncology and HematologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Tove Hoffman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric OncologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Simon Pahnke
- Unit of Oncology, Department of Medical SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gunilla Enblad
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Linda Kolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Bengt Rönnberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Laboratory of Clinical MicrobiologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC)Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Milla Torkki
- Department of Children's Oncology and HematologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Otto Zhou
- Department of Children's Oncology and HematologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Jenna Anderson
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Arja Harila‐Saari
- Department of Children's Oncology and HematologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Josefine Palle
- Department of Children's Oncology and HematologyUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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35
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Tang PCH, Ng WH, King NJC, Mahalingam S. Can live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contribute to stopping the pandemic? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010821. [PMID: 36129963 PMCID: PMC9491521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chun Hean Tang
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wern Hann Ng
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- The Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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36
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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37
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Bertoletti A, Le Bert N, Tan AT. Act Early and at the Right Location: SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Kinetics and Tissue Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10679. [PMID: 36142588 PMCID: PMC9505719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages able to escape antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination based on the Spike protein of the Wuhan isolates has reduced the ability of Spike-specific antibodies to protect previously infected or vaccinated individuals from infection. Therefore, the role played by T cells in the containment of viral replication and spread after infection has taken a more central stage. In this brief review, we will discuss the role played by T cells in the protection from COVID-19, with a particular emphasis on the kinetics of the T cell response and its localization at the site of primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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38
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Olafsdottir TA, Bjarnadottir K, Norddahl GL, Halldorsson GH, Melsted P, Gunnarsdottir K, Ivarsdottir E, Olafsdottir T, Arnthorsson AO, Theodors F, Eythorsson E, Helgason D, Eggertsson HP, Masson G, Bjarnadottir S, Saevarsdottir S, Runolfsdottir HL, Olafsson I, Saemundsdottir J, Sigurdsson MI, Ingvarsson RF, Palsson R, Thorgeirsson G, Halldorsson BV, Holm H, Kristjansson M, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Jonsdottir I, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. HLA alleles, disease severity, and age associate with T-cell responses following infection with SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:914. [PMID: 36068292 PMCID: PMC9446630 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection have been extensively investigated but many studies have been small with a limited range of disease severity. Here we analyze SARS-CoV-2 reactive T-cell responses in 768 convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected (cases) and 500 uninfected (controls) Icelanders. The T-cell responses are stable three to eight months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of disease severity and even those with the mildest symptoms induce broad and persistent T-cell responses. Robust CD4+ T-cell responses are detected against all measured proteins (M, N, S and S1) while the N protein induces strongest CD8+ T-cell responses. CD4+ T-cell responses correlate with disease severity, humoral responses and age, whereas CD8+ T-cell responses correlate with age and functional antibodies. Further, CD8+ T-cell responses associate with several class I HLA alleles. Our results, provide new insight into HLA restriction of CD8+ T-cell immunity and other factors contributing to heterogeneity of T-cell responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection. A study of 768 convalescent SARS CoV-2-infected and 500 uninfected Icelanders reveals broad and stable T-cell responses 3-8 months from infection. HLA alleles, disease severity, and age contribute to the heterogeneity of cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pall Melsted
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias Eythorsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Dadi Helgason
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Sólveig Bjarnadottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Saedis Saevarsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Medicine, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hrafnhildur L Runolfsdottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Clinical Laboratory Services, Diagnostics and Blood Bank, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Martin I Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Perioperative Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ragnar F Ingvarsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Runolfur Palsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mar Kristjansson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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39
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SARS-CoV-2-cross-reactive T cells identified in pre-pandemic lower airway samples. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1307-1308. [PMID: 36068403 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Qi F, Cao Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Single-cell analysis of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964976. [PMID: 36119105 PMCID: PMC9478577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amid the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccination and early therapeutic interventions are the most effective means to combat and control the severity of the disease. Host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly adaptive immune responses, should be fully understood to develop improved strategies to implement these measures. Single-cell multi-omic technologies, including flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics, and single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) profiling, offer a better solution to examine the protective or pathological immune responses and molecular mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus providing crucial support for the development of vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19. Recent reviews have revealed the overall immune landscape of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this review will focus on adaptive immune responses (including T cells and B cells) to SARS-CoV-2 revealed by single-cell multi-omics technologies. In addition, we explore how the single-cell analyses disclose the critical components of immune protection and pathogenesis during SARS-CoV-2 infection through the comparison between the adaptive immune responses induced by natural infection and by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Reasearch and Application, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingyin Cao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Reasearch and Application, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, China
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Diniz MO, Mitsi E, Swadling L, Rylance J, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Ferreira D, Maini MK. Airway-resident T cells from unexposed individuals cross-recognize SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1324-1329. [PMID: 36038709 PMCID: PMC9477726 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells can contribute to clearance of respiratory viruses that cause acute-resolving infections such as SARS-CoV-2, helping to provide long-lived protection against disease. Recent studies have suggested an additional role for T cells in resisting overt infection: pre-existing cross-reactive responses were preferentially enriched in healthcare workers who had abortive infections1, and in household contacts protected from infection2. We hypothesize that such early viral control would require pre-existing cross-reactive memory T cells already resident at the site of infection; such airway-resident responses have been shown to be critical for mediating protection after intranasal vaccination in a murine model of SARS-CoV3. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples from the lower respiratory tract of healthy donors obtained before the COVID-19 pandemic revealed airway-resident, SARS-CoV-2-cross-reactive T cells, which correlated with the strength of human seasonal coronavirus immunity. We therefore demonstrate the potential to harness functional airway-resident SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in next-generation mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK.
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42
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Sette A, Crotty S. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:27-46. [PMID: 35733376 PMCID: PMC9349657 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative and qualitative features of different cellular and anatomical compartments; and durability of each cellular component and antibodies. Given the sophistication of the measurements; the size of the human studies; the use of longitudinal samples and cross-sectional studies; and head-to-head comparisons between infection and vaccines or between multiple vaccines, the understanding of immune memory for 1 year to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines already supersedes that of any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the scientific development of future vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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43
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Zhang M, Li N, He Y, Shi T, Jie Z. Pulmonary resident memory T cells in respiratory virus infection and their inspiration on therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943331. [PMID: 36032142 PMCID: PMC9412965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system generates memory cells on infection with a virus for the first time. These memory cells play an essential role in protection against reinfection. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can be generated in situ once attacked by pathogens. TRM cells dominate the defense mechanism during early stages of reinfection and have gradually become one of the most popular focuses in recent years. Here, we mainly reviewed the development and regulation of various TRM cell signaling pathways in the respiratory tract. Moreover, we explored the protective roles of TRM cells in immune response against various respiratory viruses, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza. The complex roles of TRM cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed. Current evidence supports the therapeutic strategies targeting TRM cells, providing more possibilities for treatment. Rational utilization of TRM cells for therapeutics is vital for defense against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Jie,
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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunity 2022; 55:1764-1778. [PMID: 36049482 PMCID: PMC9385766 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increasing ability to evade neutralizing antibodies have emerged. Thus, earlier interest in defining the correlates of protection from infection, mainly mediated by humoral immunity, has shifted to correlates of protection from disease, which require a more comprehensive analysis of both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, we summarized the evidence that supports the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by infection, by vaccination or by their combination (defined as hybrid immunity) in disease protection. We then analyzed the different epidemiological and virological variables that can modify the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and their influence in the possible ability of T cells to protect the host from severe COVID-19 development.
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Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Kedzierski L, Neeland MR, Petersen J, Crawford JC, Allen LF, Clemens EB, Chua B, McQuilten HA, Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Chaurasia P, Tan HX, Wheatley AK, Jia X, Amanat F, Krammer F, Allen EK, Sonda S, Flanagan KL, Jumarang J, Pannaraj PS, Licciardi PV, Kent SJ, Bond KA, Williamson DA, Rossjohn J, Thomas PG, Tosif S, Crawford NW, van de Sandt CE, Kedzierska K. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCRαβ motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection. Immunity 2022; 55:1299-1315.e4. [PMID: 35750048 PMCID: PMC9174177 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As the establishment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cell memory in children remains largely unexplored, we recruited convalescent COVID-19 children and adults to define their circulating memory SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells prior to vaccination. We analyzed epitope-specific T cells directly ex vivo using seven HLA class I and class II tetramers presenting SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, together with Spike-specific B cells. Unvaccinated children who seroconverted had comparable Spike-specific but lower ORF1a- and N-specific memory T cell responses compared with adults. This agreed with our TCR sequencing data showing reduced clonal expansion in children. A strong stem cell memory phenotype and common T cell receptor motifs were detected within tetramer-specific T cells in seroconverted children. Conversely, children who did not seroconvert had tetramer-specific T cells of predominantly naive phenotypes and diverse TCRαβ repertoires. Our study demonstrates the generation of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCRαβ motifs in unvaccinated seroconverted children after their first virus encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Melanie R Neeland
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lilith F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anastasia A Minervina
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Priyanka Chaurasia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Jaycee Jumarang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine A Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shidan Tosif
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nigel W Crawford
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Immunisation Service, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Gao Y, Cai C, Wullimann D, Niessl J, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Chen P, Lange J, Cuapio A, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Perez-Potti A, Sekine T, Müller TR, Boulouis C, Kammann T, Parrot T, Muvva JR, Sobkowiak M, Healy K, Bogdanovic G, Muschiol S, Söderdahl G, Österborg A, Hellgren F, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Loré K, Sällberg Chen M, Ljungman P, Sandberg JK, Smith CIE, Bergman P, Ljunggren HG, Aleman S, Buggert M. Immunodeficiency syndromes differentially impact the functional spectrum of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells elicited by mRNA vaccination. Immunity 2022; 55:1732-1746.e5. [PMID: 35961317 PMCID: PMC9293955 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many immunocompromised patients mount suboptimal humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Here, we assessed the single-cell profile of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells post-mRNA vaccination in healthy individuals and patients with various forms of immunodeficiencies. Impaired vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity was observed in many immunocompromised patients, particularly in solid-organ transplant and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Notably, individuals with an inherited lack of mature B cells, i.e., X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) displayed highly functional spike-specific T cell responses. Single-cell RNA-sequencing further revealed that mRNA vaccination induced a broad functional spectrum of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and patients with XLA. These responses were founded on polyclonal repertoires of CD4+ T cells and robust expansions of oligoclonal effector-memory CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells with stem-like characteristics. Collectively, our data provide the functional continuum of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses post-mRNA vaccination, highlighting that cell-mediated immunity is of variable functional quality across immunodeficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis Cai
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua Lange
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Perez-Potti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas R Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Boulouis
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Kammann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michal Sobkowiak
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Balloux F, Tan C, Swadling L, Richard D, Jenner C, Maini M, van Dorp L. The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac003. [PMID: 35872966 PMCID: PMC9278178 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 in China, and rapidly spread throughout the world to reach all continents. As the virus expanded in its novel human host, viral lineages diversified through the accumulation of around two mutations a month on average. Different viral lineages have replaced each other since the start of the pandemic, with the most successful Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants of concern (VoCs) sequentially sweeping through the world to reach high global prevalence. Neither Alpha nor Delta was characterized by strong immune escape, with their success coming mainly from their higher transmissibility. Omicron is far more prone to immune evasion and spread primarily due to its increased ability to (re-)infect hosts with prior immunity. As host immunity reaches high levels globally through vaccination and prior infection, the epidemic is expected to transition from a pandemic regime to an endemic one where seasonality and waning host immunization are anticipated to become the primary forces shaping future SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics. In this review, we consider a body of evidence on the origins, host tropism, epidemiology, genomic and immunogenetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 including an assessment of other coronaviruses infecting humans. Considering what is known so far, we conclude by delineating scenarios for the future dynamic of SARS-CoV-2, ranging from the good-circulation of a fifth endemic 'common cold' coronavirus of potentially low virulence, the bad-a situation roughly comparable with seasonal flu, and the ugly-extensive diversification into serotypes with long-term high-level endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cedric Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138672 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Damien Richard
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Charlotte Jenner
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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48
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Ssemaganda A, Nguyen HM, Nuhu F, Jahan N, Card CM, Kiazyk S, Severini G, Keynan Y, Su RC, Ji H, Abrenica B, McLaren PJ, Ball TB, Bullard J, Van Caeseele P, Stein D, McKinnon LR. Expansion of cytotoxic tissue-resident CD8 + T cells and CCR6 +CD161 + CD4 + T cells in the nasal mucosa following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3357. [PMID: 35688805 PMCID: PMC9186487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have shown high efficacy in clinical trials, yet a full immunologic characterization of these vaccines, particularly within the human upper respiratory tract, is less well known. Here, we enumerate and phenotype T cells in nasal mucosa and blood using flow cytometry before and after vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (n = 21). Tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells expressing CD69+CD103+ increase in number ~12 days following the first and second doses, by 0.31 and 0.43 log10 cells per swab respectively (p = 0.058 and p = 0.009 in adjusted linear mixed models). CD69+CD103+CD8+ T cells in the blood decrease post-vaccination. Similar increases in nasal CD8+CD69+CD103- T cells are observed, particularly following the second dose. CD4+ cells co-expressing CCR6 and CD161 are also increased in abundance following both doses. Stimulation of nasal CD8+ T cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides elevates expression of CD107a at 2- and 6-months (p = 0.0096) post second vaccine dose, with a subset of donors also expressing increased cytokines. These data suggest that nasal T cells may be induced and contribute to the protective immunity afforded by this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysious Ssemaganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Huong Mai Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Faisal Nuhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Naima Jahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Catherine M Card
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sandra Kiazyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Giulia Severini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hezhao Ji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul J McLaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - T Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jared Bullard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul Van Caeseele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.
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49
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Lee KA, Flores RR, Jang IH, Saathoff A, Robbins PD. Immune Senescence, Immunosenescence and Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:900028. [PMID: 35821850 PMCID: PMC9261375 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With aging, there is increased dysfunction of both innate and adaptive immune responses, which contributes to impaired immune responses to pathogens and greater mortality and morbidity. This age-related immune dysfunction is defined in general as immunosenescence and includes an increase in the number of memory T cells, loss of ability to respond to antigen and a lingering level of low-grade inflammation. However, certain features of immunosenescence are similar to cellular senescence, which is defined as the irreversible loss of proliferation in response to damage and stress. Importantly, senescence cells can develop an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), that also drives non-autonomous cellular senescence and immune dysfunction. Interestingly, viral infection can increase the extent of immune senescence both directly and indirectly, leading to increased immune dysfunction and inflammation, especially in the elderly. This review focuses on age-related immune dysfunction, cellular senescence and the impaired immune response to pathogens.
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50
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Mettelman RC, Allen EK, Thomas PG. Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract. Immunity 2022; 55:749-780. [PMID: 35545027 PMCID: PMC9087965 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract are tightly regulated and are in continual flux between states of enhanced pathogen clearance, immune-modulation, and tissue repair. New single-cell-sequencing techniques are expanding our knowledge of airway cellular complexity and the nuanced connections between structural and immune cell compartments. Understanding these varied interactions is critical in treatment of human pulmonary disease and infections and in next-generation vaccine design. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung and airways following infection and vaccination, with particular focus on influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has put pulmonary research firmly into the global spotlight, challenging previously held notions of respiratory immunity and helping identify new populations at high risk for respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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