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Smith TJ, Elmore ZC, Fusco RM, Hull JA, Rosales A, Martinez M, Tarantal AF, Asokan A. Engineered IgM and IgG cleaving enzymes for mitigating antibody neutralization and complement activation in AAV gene transfer. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2080-2093. [PMID: 38715362 PMCID: PMC11286816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic dosing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors poses potential risk of adverse side effects including complement activation triggered by anti-capsid immunity. Due to the multifactorial nature of toxicities observed in this setting, a wide spectrum of immune modulatory regimens are being investigated in the clinic. Here, we discover an IgM cleaving enzyme (IceM) that degrades human IgM, a key trigger in the anti-AAV immune cascade. We then engineer a fusion enzyme (IceMG) with dual proteolytic activity against human IgM and IgG. IceMG cleaves B cell surface antigen receptors and inactivates phospholipase gamma signaling in vitro. Importantly, IceMG is more effective at inhibiting complement activation compared with an IgG cleaving enzyme alone. Upon IV dosing, IceMG rapidly and reversibly clears circulating IgM and IgG in macaques. Antisera from these animals treated with IceMG shows decreased ability to neutralize AAV and activate complement. Consistently, pre-conditioning with IceMG restores AAV transduction in mice passively immunized with human antisera. Thus, IgM cleaving enzymes show promise in simultaneously addressing multiple aspects of anti-AAV immunity mediated by B cells, circulating antibodies and complement. These studies have implications for improving safety of AAV gene therapies and possibly broader applications including organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zachary C Elmore
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert M Fusco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Hull
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michele Martinez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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Wang JH, Gessler DJ, Zhan W, Gallagher TL, Gao G. Adeno-associated virus as a delivery vector for gene therapy of human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:78. [PMID: 38565561 PMCID: PMC10987683 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a pivotal delivery tool in clinical gene therapy owing to its minimal pathogenicity and ability to establish long-term gene expression in different tissues. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) has been engineered for enhanced specificity and developed as a tool for treating various diseases. However, as rAAV is being more widely used as a therapy, the increased demand has created challenges for the existing manufacturing methods. Seven rAAV-based gene therapy products have received regulatory approval, but there continue to be concerns about safely using high-dose viral therapies in humans, including immune responses and adverse effects such as genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, thrombotic microangiopathy, and neurotoxicity. In this review, we explore AAV biology with an emphasis on current vector engineering strategies and manufacturing technologies. We discuss how rAAVs are being employed in ongoing clinical trials for ocular, neurological, metabolic, hematological, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers. We outline immune responses triggered by rAAV, address associated side effects, and discuss strategies to mitigate these reactions. We hope that discussing recent advancements and current challenges in the field will be a helpful guide for researchers and clinicians navigating the ever-evolving landscape of rAAV-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wei Zhan
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Thomas L Gallagher
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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3
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van Niekerk AA, Maluck S, Mag P, Kővágó C, Kerek Á, Jerzsele Á, Steinmetzer T, Pászti-Gere E. Antiviral Drug Candidate Repositioning for Streptococcus suis Infection in Non-Tumorigenic Cell Models. Biomedicines 2024; 12:783. [PMID: 38672139 PMCID: PMC11048155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance against zoonotic bacteria, including Streptococcus (S.) suis, highlights the need for new therapeutical strategies, including the repositioning of drugs. In this study, susceptibilities of bacterial isolates were tested toward ten different 3-amidinophenyalanine (Phe(3-Am)) derivatives via determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Some of these protease inhibitors, like compounds MI-432, MI-471, and MI-476, showed excellent antibacterial effects against S. suis. Their drug interaction potential was investigated using human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP450) measurements. In our work, non-tumorigenic IPEC-J2 cells and primary porcine hepatocytes were infected with S. suis, and the putative beneficial impact of these inhibitors was investigated on cell viability (Neutral red assay), on interleukin (IL)-6 levels (ELISA technique), and on redox balance (Amplex red method). The antibacterial inhibitors prevented S. suis-induced cell death (except MI-432) and decreased proinflammatory IL-6 levels. It was also found that MI-432 and MI-476 had antioxidant effects in an intestinal cell model upon S. suis infection. Concentration-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 function was found via application of all three inhibitors. In conclusion, our study suggests that the potential antiviral Phe(3-Am) derivatives with 2',4' dichloro-biphenyl moieties can be considered as effective drug candidates against S. suis infection due to their antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Anzet van Niekerk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Sara Maluck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Patrik Mag
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Kővágó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
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4
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Windgassen T, Kruse N, Ferrer B, Du F, Kumar H, Silverman AP. Identification of bacterial protease domains that cleave human IgM. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110366. [PMID: 38061198 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-degrading proteases are secreted by pathogenic bacteria to weaken the host immune response, contributing to immune evasion mechanisms during an infection. Proteases specific to IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes have previously been identified and characterized, and only a single report exists on a porcine specific IgM-degrading enzyme. It is unclear whether human pathogens also produce enzymes that can break down human IgM. Here, we have identified four novel IgM-degrading proteases from different genera of human-infecting bacterial pathogens. All four protease domains cleave human IgM at a conserved and unique site in the constant region of IgM. These human IgM proteases may be a useful biochemical tool for the study of early immune responses and have therapeutic potential in IgM-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki Kruse
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | - Brian Ferrer
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Faye Du
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Hirdesh Kumar
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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5
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Dolbec D, Lehoux M, de Beauville AA, Zahn A, Di Noia JM, Segura M. Unmutated but T cell dependent IgM antibodies targeting Streptococcus suis play an essential role in bacterial clearance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011957. [PMID: 38241393 PMCID: PMC10829992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important encapsulated bacterial swine pathogen and zoonotic agent for which no effective vaccine exists. The interaction with B cells and the humoral response against S. suis are poorly understood despite their likely relevance for a potential vaccine. We evaluated germinal center (GC) B cell kinetics, as well as the production and role of S. suis-specific antibodies following infections in a mouse model. We found that mice infected with S. suis developed GC that peaked 13-21 days post-infection. GC further increased and persisted upon periodic reinfection that mimics real life conditions in swine farms. Anti-S. suis IgM and several IgG subclasses were produced, but antibodies against the S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were largely IgM. Interestingly, depletion of total IgG from the wild-type mice sera had no effect on bacterial killing by opsonophagocytosis in vitro. Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching were dispensable for controlling the infection or anti-CPS IgM production. However, T cell-deficient (Tcrb-/-) mice were unable to control bacteremia, produce optimal anti-CPS IgM titers, or elicit antibodies with opsonophagocytic activity. SAP deficiency, which prevents GC formation but not extrafollicular B cell responses, ablated anti S. suis-IgG production but maintained IgM production and eliminated the infection. In contrast, B cell deficient mice were unable to control bacteremia. Collectively, our results indicate that the antibody response plays a large role in immunity against S. suis, with GC-independent but T cell-dependent germline IgM being the major effective antibody specificities. Our results further highlight the importance IgM, and potentially anti-CPS antibodies, in clearing S. suis infections and provide insight for future development of S. suis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Dolbec
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Asselin de Beauville
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Astrid Zahn
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Marcelo Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Loh JM, Aghababa H, Proft T. Eluding the immune system's frontline defense: Secreted complement evasion factors of pathogenic Gram-positive cocci. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127512. [PMID: 37826985 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The human complement system is an important part of the innate immune response in the fight against invasive bacteria. Complement responses can be activated independently by the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, or the alternative pathway, each resulting in the formation of a C3 convertase that produces the anaphylatoxin C3a and the opsonin C3b by specifically cutting C3. Other important features of complement are the production of the chemotactic C5a peptide and the generation of the membrane attack complex to lyse intruding pathogens. Invasive pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and several species of the genus Streptococcus have developed a variety of complement evasion strategies to resist complement activity thereby increasing their virulence and potential to cause disease. In this review, we focus on secreted complement evasion factors that assist the bacteria to avoid opsonization and terminal pathway lysis. We also briefly discuss the potential role of complement evasion factors for the development of vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacelyn Ms Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Haniyeh Aghababa
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Breitfelder AK, Schrödl W, Rungelrath V, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N, Müller U. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (Ide Ssuis ) impairs porcine B cell signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122808. [PMID: 36875121 PMCID: PMC9980343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important porcine pathogen, causing severe disease like meningitis and septicemia primarily in piglets. Previous work showed that the IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis (Ide Ssuis ) specifically cleaves soluble porcine IgM and is involved in complement evasion. The objective of this study was to investigate Ide Ssuis cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor and subsequent changes in B cell receptor mediated signaling. Flow cytometry analysis revealed cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor by recombinant (r) Ide Ssuis _homologue as well as Ide Ssuis derived from culture supernatants of S. suis serotype 2 on porcine PBMCs and mandibular lymph node cells. Point-mutated rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S did not cleave the IgM B cell receptor. After receptor cleavage by rIde Ssuis _homologue, it took at least 20 h for mandibular lymph node cells to restore the IgM B cell receptor to levels comparable to cells previously treated with rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S. B cell receptor mediated signaling after specific stimulation via the F(ab')2 portion was significantly inhibited by rIde Ssuis _homologue receptor cleavage in IgM+ B cells, but not in IgG+ B cells. Within IgM+ cells, CD21+ B2 cells and CD21- B1-like cells were equally impaired in their signaling capacity upon rIde Ssuis _homologue B cell receptor cleavage. In comparison, intracellular B cell receptor independent stimulation with tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate increased signaling in all investigated B cell types. In conclusion, this study demonstrates Ide Ssuis cleavage efficacy on the IgM B cell receptor and its consequences for B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Katharina Breitfelder
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Wang Z, Gu J, Xiao K, Zhu W, Lin Y, Wen S, He Q, Xu X, Cai X. Glaesserella parasuis autotransporters EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041774. [PMID: 36590439 PMCID: PMC9797811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis causes Glässer's disease, which is associated with severe polyarthritis, fibrinous polyserositis and meningitis, and leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. IgA is one of the most important humoral immune factors present on mucosal surfaces, and it plays a crucial role in neutralizing and removing pathogens. G. parasuis is able to colonize the mucosal membrane of respiratory tract without being eliminated. Nevertheless, the immune evasion mechanism of G. parasuis in thwarting IgA remains unclear. Aims The object of this study is to characterize the IgA degradation activity of Mac-1-containing autotransporter EspP1 and EspP2 from G. parasuis. Methods The swine IgA was purified and incubated with EspP1 and EspP2 respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the cleavage of swine IgA. Generation of EspP1 and EspP2 mutant protein were used to explore the putative active sites of EspPs. LC-MS/MS based N/C-terminal sequencing was performed to measure the cleavage sites in swine IgA. Result Our results show that G. parasuis EspP1 and EspP2 cleave swine IgA in a dose- and time- dependent manner. G. parasuis lose the IgA protease activity after simultaneously delete espP1 and espP2 indicating that EspP1 and EspP2 are the only two IgA proteases in G. parasuis. The IgA protease activity of EspP1 and EspP2 is affected by the putative active sites which contain Cys47, His172 and Asp194/195. Swine IgA is cleaved within Cα1 and Cα3 domains upon incubation with EspPs. Moreover, EspPs can degrade neither IgG nor IgM while G. parasuis possess the ability to degrade IgM unexpectedly. It suggests that G. parasuis can secrete other proteases to cleave IgM which have never been reported. Conclusion We report for the first time that both EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases and cleave swine IgA within the Cα1 and Cα3 domains. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the EspPs-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunxue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Siting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xuwang Cai,
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9
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Klontz EH. Chop-chop: The future of bacterial enzymes in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2022; 36:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Öhlmann S, Krieger AK, Gisch N, Meurer M, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Schütze N, Baums CG. d-Alanylation of Lipoteichoic Acids in Streptococcus suis Reduces Association With Leukocytes in Porcine Blood. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822369. [PMID: 35509315 PMCID: PMC9058155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a common swine pathogen but also poses a threat to human health in causing meningitis and severe cases of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). Therefore, it is crucial to understand how S. suis interacts with the host immune system during bacteremia. As S. suis has the ability to introduce d-alanine into its lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), we investigated the working hypothesis that cell wall modification by LTA d-alanylation influences the interaction of S. suis with porcine blood immune cells. We created an isogenic mutant of S. suis strain 10 by in-frame deletion of the d-alanine d-alanyl carrier ligase (DltA). d-alanylation of LTAs was associated with reduced phagocytosis of S. suis by porcine granulocytes, reduced deposition of complement factor C3 on the bacterial surface, increased hydrophobicity of streptococci, and increased resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). At the same time, survival of S. suis was not significantly increased by LTA d-alanylation in whole blood of conventional piglets with specific IgG. However, we found a distinct cytokine pattern as IL-1β but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were significantly reduced in blood infected with the ΔdltA mutant. In contrast to TNF-α, activation and secretion of IL-1β are inflammasome-dependent, suggesting a possible influence of LTA d-alanylation on inflammasome regulation. Especially in the absence of specific antibodies, the association of S. suis with porcine monocytes was reduced by d-alanylation of its LTAs. This dltA-dependent phenotype was also observed with a non-encapsulated dltA double mutant indicating that it is independent of capsular polysaccharides. High antibody levels caused high levels of S. suis—monocyte—association followed by inflammatory cell death and strong production of both IL-1β and TNF-α, while the influence of LTA d-alanylation of the streptococci became less visible. In summary, the results of this study expand previous findings on d-alanylation of LTAs in S. suis and suggest that this pathogen specifically modulates association with blood leukocytes through this modification of its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Öhlmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Krieger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Georg Baums,
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11
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Porcine iucA+ but rmpA- Klebsiella pneumoniae strains proliferate in blood of young piglets but are killed by IgM and complement dependent opsonophagocytosis when these piglets get older. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Spoerry C, Karlsson J, Aschtgen MS, Loh E. Neisseria meningitidis IgA1-specific serine protease exhibits novel cleavage activity against IgG3. Virulence 2021; 12:389-403. [PMID: 33459578 PMCID: PMC7834093 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1871822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a common bacterial colonizer of the human nasopharynx but can occasionally cause very severe systemic infections with rapid onset. Meningococci are able to degrade IgA encountered during colonization of mucosal membranes using their IgA1-specific serine protease. During systemic infection, specific IgG can induce complement-mediated lysis of the bacterium. However, meningococcal immune evasion mechanisms in thwarting IgG remain undescribed. In this study, we report for the first time that the meningococcal IgA1-specific serine protease is able to degrade IgG3 in addition to IgA. The IgG3 heavy chain is specifically cleaved in the lower hinge region thereby separating the antigen binding part from its effector binding part. Through molecular characterization, we demonstrate that meningococcal IgA1-specific serine protease of cleavage type 1 degrades both IgG3 and IgA, whereas cleavage type 2 only degrades IgA. Epidemiological analysis of 7581 clinical meningococcal isolates shows a significant higher proportion of cleavage type 1 among isolates from invasive cases compared to carrier cases, regardless of serogroup. Notably, serogroup W cc11 which is an increasing cause of invasive meningococcal disease globally harbors almost exclusively cleavage type 1 protease. Our study also shows an increasing prevalence of meningococcal isolates encoding IgA1P cleavage type 1 compared to cleavage type 2 during the observed decade (2010-2019). Altogether, our work describes a novel mechanism of IgG3 degradation by meningococci and its association to invasive meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spoerry
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Stephanie Aschtgen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edmund Loh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Bai Q, Ma J, Zhang Z, Zhong X, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Liu G, Yao H. YSIRK-G/S-directed translocation is required for Streptococcus suis to deliver diverse cell wall anchoring effectors contributing to bacterial pathogenicity. Virulence 2021; 11:1539-1556. [PMID: 33138686 PMCID: PMC7644249 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1838740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for various swine diseases, even causing cytokine storms of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndromes amongst human. Cell wall anchoring proteins with a C-terminal LPxTG are considered to play vital roles during SS2 infection; however, their exporting mechanism across cytoplasmic membranes has remained vague. This study found that YSIRK-G/S was involved in the exportation of LPxTG-anchoring virulence factors MRP and SspA in virulent SS2 strain ZY05719. The whole-genome analysis indicated that diverse LPxTG proteins fused with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif are encoded in strain ZY05719. Two novel LPxTG proteins SspB and YzpA were verified to be exported via a putative transport system that was dependent on the YSIRK-G/S directed translocation, and portrayed vital functions during the infection of SS2 strain ZY05719. Instead of exhibiting an inactivation of C5a peptidase in SspB, another LPxTG protein with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif from Streptococcus agalactiae was depicted to cleave the C5a component of the host complement. The consequent domain-architecture retrieval determined more than 10,000 SspB/YzpA like proteins that are extensively distributed in the Gram-positive bacteria, and most of them harbor diverse glycosyl hydrolase or peptidase domains within their middle regions, thus presenting their capability to interact with host cells. The said findings provide compelling evidence that LPxTG proteins with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif are polymorphic effectors secreted by Gram-positive bacteria, which can be further proposed to define as cell wall anchoring effectors in a new subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Yinchu Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
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14
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Weiße C, Dittmar D, Jakóbczak B, Florian V, Schütze N, Alber G, Klose K, Michalik S, Valentin-Weigand P, Völker U, Baums CG. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Streptococcus suis vaccine composed of six conserved immunogens. Vet Res 2021; 52:112. [PMID: 34433500 PMCID: PMC8390293 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine protecting against different Streptococcus suis serotypes is highly needed in porcine practice to improve animal welfare and reduce the use of antibiotics. We hypothesized that immunogens prominently recognized by convalescence sera but significantly less so by sera of susceptible piglets are putative protective antigens. Accordingly, we investigated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multicomponent vaccine including six main conserved immunogens, namely SSU0934, SSU1869, SSU0757, SSU1950, SSU1664 and SSU0187. Flow cytometry confirmed surface expression of all six immunogens in S. suis serotypes 2, 9 and 14. Although prime-booster vaccination after weaning resulted in significantly higher specific IgG levels against all six immunogens compared to the placebo-treated group, no significant differences between bacterial survival in blood from either vaccinated or control animals were recorded for serotype 2, 9 and 14 strains. Furthermore, vaccinated piglets were not protected against morbidity elicited through intranasal challenge with S. suis serotype 14. As ~50% of animals in both groups did not develop disease, we investigated putative other correlates of protection. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood granulocytes was not associated with vaccination but correlated with protection as all piglets with >5% ROS survived the challenge. Based on these findings we discuss that the main immunogens of S. suis might actually not be a priori good candidates for protective antigens. On the contrary, expression of immunogens that evoke antibodies that do not mediate killing of this pathogen might constitute an evolutionary advantage conserved in many different S. suis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weiße
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Dittmar
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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16
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Mayer L, Bornemann N, Lehnert S, de Greeff A, Strutzberg-Minder K, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. Survival patterns of Streptococcus suis serotypes 1 and 14 in porcine blood indicate cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies in naturally infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109183. [PMID: 34304027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype (cps) 1 and cps14 have been detected in association with severe diseases such as meningitis and polyarthritis in pigs. Though these two cps are very similar, only cps14 is an important zoonotic agent in Asia and only cps1 is described to be associated with diseases in suckling piglets rather than weaning piglets. The main objective of this study was to assess restriction of survival of cps14 and cps1 in porcine blood by IgG and IgM putatively cross-reacting with these two cps. Furthermore, we differentiate recent European cps1/14 strains by agglutination, cpsK sequencing, MLST and virulence-associated gene profiling. Our data confirmed cps1 of clonal complex 1 as an important pathotype causing polyarthritis in suckling piglets in Europe. The experimental design included also bactericidal assays with blood samples drawn at different ages of piglets naturally infected with different S. suis cps types including cps1 but not cps14. We report survival of a cps1 and a cps14 strain (both of sequence type 1) in blood of suckling piglets with high levels of maternal IgG binding to the bacterial surface. In contrast, killing of cps1 and cps14 was recorded in older piglets due to an increase of IgM as demonstrated by specific cleavage of IgM. Heterologous absorption of antibodies with cps1 or cps14 is sufficient to significantly increase the survival of the other cps. In conclusion, IgM elicited by natural S. suis infection is crucial for killing of S. suis cps1 and cps14 in older weaning piglets and has most likely the potential to cross-react between cps1 and cps14.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mayer
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Bornemann
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5, 30926, Seelze, Germany
| | - S Lehnert
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A de Greeff
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, part of Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - K Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5, 30926, Seelze, Germany
| | - K Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Nicholson TL, Waack U, Anderson TK, Bayles DO, Zaia SR, Goertz I, Eppinger M, Hau SJ, Brockmeier SL, Shore SM. Comparative Virulence and Genomic Analysis of Streptococcus suis Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:620843. [PMID: 33574803 PMCID: PMC7870872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic bacterial swine pathogen causing substantial economic and health burdens to the pork industry. Mechanisms used by S. suis to colonize and cause disease remain unknown and vaccines and/or intervention strategies currently do not exist. Studies addressing virulence mechanisms used by S. suis have been complicated because different isolates can cause a spectrum of disease outcomes ranging from lethal systemic disease to asymptomatic carriage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the virulence capacity of nine United States S. suis isolates following intranasal challenge in swine and then perform comparative genomic analyses to identify genomic attributes associated with swine-virulent phenotypes. No correlation was found between the capacity to cause disease in swine and the functional characteristics of genome size, serotype, sequence type (ST), or in vitro virulence-associated phenotypes. A search for orthologs found in highly virulent isolates and not found in non-virulent isolates revealed numerous predicted protein coding sequences specific to each category. While none of these predicted protein coding sequences have been previously characterized as potential virulence factors, this analysis does provide a reliable one-to-one assignment of specific genes of interest that could prove useful in future allelic replacement and/or functional genomic studies. Collectively, this report provides a framework for future allelic replacement and/or functional genomic studies investigating genetic characteristics underlying the spectrum of disease outcomes caused by S. suis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Nicholson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ursula Waack
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sam R Zaia
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Isaiah Goertz
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Samantha J Hau
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Susan L Brockmeier
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sarah M Shore
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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18
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Tram G, Jennings MP, Blackall PJ, Atack JM. Streptococcus suis pathogenesis-A diverse array of virulence factors for a zoonotic lifestyle. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:217-257. [PMID: 34147186 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major cause of respiratory tract and invasive infections in pigs and is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the pig industry. S. suis is also a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in humans, particularly in South East Asia. S. suis expresses a wide array of virulence factors, and although many are described as being required for disease, no single factor has been demonstrated to be absolutely required. The lack of uniform distribution of known virulence factors among individual strains and lack of evidence that any particular virulence factor is essential for disease makes the development of vaccines and treatments challenging. Here we review the current understanding of S. suis virulence factors and their role in the pathogenesis of this important zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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19
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Zheng C, Wei M, Jia M, Cao M. Involvement of Various Enzymes in the Physiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040143. [PMID: 32977655 PMCID: PMC7712317 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes severe infections in both swine and humans, making it a serious threat to the swine industry and public health. Insight into the physiology and pathogenesis of S. suis undoubtedly contributes to the control of its infection. During the infection process, a wide variety of virulence factors enable S. suis to colonize, invade, and spread in the host, thus causing localized infections and/or systemic diseases. Enzymes catalyze almost all aspects of metabolism in living organisms. Numerous enzymes have been characterized in extensive detail in S. suis, and have shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or physiology of this pathogen. In this review, we describe the progress in the study of some representative enzymes in S. suis, such as ATPases, immunoglobulin-degrading enzymes, and eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase and phosphatase, and we highlight the important role of various enzymes in the physiology and pathogenesis of this pathogen. The controversies about the current understanding of certain enzymes are also discussed here. Additionally, we provide suggestions about future directions in the study of enzymes in S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-152-0527-9658
| | - Man Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengdie Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - ManMan Cao
- Guangdong Maoming Agriculture & Forestry Techical College, Maoming 525000, China;
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20
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Smith EA, Miller EA, Weber BP, Munoz Aguayo J, Flores Figueroa C, Huisinga J, Nezworski J, Kromm M, Wileman B, Johnson TJ. Genomic Landscape of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Commercial Turkey Production in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02874-19. [PMID: 32245763 PMCID: PMC7237767 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02874-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a causative agent of respiratory tract infections in avian hosts worldwide but is a particular problem for commercial turkey production. Little is known about the ecologic and evolutionary dynamics of O. rhinotracheale, which makes prevention and control of this pathogen a challenge. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the genetic relationships between O. rhinotracheale populations through comparative genomics of clinical isolates from different U.S. turkey producers. O. rhinotracheale clinical isolates were collected from four major U.S. turkey producers and several independent turkey growers from the upper Midwest and Southeast, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Genomes were compared phylogenetically using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis, and then assembly and annotations were performed to identify genes encoding putative virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance determinants. A pangenome approach was also used to establish a core set of genes consistently present in O. rhinotracheale and to highlight differences in gene content between phylogenetic clades. A total of 1,457 nonrecombinant SNPs were identified from 157 O. rhinotracheale genomes, and four distinct phylogenetic clades were identified. Isolates clustered by company on the phylogenetic tree, however, and each company had isolates in multiple clades with similar collection dates, indicating that there are multiple O. rhinotracheale strains circulating within each of the companies examined. Additionally, several antimicrobial resistance proteins, putative virulence factors, and the pOR1 plasmid were associated with particular clades and multilocus sequence types, which may explain why the same strains seem to have persisted in the same turkey operations for decades.IMPORTANCE The whole-genome approach enhances our understanding of evolutionary relationships between clinical Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolates from different commercial turkey producers and allows for identification of genes associated with virulence, antimicrobial resistance, or mobile genetic elements that are often excluded using traditional typing methods. Additionally, differentiating O. rhinotracheale isolates at the whole-genome level may provide insight into selection of the most appropriate autogenous vaccine strain, or groups of strains, for a given population of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bonnie P Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeannette Munoz Aguayo
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Rieckmann K, Pendzialek SM, Vahlenkamp T, Baums CG. A critical review speculating on the protective efficacies of autogenous Streptococcus suis bacterins as used in Europe. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 32391166 PMCID: PMC7201539 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus (S.) suis is a major porcine pathogen causing high morbidity worldwide. This includes well-managed herds with high hygiene standards. In Europe, no licensed vaccine is available. As practitioners are obliged to reduce the use of antibiotics, autogenous S. suis vaccines have become very popular in Europe. Main body Autogenous vaccines (AV) are generally neither tested for safety, immunogenicity nor protective efficacy, which leads to substantial uncertainties regarding control of disease and return on investment. Here, S. suis publications are reviewed that include important data on epidemiology, pathologies and bacterin vaccination relevant for the use of AV in the field. Differences between herds such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection status and the impact of specific S. suis pathotypes are probably highly relevant for the outcome of immunoprophylaxis using autogenous S. suis bacterins. Thus, a profound diagnosis of the herd status is crucial for management of expectations and successful implementation of AV as a tool to control S. suis disease. Induction of opsonizing antibodies is an in vitro correlate of protective immunity elicited by S. suis bacterins. However, opsonophagocytosis assays are difficult to include in the portfolio of diagnostic services. Conclusion Autogenous S. suis bacterins are associated with limitations and risks of failure, which can partly be managed through improvement of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia-Mareike Pendzialek
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- 2Institute of Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Survival of Streptococcus suis in Porcine Blood Is Limited by the Antibody- and Complement-Dependent Oxidative Burst Response of Granulocytes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00598-19. [PMID: 31843967 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia is a hallmark of invasive Streptococcus suis infections of pigs, often leading to septicemia, meningitis, or arthritis. An important defense mechanism of neutrophils is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we report high levels of ROS production by blood granulocytes after intravenous infection of a pig with high levels of S. suis-specific antibodies and comparatively low levels of bacteremia. This prompted us to investigate the working hypothesis that the immunoglobulin-mediated oxidative burst contributes to the killing of S. suis in porcine blood. Several S. suis strains representing serotypes 2, 7, and 9 proved to be highly susceptible to the oxidative burst intermediate hydrogen peroxide, already at concentrations of 0.001%. The induction of ROS in granulocytes in ex vivo-infected reconstituted blood showed an association with pathogen-specific antibody levels. Importantly, inhibition of ROS production by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin led to significantly increased bacterial survival in the presence of high specific antibody levels. The oxidative burst rate of granulocytes partially depended on complement activation, as shown by specific inhibition. Furthermore, treatment of IgG-depleted serum with a specific IgM protease or heat to inactivate complement resulted in >3-fold decreased oxidative burst activity and increased bacterial survival in reconstituted porcine blood in accordance with an IgM-complement-oxidative burst axis. In conclusion, this study highlights an important control mechanism of S. suis bacteremia in the natural host: the induction of ROS in blood granulocytes via specific immunoglobulins such as IgM.
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Hohnstein FS, Meurer M, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N. Analysis of Porcine Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction by S. suis In Vivo and In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010040. [PMID: 31947746 PMCID: PMC7168595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning piglets are susceptible to the invasive Streptococcus (S.) suis infection, which can result in septicemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine profile induced upon S. suis infection of blood, to determine the cellular sources of those cytokines, and to study the potential effects of the induced cytokines on bacterial killing. We measured TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-10 after an experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 2 in vivo, and analyzed whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and separated leukocytes to identify the cytokine-producing cell type(s). In addition, we used a reconstituted whole blood assay to investigate the effect of TNF-α on bacterial killing in the presence of different S. suis-specific IgG levels. An increase in IL-6 and IL-10, but not in IFN-γ or IL-17A, was observed in two of three piglets with pronounced bacteremia 16 to 20 h after infection, but not in piglets with controlled bacteremia. Our results confirmed previous findings that S. suis induces TNF-α and IL-6 and could demonstrate that TNF-α is produced by monocytes in vitro. We further found that IL-10 induction resulted in reduced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Rapid induction of TNF-α was, however, not crucial for in vitro bacterial killing, not even in the absence of specific IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Hohnstein
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Marita Meurer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9731221
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
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Hennig-Pauka I, Imker R, Mayer L, Brügmann M, Werckenthin C, Weber H, Menrath A, de Buhr N. From Stable to Lab-Investigating Key Factors for Sudden Deaths Caused by Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040249. [PMID: 31756894 PMCID: PMC6963698 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine stocks are endemically infected with the major porcine pathogen Streptococcus (S.) suis. The factors governing the transition from colonizing S. suis residing in the tonsils and the exacerbation of disease have not yet been elucidated. We analyzed the sudden death of fattening pigs kept under extensive husbandry conditions in a zoo. The animals died suddenly of septic shock and showed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Genotypic and phenotypic characterizations of the isolated S. suis strains, a tonsillar isolate and an invasive cps type 2 strain, were conducted. Isolated S. suis from dead pigs belonged to cps type 2 strain ST28, whereas one tonsillar S. suis isolate harvested from a healthy animal belonged to ST1173. Neither S. suis growth, induction of neutrophil extracellular traps, nor survival in blood could explain the sudden deaths. Reconstituted blood assays with serum samples from pigs of different age groups from the zoo stock suggested varying protection of individuals against pathogenic cps type 2 strains especially in younger pigs. These findings highlight the benefit of further characterization of the causative strains in each case by sequence typing before autologous vaccine candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Rabea Imker
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Mayer
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Michael Brügmann
- Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 26029 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 26029 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Andrea Menrath
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-6119
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25
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Rieckmann K, Seydel A, Klose K, Alber G, Baums CG, Schütze N. Vaccination with the immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, Ide Ssuis, leads to protection against a highly virulent serotype 9 strain. Vaccine X 2019; 3:100046. [PMID: 31709420 PMCID: PMC6831886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IdeSsuis vaccination of piglets significantly reduced survival of S. suis cps9 in blood. IdeSsuis reactive T helper cells producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable. Vaccination resulted in protection against mortality induced by cps9 challenge.
Vaccination of weaning piglets with the recombinant IgM degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (S. suis), rIdeSsuis, elicits protection against disease caused by serotype (cps) 2 infection. In Europe, S. suis cps9 is at least as important as cps2 in causing severe herd problems associated with meningitis, septicemia and arthritis. The objective of this study was to determine humoral and cellular immunogenicities of rIdeSsuis suckling piglet vaccination and to investigate protection against a virulent cps9 strain. Vaccination in the 2nd and 4th week of life with rIdeSsuis and an oil-in-water adjuvant induced seroconversion against IdeSsuis in 13 of 20 vaccinated piglets. In the 5th week, survival of the S. suis cps9 strain was significantly reduced in the blood of prime-booster vaccinated piglets. After a 2nd booster vaccination IdeSsuis-reactive T helper (Th) cells partially producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable in rIdeSsuis-vaccinated but not in placebo-treated piglets and frequencies of IdeSsuis-reactive Th cells correlated with α-IdeSsuis–IgG levels. An intravenous challenge, conducted with a cps9 strain of sequence type (ST) 94, led to 89% mortality in placebo-treated piglets due to septicemia and meningitis. In contrast, all rIdeSsuis prime-booster-booster vaccinated littermates survived the challenge despite signs of disease such as fever and lameness. In conclusion, the described rIdeSsuis vaccination induces humoral and detectable IdeSsuis-reactive Th cell responses and leads to protection against a highly virulent cps9 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Dai J, Lai L, Tang H, Wang W, Wang S, Lu C, Yao H, Fan H, Wu Z. Streptococcus suis synthesizes deoxyadenosine and adenosine by 5'-nucleotidase to dampen host immune responses. Virulence 2019; 9:1509-1520. [PMID: 30221577 PMCID: PMC6177238 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1520544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. S. suis 5ʹ-nucleotidase is able to convert adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, resulting in inhibiting neutrophil functions in vitro and it is an important virulence factor. Here, we show that S. suis 5ʹ-nucleotidase not only enables producing 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine from 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine monophosphate by the enzymatic assay and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis in vitro, but also synthesizes both 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine and adenosine in mouse blood in vivo by RP-HPLC and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Cellular cytotoxicity assay and Western blot analysis indicated that the production of 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine by 5ʹ-nucleotidase triggered the death of mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 in a caspase-3-dependent way. The in vivo infection experiment showed that 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine synthesized by 5ʹ-nucleotidase caused monocytopenia in mouse blood. The in vivo transcriptome analysis in mouse blood showed the inhibitory effect of 5ʹ-nucleotidase on neutrophil functions and immune responses probably mediated through the generation of adenosine. Taken together, these findings indicate that S. suis synthesizes 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine and adenosine by 5ʹ-nucleotidase to dampen host immune responses, which represents a new mechanism of S. suis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Liying Lai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Weixue Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Shuoyue Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Chengping Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Huochun Yao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,d Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
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Rungelrath V, Weiße C, Schütze N, Müller U, Meurer M, Rohde M, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Kirschfink M, Beineke A, Schrödl W, Bergmann R, Baums CG. IgM cleavage by Streptococcus suis reduces IgM bound to the bacterial surface and is a novel complement evasion mechanism. Virulence 2019; 9:1314-1337. [PMID: 30001174 PMCID: PMC6177247 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes meningitis, arthritis and endocarditis in piglets. The aim of this study was to characterize the IgM degrading enzyme of S. suis (IdeSsuis) and to investigate the role of IgM cleavage in evasion of the classical complement pathway and pathogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis of a cysteine in the putative active center of IdeSsuis abrogated IgM cleavage completely. In contrast to wt rIdeSsuis, point mutated rIdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce complement-mediated hemolysis indicating that complement inhibition by rIdeSsuis depends on the IgM proteolytic activity. A S. suis mutant expressing IdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce IgM labeling, whereas the wt and complemented mutant showed less IgM F(ab’)2 and IgM Fc antigen on the surface. IgM cleavage increased survival of S. suis in porcine blood ex vivo and mediated complement evasion as demonstrated by blood survival and C3 deposition assays including the comparative addition of rIdeSsuis and rIdeSsuis_C195S. However, experimental infection of piglets disclosed no significant differences in virulence between S. suis wt and isogenic mutants without IgM cleavage activity. This work revealed for the first time in vivo labeling of S. suis with IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with meningitis. In conclusion, this study classifies IdeSsuis as a cysteine protease and emphasizes the role of IgM cleavage for bacterial survival in porcine blood and complement evasion though IgM cleavage is not crucial for the pathogenesis of serotype 2 meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christine Weiße
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- c Department of Physiological Chemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- d Central Facility for Microscopy , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- e Department of Neuropathology , University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,f Department of Geriatrics , Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- g Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
| | - Michael Kirschfink
- h Institute of Immunology , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- i Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - René Bergmann
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Wei R, Li R, Zhao D, Ge M, Yao Q, Yu X. The XRE Family Transcriptional Regulator SrtR in Streptococcus suis Is Involved in Oxidant Tolerance and Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:452. [PMID: 30687648 PMCID: PMC6335249 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that harbors anti-oxidative stress genes, which have been reported to be associated with virulence. Serial passage has been widely used to obtain phenotypic variant strains to investigate the functions of important genes. In the present study, S. suis serotype 9 strain DN13 was serially passaged in mice 30 times. The virulence of a single colony from passage 10 (SS9-P10) was found to increase by at least 140-fold as indicated by LD50 values, and the increased virulence was stable for single colonies from passage 20 (SS0-P20) and 30 (SS0-P30). Compared to the parental strain, the mouse-adapted strains were more tolerant to oxidative and high temperature stress. Genome-wide analysis of nucleotide variations found that reverse mutations occurred in seven genes, as indicated by BLAST analysis. Three of the reverse mutation genes or their homologs in other bacteria were reported to be virulence-associated, including ideSsuis in S. suis, a homolog of malR of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and a homolog of the prepilin peptidase-encoding gene in Legionella pneumophila. However, these genes were not involved in the stress response. Another gene, srtR (stress response transcriptional regulator), encoding an XRE family transcriptional regulator, which had an internal stop in the parental strain, was functionally restored in the adapted strains. Further analysis of DN13 and SS9-P10-background srtR-knock-out and complementing strains supported the contribution of this gene to stress tolerance in vitro and virulence in mice. srtR and its homologs are widely distributed in Gram-positive bacteria including several important human pathogens such as Enterococcus faecium and Clostridioides difficile, indicating similar functions in these bacteria. Taken together, our study identified the first member of the XRE family of transcriptional regulators that is involved in stress tolerance and virulence. It also provides insight into the mechanism of enhanced virulence after serial passage in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Runcheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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O'Dea MA, Laird T, Abraham R, Jordan D, Lugsomya K, Fitt L, Gottschalk M, Truswell A, Abraham S. Examination of Australian Streptococcus suis isolates from clinically affected pigs in a global context and the genomic characterisation of ST1 as a predictor of virulence. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:31-40. [PMID: 30389041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease in both humans and pigs. Australia's pig herd has been quarantined for over 30 years, however S. suis remains a significant cause of disease. In this study, we investigated S. suis from 148 cases of clinical disease in pigs from 46 pig herds over a period of seven years, to determine the level of genetic difference from international isolates that may have arisen over the 30 years of separation. Isolates underwent whole genome sequencing, genome analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data was compared at the core genome level to clinical isolates from overseas. Results demonstrated five predominant multi-locus sequence types and two major cps gene types (cps2 and 3). At the core genome level Australian isolates clustered predominantly within one large clade consisting of isolates from the UK, Canada and North America. A small proportion of Australian swine isolates (5%) were phylogenetically associated with south-east Asian and UK isolates, many of which were classified as causing systemic disease, and derived from cases of human and swine disease. Based on this dataset we provide a comprehensive outline of the current S. suis clones associated with disease in Australian pigs and their global context, with the main finding being that, despite three decades of separation, Australian S. suis are genomically similar to overseas strains. In addition, we show that ST1 clones carry a constellation of putative virulence genes not present in other Australian STs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Tanya Laird
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, NSW, Australia
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laura Fitt
- ACE Laboratory Services, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Research on Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Alec Truswell
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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30
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Dipeptidylpeptidase IV of Streptococcus suis degrades the porcine antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and neutralizes its biological properties. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:200-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rieckmann K, Seydel A, Szewczyk K, Klimke K, Rungelrath V, Baums CG. Streptococcus suis cps7: an emerging virulent sequence type (ST29) shows a distinct, IgM-determined pattern of bacterial survival in blood of piglets during the early adaptive immune response after weaning. Vet Res 2018; 49:48. [PMID: 29903042 PMCID: PMC6003162 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis is an important porcine pathogen causing meningitis, arthritis and septicemia. As cps7 emerged recently in Germany in association with severe herd problems, the objective of this study was to characterize the geno- and phenotype of invasive cps7 strains. Twenty cps7 strains were isolated from diseased pigs from different farms with S. suis herd problems due to meningitis and other pathologies. Eighteen of the cps7 isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 29. Most of these cps7 strains secreted a short MRP variant in agreement with a premature stop codon. Expression of IdeSsuis, an IgM specific protease, was variable in four further investigated cps7 ST29 isolates. Bactericidal assays revealed very high survival factors of these four cps7 ST29 strains in the blood of weaning piglets. In growing piglets, the increase of specific IgM led to efficient killing of cps7 ST29 as shown by addition of the IgM protease IdeSsuis. Finally, virulence of a cps7 ST29 strain was confirmed in experimental infection of weaning piglets leading to meningitis and arthritis. In conclusion, this study characterizes cps7 ST29 as a distinct S. suis pathotype showing high survival factors in porcine blood after weaning, but IgM-mediated killing in the blood of older growing piglets. This underlines the relevance of IgM as an important host defense mechanism against S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Szewczyk
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Klimke
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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32
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Mouse Antibody of IgM Class is Prone to Non-Enzymatic Cleavage between CH1 and CH2 Domains. Sci Rep 2018; 8:519. [PMID: 29323348 PMCID: PMC5764968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM is a multivalent antibody which evolved as a first line defense of adaptive immunity. It consists of heavy and light chains assembled into a complex oligomer. In mouse serum there are two forms of IgM, a full-length and a truncated one. The latter contains μ’ chain, which lacks a variable region. Although μ’ chain was discovered many years ago, its origin has not yet been elucidated. Our results indicate that μ’ chain is generated from a full-length heavy chain by non-enzymatic cleavage of the protein backbone. The cleavage occurred specifically after Asn209 and is prevented by mutating this residue into any other amino acid. The process requires the presence of other proteins, preferentially with an acidic isoelectric point, and is facilitated by neutral or alkaline pH. This unique characteristic of the investigated phenomenon distinguishes it from other, already described, Asn-dependent protein reactions. A single IgM molecule is able to bind up to 12 epitopes via its antigen binding fragments (Fabs). The cleavage at Asn209 generates truncated IgM molecules and free Fabs, resulting in a reduced IgM valence and probably affecting IgM functionality in vivo.
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33
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Ebner F, Schwiertz P, Steinfelder S, Pieper R, Zentek J, Schütze N, Baums CG, Alber G, Geldhof P, Hartmann S. Pathogen-Reactive T Helper Cell Analysis in the Pig. Front Immunol 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28567041 PMCID: PMC5434156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying host–pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. Despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine T cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific T cells—an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. Here, we established that the activation marker CD154 (CD40L), known from human and mouse studies, identifies also porcine antigen-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD154 expression was upregulated early after antigen encounter and CD4+CD154+ antigen-reactive T cells coexpressed cytokines. Antigen-induced expansion and autologous restimulation enabled a time- and dose-resolved analysis of CD154 regulation and a significantly increased resolution in phenotypic profiling of antigen-responsive cells. CD154 expression identified T cells responding to staphylococcal Enterotoxin B superantigen stimulation as well as T cells responding to the fungus Candida albicans and T cells specific for a highly prevalent intestinal parasite, the nematode Ascaris suum during acute and trickle infection. Antigen-reactive T cells were further detected after immunization of pigs with a single recombinant bacterial antigen of Streptococcus suis only. Thus, our study offers new ways to study antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the pig and their contribution to host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schwiertz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Rungelrath V, Wohlsein JC, Siebert U, Stott J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, Seele J. Identification of a novel host-specific IgG protease in Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:42-48. [PMID: 28284621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) phocae subsp. phocae causes bronchopneumonia and septicemia in a variety of marine mammals. Especially in harbor seals infected with phocine distemper virus it plays an important role as an opportunistic pathogen. This study was initiated by the detection of IgG cleavage products in Western blot analysis after incubation of bacterial supernatant with harbor seal serum. Hence, the objectives of this study were the identification and characterization of a secreted IgG cleaving protease in S. phocae subsp. phocae isolated from marine mammals. To further identify the responsible factor of IgG cleavage a protease inhibitor profile was generated. Inhibition of the IgG cleaving activity by iodoacetamide and Z-LVG-CHN2 indicated that a cysteine protease is involved. Moreover, an anti-IdeS antibody directed against the IgG endopeptidase IdeS of S. pyogenes showed cross reactivity with the putative IgG protease of S. phocae subsp. phocae. The IgG cleaving factor of S. phocae subsp. phocae was identified through an inverse PCR approach and designated IdeP (Immunoglobulin G degrading enzyme of S. phocae subsp. phocae) in analogy to the cysteine protease IdeS. Notably, recombinant (r) IdeP is a host and substrate specific protease as it cleaves IgG from grey and harbor seals but not IgG from harbor porpoises or non-marine mammals. The identification of IdeP represents the first description of a protein in S. phocae subsp. phocae involved in immune evasion. Furthermore, the fact that IdeP cleaves solely IgG of certain marine mammals reflects functional adaption of S. phocae subsp. phocae to grey and harbor seals as its main hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jan Christian Wohlsein
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany.
| | - Jeffrey Stott
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, United States.
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jana Seele
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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35
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Xiao G, Wu Z, Zhang S, Tang H, Wang F, Lu C. Mac Protein is not an Essential Virulence Factor for the Virulent Reference Strain Streptococcus suis P1/7. Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:90-96. [PMID: 27847975 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major pathogen of pigs and also an important zoonotic agent for humans. A S. suis protein containing Mac-1 domain (designated Mac) is a protective antigen, exclusively cleaves porcine IgM, and contributes to complement evasion with the presence of high titers of specific porcine anti-S. suis IgM, but its role in S. suis virulence has not been investigated in natural healthy host without specific IgM. In this study, a mac deletion mutant was constructed by homologous recombination in S. suis serotype 2 virulent reference strain P1/7. Deletion of mac did not significantly influence phagocytosis or intracellular survival within murine macrophages RAW264.7, or the oxidative-burst induction of RAW264.7 and murine neutrophils. Furthermore, the mutant is as virulent as the wild-type strain in pig, mouse, and zebrafish infection models. Our data suggest that Mac is not essential for S. suis virulence in strain P1/7 in natural healthy host without specific IgM, and the immunogenicity of Mac does not appear to correlate with its significance for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhui Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shouming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fengqiu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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36
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Spoerry C, Hessle P, Lewis MJ, Paton L, Woof JM, von Pawel-Rammingen U. Novel IgG-Degrading Enzymes of the IgdE Protease Family Link Substrate Specificity to Host Tropism of Streptococcus Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164809. [PMID: 27749921 PMCID: PMC5066943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have discovered an IgG degrading enzyme of the endemic pig pathogen S. suis designated IgdE that is highly specific for porcine IgG. This protease is the founding member of a novel cysteine protease family assigned C113 in the MEROPS peptidase database. Bioinformatical analyses revealed putative members of the IgdE protease family in eight other Streptococcus species. The genes of the putative IgdE family proteases of S. agalactiae, S. porcinus, S. pseudoporcinus and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus were cloned for production of recombinant protein into expression vectors. Recombinant proteins of all four IgdE family proteases were proteolytically active against IgG of the respective Streptococcus species hosts, but not against IgG from other tested species or other classes of immunoglobulins, thereby linking the substrate specificity to the known host tropism. The novel IgdE family proteases of S. agalactiae, S. pseudoporcinus and S. equi showed IgG subtype specificity, i.e. IgdE from S. agalactiae and S. pseudoporcinus cleaved human IgG1, while IgdE from S. equi was subtype specific for equine IgG7. Porcine IgG subtype specificities of the IgdE family proteases of S. porcinus and S. pseudoporcinus remain to be determined. Cleavage of porcine IgG by IgdE of S. pseudoporcinus is suggested to be an evolutionary remaining activity reflecting ancestry of the human pathogen to the porcine pathogen S. porcinus. The IgG subtype specificity of bacterial proteases indicates the special importance of these IgG subtypes in counteracting infection or colonization and opportunistic streptococci neutralize such antibodies through expression of IgdE family proteases as putative immune evasion factors. We suggest that IgdE family proteases might be valid vaccine targets against streptococci of both human and veterinary medical concerns and could also be of therapeutic as well as biotechnological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spoerry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pontus Hessle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melanie J. Lewis
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lois Paton
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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37
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Segura M, Calzas C, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis: fighting against nonspecific defenses. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3772-3799. [PMID: 27539145 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between a bacterial pathogen and its potentially susceptible host are initiated with the colonization step. During respiratory/oral infection, the pathogens must compete with the normal microflora, resist defense mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity, and finally reach, adhere, and breach the mucosal epithelial cell barrier in order to induce invasive disease. This is the case during infection by the swine and zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis, which is able to counteract mucosal barriers to induce severe meningitis and sepsis in swine and in humans. The initial steps of the pathogenesis of S. suis infection has been a neglected area of research, overshadowed by studies on the systemic and central nervous phases of the disease. In this Review article, we provide for the first time, an exclusive focus on S. suis colonization and the potential mechanisms involved in S. suis establishment at the mucosa, as well as the mechanisms regulating mucosal barrier breakdown. The role of mucosal immunity is also addressed. Finally, we demystify the extensive list of putative adhesins and virulence factors reported to be involved in the initial steps of pathogenesis by S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Spoerry C, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, von Pawel-Rammingen U. Identification and Characterization of IgdE, a Novel IgG-degrading Protease of Streptococcus suis with Unique Specificity for Porcine IgG. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7915-25. [PMID: 26861873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suisis a major endemic pathogen of pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, and other diseases. ZoonoticS. suisinfections are emerging in humans causing similar pathologies as well as severe conditions such as toxic shock-like syndrome. Recently, we discovered an IdeS family protease ofS. suisthat exclusively cleaves porcine IgM and represents the first virulence factor described, linkingS. suisto pigs as their natural host. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel, unrelated protease ofS. suisthat exclusively targets porcine IgG. This enzyme, designated IgdE forimmunoglobulinG-degradingenzyme ofS. suis, is a cysteine protease distinct from previous characterized streptococcal immunoglobulin degrading proteases of the IdeS family and mediates efficient cleavage of the hinge region of porcine IgG with a high degree of specificity. The findings that allS. suisstrains investigated possess the IgG proteolytic activity and that piglet serum samples contain specific antibodies against IgdE strongly indicate that the protease is expressedin vivoduring infection and represents a novel and putative important bacterial virulence/colonization determinant, and a thus potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spoerry
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jana Seele
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Christoph G Baums
- the Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany, and the Institute for Bacteriology und Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden,
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39
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Sjögren J, Olsson F, Beck A. Rapid and improved characterization of therapeutic antibodies and antibody related products using IdeS digestion and subunit analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:3114-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody subunits LC, Fd and Fc/2, generated by IdeS digestion has been applied in analytical methodologies to characterize antibody quality attributes such as glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre
- St Julien-en-Genevois
- France
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40
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Barnett TC, Cole JN, Rivera-Hernandez T, Henningham A, Paton JC, Nizet V, Walker MJ. Streptococcal toxins: role in pathogenesis and disease. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1721-41. [PMID: 26433203 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are host-adapted bacterial pathogens among the leading infectious causes of human morbidity and mortality. These microbes and related members of the genus Streptococcus produce an array of toxins that act against human cells or tissues, resulting in impaired immune responses and subversion of host physiological processes to benefit the invading microorganism. This toxin repertoire includes haemolysins, proteases, superantigens and other agents that ultimately enhance colonization and survival within the host and promote dissemination of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason N Cole
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Henningham
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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41
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Isolation, Characterization and Biological Properties of Membrane Vesicles Produced by the Swine Pathogen Streptococcus suis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130528. [PMID: 26110524 PMCID: PMC4482388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, more particularly serotype 2, is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent worldwide that mainly causes meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Although several potential virulence factors produced by S. suis have been identified in the last decade, the pathogenesis of S. suis infections is still not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that S. suis produces membrane vesicles (MVs) that range in diameter from 13 to 130 nm and that appear to be coated by capsular material. A proteomic analysis of the MVs revealed that they contain 46 proteins, 9 of which are considered as proven or suspected virulence factors. Biological assays confirmed that S. suis MVs possess active subtilisin-like protease (SspA) and DNase (SsnA). S. suis MVs degraded neutrophil extracellular traps, a property that may contribute to the ability of the bacterium to escape the host defense response. MVs also activated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in both monocytes and macrophages, inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may in turn contribute to increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier. The present study brought evidence that S. suis MVs may play a role as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of S. suis infections, and given their composition be an excellent candidate for vaccine development.
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42
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Seele J, Beineke A, Hillermann LM, Jaschok-Kentner B, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG. The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, IdeSsuis, is involved in complement evasion. Vet Res 2015; 46:45. [PMID: 25928761 PMCID: PMC4404118 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis is one of the most important pathogens in pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis and serositis. Furthermore, it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. In our previous work we identified a highly specific IgM protease in S. suis, designated Ide(Ssuis) . The objective of this study was to characterize the function of Ide(Ssuis) in the host-pathogen interaction. Edman-sequencing revealed that Ide(Ssuis) cleaves the heavy chain of the IgM molecule between constant domain 2 and 3. As the C1q binding motif is located in the C3 domain, we hypothesized that Ide(Ssuis) is involved in complement evasion. Complement-mediated hemolysis induced by porcine hyperimmune sera containing erythrocyte-specific IgM was abrogated by treatment of these sera with recombinant Ide(Ssuis) . Furthermore, expression of Ide(Ssuis) reduced IgM-triggered complement deposition on the bacterial surface. An infection experiment of prime-vaccinated growing piglets suggested attenuation in the virulence of the mutant 10Δide(Ssuis). Bactericidal assays confirmed a positive effect of Ide(Ssuis) expression on bacterial survival in porcine blood in the presence of high titers of specific IgM. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Ide(Ssuis) is a novel complement evasion factor, which is important for bacterial survival in porcine blood during the early adaptive (IgM-dominated) immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Seele
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena-Maria Hillermann
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Beate Jaschok-Kentner
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Segura M, Zheng H, de Greeff A, Gao GF, Grenier D, Jiang Y, Lu C, Maskell D, Oishi K, Okura M, Osawa R, Schultsz C, Schwerk C, Sekizaki T, Smith H, Srimanote P, Takamatsu D, Tang J, Tenenbaum T, Tharavichitkul P, Hoa NT, Valentin-Weigand P, Wells JM, Wertheim H, Zhu B, Xu J, Gottschalk M. Latest developments on Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen: part 2. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:587-91. [PMID: 24957086 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
First International Workshop on Streptococcus suis, Beijing, China, 12-13 August 2013. This second and final chapter of the report on the First International Workshop on Streptococcus suis follows on from Part 1, published in the April 2014, volume 9, issue 4 of Future Microbiology. S. suis is a swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent afflicting people in close contact with infected pigs or pork meat. Although sporadic cases of human infections had been reported worldwide, deadly S. suis outbreaks emerged in Asia. The severity of the disease underscores the lack of knowledge on the virulence and zoonotic evolution of this human-infecting agent. The pathogenesis of the infection, interactions with host cells and new avenues for treatments were among the topics discussed during the First International Workshop on S. suis (China 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
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Seele J, Hillermann LM, Beineke A, Seitz M, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG. The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, IdeSsuis, is a highly protective antigen against serotype 2. Vaccine 2015; 33:2207-2212. [PMID: 25825330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major porcine pathogen causing meningitis, arthritis and several other pathologies. Recently, we identified a highly specific immunoglobulin M degrading enzyme of S. suis, designated IdeSsuis, which is expressed by various serotypes. The objective of this work was to access the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccine including IdeSsuis. Vaccination with rIdeSsuis elicited antibodies efficiently neutralizing the IgM protease activity. Importantly, 18 piglets vaccinated with rIdeSsuis alone or in combination with bacterin priming were completely protected against mortality and severe morbidity after S. suis serotype 2 challenge. In contrast, 12 of the 17 piglets either treated with the placebo or primed with the bacterin only, succumbed to S. suis disease. Immunity against IdeSsuis was associated with increased killing of S. suis wt in porcine blood ex vivo leading to a tenfold difference in the bacterial survival factor in blood of placebo-treated and rIdeSsuis-vaccinated piglets. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that rIdeSsuis is a highly protective antigen in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Seele
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena-Maria Hillermann
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Seitz
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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de Buhr N, Stehr M, Neumann A, Naim HY, Valentin-Weigand P, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Baums CG. Identification of a novel DNase of Streptococcus suis (EndAsuis) important for neutrophil extracellular trap degradation during exponential growth. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:838-50. [PMID: 25667008 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The porcine and human pathogen Streptococcus suis induces and degrades neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in vitro. In this study, we investigated the working hypothesis that NET degradation is mediated not only by the known secreted S. suis nuclease A (SsnA) but also by a so-far undescribed putative endonuclease A of S. suis (designated EndAsuis) homologous to the pneumococcal endonuclease A (EndA). Comparative analysis was conducted to identify differences in localization, expression and function of EndAsuis and SsnA. In contrast to ssnA, endAsuis RNA expression was not substantially different during exponential and stationary growth. Modelling of the 3D structure confirmed a putative DRGH-motif-containing ββα-metal finger catalytic core in EndAsuis. Accordingly, nuclease activity of recombinant EndAsuis with a point-mutated H165 was rescued through imidazol treatment. In accordance with a putative membrane anchor, nuclease activity caused by endAsuis was not detectable in the supernatant. Importantly, endAsuis determined nuclease activity of S. suis prominently during exponential growth. This activity depended on the presence of Mg(2+) but, in contrast to SsnA activity, not on Ca(2+). A pH of 5.4 did not inhibit endAsuis-encoded nuclease activity during exponential growth. NET degradation of S. suis harvested during exponential growth was significantly attenuated in the endAsuis mutant. In contrast to SsnA, mutagenesis of endAsuis did not result in a significantly higher susceptibility against the antimicrobial effect mediated by NETs. As degradation of bacterial DNA caused by S. suis depended on ssnA and endAsuis, further functions of both factors in the host-pathogen interaction might be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Buhr
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Stehr
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wu Z, Wu C, Shao J, Zhu Z, Wang W, Zhang W, Tang M, Pei N, Fan H, Li J, Yao H, Gu H, Xu X, Lu C. The Streptococcus suis transcriptional landscape reveals adaptation mechanisms in pig blood and cerebrospinal fluid. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:882-898. [PMID: 24759092 PMCID: PMC4024642 DOI: 10.1261/rna.041822.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (SS) is an important pathogen of pigs, and it is also recognized as a zoonotic agent for humans. SS infection may result in septicemia or meningitis in the host. However, little is known about genes that contribute to the virulence process and survival within host blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Small RNAs (sRNA) have emerged as key regulators of virulence in several bacteria, but they have not been investigated in SS. Here, using a differential RNA-sequencing approach and RNAs from SS strain P1/7 grown in rich medium, pig blood, or CSF, we present the SS genome-wide map of 793 transcriptional start sites and 370 operons. In addition to identifying 29 sRNAs, we show that five sRNA deletion mutants attenuate SS virulence in a zebrafish infection model. Homology searches revealed that 10 sRNAs were predicted to be present in other pathogenic Streptococcus species. Compared with wild-type strain P1/7, sRNAs rss03, rss05, and rss06 deletion mutants were significantly more sensitive to killing by pig blood. It is possible that rss06 contributes to SS virulence by indirectly activating expression of SSU0308, a virulence gene encoding a zinc-binding lipoprotein. In blood, genes involved in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and subversion of host defenses were up-regulated. In contrast, in CSF, genes for CPS synthesis were down-regulated. Our study is the first analysis of SS sRNAs involved in virulence and has both improved our understanding of SS pathogenesis and increased the number of sRNAs known to play definitive roles in bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Jing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Weixue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Min Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Pei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | | | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
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Role of capsule and suilysin in mucosal infection of complement-deficient mice with Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2460-71. [PMID: 24686060 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00080-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulent Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains are invasive extracellular bacteria causing septicemia and meningitis in piglets and humans. One objective of this study was to elucidate the function of complement in innate immune defense against S. suis. Experimental infection of wild-type (WT) and C3(-/-) mice demonstrated for the first time that the complement system protects naive mice against invasive mucosal S. suis infection. S. suis WT but not an unencapsulated mutant caused mortality associated with meningitis and other pathologies in C3(-/-) mice. The capsule contributed also substantially to colonization of the upper respiratory tract. Experimental infection of C3(-/-) mice with a suilysin mutant indicated that suilysin expression facilitated an early disease onset and the pathogenesis of meningitis. Flow cytometric analysis revealed C3 antigen deposition on the surface of ca. 40% of S. suis WT bacteria after opsonization with naive WT mouse serum, although to a significantly lower intensity than on the unencapsulated mutant. Ex vivo multiplication in murine WT and C3(-/-) blood depended on capsule but not suilysin expression. Interestingly, S. suis invasion of inner organs was also detectable in C5aR(-/-) mice, suggesting that chemotaxis and activation of immune cells via the anaphylatoxin receptor C5aR is, in addition to opsonization, a further important function of the complement system in defense against mucosal S. suis infection. In conclusion, we unequivocally demonstrate here the importance of complement against mucosal S. suis serotype 2 infection and that the capsule of this pathogen is also involved in escape from complement-independent immunity.
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de Buhr N, Neumann A, Jerjomiceva N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Baums CG. Streptococcus suis DNase SsnA contributes to degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and evasion of NET-mediated antimicrobial activity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 160:385-395. [PMID: 24222615 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.072199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important cause of different pathologies in pigs and humans, most importantly fibrinosuppurative meningitis. Tissue infected with this pathogen is substantially infiltrated with neutrophils, but the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - a more recently discovered antimicrobial strategy of neutrophils - in host defence against Strep. suis has not been investigated. The objective of this work was to investigate the interaction of Strep. suis with NETs in vitro. Strep. suis induced NET formation in porcine neutrophils and was entrapped but not killed by those NETs. As the amount of NETs decreased over time, we hypothesized that a known extracellular DNase of Strep. suis degrades NETs. Though this nuclease was originally designated Strep. suis-secreted nuclease A (SsnA), this work demonstrated surface association in accordance with an LPXTG cell wall anchor motif and partial release into the supernatant. Confirming our hypothesis, an isogenic ssnA mutant was significantly attenuated in NET degradation and in protection against the antimicrobial activity of NETs as determined in assays with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated human neutrophils. Though assays with PMA-stimulated porcine neutrophils suggested that SsnA also degrades porcine NETs, phenotypic differences between wt and the isogenic ssnA mutant were less distinct. As SsnA expression was crucial for neither growth in vitro nor for survival in porcine or human blood, the results indicated that SsnA is the first specific NET evasion factor to be identified in Strep. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Buhr
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalja Jerjomiceva
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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