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Fu L, Zhang H, Dai Y, Zhang H, Pan X, Chen S, Tan L. Revealing metabolic alterations in brucellosis patients by targeted metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116370. [PMID: 39047467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by brucella infection, presents metabolic profile changes in patients that have not been extensively explored. This study utilized an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based targeted metabolomic approach to comprehensively investigated metabolic changes in Brucella patients. Serum samples of brucellosis 50 patients and 50 well-matched healthy controls were analyzed for 228 metabolites, revealing significant alterations in 83 metabolites in brucellosis patients. Notably, disruptions were observed in key metabolite pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, urea cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and fatty acid metabolism. Patients diagnosed with Brucellosis exhibited distinct differences in the levels of aspartate, glutamate, β-alanine, and asparagine when compared to controls. Within the urea cycle, a significant downregulation of arginine was observed, whereas ornithine levels were considerably upregulated. In the TCA cycle, concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, and malate were significantly elevated, while citrate levels demonstrated a notable decrease. Due to the interruption of the TCA cycle, glycolysis was accelerated to compensate for the resultant energy deficit in Brucella patients. Concurrently, there was a significant increase in the levels of short and medium-chain fatty acids, while long-chain fatty acids showed a marked decrease. The study systematically revealed significant metabolic alterations in Brucellosis patients and further explored the potential correlation between these changes and clinic symptoms, including fatigue, muscle soreness and prolonged fever. The results enhanced our understanding of Brucellosis, offering valuable insights potentially beneficial in formulating more effective treatment strategies and improving prognostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yingyi Dai
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China.
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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2
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Ponzilacqua-Silva B, Dadelahi AS, Abushahba MFN, Moley CR, Skyberg JA. Vaccine Elicited Antibodies Restrict Glucose Availability to Control Brucella Infection. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae172. [PMID: 38586904 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of vaccine-induced immune responses on host metabolite availability has not been well studied. Here we show prior vaccination alters the metabolic profile of mice challenged with Brucella melitensis. In particular, glucose levels were reduced in vaccinated mice in an antibody-dependent manner. We also found the glucose transporter gene, gluP, plays a lesser role in B. melitensis virulence in vaccinated wild-type mice relative to vaccinated mice unable to secrete antibodies. These data indicate vaccine-elicited antibodies protect the host in part by restricting glucose availability. Moreover, Brucella and other pathogens may need to employ different metabolic strategies in vaccinated hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ponzilacqua-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexis S Dadelahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mostafa F N Abushahba
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Charles R Moley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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3
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Marchesini MI, Spera JM, Comerci DJ. The 'ins and outs' of Brucella intracellular journey. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 78:102427. [PMID: 38309247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Members of the genus Brucella are the causative agents of brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis affecting wild and domestic animals and humans. These facultative intracellular pathogens cause long-lasting chronic infections by evolving sophisticated strategies to counteract, evade, or subvert host bactericidal mechanisms in order to establish a secure replicative niche necessary for their survival. In this review, we present recent findings on selected Brucella effectors to illustrate how this pathogen modulates host cell signaling pathways to gain control of the vacuole, promote the formation of a safe intracellular replication niche, alter host cell metabolism to its advantage, and exploit various cellular pathways to ensure egress from the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Marchesini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Spera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Grupo Pecuario, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Kumar M, Sharma S, Kumar J, Barik S, Mazumder S. Mitochondrial electron transport chain in macrophage reprogramming: Potential role in antibacterial immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100077. [PMID: 38572399 PMCID: PMC10987323 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages restrain microbial infection and reinstate tissue homeostasis. The mitochondria govern macrophage metabolism and serve as pivot in innate immunity, thus acting as immunometabolic regulon. Metabolic pathways produce electron flows that end up in mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), made of super-complexes regulating multitude of molecular and biochemical processes. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence mtETC structure and function, impacting several aspects of macrophage immunity. These factors provide the macrophages with alternate fuel sources and metabolites, critical to gain functional competence and overcoming pathogenic stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generated through the mtETC are important innate immune attributes, which help macrophages in mounting antibacterial responses. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of mtETC in governing mitochondrial dynamics and macrophage polarization (M1/M2). M1 macrophages are important for containing bacterial pathogens and M2 macrophages promote tissue repair and wound healing. Thus, mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are intimately coupled with innate immunity. In this review, we have addressed mtETC function as innate rheostats that regulate macrophage reprogramming and innate immune responses. Advancement in this field encourages further exploration and provides potential novel macrophage-based therapeutic targets to control unsolicited inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Delhi, India
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Gentile A, Fulgione A, Auzino B, Iovane V, Gallo D, Garramone R, Iaccarino N, Randazzo A, Iovane G, Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli D. In vivo biological validation of in silico analysis: A novel approach for predicting the effects of TLR4 exon 3 polymorphisms on brucellosis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105552. [PMID: 38218390 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is of recognising intracellular and extracellular pathogens and of activating the immune response. This process can be compromised by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which might affect the activity of several TLRs. The aim of this study is of ascertaining whether SNPs in the TLR4 of Bubalus bubalis infected by Brucella abortus, compromise the protein functionality. For this purpose, a computational analysis was performed. Next, computational predictions were confirmed by performing genotyping analysis. Finally, NMR-based metabolomics analysis was performed to identify potential biomarkers for brucellosis. The results indicate two SNPs (c. 672 A > C and c. 902 G > C) as risk factor for brucellosis in Bubalus bubalis, and three metabolites (lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetate) as biological markers for predicting the risk of developing the disease. These metabolites, together with TLR4 structural modifications in the MD2 interaction domain, are a clear signature of the immune system alteration during diverse Gram-negative bacterial infections. This suggests the possibility to extend this study to other pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In conclusion, this study combines multidisciplinary approaches to evaluate the biological and structural effects of SNPs on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gentile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Barbara Auzino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Raffaele Garramone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Paola Cuomo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
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6
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Wang X, Yang B, Ma S, Yan X, Ma S, Sun H, Sun Y, Jiang L. Lactate promotes Salmonella intracellular replication and systemic infection via driving macrophage M2 polarization. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0225323. [PMID: 37796020 PMCID: PMC10715217 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02253-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The important enteropathogen Salmonella can cause lethal systemic infection via survival and replication in host macrophages. Lactate represents an abundant intracellular metabolite during bacterial infection, which can also induce macrophage M2 polarization. In this study, we found that macrophage-derived lactate promotes the intracellular replication and systemic infection of Salmonella. During Salmonella infection, lactate via the Salmonella type III secretion system effector SteE promotes macrophage M2 polarization, and the induction of macrophage M2 polarization by lactate is responsible for lactate-mediated Salmonella growth promotion. This study highlights the complex interactions between Salmonella and macrophages and provides an additional perspective on host-pathogen crosstalk at the metabolic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Li XY, Zeng ZX, Cheng ZX, Wang YL, Yuan LJ, Zhai ZY, Gong W. Common pathogenic bacteria-induced reprogramming of the host proteinogenic amino acids metabolism. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1487-1499. [PMID: 37814028 PMCID: PMC10689525 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Apart from cancer, metabolic reprogramming is also prevalent in other diseases, such as bacterial infections. Bacterial infections can affect a variety of cells, tissues, organs, and bodies, leading to a series of clinical diseases. Common Pathogenic bacteria include Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and so on. Amino acids are important and essential nutrients in bacterial physiology and support not only their proliferation but also their evasion of host immune defenses. Many pathogenic bacteria or opportunistic pathogens infect the host and lead to significant changes in metabolites, especially the proteinogenic amino acids, to inhibit the host's immune mechanism to achieve its immune evasion and pathogenicity. Here, we review the regulation of host metabolism, while host cells are infected by some common pathogenic bacteria, and discuss how amino acids of metabolic reprogramming affect bacterial infections, revealing the potential adjunctive application of amino acids alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zi-Xin Zeng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Liang-Jun Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhai
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
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8
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Nguyen MT, Hu Z, Mohammad M, Schöttler H, Niemann S, Schultz M, Barczyk-Kahlert K, Jin T, Hayen H, Herrmann M. Bacterial Lipoproteins Shift Cellular Metabolism to Glycolysis in Macrophages Causing Bone Erosion. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0429322. [PMID: 37191536 PMCID: PMC10269925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04293-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Belonging to a group of membrane proteins, bacterial lipoproteins (LPPs) are defined by a unique lipid structure at their N-terminus providing the anchor in the bacterial cell membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, LPPs play a key role in host immune activation triggered through a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated action resulting in macrophage stimulation and subsequent tissue damage demonstrated in in vivo experimental models. Yet the physiologic links between LPP activation, cytokine release, and any underlying switches in cellular metabolism remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus Lpl1 not only triggers cytokine production but also confers a shift toward fermentative metabolism in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Lpl1 consists of di- and tri-acylated LPP variants; hence, the synthetic P2C and P3C, mimicking di-and tri-acylated LPPs, were employed to reveal their effect on BMDMs. Compared to P3C, P2C was found to shift the metabolism of BMDMs and the human mature monocytic MonoMac 6 (MM6) cells more profoundly toward the fermentative pathway, as indicated by lactate accumulation, glucose consumption, pH reduction, and oxygen consumption. In vivo, P2C caused more severe joint inflammation, bone erosion, and lactate and malate accumulation than P3C. These observed P2C effects were completely abrogated in monocyte/macrophage-depleted mice. Taken together, these findings now solidly confirm the hypothesized link between LPP exposure, a macrophage metabolic shift toward fermentation, and ensuing bone destruction. IMPORTANCE Osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus is a severe infection of the bone, typically associated with severe bone function impairment, therapeutic failure, high morbidity, invalidity, and occasionally even death. The hallmark of staphylococcal osteomyelitis is the destruction of the cortical bone structures, yet the mechanisms contributing to this pathology are hitherto poorly understood. One bacterial membrane constituent found in all bacteria is bacterial lipoproteins (LPPs). Previously, we have shown that injection of purified S. aureus LPPs into wild-type mouse knee joints caused a TLR2-dependent chronic destructive arthritis but failed to elicit such effect in monocyte/macrophage-depleted mice. This observation stirred our interest in investigating the interaction of LPPs and macrophages and analyzing the underlying physiological mechanisms. This ascertainment of LPP-induced changes in the physiology of macrophages provides an important clue in the understanding of the mechanisms of bone disintegration, opening novel avenues to manage the course of S. aureus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannah Schöttler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michelle Schultz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Thompson MA, Aspelin K, Plewa J, Baldridge J, Jutila MA. A TLR4 agonist liposome formulation effectively stimulates innate immunity and enhances protection from bacterial infection. Innate Immun 2023:17534259231168725. [PMID: 37083049 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231168725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity can protect against infectious insult and could be used in combination with other therapies. Since antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern, strategies to reduce the dose or eliminate the need for these drugs are warranted. Lipo-CRX is a formulation in which the TLR4 agonist CRX-527 is incorporated into lipid membranes in liposomes. Lipo-CRX is less inflammatory than either CRX-527 or LPS, but retains unique capacity to enhance host defense responses. We compared lipo-CRX to other agonists in vitro using mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and assessed indicators of innate immune responses and protection from bacterial infection. Lipo-CRX is similar to E. coli LPS in its capacity to activate bovine γδ T cells and to recruit neutrophils into mouse lungs, but with less reactivity in the LAL assay. However, lipo-CRX uniquely induced the production of systemic innate immune cytokines. In the mouse model of brucellosis, delivery of lipo-CRX to the lungs reduced the dissemination of B. abortus. While lipo-CRX or the antibiotic ampicillin alone did not alter B. abortus burdens in the lung, the combination had a synergistic beneficial effect. Our data suggest that stimulating the innate immune system with lipo-CRX, either alone or when combined with antibiotics, can enhance bacterial clearance in the mouse model of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Macy A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Aspelin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jack Plewa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jory Baldridge
- Totem BioSciences, 240 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
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10
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English BC, Savage HP, Mahan SP, Diaz-Ochoa VE, Young BM, Abuaita BH, Sule G, Knight JS, O’Riordan MX, Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM. The IRE1α-XBP1 Signaling Axis Promotes Glycolytic Reprogramming in Response to Inflammatory Stimuli. mBio 2023; 14:e0306822. [PMID: 36475773 PMCID: PMC9973330 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03068-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells must be able to adjust their metabolic programs to effectively carry out their effector functions. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) and its downstream transcription factor X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) enhance the upregulation of glycolysis in classically activated macrophages (CAMs). The IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis supports this glycolytic switch in macrophages when activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Brucella abortus. Importantly, these different inflammatory stimuli have distinct mechanisms of IRE1α activation; while Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) supports glycolysis under both conditions, TLR4 is required for activation of IRE1α in response to LPS treatment but not B. abortus infection. Though IRE1α and XBP1 are necessary for maximal induction of glycolysis in CAMs, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase the glycolytic rate of macrophages, indicating that the cellular context in which this pathway is activated ultimately dictates the cell's metabolic response and that IRE1α activation may be a way to fine-tune metabolic reprogramming. IMPORTANCE The immune system must be able to tailor its response to different types of pathogens in order to eliminate them and protect the host. When confronted with bacterial pathogens, macrophages, frontline defenders in the immune system, switch to a glycolysis-driven metabolism to carry out their antibacterial functions. Here, we show that IRE1α, a sensor of ER stress, and its downstream transcription factor XBP1 support glycolysis in macrophages during infection with Brucella abortus or challenge with Salmonella LPS. Interestingly, these stimuli activate IRE1α by independent mechanisms. While the IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis promotes the glycolytic switch, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase glycolysis in macrophages. This study furthers our understanding of the pathways that drive macrophage immunometabolism and highlights a new role for IRE1α and XBP1 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin C. English
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott P. Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vladimir E. Diaz-Ochoa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Briana M. Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gautam Sule
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary X. O’Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Guimarães ES, Gomes MTR, Sanches RCO, Matteucci KC, Marinho FV, Oliveira SC. The endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1α modulates macrophage metabolic function during Brucella abortus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1063221. [PMID: 36660548 PMCID: PMC9842658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a major role in several inflammatory disorders. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved response broadly associated with innate immunity and cell metabolic function in various scenarios. Brucella abortus, an intracellular pathogen, triggers the UPR via Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an important regulator of macrophage metabolism during B. abortus infection. However, whether ER stress pathways underlie macrophage metabolic function during B. abortus infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is as an important component regulating macrophage immunometabolic function. In B. abortus infection, IRE1α supports the macrophage inflammatory profile, favoring M1-like macrophages. IRE1α drives the macrophage metabolic reprogramming in infected macrophages, contributing to the reduced oxidative phosphorylation and increased glycolysis. This metabolic reprogramming is probably associated with the IRE1α-dependent expression and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), an important molecule involved in cell metabolism that sustains the inflammatory profile in B. abortus-infected macrophages. Accordingly, we demonstrated that IRE1α favors the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) which has been described as an HIF-1α stabilizing factor. Furthermore, in infected macrophages, IRE1α drives the production of nitric oxide and the release of IL-1β. Collectively, these data unravel a key mechanism linking the UPR and the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages in Brucella infection and highlight IRE1α as a central pathway regulating macrophage metabolic function during infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S. Guimarães
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio R. Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. O. Sanches
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kely Catarine Matteucci
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio V. Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Jena B, Singh SS, Behera SK, Mishra S, Chakrabortty S, Meher D, Mulia B, Tripathy SK, Kumar R, Jeon BH, Lundborg CS, Mishra A. To decipher the phytochemical agent and mechanism for Urginea indica mediated green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and investigation of its antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114700. [PMID: 36370814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is one of the commonest bloodstream infections associated with clinical complications and high mortality. Thence, devising effective and targeted biogenic silver based strategies are in great demand. However, limited insights regarding the biosynthesis methodologies impedes the possible scale up and commercial potentials. We, hereby demonstrate the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles using the phytochemical agent extracted and purified from bulb extract of Urginea indica. The chemical structure of the phytochemical agent is investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques and was found closely relatable to N-ethylacetamide. Ag nanoparticles synthesis by this agent was found to have a strong Surface Plasmon band at 402 nm. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy further validated the formation of Ag nanoparticles with face-centred cubic structure with a size range of 20-30 nm. The biogenic metal nanoparticles have shown potential antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA (within a range of 10-50 μg/mL). The nanoparticles have also shown promising anti-biofim activity against the above mentioned strains. The nanoparticles were expected to induce ROS mediated bactericidal mechamism. Cell viability and in-vitro infection studies advocate noticeable biocompatibility and future clinical potential of the developed nanoparticles against Staphylococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Jena
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Swati Sucharita Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Behera
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India; IMGENIX India Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Smrutirekha Mishra
- School of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Sankha Chakrabortty
- School of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Dayanidhi Meher
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Bansidhar Mulia
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Suraj K Tripathy
- School of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Amrita Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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13
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Serafino A, Marin Franco JL, Maio M, Trotta A, Genoula M, Castillo LA, Birnberg Weiss F, Pittaluga JR, Balboa L, Barrionuevo P, Milillo MA. Brucella abortus RNA does not polarize macrophages to a particular profile but interferes with M1 polarization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010950. [PMID: 36441810 PMCID: PMC9731426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in chronic brucellosis. Brucella abortus (Ba) is an intracellular pathogen that survives inside these cells. On the other hand, macrophages could be differentiated into classical (M1), alternative (M2) or other less-identified profiles. We have previously shown that Ba RNA (a bacterial viability-associated PAMP or vita-PAMP) is a key molecule by which Ba can evade the host immune response. However, we did not know if macrophages could be polarized by this vita-PAMP. To assess this, we used two different approaches: we evaluated if Ba RNA per se was able to differentiate macrophages to M1 or M2 or, given that Ba survives inside macrophages once a Th1 response is established (i.e., in the presence of IFN-γ), we also analysed if Ba RNA could interfere with M1 polarization. We found that Ba RNA alone does not polarize to M1 or M2 but activates human macrophages instead. However, our results show that Ba RNA does interfere with M1 polarization while they are being differentiated. This vita-PAMP diminished the M1-induced CD64, and MHC-II surface expression on macrophages at 48 h. This phenomenon was not associated with an alternative activation of these cells (M2), as shown by unchanged CD206, DC-SIGN and CD163 surface expression. When evaluating glucose metabolism, we found that Ba RNA did not modify M1 glucose consumption or lactate production. However, production of Nitrogen Reactive Species (NRS) did diminish in Ba RNA-treated M1 macrophages. Overall, our results show that Ba RNA could alter the proper immune response set to counterattack the bacteria that could persist in the host establishing a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José L. Marin Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Maio
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A. Castillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Birnberg Weiss
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R. Pittaluga
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (PB); (MAM)
| | - M. Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (PB); (MAM)
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14
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Oliveira SC, Guimarães ES. How the crosstalk between innate immune sensors and metabolic pathways affect the outcome of Brucella abortus infection? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:995219. [PMID: 36033879 PMCID: PMC9403860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.995219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sergio C. Oliveira
| | - Erika S. Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Programa de Pós-Graduação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Wang X, Liu Y. Offense and Defense in Granulomatous Inflammation Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:797749. [PMID: 35846773 PMCID: PMC9277142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation (GI) diseases are a group of chronic inflammation disorders characterized by focal collections of multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and macrophages, with or without necrosis. GI diseases are closely related to microbes, especially virulent intracellular bacterial infections are important factors in the progression of these diseases. They employ a range of strategies to survive the stresses imposed upon them and persist in host cells, becoming the initiator of the fighting. Microbe-host communication is essential to maintain functions of a healthy host, so defense capacity of hosts is another influence factor, which is thought to combine to determine the result of the fighting. With the development of gene research technology, many human genetic loci were identified to be involved in GI diseases susceptibility, providing more insights into and knowledge about GI diseases. The current review aims to provide an update on the most recent progress in the identification and characterization of bacteria in GI diseases in a variety of organ systems and clinical conditions, and examine the invasion and escape mechanisms of pathogens that have been demonstrated in previous studies, we also review the existing data on the predictive factors of the host, mainly on genetic findings. These strategies may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GI diseases, and open new avenues for the study of the associated conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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'Warburg effect' controls tumor growth, bacterial, viral infections and immunity - Genetic deconstruction and therapeutic perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:334-346. [PMID: 35820598 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary pressure for life transitioning from extended periods of hypoxia to an increasingly oxygenated atmosphere initiated drastic selections for a variety of biochemical pathways supporting the robust life currently present on the planet. First, we discuss how fermentative glycolysis, a primitive metabolic pathway present at the emergence of life, is instrumental for the rapid growth of cancer, regenerating tissues, immune cells but also bacteria and viruses during infections. The 'Warburg effect', activated via Myc and HIF-1 in response to growth factors and hypoxia, is an essential metabolic and energetic pathway which satisfies nutritional and energetic demands required for rapid genome replication. Second, we present the key role of lactic acid, the end-product of fermentative glycolysis able to move across cell membranes in both directions via monocarboxylate transporting proteins (i.e. MCT1/4) contributing to cell-pH homeostasis but also to the complex immune response via acidosis of the tumour microenvironment. Importantly lactate is recycled in multiple organs as a major metabolic precursor of gluconeogenesis and energy source protecting cells and animals from harsh nutritional or oxygen restrictions. Third, we revisit the Warburg effect via CRISPR-Cas9 disruption of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI-KO) or lactate dehydrogenases (LDHA/B-DKO) in two aggressive tumours (melanoma B16-F10, human adenocarcinoma LS174T). Full suppression of lactic acid production reduces but does not suppress tumour growth due to reactivation of OXPHOS. In contrast, disruption of the lactic acid transporters MCT1/4 suppressed glycolysis, mTORC1, and tumour growth as a result of intracellular acidosis. Finally, we briefly discuss the current clinical developments of an MCT1 specific drug AZ3965, and the recent progress for a specific in vivo MCT4 inhibitor, two drugs of very high potential for future cancer clinical applications.
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17
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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18
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Gauthier T, Chen W. Modulation of Macrophage Immunometabolism: A New Approach to Fight Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780839. [PMID: 35154105 PMCID: PMC8825490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that contribute to host defense during infection. An important feature of macrophages is their ability to respond to extracellular cues and to adopt different phenotypes and functions in response to these stimuli. The evidence accumulated in the last decade has highlighted the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming during macrophage activation in infectious context. Thus, understanding and manipulation of macrophage immunometabolism during infection could be of interest to develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on 5 major metabolic pathways including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism and discuss how they sustain and regulate macrophage immune function in response to parasitic, bacterial and viral infections as well as trained immunity. At the end, we assess whether some drugs including those used in clinic and in development can target macrophage immunometabolism for potential therapy during infection with an emphasis on SARS-CoV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Transcriptome analysis revealed multiple immune processes and energy metabolism pathways involved in the defense response of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100886. [PMID: 34418783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture industry is suffering substantial financial losses caused by visceral white nodules disease resulting from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. However, how L. crocea responds to P. plecoglossicida infection remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the changes in the mRNA profile in the spleen of L. crocea upon P. plecoglossicida infection and explored the related defensive strategies. Sample clustering analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that P. plecoglossicida induced profound and reproducible transcriptome remodeling in the L. crocea spleen. Many innate immune-related genes, such as IL-17 signaling molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors, complement components, TLR5 signaling molecules, and antimicrobial peptide hepcidins (Hamps), were upregulated by P. plecoglossicida and may play important roles in the L. crocea defense against P. plecoglossicida. The antibacterial activity of Hamp2-5 against P. plecoglossicida was further confirmed by using synthetic mature peptide of Hamp2-5. Additionally, significant enrichment of "Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis", "Citrate cycle" and "Oxidative phosphorylation" pathways and a significant upregulation of all 6 rate-limiting enzyme genes (HK1, PFK, PKM, CS, IDH2, DLST) in the Glycolysis and Citrate cycle pathways in P. plecoglossicida-infected fish suggested that ATP synthesis may be accelerated to ensure energy supply in response to pathogenic infection. Altogether, our results not only identified the key immune-related genes and immune pathways that participated in the defense response of L. crocea against P. plecoglossicida, but also revealed a novel defensive strategy involving ATP synthesis in this species.
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20
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Marchi S, Morroni G, Pinton P, Galluzzi L. Control of host mitochondria by bacterial pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:452-465. [PMID: 34656395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria control various processes that are integral to cellular and organismal homeostasis, including Ca2+ fluxes, bioenergetic metabolism, and cell death. Perhaps not surprisingly, multiple pathogenic bacteria have evolved strategies to subvert mitochondrial functions in support of their survival and dissemination. Here, we discuss nonimmunological pathogenic mechanisms that converge on the ability of bacteria to control the mitochondrial compartment of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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21
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Wang J, Ma S, Li W, Wang X, Huang D, Jiang L, Feng L. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Induces Host Metabolic Reprogramming to Increase Glucose Availability for Intracellular Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810003. [PMID: 34576166 PMCID: PMC8467381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human-limited intracellular pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever, a severe systemic disease. Pathogen–host interaction at the metabolic level affects the pathogenicity of intracellular pathogens, but it remains unclear how S. Typhi infection influences host metabolism for its own benefit. Herein, using metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, combined with in vitro and in vivo infection assays, we investigated metabolic responses in human macrophages during S. Typhi infection, and the impact of these responses on S. Typhi intracellular replication and systemic pathogenicity. We observed increased glucose content, higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in S. Typhi-infected human primary macrophages. Replication in human macrophages and the bacterial burden in systemic organs of humanized mice were reduced by either the inhibition of host glucose uptake or a mutation of the bacterial glucose uptake system, indicating that S. Typhi utilizes host-derived glucose to enhance intracellular replication and virulence. Thus, S. Typhi promotes its pathogenicity by inducing metabolic changes in host macrophages and utilizing the glucose that subsequently accumulates as a nutrient for intracellular replication. Our findings provide the first metabolic signature of S. Typhi-infected host cells and identifies a new strategy utilized by S. Typhi for intracellular replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
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22
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Rossi DC, Figueroa JAL, Buesing WR, Candor K, Blancett LT, Evans HM, Lenchitz R, Crowther BL, Elsegeiny W, Williamson PR, Rupp J, Deepe GS. A metabolic inhibitor arms macrophages to kill intracellular fungal pathogens by manipulating zinc homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e147268. [PMID: 34237029 DOI: 10.1172/jci147268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages deploy numerous strategies to combat invasion by microbes. One tactic is to restrict acquisition of diverse nutrients, including trace metals, a process termed nutritional immunity. Intracellular pathogens adapt to a resource-poor environment by marshaling mechanisms to harvest nutrients. Carbon acquisition is crucial for pathogen survival; compounds that reduce availability are a potential strategy to control intracellular replication. Treatment of macrophages with the glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) armed phagocytes to eliminate the intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum in vitro and in vivo. Killing did not rely on altering access to carbon-containing molecules or changes in ATP, ER stress, or autophagy. Unexpectedly, 2-DG undermined import of exogenous zinc into macrophages, decreasing the quantity of cytosolic and phagosomal zinc. The fungus perished as a result of zinc starvation. This change in metal ingress was not ascribed to a defect in a single importer; rather, there was a collective impairment in transporter activity. This effect promoted the antifungal machinery of macrophages and expanded the complexity of 2-DG activities far beyond manipulating glycolysis. Mechanistic metabolic studies employing 2-DG will have to consider its effect on zinc transport. Our preclinical data support consideration of this agent as a possible adjunctive therapy for histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cp Rossi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Candor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and.,University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program and
| | | | | | - Rena Lenchitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and
| | - Bradford L Crowther
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Waleed Elsegeiny
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and
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23
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Zhu B, McBride JW. Alpha Enolase 1 Ubiquitination and Degradation Mediated by Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120 Disrupts Glycolytic Flux and Promotes Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:962. [PMID: 34451426 PMCID: PMC8400980 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis modulates numerous host cell processes, including gene transcription to promote infection of the mononuclear phagocyte. Modulation of these host cell processes is directed through E. chaffeensis effectors, including TRP120. We previously reported that TRP120 moonlights as a HECT E3 Ub ligase that ubiquitinates host cell transcription and fate regulators (PCGF5 and FBW7) to promote infection. In this study, we identified a novel TRP120 substrate and examined the relationship between TRP120 and α-enolase (ENO1), a metalloenzyme that catalyzes glycolytic pathway substrate dehydration. Immunofluorescence microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated interaction between ENO1 and TRP120, and ubiquitination of ENO-1 by TRP120 was detected in vivo and in vitro. Further, ENO-1 degradation was observed during infection and was inhibited by the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib. A direct role of TRP120 Ub ligase activity in ENO-1 degradation was demonstrated and confirmed by ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytic site mutant. siRNA knockdown of ENO-1 coincided with increased E. chaffeensis infection and ENO-1 knockdown disrupted glycolytic flux by decreasing the levels of pyruvate and lactate that may contribute to changes in host cell metabolism that promote infection. In addition, we elucidated a functional role of TRP120 auto-ubiquitination as an activating event that facilitates the recruitment of the UbcH5 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. This investigation further expands the repertoire of TRP120 substrates and extends the potential role of TRP120 Ub ligase in infection to include metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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24
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Mirzaei R, Sholeh M, Jalalifar S, Zafari E, Kazemi S, Rasouli-Saravani A, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. Immunometabolism in human brucellosis: An emerging field of investigation. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105115. [PMID: 34332069 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extreme attention has been focused on the role of immunometabolism in the regulation of immune cell responses in healthy individuals during infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. In the infection biology area, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between the immune system and the host metabolic changes. Brucella species is an intracellular coccobacillus that infects humans and mammals, which led to brucellosis. Brucella species with host-specific evolutionary mechanisms allow it to hide from or manipulate cellular immunity and achieve intracellular persistence. Intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Brucella species also employ host cell resources to replicate and persist inside the host. Targeting these host systems is one promising strategy for developing novel antimicrobials to tackle intracellular infections. This study will summarize the role of metabolic reprogramming in immune cells and their relationship to brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zafari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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25
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Pei G, Dorhoi A. NOD-Like Receptors: Guards of Cellular Homeostasis Perturbation during Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136714. [PMID: 34201509 PMCID: PMC8268748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect distinct conserved molecular motifs from microbes to initiate antimicrobial responses. Activation of PRRs triggers a series of signaling cascades, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials, thereby contributing to the early host defense against microbes and regulating adaptive immunity. Additionally, PRRs can detect perturbation of cellular homeostasis caused by pathogens and fine-tune the immune responses. Among PRRs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have attracted particular interest in the context of cellular stress-induced inflammation during infection. Recently, mechanistic insights into the monitoring of cellular homeostasis perturbation by NLRs have been provided. We summarize the current knowledge about the disruption of cellular homeostasis by pathogens and focus on NLRs as innate immune sensors for its detection. We highlight the mechanisms employed by various pathogens to elicit cytoskeleton disruption, organelle stress as well as protein translation block, point out exemplary NLRs that guard cellular homeostasis during infection and introduce the concept of stress-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs). We postulate that integration of information about microbial patterns, danger signals, and SAMPs enables the innate immune system with adequate plasticity and precision in elaborating responses to microbes of variable virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (A.D.)
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26
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MyD88-Dependent Glucose Restriction and Itaconate Production Control Brucella Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0015621. [PMID: 34125603 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00156-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most common global zoonoses and is caused by facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. Numerous studies have found that MyD88 signaling contributes to protection against Brucella, however the underlying mechanism has not been entirely defined. Here we show that MyD88 signaling in hematopoietic cells contributes both to inflammation and to control of Brucella melitensis infection in vivo. While the protective role of MyD88 in Brucella infection has often been attributed to promotion of IFN-γ production, we found that MyD88 signaling restricts host colonization by B. melitensis even in the absence of IFN-γ. In vitro, we show that MyD88 promotes macrophage glycolysis in response to B. melitensis. Interestingly, a B. melitensis mutant lacking the glucose transporter, GluP, was more highly attenuated in MyD88-/- than in WT mice, suggesting MyD88 deficiency results in an increased availability of glucose in vivo which Brucella can exploit via GluP. Metabolite profiling of macrophages identified several metabolites regulated by MyD88 in response to B. melitensis, including itaconate. Subsequently, we found that itaconate has antibacterial effects against Brucella and also regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in B. melitensis-infected macrophages. Mice lacking the ability to produce itaconate were also more susceptible to B. melitensis in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicate that MyD88-dependent changes in host metabolism contribute to control of Brucella infection.
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27
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Gomes MTR, Guimarães ES, Marinho FV, Macedo I, Aguiar ERGR, Barber GN, Moraes-Vieira PMM, Alves-Filho JC, Oliveira SC. STING regulates metabolic reprogramming in macrophages via HIF-1α during Brucella infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009597. [PMID: 33989349 PMCID: PMC8153530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages metabolic reprogramming in response to microbial insults is a major determinant of pathogen growth or containment. Here, we reveal a distinct mechanism by which stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a cytosolic sensor that regulates innate immune responses, contributes to an inflammatory M1-like macrophage profile upon Brucella abortus infection. This metabolic reprogramming is induced by STING-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), a global regulator of cellular metabolism and innate immune cell functions. HIF-1α stabilization reduces oxidative phosphorylation and increases glycolysis during infection with B. abortus and, likewise, enhances nitric oxide production, inflammasome activation and IL-1β release in infected macrophages. Furthermore, the induction of this inflammatory profile participates in the control of bacterial replication since absence of HIF-1α renders mice more susceptible to B. abortus infection. Mechanistically, activation of STING by B. abortus infection drives the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) that ultimately influences HIF-1α stabilization. Moreover, STING increases the intracellular succinate concentration in infected macrophages, and succinate pretreatment induces HIF-1α stabilization and IL-1β release independently of its cognate receptor GPR91. Collectively, these data demonstrate a pivotal mechanism in the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages during B. abortus infection that is orchestrated by STING via HIF-1α pathway and highlight the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages as a potential treatment strategy for bacterial infections. The impact of host cell metabolism on pathogen growth or restriction represent an emerging field in immunology and shed light on the intricate network of signaling pathways during immune cells response. Here, we dissected a distinct mechanism by which STING regulates macrophage metabolic reprogramming eliciting an inflammatory profile during Brucella infection. Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that causes brucellosis, an infectious disease that promotes abortion in domestic animals leading to severe economic losses and an inflammatory condition in humans. The metabolite reprogramming orchestrated by STING relies on HIF-1α stabilization through increased succinate and mROS levels. We demonstrated that HIF-1α stabilization enhances nitric oxide production, inflammasome activation and IL-1β release in infected macrophages, and this inflammatory profile participates in the control of bacterial replication. Thus, our findings bring new insights on this intricate circuit by which the host immune senses intracellular pathogens contributing to development of drugs and/or vaccines to control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tulio R. Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erika S. Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabio V. Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabella Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eric R. G. R. Aguiar
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Pedro M. M. Moraes-Vieira
- Departmento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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28
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VU SH, KIM B, REYES AWB, HUY TXN, LEE JH, KIM S, KIM HJ. Global metabolomic analysis of blood from mice infected with Brucella abortus. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:482-486. [PMID: 33473061 PMCID: PMC8025415 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understanding Brucella abortus infection, serum metabolites of B. abortus-infected and -uninfected mice were analyzed and twenty-one metabolites were tentatively identified at 3 and 14 days post-infection (d.p.i.). Level of most lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) was found to increase in infected mice at 3 d.p.i., while it was decreased at 14 d.p.i. as compared to uninfected mice. In contrast, acylcarnitines were initially reduced at 3 d.p.i then elevated after two-weeks of infection, while hydroxysanthine was increased at 14 d.p.i. in infected mice. Our findings suggest that the significant changes in LPCs and other identified metabolites may serve as potential biomarkers in acute phase of B. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Hai VU
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of
Korea
- Institute of Applied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology–HUTECH, 475A Dien Bien Phu St., Ward 25, Binh Thanh
District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bomin KIM
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of
Korea
| | | | - Tran Xuan Ngoc HUY
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of
Korea
| | - John Hwa LEE
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk KIM
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of
Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin KIM
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of
Korea
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29
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Kiran D, Basaraba RJ. Lactate Metabolism and Signaling in Tuberculosis and Cancer: A Comparative Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624607. [PMID: 33718271 PMCID: PMC7952876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) leading to tuberculosis (TB) disease continues to be a major global health challenge. Critical barriers, including but not limited to the development of multi-drug resistance, lack of diagnostic assays that detect patients with latent TB, an effective vaccine that prevents Mtb infection, and infectious and non-infectious comorbidities that complicate active TB, continue to hinder progress toward a TB cure. To complement the ongoing development of new antimicrobial drugs, investigators in the field are exploring the value of host-directed therapies (HDTs). This therapeutic strategy targets the host, rather than Mtb, and is intended to augment host responses to infection such that the host is better equipped to prevent or clear infection and resolve chronic inflammation. Metabolic pathways of immune cells have been identified as promising HDT targets as more metabolites and metabolic pathways have shown to play a role in TB pathogenesis and disease progression. Specifically, this review highlights the potential role of lactate as both an immunomodulatory metabolite and a potentially important signaling molecule during the host response to Mtb infection. While long thought to be an inert end product of primarily glucose metabolism, the cancer research field has discovered the importance of lactate in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Herein, we discuss similarities between the TB granuloma and tumor microenvironments in the context of lactate metabolism and identify key metabolic and signaling pathways that have been shown to play a role in tumor progression but have yet to be explored within the context of TB. Ultimately, lactate metabolism and signaling could be viable HDT targets for TB; however, critical additional research is needed to better understand the role of lactate at the host-pathogen interface during Mtb infection before adopting this HDT strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Metabolism of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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30
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Roop RM, Barton IS, Hopersberger D, Martin DW. Uncovering the Hidden Credentials of Brucella Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00021-19. [PMID: 33568459 PMCID: PMC8549849 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Brucella are important human and veterinary pathogens. The abortion and infertility they cause in food animals produce economic hardships in areas where the disease has not been controlled, and human brucellosis is one of the world's most common zoonoses. Brucella strains have also been isolated from wildlife, but we know much less about the pathobiology and epidemiology of these infections than we do about brucellosis in domestic animals. The brucellae maintain predominantly an intracellular lifestyle in their mammalian hosts, and their ability to subvert the host immune response and survive and replicate in macrophages and placental trophoblasts underlies their success as pathogens. We are just beginning to understand how these bacteria evolved from a progenitor alphaproteobacterium with an environmental niche and diverged to become highly host-adapted and host-specific pathogens. Two important virulence determinants played critical roles in this evolution: (i) a type IV secretion system that secretes effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm that direct the intracellular trafficking of the brucellae and modulate host immune responses and (ii) a lipopolysaccharide moiety which poorly stimulates host inflammatory responses. This review highlights what we presently know about how these and other virulence determinants contribute to Brucella pathogenesis. Gaining a better understanding of how the brucellae produce disease will provide us with information that can be used to design better strategies for preventing brucellosis in animals and for preventing and treating this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin Roop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dariel Hopersberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel W Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Vu SH, Bernardo Reyes AW, Ngoc Huy TX, Min W, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kim S. Prostaglandin I2 (PGI 2) inhibits Brucella abortus internalization in macrophages via PGI 2 receptor signaling, and its analogue affects immune response and disease outcome in mice. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103902. [PMID: 33091457 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, the implications of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a prominent lipid mediator for modulation of immune responses, has not been clearly understood in Brucella infection. In this study, we found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was significantly expressed in both infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and RAW 264.7 cells. Prostaglandin I2 synthase (PTGIS) expression was not significantly changed, and PGI2receptor (PTGIR) expression was downregulated in BMMs but upregulated in RAW 264.7 macrophages at late infection. Here, we presented that PGI2, a COX-derived metabolite, was produced by macrophages during Brucella infection and its production was regulated by COX-2 and IL-10. We suggested that PGI2 and selexipag, a potent PGI2 analogue, inhibited Brucella internalization through IP signaling which led to down-regulation of F-actin polymerization and p38α MAPK activity. Administration with selexipag suppressed immune responses and resulted in a notable reduction in bacterial burden in spleen of Brucella-challenged mice. Taken together, our study is the first to characterize PGI2 synthesis and its effect in evasion strategy of macrophages against Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Applied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology - HUTECH, 475A Dien Bien Phu St., Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Galli G, Saleh M. Immunometabolism of Macrophages in Bacterial Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607650. [PMID: 33585278 PMCID: PMC7879570 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important effectors of tissue homeostasis, inflammation and host defense. They are equipped with an arsenal of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) necessary to sense microbial- or danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) and elicit rapid energetically costly innate immunity responses to protect the organism. The interaction between cellular metabolism and macrophage innate immunity is however not limited to answering the cell’s energy demands. Mounting evidence now indicate that in response to bacterial sensing, macrophages undergo metabolic adaptations that contribute to the induction of innate immunity signaling and/or macrophage polarization. In particular, intermediates of the glycolysis pathway, the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, mitochondrial respiration, amino acid and lipid metabolism directly interact with and modulate macrophage effectors at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational levels. Interestingly, some intracellular bacterial pathogens usurp macrophage metabolic pathways to attenuate anti-bacterial defenses. In this review, we highlight recent evidence describing such host-bacterial immunometabolic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Galli
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Bordeaux, Haut Leveque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Maya Saleh
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Dramé M, Buchrieser C, Escoll P. Danger-associated metabolic modifications during bacterial infection of macrophages. Int Immunol 2020; 32:475-483. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this review, we propose that certain modifications in cellular metabolism might function as danger signals triggering inflammasome-mediated immune responses. We propose to call them danger-associated metabolic modifications (DAMMs). As intracellular bacteria can actively modulate macrophage metabolism for their benefit, infected host cells might sense bacteria-induced metabolic alterations and activate immune reactions. Here we report the known metabolic interactions that occur during infection of macrophages by intracellular bacteria and discuss the possible emergence of DAMMs upon bacteria-induced alterations of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariatou Dramé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
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34
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The TIR-domain containing effectors BtpA and BtpB from Brucella abortus impact NAD metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007979. [PMID: 32298382 PMCID: PMC7188309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella species are facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacteria relevant to animal and human health. Their ability to establish an intracellular niche and subvert host cell pathways to their advantage depends on the delivery of bacterial effector proteins through a type IV secretion system. Brucella Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domain-containing proteins BtpA (also known as TcpB) and BtpB are among such effectors. Although divergent in primary sequence, they interfere with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to inhibit the innate immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated still remain unclear. To gain insight into the functions of BtpA and BtpB, we expressed them in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic cell model. We found that both effectors were cytotoxic and that their respective TIR domains were necessary and sufficient for yeast growth inhibition. Growth arrest was concomitant with actin depolymerization, endocytic block and a general decrease in kinase activity in the cell, suggesting a failure in energetic metabolism. Indeed, levels of ATP and NAD+ were low in yeast cells expressing BtpA and BtpB TIR domains, consistent with the recently described enzymatic activity of some TIR domains as NAD+ hydrolases. In human epithelial cells, both BtpA and BtpB expression reduced intracellular total NAD levels. In infected cells, both BtpA and BtpB contributed to reduction of total NAD, indicating that their NAD+ hydrolase functions are active intracellularly during infection. Overall, combining the yeast model together with mammalian cells and infection studies our results show that BtpA and BtpB modulate energy metabolism in host cells through NAD+ hydrolysis, assigning a novel role for these TIR domain-containing effectors in Brucella pathogenesis. Brucella is a genus of zoonotic bacteria that cause severe disease in a variety of mammals, ranging from farm animals (as bovines, swine and ovine) to marine mammals. Transmission to humans, often by ingestion of non-treated dairy products, leads to serious systemic infection. Brucella abortus invades host cells and replicates intracellularly. Such behavior relies on the injection of bacterial proteins into the host cytoplasm via specialized secretion systems. Our work focuses on the study of two of these factors, BtpA and BtpB, previously described to contain Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domains that modulate innate immunity. We use here two biological models: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human cell lines. We found that the TIR domains of both Brucella proteins were necessary and sufficient to collapse energy metabolism in yeast by depleting ATP and NAD+. This result was translatable to higher cells and consistent with the recently described NADase activity of some TIR domains both in mammalian and bacterial proteins. Importantly, we demonstrate that Brucella down-regulates total NAD levels in host cells by using both BtpA and BtpB effectors. Our results show that NAD+ is targeted by Brucella during infection, which may constitute a novel mechanism for its pathogenicity.
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35
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Basu M, Gupta P, Dutta A, Jana K, Ukil A. Increased host ATP efflux and its conversion to extracellular adenosine is crucial for establishing Leishmania infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239939. [PMID: 32079656 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani demands rapid production of host ATP for its sustenance. However, a gradual decrease in intracellular ATP in spite of increased glycolysis suggests ATP efflux during infection. Accordingly, upon infection, we show here that ATP is exported and the major exporter was pannexin-1, leading to raised extracellular ATP levels. Extracellular ATP shows a gradual decrease after the initial increase, and analysis of cell surface ATP-degrading enzymes revealed induction of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Ectonucleotidase-mediated ATP degradation leads to increased extracellular adenosine (eADO), and inhibition of CD39 and CD73 in infected cells decreased adenosine concentration and parasite survival, documenting the importance of adenosine in infection. Inhibiting adenosine uptake by cells did not affect parasite survival, suggesting that eADO exerts its effect through receptor-mediated signalling. We also show that Leishmania induces the expression of adenosine receptors A2AR and A2BR, both of which are important for anti-inflammatory responses. Treating infected BALB/c mice with CD39 and CD73 inhibitors resulted in decreased parasite burden and increased host-favourable cytokine production. Collectively, these observations indicate that infection-induced ATP is exported, and after conversion into adenosine, propagates infection via receptor-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
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36
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The Role of Mitochondria in Inflammation: From Cancer to Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030740. [PMID: 32182899 PMCID: PMC7141240 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main features that are commonly attributed to mitochondria consist of the regulation of cell proliferation, ATP generation, cell death and metabolism. However, recent scientific advances reveal that the intrinsic dynamicity of the mitochondrial compartment also plays a central role in proinflammatory signaling, identifying these organelles as a central platform for the control of innate immunity and the inflammatory response. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunctions have been related to severe chronic inflammatory disorders. Strategies aimed at reestablishing normal mitochondrial physiology could represent both preventive and therapeutic interventions for various pathologies related to exacerbated inflammation. Here, we explore the current understanding of the intricate interplay between mitochondria and the innate immune response in specific inflammatory diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancer.
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37
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Tiku V, Tan MW, Dikic I. Mitochondrial Functions in Infection and Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:263-275. [PMID: 32200805 PMCID: PMC7126537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a central role in regulating a range of cellular activities and host responses upon bacterial infection. Multiple pathogens affect mitochondria dynamics and functions to influence their intracellular survival or evade host immunity. On the other side, major host responses elicited against infections are directly dependent on mitochondrial functions, thus placing mitochondria centrally in maintaining homeostasis upon infection. In this review, we summarize how different bacteria and viruses impact morphological and functional changes in host mitochondria and how this manipulation can influence microbial pathogenesis as well as the host cell metabolism and immune responses. Bacteria and viruses have evolved specific ways of targeting mitochondria to perturb mitochondrial function that can prove to be beneficial for these microbes. Many bacteria and viruses use specific virulence mechanisms to modulate mitochondrial dynamics, leading to either mitochondrial fusion or fission. Mitochondrial metabolism can also be impacted by bacterial and viral infections. While in some cases bacteria and viruses induce the mitochondrial cell death pathway, in others cell death is inhibited promoting intracellular bacterial and viral proliferation. Mitochondria regulate different innate immune signaling pathways induced upon bacterial or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnesh Tiku
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA.
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA; Institute for Biochemistry II. Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt, Germany.
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38
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Abstract
Glucose addiction is observed in cancer and other diseases that are associated with hyperproliferation. The development of compounds that restrict glucose supply and decrease glycolysis has great potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Addressing facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), which are often upregulated in glucose-dependent cells, is therefore of particular interest. This article reviews a selection of potent, isoform-selective GLUT inhibitors and their biological characterization. Potential therapeutic applications of GLUT inhibitors in oncology and other diseases that are linked to glucose addiction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. Reckzeh
- Department Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1144227DortmundGermany
- Department Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 4a44227DortmundGermany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1144227DortmundGermany
- Department Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 4a44227DortmundGermany
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39
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Ty MC, Loke P, Alberola J, Rodriguez A, Rodriguez-Cortes A. Immuno-metabolic profile of human macrophages after Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225588. [PMID: 31841511 PMCID: PMC6913957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can reprogram their metabolism in response to the surrounding stimuli, which affects their capacity to kill intracellular pathogens. We have investigated the metabolic and immune status of human macrophages after infection with the intracellular trypanosomatid parasites Leishmania donovani, L. amazonensis and T. cruzi and their capacity to respond to a classical polarizing stimulus (LPS and IFN-γ). We found that macrophages infected with Leishmania preferentially upregulate oxidative phosphorylation, which could be contributed by both host cell and parasite, while T. cruzi infection did not significantly increase glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. Leishmania and T. cruzi infect macrophages without triggering a strong inflammatory cytokine response, but infection does not prevent a potent response to LPS and IFN-γ. Infection appears to prime macrophages, since the cytokine response to activation with LPS and IFN-γ is more intense in infected macrophages compared to uninfected ones. Metabolic polarization in macrophages can influence infection and immune evasion of these parasites since preventing macrophage cytokine responses would help parasites to establish a persistent infection. However, macrophages remain responsive to classical inflammatory stimuli and could still trigger inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C. Ty
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - P’ng Loke
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Dept Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Terapeutica, Facultat de Veterinaria, Edifici V, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alheli Rodriguez-Cortes
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- Dept Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Terapeutica, Facultat de Veterinaria, Edifici V, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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40
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Rosa RL, Berger M, Santi L, Driemeier D, Barros Terraciano P, Campos AR, Guimarães JA, Vainstein MH, Yates JR, Beys-da-Silva WO. Proteomics of Rat Lungs Infected by Cryptococcus gattii Reveals a Potential Warburg-like Effect. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3885-3895. [PMID: 31502459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is the causative agent of cryptococcosis infection that can lead to pneumonia and meningitis in immunocompetent individuals. The molecular basis of the pathogenic process and impact on the host biochemistry are poorly understood and remain largely unknown. In this context, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the response of the host during an infection caused by C. gattii. Lungs of experimentally infected rats were analyzed by shotgun proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins induced by C. gattii clinical strain. The proteomic results were characterized using bioinformatic tools, and subsequently, the molecular findings were validated in cell culture and lungs of infected animals. A dramatic change was observed in protein expression triggered by C. gattii infection, especially related to energy metabolism. The main pathways affected include aerobic glycolysis cycle, TCA cycle, and pyrimidine and purine metabolism. Analyses in human lung fibroblast cells confirmed the altered metabolic status found in infected lungs. Thus, it is clear that C. gattii infection triggers important changes in energy metabolism leading to the activation of glycolysis and lactate accumulation in lung cells, culminating in a cancerlike metabolic status known as the Warburg effect. The results presented here provide important insights to better understand C. gattii molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 91540-000 , Brazil
| | - Paula Barros Terraciano
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Campos
- Proteomics Core , Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
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41
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Traven A, Naderer T. Central metabolic interactions of immune cells and microbes: prospects for defeating infections. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47995. [PMID: 31267653 PMCID: PMC6607010 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug resistance is threatening to take us to the "pre-antibiotic era", where people are dying from preventable and treatable diseases and the risk of hospital-associated infections compromises the success of surgery and cancer treatments. Development of new antibiotics is slow, and alternative approaches to control infections have emerged based on insights into metabolic pathways in host-microbe interactions. Central carbon metabolism of immune cells is pivotal in mounting an effective response to invading pathogens, not only to meet energy requirements, but to directly activate antimicrobial responses. Microbes are not passive players here-they remodel their metabolism to survive and grow in host environments. Sometimes, microbes might even benefit from the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, and pathogens such as Candida albicans, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus can compete with activated host cells for sugars that are needed for essential metabolic pathways linked to inflammatory processes. Here, we discuss how metabolic interactions between innate immune cells and microbes determine their survival during infection, and ways in which metabolism could be manipulated as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyBiomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyBiomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
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42
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Escoll P, Buchrieser C. Metabolic reprogramming: an innate cellular defence mechanism against intracellular bacteria? Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:117-123. [PMID: 31247377 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The limited metabolic resources of a cell represent an intriguing 'conflict of interest' during host-pathogen interactions, as the battle for nutrients might determine the outcome of an infection. To adapt their metabolic needs, innate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells reprogram their metabolism upon activation by microbial compounds. In turn, infection by intracellular bacteria provokes metabolic alterations of the host cell that benefit the pathogen. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge on metabolic reprogramming of host cells upon activation or infection with intracellular bacteria. The study of the host-driven and pathogen-driven metabolic alterations that seem to co-exist during infection is an emerging field that will define the metabolic pathways that might be targeted to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, France.
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43
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Zhuge X, Sun Y, Jiang M, Wang J, Tang F, Xue F, Ren J, Zhu W, Dai J. Acetate metabolic requirement of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli promotes its intracellular proliferation within macrophage. Vet Res 2019; 50:31. [PMID: 31046828 PMCID: PMC6498577 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a facultative intracellular pathogen, and intracellular persistence in macrophages is essential for APEC extraintestinal dissemination. Until now, there is still no systematic interpretation of APEC intracellular proliferation. Intracellular survival factors, especially involved in pathometabolism, need to be further revealed. Acetate plays critical roles in supporting energy homeostasis and acts as a metabolic signal in the inflammatory response of eukaryotes. In this study, we identified that APEC acs-yjcH-actP operon, encoding acetate assimilation system, presented the host-induced transcription during its proliferation in macrophages. Our result showed that this acetate assimilation system acted as a novel intracellular survival factor to promote APEC replication within macrophages. Furthermore, deletion of acs-yjcH-actP operon in APEC decreased its cytotoxic level to macrophages. qRT-PCR results showed that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12β, and TNF-α) and iNOS in FY26∆acs-yjcH-actP infected macrophages were obviously down-regulated compared to that in wild-type FY26 infected cells. Deletion of actP/yjcH/acs genes attenuated APEC virulence and colonization capability in avian lungs in vivo for colibacillosis infection models. And acetate assimilation system acted as a virulence factor and conferred a fitness advantage during APEC early colonization. Taken together, our research unravelled the metabolic requirement of APEC intracellular survival/replication within macrophages, and acetate metabolic requirement acted as an important strategy of APEC pathometabolism. The intracellular acetate consumption during facultative intracellular bacteria replication within macrophages promoted immunomodulatory disorders, resulting in excessively pro-inflammatory responses of host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkai Zhuge
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.,Center for Post-doctoral Studies of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Center for Post-doctoral Studies of Animal Husbandry, College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juanfang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Center for Post-doctoral Studies of Animal Husbandry, College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China. .,Center for Post-doctoral Studies of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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44
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Abstract
It is generally regarded that the progression of an infection within host macrophages is the consequence of a failed immune response. However, recent appreciation of macrophage heterogeneity, with respect to both development and metabolism, indicates that the reality is more complex. Different lineages of tissue-resident macrophages respond divergently to microbial, environmental and immunological stimuli. The emerging picture that the developmental origin of macrophages determines their responses to immune stimulation and to infection stresses the importance of in vivo infection models. Recent investigations into the metabolism of infecting microorganisms and host macrophages indicate that their metabolic interface can be a major determinant of pathogen growth or containment. This Review focuses on the integration of data from existing studies, the identification of challenges in generating and interpreting data from ongoing studies and a discussion of the technologies and tools that are required to best address future questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Russell
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Lu Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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45
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. How Viral and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Reprogram the Metabolism of Host Cells to Allow Their Intracellular Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 30886834 PMCID: PMC6409310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the cell types which both groups of pathogens are using as hosts are indeed quite similar and include phagocytic immune cells, especially monocytes/macrophages (MOs/MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, like epithelial cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. These terminally differentiated cells are normally in a metabolically quiescent state when they are encountered by these pathogens during infection. This metabolic state of the host cells does not meet the extensive need for nutrients required for efficient intracellular replication of viruses and especially IBPs which, in contrast to the viral pathogens, have to perform their own specific intracellular metabolism to survive and efficiently replicate in their host cell niches. For this goal, viruses and IBPs have to reprogram the host cell metabolism in a pathogen-specific manner to increase the supply of nutrients, energy, and metabolites which have to be provided to the pathogen to allow its replication. In viral infections, this appears to be often achieved by the interaction of specific viral factors with central metabolic regulators, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors, or by the introduction of virus-specific oncogenes. Less is so far known on the mechanisms leading to metabolic reprogramming of the host cell by IBPs. However, the still scant data suggest that similar mechanisms may also determine the reprogramming of the host cell metabolism in IBP infections. In this review, we summarize and compare the present knowledge on this important, yet still poorly understood aspect of pathogenesis of human viral and especially IBP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wong J, Choi SYC, Liu R, Xu E, Killam J, Gout PW, Wang Y. Potential Therapies for Infectious Diseases Based on Targeting Immune Evasion Mechanisms That Pathogens Have in Common With Cancer Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:25. [PMID: 30809511 PMCID: PMC6379255 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many global infectious diseases are not well-controlled, underlining a critical need for new, more effective therapies. Pathogens and pathogen-infected host cells, like cancer cells, evade immune surveillance via immune evasion mechanisms. The present study indicates that pathogenic bacteria, endoparasites, and virus-infected host cells can have immune evasion mechanisms in common with cancers. These include entry into dormancy and metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis leading to excessive secretion of lactic acid and immobilization of local host immunity. The latter evasion tactic provides a therapeutic target for cancer, as shown by our recent finding that patient-derived cancer xenografts can be growth-arrested, without major host toxicity, by inhibiting their lactic acid secretion (as mediated by the MCT4 transporter)-with evidence of host immunity restoration. Accordingly, the multiplication of bacteria, endoparasites, and viruses that primarily depend on metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis for survival may be arrested using cancer treatment strategies that inhibit their lactic acid secretion. Immune evasion mechanisms shared by pathogens and cancer cells likely represent fundamental, evolutionarily-conserved mechanisms that may be particularly critical to their welfare. As such, their targeting may lead to novel therapies for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Wong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eddie Xu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Killam
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 Mediate Pyroptosis, Inflammation, and Control of Brucella Joint Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00361-18. [PMID: 29941463 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00361-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Brucella, is a zoonotic disease for which arthritis is the most common focal complication in humans. Here we investigated the role of inflammasomes and their effectors, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-18, and pyroptosis, on inflammation and control of infection during Brucella-induced arthritis. Early in infection, both caspase-1 and caspase-11 were found to initiate joint inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production. However, by 1 week postinfection, caspase-1 and caspase-11 also contributed to control of Brucella joint infection. Inflammasome-dependent restriction of Brucella joint burdens did not require AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) or NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3). IL-1R had a modest effect on Brucella-induced joint swelling, but mice lacking IL-1R were not impaired in their ability to control infection of the joint by Brucella In contrast, IL-18 contributed to the initiation of joint swelling and control of joint Brucella infection. Caspase1/11-dependent cell death was observed in vivo, and in vitro studies demonstrated that both caspase-1 and caspase-11 induce pyroptosis, which limited Brucella infection in macrophages. Brucella lipopolysaccharide alone was also able to induce caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that inflammasomes induce inflammation in an IL-18-dependent manner and that inflammasome-dependent IL-18 and pyroptosis restrict Brucella infection.
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Legionella pneumophila Is Directly Sensitive to 2-Deoxyglucose-Phosphate via Its UhpC Transporter but Is Indifferent to Shifts in Host Cell Glycolytic Metabolism. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00176-18. [PMID: 29784886 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00176-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation induces a pronounced shift to increased glycolytic metabolism in mammalian macrophages. We observed that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) increase glycolysis in response to infection with Legionella pneumophila, but the role of host macrophage glycolysis in terms of intracellular L. pneumophila replication is not currently understood. Treatment with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) blocks L. pneumophila replication in mammalian macrophages but has no effect on bacteria grown in broth. In addition, we found that 2DG had no effect on bacteria grown in amoebae. We used a serial enrichment strategy to reveal that the effect of 2DG on L. pneumophila in macrophages requires the L. pneumophila hexose-phosphate transporter UhpC. Experiments with UhpC-deficient L. pneumophila revealed that mutant bacteria are also resistant to growth inhibition following treatment with phosphorylated 2DG in broth, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of 2DG on L. pneumophila in mammalian cells requires 2DG phosphorylation. UhpC-deficient L. pneumophila replicates without a growth defect in BMMs and protozoan host cells and also replicates without a growth defect in BMMs treated with 2DG. Our data indicate that neither TLR signaling-dependent increased macrophage glycolysis nor inhibition of macrophage glycolysis has a substantial effect on intracellular L. pneumophila replication. These results are consistent with the view that L. pneumophila can employ diverse metabolic strategies to exploit its host cells.IMPORTANCE We explored the relationship between macrophage glycolysis and replication of an intracellular bacterial pathogen, Legionella pneumophila Previous studies demonstrated that a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), blocks replication of L. pneumophila during infection of macrophages, leading to speculation that L. pneumophila may exploit macrophage glycolysis. We isolated L. pneumophila mutants resistant to the inhibitory effect of 2DG in macrophages, identifying a L. pneumophila hexose-phosphate transporter, UhpC, that is required for bacterial sensitivity to 2DG during infection. Our results reveal how a bacterial transporter mediates the direct antimicrobial effect of a toxic metabolite. Moreover, our results indicate that neither induction nor impairment of host glycolysis inhibits intracellular replication of L. pneumophila, which is consistent with a view of L. pneumophila as a metabolic generalist.
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Escoll P, Buchrieser C. Metabolic reprogramming of host cells upon bacterial infection: Why shift to a Warburg-like metabolism? FEBS J 2018; 285:2146-2160. [PMID: 29603622 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The finding that the Warburg effect observed in proliferating cancer cells is also observed during immune responses renewed the interest in the study of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, a field of investigation called immunometabolism. However, the specific mechanisms and processes underlying metabolic changes of host cells upon bacterial infection remain poorly understood. Several recent reports have reported that mammalian cells infected with intracellular bacteria have an altered metabolism that resembles the Warburg effect seen in cancer cells. In this Review, we will summarize current knowledge on metabolic reprogramming and discuss putative causes underlying the preferential remodelling of host cells to Warburg-like metabolic programs during infection by intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France.,UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France.,UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, France
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Zúñiga-Ripa A, Barbier T, Lázaro-Antón L, de Miguel MJ, Conde-Álvarez R, Muñoz PM, Letesson JJ, Iriarte M, Moriyón I. The Fast-Growing Brucella suis Biovar 5 Depends on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase and Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase but Not on Fbp and GlpX Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatases or Isocitrate Lyase for Full Virulence in Laboratory Models. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 29675004 PMCID: PMC5896264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Brucella infect a range of vertebrates causing a worldwide extended zoonosis. The best-characterized brucellae infect domestic livestock, behaving as stealthy facultative intracellular parasites. This stealthiness depends on envelope molecules with reduced pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as revealed by the low lethality and ability to persist in mice of these bacteria. Infected cells are often engorged with brucellae without signs of distress, suggesting that stealthiness could also reflect an adaptation of the parasite metabolism to use local nutrients without harming the cell. To investigate this, we compared key metabolic abilities of Brucella abortus 2308 Wisconsin (2308W), a cattle biovar 1 virulent strain, and B. suis 513, the reference strain of the ancestral biovar 5 found in wild rodents. B. suis 513 used a larger number of C substrates and showed faster growth rates in vitro, two features similar to those of B. microti, a species phylogenomically close to B. suis biovar 5 that infects voles. However, whereas B. microti shows enhanced lethality and reduced persistence in mice, B. suis 513 was similar to B. abortus 2308W in this regard. Mutant analyses showed that B. suis 513 and B. abortus 2308W were similar in that both depend on phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis for virulence but not on the classical gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases Fbp-GlpX or on isocitrate lyase (AceA). However, B. suis 513 used pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PpdK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PckA) for phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis in vitro while B. abortus 2308W used only PpdK. Moreover, whereas PpdK dysfunction causes attenuation of B. abortus 2308W in mice, in B. suis, 513 attenuation occurred only in the double PckA-PpdK mutant. Also contrary to what occurs in B. abortus 2308, a B. suis 513 malic enzyme (Mae) mutant was not attenuated, and this independence of Mae and the role of PpdK was confirmed by the lack of attenuation of a double Mae-PckA mutant. Altogether, these results decouple fast growth rates from enhanced mouse lethality in the brucellae and suggest that an Fbp-GlpX-independent gluconeogenic mechanism is ancestral in this group and show differences in central C metabolic steps that may reflect a progressive adaptation to intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología e Instituto de Salud Tropical - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Thibault Barbier
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Leticia Lázaro-Antón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología e Instituto de Salud Tropical - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J de Miguel
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología e Instituto de Salud Tropical - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar M Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jean J Letesson
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología e Instituto de Salud Tropical - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología e Instituto de Salud Tropical - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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