1
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Kamran M, Raza A, Naseem MN, Turni C, Tabor AE, James P. Quantitative proteomics reveals significant variation in host responses of cattle with differing buffalo fly susceptibility. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402123. [PMID: 39086482 PMCID: PMC11289981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Control of buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua, BFs) relies mainly on chemical methods; however, resistance to insecticides is widespread in BF populations. Breeding for resistance to BFs represents a possible alternative, but direct phenotyping of animals is laborious and often inaccurate. The availability of reliable diagnostic biomarker(s) to identify low BF carrier cattle would facilitate rapid and accurate selection for genetic improvement. However, limited information is available regarding differences amongst cattle in host responses to BF infestation. Methods This study investigated the variation in Brangus cattle serum proteomic profiles before (naïve) and after peak BF exposure, in low (LF) and high BF burden (HF) cattle. Cattle were phenotyped for susceptibility based on BF counts on multiple dates using visual and photographic techniques. The relative abundance of serum proteins in cattle before and after exposure to BFs was analysed using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Results Exposure to BFs elicited similar responses in HF and LF cattle, with 79 and 70 proteins, respectively, showing significantly different abundances post exposure as compared to their relevant naïve groups. The comparison of serum samples from naïve HF and LF cattle identified 44 significantly differentially abundant (DA) proteins, while 37 significantly DA proteins were identified from the comparison between HF and LF cattle post-exposure to BFs. Proteins with higher abundance in naïve LF cattle were enriched in blood coagulation mechanisms that were sustained after exposure to BFs. Strong immune response mechanisms were also identified in naïve LF cattle, whereas these responses developed in HF cattle only after exposure to BF. High BF cattle also showed active anticoagulation mechanisms in response to BF exposure, including downregulation of coagulation factor IX and upregulation of antithrombin-III, which might facilitate BF feeding. Conclusion Underlying differences in the abundance of proteins related to blood coagulation and immune response pathways could potentially provide indirect indicators of susceptibility to BF infestation and biomarkers for selecting more BF-resistant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Raza
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Muhammad N. Naseem
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ala E. Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter James
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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2
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Jiao H, Pang B, Liu A, Chen Q, Pan Q, Wang X, Xu Y, Chiang YC, Ren R, Hu H. Structural insights into the activation and inhibition of CXC chemokine receptor 3. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:610-620. [PMID: 38177682 PMCID: PMC11026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemotaxis of CD4+ type 1 helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, guided by interferon-inducible CXC chemokine 9-11 (CXCL9-11) and CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), plays a critical role in type 1 immunity. Here we determined the structures of human CXCR3-DNGi complexes activated by chemokine CXCL11, peptidomimetic agonist PS372424 and biaryl-type agonist VUF11222, and the structure of inactive CXCR3 bound to noncompetitive antagonist SCH546738. Structural analysis revealed that PS372424 shares a similar orthosteric binding pocket to the N terminus of CXCL11, while VUF11222 buries deeper and activates the receptor in a distinct manner. We showed an allosteric binding site between TM5 and TM6, accommodating SCH546738 in the inactive CXCR3. SCH546738 may restrain the receptor at an inactive state by preventing the repacking of TM5 and TM6. By revealing the binding patterns and the pharmacological properties of the four modulators, we present the activation mechanisms of CXCR3 and provide insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhan Jiao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunong Xu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongli Hu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Gardner J, Eiger DS, Hicks C, Choi I, Pham U, Chundi A, Namjoshi O, Rajagopal S. GPCR kinases differentially modulate biased signaling downstream of CXCR3 depending on their subcellular localization. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadd9139. [PMID: 38349966 PMCID: PMC10927030 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) demonstrate biased signaling such that ligands of the same receptor exclusively or preferentially activate certain downstream signaling pathways over others. This phenomenon may result from ligand-specific receptor phosphorylation by GPCR kinases (GRKs). GPCR signaling can also exhibit location bias because GPCRs traffic to and signal from subcellular compartments in addition to the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated whether GRKs contributed to location bias in GPCR signaling. GRKs translocated to endosomes after stimulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 or other GPCRs in cultured cells. GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 showed distinct patterns of recruitment to the plasma membrane and to endosomes depending on the identity of the biased ligand used to activate CXCR3. Analysis of engineered forms of GRKs that localized to either the plasma membrane or endosomes demonstrated that biased CXCR3 ligands elicited different signaling profiles that depended on the subcellular location of the GRK. Each GRK exerted a distinct effect on the regulation of CXCR3 engagement of β-arrestin, internalization, and activation of the downstream effector kinase ERK. Our work highlights a role for GRKs in location-biased GPCR signaling and demonstrates the complex interactions between ligands, GRKs, and cellular location that contribute to biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anand Chundi
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ojas Namjoshi
- Center for Drug Discovery RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Present address: Engine Biosciences, 733 Industrial Rd., San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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4
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Hicks C, Gardner J, Eiger DS, Camarda ND, Pham U, Dhar S, Rodriguez H, Chundi A, Rajagopal S. ACKR3 Proximity Labeling Identifies Novel G protein- and β-arrestin-independent GPCR Interacting Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.27.577545. [PMID: 38410489 PMCID: PMC10896341 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.577545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The canonical paradigm of GPCR signaling recognizes G proteins and β-arrestins as the two primary transducers that promote GPCR signaling. Recent evidence suggests the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not couple to G proteins, and β-arrestins are dispensable for some of its functions. Here, we employed proximity labeling to identify proteins that interact with ACKR3 in cells devoid of β-arrestin. We identified proteins involved in the endocytic machinery and evaluated a subset of proteins conserved across several GPCR-based proximity labeling experiments. We discovered that the bone morphogenic protein 2-inducible kinase (BMP2K) interacts with many different GPCRs with varying dependency on β-arrestin. Together, our work highlights the existence of modulators that can act independently of G proteins and β-arrestins to regulate GPCR signaling and provides important evidence for other targets that may regulate GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hicks
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia Gardner
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dylan Scott Eiger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Camarda
- Genetics, Molecular, and Cellular Biology Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Saisha Dhar
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Anand Chundi
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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5
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Liu W. The Involvement of Cysteine-X-Cysteine Motif Chemokine Receptors in Skin Homeostasis and the Pathogenesis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1005. [PMID: 38256077 PMCID: PMC10815665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) superfamily play central roles in initiating the innate immune response in mammalian cells by orchestrating selective cell migration and immune cell activation. With its multilayered structure, the skin, which is the largest organ in the body, performs a crucial defense function, protecting the human body from harmful environmental threats and pathogens. CXCRs contribute to primary immunological defense; these receptors are differentially expressed by different types of skin cells and act as key players in initiating downstream innate immune responses. While the initiation of inflammatory responses by CXCRs is essential for pathogen elimination and tissue healing, overactivation of these receptors can enhance T-cell-mediated autoimmune responses, resulting in excessive inflammation and the development of several skin disorders, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, vitiligo, autoimmune diseases, and skin cancers. In summary, CXCRs serve as critical links that connect innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In this article, we present the current knowledge about the functions of CXCRs in the homeostasis function of the skin and their contributions to the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis and psoriasis. Furthermore, we will examine the research progress and efficacy of therapeutic approaches that target CXCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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6
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Grudzien P, Neufeld H, Ebe Eyenga M, Gaponenko V. Development of tolerance to chemokine receptor antagonists: current paradigms and the need for further investigation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184014. [PMID: 37575219 PMCID: PMC10420067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine G-protein coupled receptors are validated drug targets for many diseases, including cancer, neurological, and inflammatory disorders. Despite much time and effort spent on therapeutic development, very few chemokine receptor antagonists are approved for clinical use. Among potential reasons for the slow progress in developing chemokine receptor inhibitors, antagonist tolerance, a progressive reduction in drug efficacy after repeated administration, is likely to play a key role. The mechanisms leading to antagonist tolerance remain poorly understood. In many cases, antagonist tolerance is accompanied by increased receptor concentration on the cell surface after prolonged exposure to chemokine receptor antagonists. This points to a possible role of altered receptor internalization and presentation on the cell surface, as has been shown for agonist (primarily opioid) tolerance. In addition, examples of antagonist tolerance in the context of other G-protein coupled receptors suggest the involvement of noncanonical signal transduction in opposing the effects of the antagonists. In this review, we summarize the available progress and challenges in therapeutic development of chemokine receptor antagonists, describe the available knowledge about antagonist tolerance, and propose new avenues for future investigation of this important phenomenon. Furthermore, we highlight the modern methodologies that have the potential to reveal novel mechanisms leading to antagonist tolerance and to propel the field forward by advancing the development of potent "tolerance-free" antagonists of chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Eiger DS, Smith JS, Shi T, Stepniewski TM, Tsai CF, Honeycutt C, Boldizsar N, Gardner J, Nicora CD, Moghieb AM, Kawakami K, Choi I, Hicks C, Zheng K, Warman A, Alagesan P, Knape NM, Huang O, Silverman JD, Smith RD, Inoue A, Selent J, Jacobs JM, Rajagopal S. Phosphorylation barcodes direct biased chemokine signaling at CXCR3. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:362-382.e8. [PMID: 37030291 PMCID: PMC10147449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-biased agonism, selective activation of certain signaling pathways relative to others, is thought to be directed by differential GPCR phosphorylation "barcodes." At chemokine receptors, endogenous chemokines can act as "biased agonists", which may contribute to the limited success when pharmacologically targeting these receptors. Here, mass spectrometry-based global phosphoproteomics revealed that CXCR3 chemokines generate different phosphorylation barcodes associated with differential transducer activation. Chemokine stimulation resulted in distinct changes throughout the kinome in global phosphoproteomics studies. Mutation of CXCR3 phosphosites altered β-arrestin 2 conformation in cellular assays and was consistent with conformational changes observed in molecular dynamics simulations. T cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient CXCR3 mutants resulted in agonist- and receptor-specific chemotactic profiles. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 chemokines are non-redundant and act as biased agonists through differential encoding of phosphorylation barcodes, leading to distinct physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Dermatology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | - Kouki Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ouwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin D Silverman
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon M Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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8
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Wang W, Spurgeon ME, Pope A, McGregor S, Ward-Shaw E, Gronski E, Lambert PF. Stress keratin 17 and estrogen support viral persistence and modulate the immune environment during cervicovaginal murine papillomavirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214225120. [PMID: 36917668 PMCID: PMC10041145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A murine papillomavirus, MmuPV1, infects both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia of laboratory mice and can be used to model high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-associated disease. We have shown that estrogen exacerbates papillomavirus-induced cervical disease in HPV-transgenic mice. We have also previously identified stress keratin 17 (K17) as a host factor that supports MmuPV1-induced cutaneous disease. Here, we sought to test the role of estrogen and K17 in MmuPV1 infection and associated disease in the female reproductive tract. We experimentally infected wild-type and K17 knockout (K17KO) mice with MmuPV1 in the female reproductive tract in the presence or absence of exogenous estrogen for 6 mon. We observed that a significantly higher percentage of K17KO mice cleared the virus as opposed to wild-type mice. In estrogen-treated wild-type mice, the MmuPV1 viral copy number was significantly higher compared to untreated mice by as early as 2 wk postinfection, suggesting that estrogen may help facilitate MmuPV1 infection and/or establishment. Consistent with this, viral clearance was not observed in either wild-type or K17KO mice when treated with estrogen. Furthermore, neoplastic disease progression and cervical carcinogenesis were supported by the presence of K17 and exacerbated by estrogen treatment. Subsequent analyses indicated that estrogen treatment induces a systemic immunosuppressive state in MmuPV1-infected animals and that both estrogen and K17 modulate the local intratumoral immune microenvironment within MmuPV1-induced neoplastic lesions. Collectively, these findings suggest that estrogen and K17 act at multiple stages of papillomavirus-induced disease at least in part via immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Ali Pope
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Stephanie McGregor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Ella Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Ellery Gronski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
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9
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Eiger DS, Smith JS, Shi T, Stepniewski TM, Tsai CF, Honeycutt C, Boldizsar N, Gardner J, Nicora CD, Moghieb AM, Kawakami K, Choi I, Zheng K, Warman A, Alagesan P, Knape NM, Huang O, Silverman JD, Smith RD, Inoue A, Selent J, Jacobs JM, Rajagopal S. Phosphorylation barcodes direct biased chemokine signaling at CXCR3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532634. [PMID: 36993369 PMCID: PMC10055163 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biased agonism, the activation of some signaling pathways over others, is thought to largely be due to differential receptor phosphorylation, or "phosphorylation barcodes." At chemokine receptors, ligands act as "biased agonists" with complex signaling profiles, which contributes to the limited success in pharmacologically targeting these receptors. Here, mass spectrometry-based global phosphoproteomics revealed that CXCR3 chemokines generate different phosphorylation barcodes associated with differential transducer activation. Chemokine stimulation resulted in distinct changes throughout the kinome in global phosphoproteomic studies. Mutation of CXCR3 phosphosites altered β-arrestin conformation in cellular assays and was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. T cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient CXCR3 mutants resulted in agonist- and receptor-specific chemotactic profiles. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 chemokines are non-redundant and act as biased agonists through differential encoding of phosphorylation barcodes and lead to distinct physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S. Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | - Kouki Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M. Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ouwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin D. Silverman
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jon M. Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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10
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Kirchner S, Hicks C, Choi I, Pham U, Zheng K, Warman A, Smith JS, Zhang JY, Rajagopal S. Location bias contributes to functionally selective responses of biased CXCR3 agonists. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5846. [PMID: 36195635 PMCID: PMC9532441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Some G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands act as "biased agonists" that preferentially activate specific signaling transducers over others. Although GPCRs are primarily found at the plasma membrane, GPCRs can traffic to and signal from many subcellular compartments. Here, we determine that differential subcellular signaling contributes to the biased signaling generated by three endogenous ligands of the GPCR CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). The signaling profile of CXCR3 changes as it traffics from the plasma membrane to endosomes in a ligand-specific manner. Endosomal signaling is critical for biased activation of G proteins, β-arrestins, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In CD8 + T cells, the chemokines promote unique transcriptional responses predicted to regulate inflammatory pathways. In a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity, β-arrestin-biased CXCR3-mediated inflammation is dependent on receptor internalization. Our work demonstrates that differential subcellular signaling is critical to the overall biased response observed at CXCR3, which has important implications for drugs targeting chemokine receptors and other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Stephen Kirchner
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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12
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deAndrés-Galiana EJ, Fernández-Martínez JL, Álvarez-Machancoses Ó, Bea G, Galmarini CM, Kloczkowski A. Analysis of transcriptomic responses to SARS-CoV-2 reveals plausible defective pathways responsible for increased susceptibility to infection and complications and helps to develop fast-track repositioning of drugs against COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106029. [PMID: 36067633 PMCID: PMC9423878 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background To understand the transcriptomic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, is of the utmost importance to design diagnostic tools predicting the severity of the infection. Methods We have performed a deep sampling analysis of the viral transcriptomic data oriented towards drug repositioning. Using different samplers, the basic principle of this methodology the biological invariance, which means that the pathways altered by the disease, should be independent on the algorithm used to unravel them. Results The transcriptomic analysis of the altered pathways, reveals a distinctive inflammatory response and potential side effects of infection. The virus replication causes, in some cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome in the lungs, and affects other organs such as heart, brain, and kidneys. Therefore, the repositioned drugs to fight COVID-19 should, not only target the interferon signalling pathway and the control of the inflammation, but also the altered genetic pathways related to the side effects of infection. We also show via Principal Component Analysis that the transcriptome signatures are different from influenza and RSV. The gene COL1A1, which controls collagen production, seems to play a key/vital role in the regulation of the immune system. Additionally, other small-scale signature genes appear to be involved in the development of other COVID-19 comorbidities. Conclusions Transcriptome-based drug repositioning offers possible fast-track antiviral therapy for COVID-19 patients. It calls for additional clinical studies using FDA approved drugs for patients with increased susceptibility to infection and with serious medical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique J deAndrés-Galiana
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Fernández-Martínez
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; DeepBioInsights, Spain.
| | - Óscar Álvarez-Machancoses
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Guillermina Bea
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; DeepBioInsights, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Galmarini
- Topazium Artificial Intelligence, Paseo de la Castellana 40, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Jarosinski MA, Chen YS, Varas N, Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Weiss MA. New Horizons: Next-Generation Insulin Analogues: Structural Principles and Clinical Goals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:909-928. [PMID: 34850005 PMCID: PMC8947325 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Design of "first-generation" insulin analogues over the past 3 decades has provided pharmaceutical formulations with tailored pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. Application of a molecular tool kit-integrating protein sequence, chemical modification, and formulation-has thus led to improved prandial and basal formulations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Although PK/PD changes were modest in relation to prior formulations of human and animal insulins, significant clinical advantages in efficacy (mean glycemia) and safety (rates of hypoglycemia) were obtained. Continuing innovation is providing further improvements to achieve ultrarapid and ultrabasal analogue formulations in an effort to reduce glycemic variability and optimize time in range. Beyond such PK/PD metrics, next-generation insulin analogues seek to exploit therapeutic mechanisms: glucose-responsive ("smart") analogues, pathway-specific ("biased") analogues, and organ-targeted analogues. Smart insulin analogues and delivery systems promise to mitigate hypoglycemic risk, a critical barrier to glycemic control, whereas biased and organ-targeted insulin analogues may better recapitulate physiologic hormonal regulation. In each therapeutic class considerations of cost and stability will affect use and global distribution. This review highlights structural principles underlying next-generation design efforts, their respective biological rationale, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicolás Varas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Correspondence: Michael A. Weiss, MD, PhD, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 4053, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082 USA.
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14
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Zheng K, Smith JS, Eiger DS, Warman A, Choi I, Honeycutt CC, Boldizsar N, Gundry JN, Pack TF, Inoue A, Caron MG, Rajagopal S. Biased agonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 differentially signal through Gα i:β-arrestin complexes. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg5203. [PMID: 35316095 PMCID: PMC9890572 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and signal through the proximal effectors, G proteins and β-arrestins, to influence nearly every biological process. The G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have largely been considered separable; however, direct interactions between Gα proteins and β-arrestins have been described that appear to be part of a distinct GPCR signaling pathway. Within these complexes, Gαi/o, but not other Gα protein subtypes, directly interacts with β-arrestin, regardless of the canonical Gα protein that is coupled to the GPCR. Here, we report that the endogenous biased chemokine agonists of CXCR3 (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), together with two small-molecule biased agonists, differentially formed Gαi:β-arrestin complexes. Formation of the Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not correlate well with either G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment. β-arrestin biosensors demonstrated that ligands that promoted Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation generated similar β-arrestin conformations. We also found that Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not couple to the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, as is observed with other receptors such as the V2 vasopressin receptor, but did couple with the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2, which suggests context-dependent signaling by these complexes. These findings reinforce the notion that Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation is a distinct GPCR signaling pathway and enhance our understanding of the spectrum of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dylan S. Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jaimee N. Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F. Pack
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27110, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Corresponding author.
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15
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Suwanpradid J, Lee MJ, Hoang P, Kwock J, Floyd LP, Smith JS, Yin Z, Atwater AR, Rajagopal S, Kedl RM, Corcoran DL, Zhang JY, MacLeod AS. IL-27 Derived From Macrophages Facilitates IL-15 Production and T Cell Maintenance Following Allergic Hypersensitivity Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713304. [PMID: 34659203 PMCID: PMC8515907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages in temporal leukocyte clusters within barrier tissues provides a new concept for T cell activation in the skin. Activated T cells from these leukocyte clusters play critical roles in the efferent phase of allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, the cytokines driving maintenance and survival of pathogenic T cells during and following CHS remain mostly unknown. Upon epicutaneous allergen challenge, we here report that macrophages produce IL-27 which then induces IL-15 production from epidermal keratinocytes and dermal myeloid cells within leukocyte clusters. In agreement with the known role of IL-15 as a T cell survival factor and growth cytokine, this signaling axis enhances BCL2 and survival of skin T cells. Genetic depletion or pharmacological blockade of IL-27 in CHS mice leads to abrogated epidermal IL-15 production resulting in a decrease in BCL2 expression in T cells and a decline in dermal CD8+ T cells and T cell cluster numbers. These findings suggest that the IL-27 pathway is an important cytokine for regulating cutaneous T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter Hoang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffery Kwock
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lauren P Floyd
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Jarosinski MA, Dhayalan B, Chen YS, Chatterjee D, Varas N, Weiss MA. Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101325. [PMID: 34428558 PMCID: PMC8513154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of insulin in 1921 and its near-immediate clinical use initiated a century of innovation. Advances extended across a broad front, from the stabilization of animal insulin formulations to the frontiers of synthetic peptide chemistry, and in turn, from the advent of recombinant DNA manufacturing to structure-based protein analog design. In each case, a creative interplay was observed between pharmaceutical applications and then-emerging principles of protein science; indeed, translational objectives contributed to a growing molecular understanding of protein structure, aggregation and misfolding. SCOPE OF REVIEW Pioneering crystallographic analyses-beginning with Hodgkin's solving of the 2-Zn insulin hexamer-elucidated general features of protein self-assembly, including zinc coordination and the allosteric transmission of conformational change. Crystallization of insulin was exploited both as a step in manufacturing and as a means of obtaining protracted action. Forty years ago, the confluence of recombinant human insulin with techniques for site-directed mutagenesis initiated the present era of insulin analogs. Variant or modified insulins were developed that exhibit improved prandial or basal pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Encouraged by clinical trials demonstrating the long-term importance of glycemic control, regimens based on such analogs sought to resemble daily patterns of endogenous β-cell secretion more closely, ideally with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Next-generation insulin analog design seeks to explore new frontiers, including glucose-responsive insulins, organ-selective analogs and biased agonists tailored to address yet-unmet clinical needs. In the coming decade, we envision ever more powerful scientific synergies at the interface of structural biology, molecular physiology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Nicolás Varas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
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17
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Contribution of CXCR3-mediated signaling in the metastatic cascade of solid malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188628. [PMID: 34560199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a significant cause of the mortality resulting from solid malignancies. The process of metastasis is complex and is regulated by numerous cancer cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors. CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor that is frequently expressed by cancer cells, endothelial cells and immune cells. CXCR3A signaling in cancer cells tends to promote the invasive and migratory phenotype of cancer cells. Indirectly, CXCR3 modulates the anti-tumor immune response resulting in variable effects that can permit or inhibit metastatic progression. Finally, the activity of CXCR3B in endothelial cells is generally angiostatic, which limits the access of cancer cells to key conduits to secondary sites. However, the interaction of these activities within a tumor and the presence of opposing CXCR3 splice variants clouds the picture of the role of CXCR3 in metastasis. Consequently, thorough analysis of the contributions of CXCR3 to cancer metastasis is necessary. This review is an in-depth examination of the involvement of CXCR3 in the metastatic process of solid malignancies.
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18
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Hansen W, Luppus S, Barthel R, Chang D, Broemstrup J, Zwarg T, Shibata J, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Scherbaum N. Heroin-assisted treatment of heroin-addicted patients normalizes regulatory T cells but does not restore CD4 + T cell proliferation. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12998. [PMID: 33336491 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heroin dependence may result in suppression of adaptive immune responses. Previously, we demonstrated an increase in relative numbers of inhibitory CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and impaired proliferative activity of CD4+ T cells from heroin-addicted patients in contrast to patients in opioid maintenance therapy and healthy controls. However, it remains elusive whether heroin has a direct impact on the CD4+ T cell compartment or whether observed effects result from stressful living conditions. Here, we analyzed the frequencies of Tregs and the proliferation as well as the cytokine production of stimulated CD4+ T cells from heroin-addicted patients with use of illicit heroin, patients in heroin-assisted treatment (HAT), and patients in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). Relative numbers of CD4+ Tregs were significantly enhanced in patients with illicit heroin abuse compared with patients in HAT or MMT. Notably, CD4+ T cells from patients in HAT and from persons using illicit heroin showed significant reduced proliferation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 upon stimulation in vitro. From these results, we conclude that structured programs such as HAT and MMT dampen elevated frequencies of Tregs in heroin-addicted patients, whereas chronic heroin administration irrespective of using illicit heroin or receiving HAT has a direct impact on the proliferative activity and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Sina Luppus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Romy Barthel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Dae‐In Chang
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy LVR‐Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Julia Broemstrup
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy LVR‐Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Thomas Zwarg
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy LVR‐Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Jo Shibata
- Substitution Outpatient Clinic Health Department of the City of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy LVR‐Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
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19
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Substance P Serves as a Balanced Agonist for MRGPRX2 and a Single Tyrosine Residue Is Required for β-Arrestin Recruitment and Receptor Internalization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105318. [PMID: 34070125 PMCID: PMC8158387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) mediates neurogenic inflammation and pain and contributes to atopic dermatitis in mice through the activation of mast cells (MCs) via Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-B2 (MrgprB2, human ortholog MRGPRX2). In addition to G proteins, certain MRGPRX2 agonists activate an additional signaling pathway that involves the recruitment of β-arrestins, which contributes to receptor internalization and desensitization (balanced agonists). We found that SP caused β-arrestin recruitment, MRGPRX2 internalization, and desensitization. These responses were independent of G proteins, indicating that SP serves as a balanced agonist for MRGPRX2. A tyrosine residue in the highly conserved NPxxY motif contributes to the activation and internalization of many GPCRs. We have previously shown that Tyr279 of MRGPRX2 is essential for G protein-mediated signaling and degranulation. To assess its role in β-arrestin-mediated MRGPRX2 regulation, we replaced Tyr279 in the NPxxY motif of MRGPRX2 with Ala (Y279A). Surprisingly, we found that, unlike the wild-type receptor, Y279A mutant of MRGPRX2 was resistant to SP-induced β-arrestin recruitment and internalization. This study reveals the novel findings that activation of MRGPRX2 by SP is regulated by β-arrestins and that a highly conserved tyrosine residue within MRGPRX2’s NPxxY motif contributes to both G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated responses.
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20
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Xiong X, Nazo N, Revoori R, Rajagopal S, Sparks MA. G protein- and β-arrestin Signaling Profiles of Endothelin Derivatives at the Type A Endothelin Receptor. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1124-1131. [PMID: 35368349 PMCID: PMC8786096 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0005462020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor in the cardiovascular system, an effect mediated through the type A endothelin receptor (ETAR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Antagonists of the ETAR have shown promising results in randomized clinical trials. However, side effects limit widespread use. Biased agonists have been developed to mitigate the untoward effects of a number of GPCR antagonists. These agents block deleterious G-coupled pathways while stimulating protective β-arrestin pathways. The goal of this study was to test whether there was any significant ligand bias between endothelin derivatives, and whether this could have any physiologic effects in the cardiovascular system. Methods A panel of endothelin derivatives were tested in assays of G protein signaling and β-arrestin 2 recruitment at the ETAR. We then tested the effects of ET-1 on the vasopressor response in wild-type and β-arrestin 1 and 2 KO mice. Results We found the endothelins activated a wide range of G proteins at the ETAR, but none of the endothelin derivatives demonstrated significant biased agonism. Endothelin derivatives did display structure-activity relationships with regards to their degrees of agonism. β-arrestin 1 and 2 knockout mice did not display any differences to wild-type mice in the acute pressor response to ET-1, and β-arrestin 2 knockout mice did not display any blood pressure differences to wild-type mice in the chronic responses to ET-1. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with vasoconstriction being mediated by G proteins with a lack of significant desensitization by β-arrestins at the ETAR. These findings suggest that G protein- and β-arrestin-biased ETAR agonists could have distinct physiologic effects from balanced agonists, although the endothelin peptide scaffold does not appear suitable for designing such ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nour Nazo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ritika Revoori
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Renal Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
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21
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Smith JS, Pack TF. Noncanonical interactions of G proteins and β‐arrestins: from competitors to companions. FEBS J 2021; 288:2550-2561. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Department of Dermatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA
- Dermatology Program Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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22
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Smith JS, Pack TF, Inoue A, Lee C, Zheng K, Choi I, Eiger DS, Warman A, Xiong X, Ma Z, Viswanathan G, Levitan IM, Rochelle LK, Staus DP, Snyder JC, Kahsai AW, Caron MG, Rajagopal S. Noncanonical scaffolding of G αi and β-arrestin by G protein-coupled receptors. Science 2021; 371:science.aay1833. [PMID: 33479120 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are common drug targets and canonically couple to specific Gα protein subtypes and β-arrestin adaptor proteins. G protein-mediated signaling and β-arrestin-mediated signaling have been considered separable. We show here that GPCRs promote a direct interaction between Gαi protein subtype family members and β-arrestins regardless of their canonical Gα protein subtype coupling. Gαi:β-arrestin complexes bound extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and their disruption impaired both ERK activation and cell migration, which is consistent with β-arrestins requiring a functional interaction with Gαi for certain signaling events. These results introduce a GPCR signaling mechanism distinct from canonical G protein activation in which GPCRs cause the formation of Gαi:β-arrestin signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F Pack
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Claudia Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dylan S Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xinyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gayathri Viswanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ian M Levitan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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23
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Lee C, Viswanathan G, Choi I, Jassal C, Kohlmann T, Rajagopal S. Beta-Arrestins and Receptor Signaling in the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010009. [PMID: 33374806 PMCID: PMC7824595 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels and is a key regulator of vascular tone. Endothelial function is controlled by receptor signaling through G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and receptor serine-threonine kinases. The β-arrestins, multifunctional adapter proteins, have the potential to regulate all of these receptor families, although it is unclear as to whether they serve to integrate signaling across all of these different axes. Notably, the β-arrestins have been shown to regulate signaling by a number of receptors important in endothelial function, such as chemokine receptors and receptors for vasoactive substances such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and prostaglandins. β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways have been shown to play central roles in pathways that control vasodilation, cell proliferation, migration, and immune function. At this time, the physiological impact of this signaling has not been studied in detail, but a deeper understanding of it could lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Gayathri Viswanathan
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Issac Choi
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Chanpreet Jassal
- College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Taylor Kohlmann
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Lind S, Dahlgren C, Holmdahl R, Olofsson P, Forsman H. Functional selective FPR1 signaling in favor of an activation of the neutrophil superoxide generating NOX2 complex. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1105-1120. [PMID: 33040403 PMCID: PMC8246850 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0520-317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 are abundantly expressed by neutrophils, in which they regulate proinflammatory tissue recruitment of inflammatory cells, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and resolution of inflammatory reactions. The unique dual functionality of the FPRs makes them attractive targets to develop FPR‐based therapeutics as novel anti‐inflammatory treatments. The small compound RE‐04‐001 has earlier been identified as an inducer of ROS in differentiated HL60 cells but the precise target and the mechanism of action of the compound was has until now not been elucidated. In this study, we reveal that RE‐04‐001 specifically targets and activates FPR1, and the concentrations needed to activate the neutrophil NADPH‐oxidase was very low (EC50 ∼1 nM). RE‐04‐001 was also found to be a neutrophil chemoattractant, but when compared to the prototype FPR1 agonist N‐formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLF), the concentrations required were comparably high, suggesting that signaling downstream of the RE‐04‐001‐activated‐FPR1 is functionally selective. In addition, the RE‐04‐001‐induced response was strongly biased toward the PLC‐PIP2‐Ca2+ pathway and ERK1/2 activation but away from β‐arrestin recruitment. Compared to the peptide agonist fMLF, RE‐04‐001 is more resistant to inactivation by the MPO‐H2O2‐halide system. In summary, this study describes RE‐04‐001 as a novel small molecule agonist specific for FPR1, which displays a biased signaling profile that leads to a functional selective activating of human neutrophils. RE‐04‐001 is, therefore, a useful tool, not only for further mechanistic studies of the regulatory role of FPR1 in inflammation in vitro and in vivo, but also for developing FPR1‐specific drug therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olofsson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Groover MK, Richmond JM. Potential therapeutic manipulations of the CXCR3 chemokine axis for the treatment of inflammatory fibrosing diseases. F1000Res 2020; 9:1197. [PMID: 33145014 PMCID: PMC7590900 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26728.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play important roles in homeostasis and inflammatory processes. While their roles in leukocyte recruitment are well-appreciated, chemokines play additional roles in the body, including mediating or regulating angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and wound healing. In this opinion article, we focus on the role of CXCR3 and its ligands in fibrotic processes. We emphasize differences of the effects of each ligand, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, on fibroblasts in different tissues of the body. We include discussions of differences in signaling pathways that may account for protective or pro-fibrotic effects of each ligand in different experimental models and ex vivo analysis of human tissues. Our goal is to highlight potential reasons why there are disparate findings in different models, and to suggest ways in which this chemokine axis could be manipulated for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K. Groover
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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27
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Wedemeyer MJ, Mahn SA, Getschman AE, Crawford KS, Peterson FC, Marchese A, McCorvy JD, Volkman BF. The chemokine X-factor: Structure-function analysis of the CXC motif at CXCR4 and ACKR3. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13927-13939. [PMID: 32788219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human chemokine family consists of 46 protein ligands that induce chemotactic cell migration by activating a family of 23 G protein-coupled receptors. The two major chemokine subfamilies, CC and CXC, bind distinct receptor subsets. A sequence motif defining these families, the X position in the CXC motif, is not predicted to make significant contacts with the receptor, but instead links structural elements associated with binding and activation. Here, we use comparative analysis of chemokine NMR structures, structural modeling, and molecular dynamic simulations that suggested the X position reorients the chemokine N terminus. Using CXCL12 as a model CXC chemokine, deletion of the X residue (Pro-10) had little to no impact on the folded chemokine structure but diminished CXCR4 agonist activity as measured by ERK phosphorylation, chemotaxis, and Gi/o-mediated cAMP inhibition. Functional impairment was attributed to over 100-fold loss of CXCR4 binding affinity. Binding to the other CXCL12 receptor, ACKR3, was diminished nearly 500-fold. Deletion of Pro-10 had little effect on CXCL12 binding to the CXCR4 N terminus, a major component of the chemokine-GPCR interface. Replacement of the X residue with the most frequent amino acid at this position (P10Q) had an intermediate effect between WT and P10del in each assay, with ACKR3 having a higher tolerance for this mutation. This work shows that the X residue helps to position the CXCL12 N terminus for optimal docking into the orthosteric pocket of CXCR4 and suggests that the CC/CXC motif contributes directly to receptor selectivity by orienting the chemokine N terminus in a subfamily-specific direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wedemeyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah A Mahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kyler S Crawford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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28
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Song TZ, Zheng HY, Han JB, Jin L, Yang X, Liu FL, Luo RH, Tian RR, Cai HR, Feng XL, Liu C, Li MH, Zheng YT. Delayed severe cytokine storm and immune cell infiltration in SARS-CoV-2-infected aged Chinese rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2020; 41:503-516. [PMID: 32772513 PMCID: PMC7475018 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As of June 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has killed an estimated 440 000 people worldwide, 74% of whom were aged ≥65 years, making age the most significant risk factor for death caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To examine the effect of age on death, we established a SARS-CoV-2 infection model in Chinese rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) of varied ages. Results indicated that infected young macaques manifested impaired respiratory function, active viral replication, severe lung damage, and infiltration of CD11b + and CD8 + cells in lungs at one-week post infection (wpi), but also recovered rapidly at 2 wpi. In contrast, aged macaques demonstrated delayed immune responses with a more severe cytokine storm, increased infiltration of CD11b + cells, and persistent infiltration of CD8 + cells in the lungs at 2 wpi. In addition, peripheral blood T cells from aged macaques showed greater inflammation and chemotaxis, but weaker antiviral functions than that in cells from young macaques. Thus, the delayed but more severe cytokine storm and higher immune cell infiltration may explain the poorer prognosis of older aged patients suffering SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hou-Rong Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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29
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Inflammatory Basis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Implications for Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine. Anesthesiology 2020; 131:898-907. [PMID: 31094755 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension have exceptionally high perioperative risk. This review summarizes the clinical presentation and therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension, and it highlights evidence for inflammation as a driver of disease pathogenesis and a therapeutic target.
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30
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Park J, Langmead CJ, Riddy DM. New Advances in Targeting the Resolution of Inflammation: Implications for Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator GPCR Drug Discovery. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:88-106. [PMID: 32259091 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a component of numerous diseases including autoimmune, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and cancer. The discovery and characterization of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) critical to the resolution of inflammation, and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has led to a significant increase in the understanding of this physiological process. Approximately 20 ligands, including lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, and 6 receptors (FPR2/ALX, GPR32, GPR18, chemerin1, BLT1, and GPR37) have been identified highlighting the complex and multilayered nature of resolution. Therapeutic efforts in targeting these receptors have proved challenging, with very few ligands apparently progressing through to preclinical or clinical development. To date, some knowledge gaps remain in the understanding of how the activation of these receptors, and their downstream signaling, results in efficient resolution via apoptosis, phagocytosis, and efferocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) and macrophages. SPMs bind and activate multiple receptors (ligand poly-pharmacology), while most receptors are activated by multiple ligands (receptor pleiotropy). In addition, allosteric binding sites have been identified signifying the capacity of more than one ligand to bind simultaneously. These fundamental characteristics of SPM receptors enable alternative targeting strategies to be considered, including biased signaling and allosteric modulation. This review describes those ligands and receptors involved in the resolution of inflammation, and highlights the most recent clinical trial results. Furthermore, we describe alternative mechanisms by which these SPM receptors could be targeted, paving the way for the identification of new therapeutics, perhaps with greater efficacy and fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Park
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren M Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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Groom JR. Regulators of T-cell fate: Integration of cell migration, differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:101-114. [PMID: 30977199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in immunology is how cells decide between distinct T helper, effector or memory differentiation fates. These decisions are paramount to overcome infection and establish long-lasting protection. The impact of cell location for the determination of T-cell fate decisions is an emerging field. This review will discuss our current understanding of the migration path that T cells follow, within draining lymph nodes, to steer differentiation down distinct paths of either effector or memory fates. In particular, the regulation of migration and cellular encounters mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands will be discussed. The combination of increased antigen density and unique cellular partners play a central role in facilitating the site-specific differentiation of effector T cells, within the interfollicular regions of draining lymph nodes. Recent advances have applied this knowledge to optimize vaccine design to target antigen to lymph nodes. Increased understanding of the regulation of CXCR3 ligands and how T cells integrate multiple chemokine cues will help further progress in this field and allow additional applications to direct cell differentiation outside the lymph node, to enhance memory residency in peripheral tissues and effector anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Lucy D, Purvis GSD, Zeboudj L, Chatzopoulou M, Recio C, Bataille CJR, Wynne GM, Greaves DR, Russell AJ. A Biased Agonist at Immunometabolic Receptor GPR84 Causes Distinct Functional Effects in Macrophages. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2055-2064. [PMID: 31465201 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GPR84 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed on immune cells and implicated in several inflammatory diseases. The validation of GPR84 as a therapeutic target is hindered by the narrow range of available chemical tools and consequent poor understanding of GPR84 pathophysiology. Here we describe the discovery and characterization of DL-175, a potent, selective, and structurally novel GPR84 agonist and the first to display significantly biased signaling across GPR84-overexpressing cells, primary murine macrophages, and human U937 cells. By comparing DL-175 with reported GPR84 ligands, we show for the first time that biased GPR84 agonists have markedly different abilities to induce chemotaxis in human myeloid cells, while causing similar levels of phagocytosis enhancement. This work demonstrates that biased agonism at GPR84 enables the selective activation of functional responses in immune cells and delivers a high-quality chemical probe for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Gareth S. D. Purvis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Lynda Zeboudj
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Carlota Recio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | | | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K
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Tsai CF, Smith JS, Krajewski K, Zhao R, Moghieb AM, Nicora CD, Xiong X, Moore RJ, Liu T, Smith RD, Jacobs JM, Rajagopal S, Shi T. Tandem Mass Tag Labeling Facilitates Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hydrophilic Phosphopeptides. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11606-11613. [PMID: 31418558 PMCID: PMC7197904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a critical post-translational modification (PTM). Despite recent technological advances in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, comprehensive phosphoproteomic coverage in complex biological systems remains challenging, especially for hydrophilic phosphopeptides with enriched regions of serines, threonines, and tyrosines that often orchestrate critical biological functions. To address this issue, we developed a simple, easily implemented method to introduce a commonly used tandem mass tag (TMT) to increase peptide hydrophobicity, effectively enhancing RPLC-MS analysis of hydrophilic peptides. Different from conventional TMT labeling, this method capitalizes on using a nonprimary amine buffer and TMT labeling occurring before C18-based solid phase extraction. Through phosphoproteomic analyses of MCF7 cells, we have demonstrated that this method can greatly increase the number of identified hydrophilic phosphopeptides and improve MS detection signals. We applied this method to study the peptide QPSSSR, a very hydrophilic tryptic peptide located on the C-terminus of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR3. Identification of QPSSSR has never been reported, and we were unable to detect it by traditional methods. We validated our TMT labeling strategy by comparative RPLC-MS analyses of both a hydrophilic QPSSSR peptide library as well as common phosphopeptides. We further confirmed the utility of this method by quantifying QPSSSR phosphorylation abundances in HEK 293 cells under different treatment conditions predicted to alter QPSSSR phosphorylation. We anticipate that this simple TMT labeling method can be broadly used not only for decoding GPCR phosphoproteome but also for effective RPLC-MS analysis of other highly hydrophilic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,United States
| | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ahmed M. Moghieb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xinyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ronald J. Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jon M. Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Rajarathnam K, Schnoor M, Richardson RM, Rajagopal S. How do chemokines navigate neutrophils to the target site: Dissecting the structural mechanisms and signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2019; 54:69-80. [PMID: 30465827 PMCID: PMC6664297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play crucial roles in combating microbial infection and initiating tissue repair by recruiting neutrophils in a timely and coordinated manner. In humans, no less than seven chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, and CXCL8) and two receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) mediate neutrophil functions but in a context dependent manner. Neutrophil-activating chemokines reversibly exist as monomers and dimers, and their receptor binding triggers conformational changes that are coupled to G-protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways. G-protein signaling activates a variety of effectors including Ca2+ channels and phospholipase C. β-arrestin serves as a multifunctional adaptor and is coupled to several signaling hubs including MAP kinase and tyrosine kinase pathways. Both G-protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways play important non-overlapping roles in neutrophil trafficking and activation. Functional studies have established many similarities but distinct differences for a given chemokine and between chemokines at the level of monomer vs. dimer, CXCR1 vs. CXCR2 activation, and G-protein vs. β-arrestin pathways. We propose that two forms of the ligand binding two receptors and activating two signaling pathways enables fine-tuned neutrophil function compared to a single form, a single receptor, or a single pathway. We summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which chemokine monomers/dimers activate CXCR1/CXCR2 and how these interactions trigger G-protein/β-arrestin-coupled signaling pathways. We also discuss current challenges and knowledge gaps, and likely advances in the near future that will lead to a better understanding of the relationship between the chemokine-CXCR1/CXCR2-G-protein/β-arrestin axis and neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Cinvestav-IPN, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo M Richardson
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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