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Vincent KL, Frost PA, Motamedi M, Dick EJ, Wei J, Yang J, White R, Gauduin MC. High-Resolution Quantitative Mapping of Macaque Cervicovaginal Epithelial Thickness: Implications for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660524. [PMID: 34262561 PMCID: PMC8273733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal mucosal surfaces naturally offer some protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1, however topical preventative medications or vaccine designed to boost local immune responses can further enhance this protection. We previously developed a novel mucosal vaccine strategy using viral vectors integrated into mouse dermal epithelium to induce virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses at the site of exposure. Since vaccine integration occurs at the site of cell replication (basal layer 100-400 micrometers below the surface), temporal epithelial thinning during vaccine application, confirmed with high resolution imaging, is desirable. In this study, strategies for vaginal mucosal thinning were evaluated noninvasively using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to map reproductive tract epithelial thickness (ET) in macaques to optimize basal layer access in preparation for future effective intravaginal mucosal vaccination studies. Twelve adolescent female rhesus macaques (5-7kg) were randomly assigned to interventions to induce vaginal mucosal thinning, including cytobrush mechanical abrasion, the chemical surfactant spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N9), the hormonal contraceptive depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), or no intervention. Macaques were evaluated at baseline and after interventions using colposcopy, vaginal biopsies, and OCT imaging, which allowed for real-time in vivo visualization and measurement of ET of the mid-vagina, fornices, and cervix. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Colposcopy findings included pink, rugated tissue with variable degrees of white-tipped, thickened epithelium. Baseline ET of the fornices was thinner than the cervix and vagina (p<0.05), and mensing macaques had thinner ET at all sites (p<0.001). ET was decreased 1 month after DMPA (p<0.05) in all sites, immediately after mechanical abrasion (p<0.05) in the fornix and cervix, and after two doses of 4% N9 (1.25ml) applied over 14 hrs in the fornix only (p<0.001). Histological assessment of biopsied samples confirmed OCT findings. In summary, OCT imaging allowed for real time assessment of macaque vaginal ET. While varying degrees of thinning were observed after the interventions, limitations with each were noted. ET decreased naturally during menses, which may provide an ideal opportunity for accessing the targeted vaginal mucosal basal layers to achieve the optimum epithelial thickness for intravaginal mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Vincent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Patrice A. Frost
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Edward J. Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jingna Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jinping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robert White
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Claire Gauduin
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Sutton MS, Ellis-Connell A, Balgeman AJ, Barry G, Weiler AM, Hetzel SJ, Zhou Y, Lau-Kilby AW, Mason RD, Biris KK, Mascola JR, Sullivan NJ, Roederer M, Friedrich TC, O'Connor SL. CD8β Depletion Does Not Prevent Control of Viral Replication or Protection from Challenge in Macaques Chronically Infected with a Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00537-19. [PMID: 31092584 PMCID: PMC6639280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00537-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the contribution of CD8αβ+ T cells to control of live-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (LASIV) replication during chronic infection and subsequent protection from pathogenic SIV challenge. Unlike previous reports with a CD8α-specific depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb), the CD8β-specific mAb CD8β255R1 selectively depleted CD8αβ+ T cells without also depleting non-CD8+ T cell populations that express CD8α, such as natural killer (NK) cells and γδ T cells. Following infusion with CD8β255R1, plasma viremia transiently increased coincident with declining peripheral CD8αβ+ T cells. Interestingly, plasma viremia returned to predepletion levels even when peripheral CD8αβ+ T cells did not. Although depletion of CD8αβ+ T cells in the lymph node (LN) was incomplete, frequencies of these cells were 3-fold lower (P = 0.006) in animals that received CD8β255R1 than in those that received control IgG. It is possible that these residual SIV-specific CD8αβ+ T cells may have contributed to suppression of viremia during chronic infection. We also determined whether infusion of CD8β255R1 in the LASIV-vaccinated animals increased their susceptibility to infection following intravenous challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239. We found that 7/8 animals infused with CD8β255R1, and 3/4 animals infused with the control IgG, were resistant to SIVmac239 infection. These results suggest that infusion with CD8β255R1 did not eliminate the protection afforded to LASIV vaccination. This provides a comprehensive description of the impact of CD8β255R1 infusion on the immunological composition in cynomolgus macaques, compared to an isotype-matched control IgG, while showing that the control of LASIV viremia and protection from challenge can occur even after CD8β255R1 administration.IMPORTANCE Studies of SIV-infected macaques that deplete CD8+ T cells in vivo with monoclonal antibodies have provided compelling evidence for their direct antiviral role. These studies utilized CD8α-specific mAbs that target both the major (CD8αβ+) and minor (CD8αα+) populations of CD8+ T cells but additionally deplete non-CD8+ T cell populations that express CD8α, such as NK cells and γδ T cells. In the current study, we administered the CD8β-specific depleting mAb CD8β255R1 to cynomolgus macaques chronically infected with a LASIV to selectively deplete CD8αβ+ T cells without removing CD8αα+ lymphocytes. We evaluated the impact on control of virus replication and protection from pathogenic SIVmac239 challenge. These results underscore the utility of CD8β255R1 for studying the direct contribution of CD8αβ+ T cells in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabrielle Barry
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott J Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Annie W Lau-Kilby
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin K Biris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Berry N, Manoussaka M, Ham C, Ferguson D, Tudor H, Mattiuzzo G, Klaver B, Page M, Stebbings R, Das AT, Berkhout B, Almond N, Cranage MP. Role of Occult and Post-acute Phase Replication in Protective Immunity Induced with a Novel Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006083. [PMID: 28002473 PMCID: PMC5176322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of persisting virus replication during occult phase immunisation in the live attenuated SIV vaccine model, a novel SIVmac239Δnef variant (SIVrtTA) genetically engineered to replicate in the presence of doxycycline was evaluated for its ability to protect against wild-type SIVmac239. Indian rhesus macaques were vaccinated either with SIVrtTA or with SIVmac239Δnef. Doxycycline was withdrawn from 4 of 8 SIVrtTA vaccinates before challenge with wild-type virus. Unvaccinated challenge controls exhibited ~107 peak plasma viral RNA copies/ml persisting beyond the acute phase. Six vaccinates, four SIVmac239Δnef and two SIVrtTA vaccinates exhibited complete protection, defined by lack of wild-type viraemia post-challenge and virus-specific PCR analysis of tissues recovered post-mortem, whereas six SIVrtTA vaccinates were protected from high levels of viraemia. Critically, the complete protection in two SIVrtTA vaccinates was associated with enhanced SIVrtTA replication in the immediate post-acute vaccination period but was independent of doxycycline status at the time of challenge. Mutations were identified in the LTR promoter region and rtTA gene that do not affect doxycycline-control but were associated with enhanced post-acute phase replication in protected vaccinates. High frequencies of total circulating CD8+T effector memory cells and a higher total frequency of SIV-specific CD8+ mono and polyfunctional T cells on the day of wild-type challenge were associated with complete protection but these parameters were not predictive of outcome when assessed 130 days after challenge. Moreover, challenge virus-specific Nef CD8+ polyfunctional T cell responses and antigen were detected in tissues post mortem in completely-protected macaques indicating post-challenge control of infection. Within the parameters of the study design, on-going occult-phase replication may not be absolutely required for protective immunity. Development of an HIV vaccine remains a global health priority. In non-human primates live-attenuated SIV induces a potent vaccine effect. Following disappearance of vaccine virus from the peripheral circulation replication persists in lymphoid tissue. To address whether this occult replication is critical to the generation of protective immunity we used a novel construct (SIVrtTA) based on the prototypic live attenuated SIVmac239Δnef but which requires the presence of the antibiotic doxycycline to replicate. Protection appeared independent of doxycycline status at the time of virulent virus challenge suggesting that occult replication may not be absolutely necessary for persistence of immunity; however, stronger protection was observed in monkeys vaccinated with SIVrtTA where vaccine replication persisted for longer after peak viraemia. Moreover, some evidence of very low level breakthrough of vaccine virus replication was seen and protection was weaker than that obtained with SIVmac239Δnef. Both vaccination and challenge perturbed circulating T cell populations, but only the frequency of SIV-specific CD8+ polyfunctional T cells measured on the day of challenge was associated with protection. Replication-conditional mutants such as SIVrtTA have great potential in unlocking the complex interactions between the vaccine virus and host responses in the generation of potent anti-viral protection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Manoussaka
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Ham
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Ferguson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Tudor
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Bep Klaver
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Atze T. Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P. Cranage
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Adnan S, Reeves RK, Gillis J, Wong FE, Yu Y, Camp JV, Li Q, Connole M, Li Y, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Li W, Keele BF, Kozlowski PA, Desrosiers RC, Haase AT, Johnson RP. Persistent Low-Level Replication of SIVΔnef Drives Maturation of Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses to Induce Protective Immunity against Vaginal SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006104. [PMID: 27959961 PMCID: PMC5189958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the correlates of immune protection conferred by SIVΔnef, the most effective vaccine against SIV challenge, could enable the design of a protective vaccine against HIV infection. Here we provide a comprehensive assessment of immune responses that protect against SIV infection through detailed analyses of cellular and humoral immune responses in the blood and tissues of rhesus macaques vaccinated with SIVΔnef and then vaginally challenged with wild-type SIV. Despite the presence of robust cellular immune responses, animals at 5 weeks after vaccination displayed only transient viral suppression of challenge virus, whereas all macaques challenged at weeks 20 and 40 post-SIVΔnef vaccination were protected, as defined by either apparent sterile protection or significant suppression of viremia in infected animals. Multiple parameters of CD8 T cell function temporally correlated with maturation of protection, including polyfunctionality, phenotypic differentiation, and redistribution to gut and lymphoid tissues. Importantly, we also demonstrate the induction of a tissue-resident memory population of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa, which was dependent on ongoing low-level antigenic stimulation. Moreover, we show that vaginal and serum antibody titers inversely correlated with post-challenge peak viral load, and we correlate the accumulation and affinity maturation of the antibody response to the duration of the vaccination period as well as to the SIVΔnef antigenic load. In conclusion, maturation of SIVΔnef-induced CD8 T cell and antibody responses, both propelled by viral persistence in the gut mucosa and secondary lymphoid tissues, results in protective immune responses that are able to interrupt viral transmission at mucosal portals of entry as well as potential sites of viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Adnan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Gillis
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Fay E. Wong
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Yi Yu
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michelle Connole
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashley T. Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Vaccination with Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Protects from Mucosal, but Not Necessarily Intravenous, Challenge with a Minimally Heterologous SIV. J Virol 2016; 90:5541-5548. [PMID: 26962218 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00192-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Few studies have evaluated the impact of the viral challenge route on protection against a heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. We vaccinated seven macaques with a live attenuated SIV that differed from SIVmac239Δnef by 24 amino acids, called m3KOΔnef. All animals were protected from an intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge, whereas only four animals were protected from subsequent intravenous SIVmac239 challenge. These data suggest that immune responses elicited by vaccination with live attenuated SIV in an individual animal can confer protection from intrarectal challenge while remaining insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge. IMPORTANCE Our study is important because we show that vaccinated animals can be protected from a mucosal challenge with a heterologous SIV, but the same animals are not necessarily protected from intravenous challenge with the same virus. This is unique because in most studies, either vaccinated animals are challenged multiple times by the same route or only a single challenge is performed. An individually vaccinated animal is rarely challenged multiple times by different routes, so protection from different challenge routes cannot be measured in the same animal. Our data imply that vaccine-elicited responses in an individual animal may be insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge but may be suitable for protection from a mucosal challenge that better approximates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure.
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Berry N, Ham C, Alden J, Clarke S, Stebbings R, Stott J, Ferguson D, Almond N. Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccination confers superinfection resistance against macrophage-tropic and neurovirulent wild-type SIV challenge. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1918-29. [PMID: 25834093 PMCID: PMC4635458 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in non-human primate species provides a means of characterizing the protective processes of retroviral superinfection and may lead to novel advances of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS vaccine design. The minimally attenuated SIVmacC8 vaccine has been demonstrated to elicit early potent protection against pathogenic rechallenge with genetically diverse viral isolates in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In this study, we have characterized further the biological breadth of this vaccine protection by assessing the ability of both the nef-disrupted SIVmacC8 and its nef-intact counterpart SIVmacJ5 viruses to prevent superinfection with the macrophage/neurotropic SIVmac239/17E-Fr (SIVmac17E-Fr) isolate. Inoculation with either SIVmacC8 or SIVmacJ5 and subsequent detailed characterization of the viral replication kinetics revealed a wide range of virus–host outcomes. Both nef-disrupted and nef-intact immunizing viruses were able to prevent establishment of SIVmac17E-Fr in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues. Differences in virus kinetics, indicative of an active process, identified uncontrolled replication in one macaque which although able to prevent SIVmac17E-Fr superinfection led to extensive neuropathological complications. The ability to prevent a biologically heterologous, CD4-independent/CCR5+ viral isolate and the macrophage-tropic SIVmac316 strain from establishing infection supports the hypothesis that direct target cell blocking is unlikely to be a central feature of live lentivirus vaccination. These data provide further evidence to demonstrate that inoculation of a live retroviral vaccine can deliver broad spectrum protection against both macrophage-tropic as well as lymphocytotropic viruses. These data add to our knowledge of live attenuated SIV vaccines but further highlight potential safety concerns of vaccinating with a live retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Claire Ham
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jack Alden
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sean Clarke
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Richard Stebbings
- 2Divison of Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jim Stott
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Deborah Ferguson
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- 1Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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7
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A critical analysis of the cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, as a model to test HIV-1/SIV vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2014; 33:3073-83. [PMID: 25510387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a number of non-rhesus macaque species, but especially cynomolgus macaques as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development has increased in recent years. Cynomolgus macaques have been used in the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Australia as a model for HIV vaccine development for many years. Unlike rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV show a pattern of disease pathogenesis that more closely resembles that of human HIV-1 infection, exhibiting lower peak and set-point viral loads and slower progression to disease with more typical AIDS defining illnesses. Several advances have been made recently in the use of the cynomolgus macaque SIV challenge model that allow the demonstration of vaccine efficacy using attenuated viruses and vectors that are both viral and non-viral in origin. This review aims to probe the details of various vaccination trials carried out in cynomolgus macaques in the context of our modern understanding of the highly diverse immunogenetics of this species with a view to understanding the species-specific immune correlates of protection and the efficacy of vectors that have been used to design vaccines.
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8
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Burwitz BJ, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Ohme MA, Planer SL, Legasse AW, Ericsen AJ, Richter Y, Golomb G, Sacha JB. Technical advance: liposomal alendronate depletes monocytes and macrophages in the nonhuman primate model of human disease. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:491-501. [PMID: 24823811 PMCID: PMC4632165 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ta0713-373r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critical animal models for the study of human disorders and disease and offer a platform to assess the role of immune cells in pathogenesis via depletion of specific cellular subsets. However, this model is currently hindered by the lack of reagents that safely and specifically ablate myeloid cells of the monocyte/macrophage Lin. Given the central importance of macrophages in homeostasis and host immunity, development of a macrophage-depletion technique in nonhuman primates would open new avenues of research. Here, using LA at i.v. doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg, we show a >50% transient depletion of circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages in RMs by an 11-color flow cytometric analysis. Diminution of monocytes was followed rapidly by emigration of monocytes from the bone marrow, leading to a rebound of monocytes to baseline levels. Importantly, LA was well-tolerated, as no adverse effects or changes in gross organ function were observed during depletion. These results advance the ex vivo study of myeloid cells by flow cytometry and pave the way for in vivo studies of monocyte/macrophage biology in nonhuman primate models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Merete A Ohme
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shannon L Planer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam J Ericsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Gershon Golomb
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA;
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Early biodistribution and persistence of a protective live attenuated SIV vaccine elicits localised innate responses in multiple lymphoid tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104390. [PMID: 25162725 PMCID: PMC4146474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with the attenuated nef-truncated C8 variant of SIVmac251/32H (SIVmacC8) induces early, potent protection against pathogenic, heterologous challenge before the maturation of cognate immunity. To identify processes that contribute to early protection in this model the pathogenesis, anatomical distribution and viral vaccine kinetics were determined in relation to localised innate responses triggered by vaccination. The early biodistribution of SIVmacC8 was defined by rapid, widespread dissemination amongst multiple lymphoid tissues, detectable after 3 days. Cell-associated viral RNA dynamics identified mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen, as well as the gut mucosae, as early major contributors of systemic virus burden. Rapid, localised infection was populated by discrete foci of persisting virus-infected cells. Localised productive infection triggered a broad innate response, with type-1 interferon sensitive IRF-7, STAT-1, TRIM5α and ApoBEC3G genes all upregulated during the acute phase but induction did not prevent viral persistence. Profound changes in vaccine-induced cell-surface markers of immune activation were detected on macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells (DC-SIGN, S-100, CD40, CD11c, CD123 and CD86). Notably, high DC-SIGN and S100 staining for follicular and interdigitating DCs respectively, in MLN and spleen were detected by 3 days, persisting 20 weeks post-vaccination. Although not formally evaluated, the early biodistribution of SIVmacC8 simultaneously targets multiple lymphoid tissues to induce strong innate immune responses coincident at the same sites critical for early protection from wild-type viruses. HIV vaccines which stimulate appropriate innate, as well as adaptive responses, akin to those generated by live attenuated SIV vaccines, may prove the most efficacious.
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Sopper S, Mätz-Rensing K, Mühl T, Heeney J, Stahl-Hennig C, Sauermann U. Host factors determine differential disease progression after infection with nef-deleted simian immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2273-2284. [PMID: 24928910 PMCID: PMC4165933 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of macaques with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) usually results in long-lasting efficient protection against infection with pathogenic immunodeficiency viruses. However, attenuation by deletion of regulatory genes such as nef is not complete, leading to a high viral load and fatal disease in some animals. To characterize immunological parameters and polymorphic host factors, we studied 17 rhesus macaques infected with attenuated SIVmac239ΔNU. Eight animals were able to control viral replication, whereas the remaining animals (non-controllers) displayed variable set-point viral loads. Peak viral load at 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.) correlated significantly with set-point viral load (P<0.0001). CD4(+) T-cell frequencies differed significantly soon after infection between controllers and non-controllers. Abnormal B-cell activation previously ascribed to Nef function could already be observed in non-controllers 8 weeks after infection despite the absence of Nef. Two non-controllers developed an AIDS-like disease within 102 weeks p.i. Virus from these animals transmitted to naïve animals replicated at low levels and the recipients did not develop immunodeficiency. This suggested that host factors determined differential viral load and subsequent disease course. Known Mhc class I alleles associated with disease progression in SIV WT infection only marginally influenced the viral load in Δnef-infected animals. Protection from SIVmac251 was associated with homozygosity for MHC class II in conjunction with a TLR7 polymorphism and showed a trend with initial viral replication. We speculated that host factors whose effects were usually masked by Nef were responsible for the different disease courses in individual animals upon infection with nef-deleted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieghart Sopper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck and Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mühl
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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11
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Westmoreland SV, Converse AP, Hrecka K, Hurley M, Knight H, Piatak M, Lifson J, Mansfield KG, Skowronski J, Desrosiers RC. SIV vpx is essential for macrophage infection but not for development of AIDS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84463. [PMID: 24465411 PMCID: PMC3897363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of rhesus macaques infected with a vpx deletion mutant virus of simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVΔvpx) demonstrates that Vpx is essential for efficient monocyte/macrophage infection in vivo but is not necessary for development of AIDS. To compare myeloid-lineage cell infection in monkeys infected with SIVΔvpx compared to SIVmac239, we analyzed lymphoid and gastrointestinal tissues from SIVΔvpx-infected rhesus (n = 5), SIVmac239-infected rhesus with SIV encephalitis (7 SIV239E), those without encephalitis (4 SIV239noE), and other SIV mutant viruses with low viral loads (4 SIVΔnef, 2 SIVΔ3). SIV+ macrophages and the percentage of total SIV+ cells that were macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes were significantly lower in rhesus infected with SIVΔvpx (2.2%) compared to those infected with SIV239E (22.7%), SIV239noE (8.2%), and SIV mutant viruses (10.1%). In colon, SIVΔvpx monkeys had fewer SIV+ cells, no SIV+ macrophages, and lower percentage of SIV+ cells that were macrophages than the other 3 groups. Only 2 SIVΔvpx monkeys exhibited detectable virus in the colon. We demonstrate that Vpx is essential for efficient macrophage infection in vivo and that simian AIDS and death can occur in the absence of detectable macrophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V. Westmoreland
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - A. Peter Converse
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kasia Hrecka
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mollie Hurley
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heather Knight
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program NCI-Frederick, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program NCI-Frederick, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacek Skowronski
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Microbiology, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
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12
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Fukazawa Y, Park H, Cameron MJ, Lefebvre F, Lum R, Coombes N, Mahyari E, Hagen S, Bae JY, Reyes MD, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Sylwester A, Hansen SG, Smith AT, Stafova P, Shoemaker R, Li Y, Oswald K, Axthelm MK, McDermott A, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Edlefsen PT, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Sékaly RP, Picker LJ. Lymph node T cell responses predict the efficacy of live attenuated SIV vaccines. Nat Med 2012; 18:1673-81. [PMID: 22961108 PMCID: PMC3493820 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines (LAVs) remain the most efficacious of all vaccines in nonhuman primate models of HIV and AIDS, yet the basis of their robust protection remains poorly understood. Here we show that the degree of LAV-mediated protection against intravenous wild-type SIVmac239 challenge strongly correlates with the magnitude and function of SIV-specific, effector-differentiated T cells in the lymph node but not with the responses of such T cells in the blood or with other cellular, humoral and innate immune parameters. We found that maintenance of protective T cell responses is associated with persistent LAV replication in the lymph node, which occurs almost exclusively in follicular helper T cells. Thus, effective LAVs maintain lymphoid tissue-based, effector-differentiated, SIV-specific T cells that intercept and suppress early wild-type SIV amplification and, if present in sufficient frequencies, can completely control and perhaps clear infection, an observation that provides a rationale for the development of safe, persistent vectors that can elicit and maintain such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Haesun Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Richard Lum
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Noel Coombes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shoko Hagen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Marcelo Delos Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Tonya Swanson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Petra Stafova
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division,, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rafick P. Sékaly
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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13
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Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Good CoP, bad CoP? Interrogating the immune responses to primate lentiviral vaccines. Retrovirology 2012; 9:80. [PMID: 23025660 PMCID: PMC3484039 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoPs) against infection by primate lentiviruses remain undefined. Modest protection against HIV-1 was observed in one human vaccine trial, whereas previous trials and vaccine-challenge experiments in non-human primates have yielded inconsistent but intriguing results. Although high levels of neutralizing antibodies are known to protect macaques from mucosal and intravenous viral challenges, antibody or other adaptive immune responses associated with protection might also be mere markers of innate immunity or susceptibility. Specific strategies for augmenting the design of both human trials and animal experiments could help to identify mechanistic correlates of protection and clarify the influences of confounding factors. Robust protection may, however, require the combined actions of immune responses and other host factors, thereby limiting what inferences can be drawn from statistical associations. Here, we discuss how to analyze immune protection against primate lentiviruses, and how host factors could influence both the elicitation and effectiveness of vaccine-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornel University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY 10065-4896, USA.
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14
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Lin YZ, Shen RX, Zhu ZY, Deng XL, Cao XZ, Wang XF, Ma J, Jiang CG, Zhao LP, Lv XL, Shao YM, Zhou JH. An attenuated EIAV vaccine strain induces significantly different immune responses from its pathogenic parental strain although with similar in vivo replication pattern. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:292-304. [PMID: 21893100 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The EIAV (equine infectious anemia virus) multi-species attenuated vaccine EIAV(DLV121) successfully prevented the spread of equine infectious anemia (EIA) in China in the 1970s and provided an excellent model for the study of protective immunity to lentiviruses. In this study, we compared immune responses induced by EIAV(DLV121) to immunity elicited by the virulent EIAV(LN40) strain and correlated immune responses to protection from infection. Horses were randomly grouped and inoculated with either EIAV(DLV121) (Vaccinees, Vac) or a sublethal dose of EIAV(LN40) (asymptomatic carriers, Car). Car horses became EIAV(LN40) carriers without disease symptoms. Two of the four Vac horses were protected against infection and the other two had delayed onset or reduced severity of EIA with a lethal EIAV(LN40) challenge 5.5 months post initial inoculation. In contrast, all three Car animals developed acute EIA and two succumbed to death. Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in both Vac and Car groups were evaluated for potential correlations with protection. These analyses revealed that although plasma viral loads remained between 10(3) and 10(5)copies/ml for both groups before EIAV(LN40) challenge, Vac-treated animals developed significantly higher levels of conformational dependent, Env-specific antibody, neutralizing antibody as well as significantly elevated CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ-secreting CD8(+) T cells than those observed in EIAV(LN40) asymptomatic carriers. Further analysis of protected and unprotected cases in vaccinated horses identified that cellular response parameters and the reciprocal anti-p26-specific antibody titers closely correlated with protection against infection with the pathogenic EIAV(LN40). These data provide a better understanding of protective immunity to lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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15
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Berry N, Ham C, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Mattiuzzo G, Jenkins A, Page M, Elsley W, Robinson M, Smith D, Ferguson D, Towers G, Almond N, Stebbings R. Early potent protection against heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge following live attenuated SIV vaccination in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23092. [PMID: 21853072 PMCID: PMC3154277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines represent the most effective means of vaccinating macaques against pathogenic SIV challenge. However, thus far, protection has been demonstrated to be more effective against homologous than heterologous strains. Immune correlates of vaccine-induced protection have also been difficult to identify, particularly those measurable in the peripheral circulation. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe potent protection in 6 out of 8 Mauritian-derived cynomolgus macaques (MCM) against heterologous virus challenge with the pathogenic, uncloned SIVsmE660 viral stock following vaccination with live attenuated SIVmac251/C8. MCM provided a characterised host genetic background with limited Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and TRIM5α allelic diversity. Early protection, observed as soon as 3 weeks post-vaccination, was comparable to that of 20 weeks vaccination. Recrudescence of vaccine virus was most pronounced in breakthrough cases where simultaneous identification of vaccine and challenge viruses by virus-specific PCR was indicative of active co-infection. Persistence of the vaccine virus in a range of lymphoid tissues was typified by a consistent level of SIV RNA positive cells in protected vaccinates. However, no association between MHC class I /II haplotype or TRIM5α polymorphism and study outcome was identified. Conclusion/Significance This SIV vaccine study, conducted in MHC-characterised MCM, demonstrated potent protection against the pathogenic, heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge stock after only 3 weeks vaccination. This level of protection against this viral stock by intravenous challenge has not been hitherto observed. The mechanism(s) of protection by vaccination with live attenuated SIV must account for the heterologous and early protection data described in this study, including those which relate to the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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16
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Flow cytometry based identification of simian immunodeficiency virus Env-specific B lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2011; 370:75-85. [PMID: 21689659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIV infection of macaques is the most widely employed model for preclinical AIDS vaccine and pathogenesis research. In macaques, high-titer virus-specific antibodies are induced by infection, and antibody responses can drive evolution of viral escape variants. However, neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) induced in response to SIVmac239 and SIVmac251 infection or immunization are generally undetectable or of low titer, and the identification and cloning of potent Nabs from SIVmac-infected macaques remains elusive. Based on recent advances in labeling HIV-specific B lymphocytes [1-3], we have generated recombinant, secreted, soluble SIVmac envelope (Env) proteins (gp120 and gp140) for detection and quantification of SIVmac Env-specific B lymphocytes. In contrast to HIV-1, we found that soluble SIVmac239 gp140 retains the ability to form stable oligomers without the necessity for introducing additional, stabilizing modifications. Soluble oligomeric gp140 reacted with rhesus anti-SIV Env-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and was used to deplete Env-specific antibodies with SIV neutralization capability from plasma taken from a rhesus macaque immunized with live attenuated SIVmac239∆nef. Soluble gp120 and gp140 bound to SIV-specific immortalized B cells, and to SIV Env-specific B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of immunized animals. These reagents will be useful for analyzing development of Env-specific B cell responses in preclinical studies using SIV-infected or vaccinated rhesus macaques.
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17
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Jiang CG, Gao X, Ma J, Lin YZ, Wang XF, Zhao LP, Hua YP, Liu D, Zhou JH. C-terminal truncation of the transmembrane protein of an attenuated lentiviral vaccine alters its in vitro but not in vivo replication and weakens its potential pathogenicity. Virus Res 2011; 158:235-45. [PMID: 21539871 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies revealed that the gene of the gp45 transmembrane protein (TM) of the attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain EIAV(FDDV13) had a high frequency of a premature stop codon at position 261W, which generated a 154-residue truncation at the C-terminus. EIAV(FDDV-TM36), a recombinant virus with the TM truncated at the intracytoplasmic (CT) domain due to the presence of a stop codon, was constructed based on EIAV(FDDV)3-8, which is a proviral derivative of the vaccine. EIAV(FDDV-TM36) had a significantly reduced replication capability compared to EIAV(FDDV)3-8 in equine or donkey monocyte-derived macrophages and a decreased ability to induce apoptosis. However, both viruses raised a similar plasma viral load in inoculated horses and did not induce clinical symptoms of EIA. To further compare the in vivo behavior between EIAV(FDDV-TM36) and EIAV(FDDV)3-8, inoculated horses were transiently immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. While three of the four horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV)3-8 demonstrated significant increases in viral loads after the drug treatment, none of the four horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV-TM36) showed a statistically increased plasma viral load. Significantly increased neutralizing antibody levels were also observed in the group of horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV)3-8, but not EIAV(FDDV-TM36), after immunosuppression. Our results indicate that although the CT truncation of TM decreased viral replication in cultivated equine and donkey macrophages, the primary target cell of EIAV, and did not influence the plasma viral load of inoculated hosts, it weakened the potential pathogenicity of the vaccine. The host immunity is presumably responsible for the equal in vivo replication levels of viruses with either the CT-truncated or prototype TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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18
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Li B, Berry N, Ham C, Ferguson D, Smith D, Hall J, Page M, Quartey-Papafio R, Elsley W, Robinson M, Almond N, Stebbings R. Vaccination with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus causes dynamic changes in intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells. Retrovirology 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21291552 PMCID: PMC3038908 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination with live attenuated SIV can protect against detectable infection with wild-type virus. We have investigated whether target cell depletion contributes to the protection observed. Following vaccination with live attenuated SIV the frequency of intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells, an early target of wild-type SIV infection and destruction, was determined at days 3, 7, 10, 21 and 125 post inoculation. Results In naive controls, modest frequencies of intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells were predominantly found within the LPL TTrM-1 and IEL TTrM-2 subsets. At day 3, LPL and IEL CD4+CCR5+ TEM cells were dramatically increased whilst less differentiated subsets were greatly reduced, consistent with activation-induced maturation. CCR5 expression remained high at day 7, although there was a shift in subset balance from CD4+CCR5+ TEM to less differentiated TTrM-2 cells. This increase in intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells preceded the peak of SIV RNA plasma loads measured at day 10. Greater than 65.9% depletion of intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells followed at day 10, but overall CD4+ T cell homeostasis was maintained by increased CD4+CCR5- T cells. At days 21 and 125, high numbers of intestinal CD4+CCR5- naive TN cells were detected concurrent with greatly increased CD4+CCR5+ LPL TTrM-2 and IEL TEM cells at day 125, yet SIV RNA plasma loads remained low. Conclusions This increase in intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells, following vaccination with live attenuated SIV, does not correlate with target cell depletion as a mechanism of protection. Instead, increased intestinal CD4+CCR5+ T cells may correlate with or contribute to the protection conferred by vaccination with live attenuated SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control/Health Protection Agency, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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19
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Poropatich K, Sullivan DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:247-68. [PMID: 21106806 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, therapy-naive individuals--referred to as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs)--maintain a favourable course of infection, often being asymptomatic for many years with high CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts (>500 cells μl(-1)) and low plasma HIV-RNA levels (<10 ,000 copies ml(-1)). Research in the field has undergone considerable development in recent years and LTNPs offer a piece of the puzzle in understanding the ways that persons can naturally control HIV-1 infection. Their method of control is based on viral, genetic and immunological components. With respect to virological features, genomic sequencing has shown that some LTNPs are infected with attenuated strains of HIV-1 and harbour mutant nef, vpr, vif or rev genes that contain single nuclear polymorphisms, or less frequently, large deletions, in conserved domains. Studies have also shown that some LTNPs have unique genetic advantages, including heterozygosity for the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism, and have been found with excitatory mutations that upregulate the production of the chemokines that competitively inhibit HIV-1 binding to CCR5 or CXCR4. Lastly, immunological factors are crucial for providing LTNPs with a natural form of control, the most important being robust HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that correlate with lower viral loads. Many LTNPs carry the HLA class I B57 allele that enhances presentation of antigenic peptides on the surface of infected CD4(+) cells to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. For these reasons, LTNPs serve as an ideal model for HIV-1 vaccine development due to their natural control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Alpert MD, Rahmberg AR, Neidermyer W, Ng SK, Carville A, Camp JV, Wilson RL, Piatak M, Mansfield KG, Li W, Miller CJ, Lifson JD, Kozlowski PA, Evans DT. Envelope-modified single-cycle simian immunodeficiency virus selectively enhances antibody responses and partially protects against repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge. J Virol 2010; 84:10748-64. [PMID: 20702641 PMCID: PMC2950576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of rhesus macaques with strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection elicits T-cell responses to multiple viral gene products and antibodies capable of neutralizing lab-adapted SIV, but not neutralization-resistant primary isolates of SIV. In an effort to improve upon the antibody responses, we immunized rhesus macaques with three strains of single-cycle SIV (scSIV) that express envelope glycoproteins modified to lack structural features thought to interfere with the development of neutralizing antibodies. These envelope-modified strains of scSIV lacked either five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp41, or 100 amino acids in the V1V2 region of gp120. Three doses consisting of a mixture of the three envelope-modified strains of scSIV were administered on weeks 0, 6, and 12, followed by two booster inoculations with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G trans-complemented scSIV on weeks 18 and 24. Although this immunization regimen did not elicit antibodies capable of detectably neutralizing SIV(mac)239 or SIV(mac)251(UCD), neutralizing antibody titers to the envelope-modified strains were selectively enhanced. Virus-specific antibodies and T cells were observed in the vaginal mucosa. After 20 weeks of repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge with SIV(mac)251(UCD), six of eight immunized animals versus six of six naïve controls became infected. Although immunization did not significantly reduce the likelihood of acquiring immunodeficiency virus infection, statistically significant reductions in peak and set point viral loads were observed in the immunized animals relative to the naïve control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Alpert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew R. Rahmberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael Piatak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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von Gegerfelt A, Valentin A, Alicea C, Van Rompay KKA, Marthas ML, Montefiori DC, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Emergence of simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and increased humoral responses correlate with control of rebounding viremia in CD8-depleted macaques infected with Rev-independent live-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:3348-58. [PMID: 20702730 PMCID: PMC7316374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Indian rhesus macaques infected with the Rev-independent live-attenuated SIVmac239 strains control viremia to undetectable levels, have persistent but low cellular and humoral anti-SIV responses, and show no signs of immune deficiency. To analyze the immune mechanisms responsible for viral control, five macaques infected at day 1 after birth were subjected to CD8(+) cell depletion at 6.7 y postinfection. This resulted in viremia increases to 3.7-5.5 log(10) RNA copies, supporting a role of CD8-mediated responses in the control of viral replication. The rebounding viremia was rapidly controlled to levels below the threshold of detection, and occurred in the absence of SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and significant CD8(+) T cell recovery in four of the five animals, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in the immunological control of viremia. Monitoring immune responses at the time of viral control demonstrated a burst of circulating SIV-specific CD4(+) T cells characterized as CD45RA(-)CD28(+)CD95(+)CCR7(-) and also granzyme B(+), suggesting cytotoxic ability. Control of viremia was also concomitant with increases in humoral responses to Gag and Env, including a transient increase in neutralizing Abs against the neutralization-resistant SIVmac239 in four of five animals. These data demonstrate that a combination of cellular responses mediated by CD4(+) T cells and humoral responses was associated with the rapid control of the rebounding viremia in macaques infected by the Rev-independent live-attenuated SIV, even in the absence of measurable SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in the blood, emphasizing the importance of different components of the immune response for full control of SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta von Gegerfelt
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Marta L. Marthas
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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Macaques vaccinated with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239Delta nef delay acquisition and control replication after repeated low-dose heterologous SIV challenge. J Virol 2010; 84:9190-9. [PMID: 20592091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00041-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine will likely need to reduce mucosal transmission and, if infection occurs, control virus replication. To determine whether our best simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine can achieve these lofty goals, we vaccinated eight Indian rhesus macaques with SIVmac239Delta nef and challenged them intrarectally (i.r.) with repeated low doses of the pathogenic heterologous swarm isolate SIVsmE660. We detected a significant reduction in acquisition of SIVsmE660 in comparison to that for naïve controls (log rank test; P = 0.023). After 10 mucosal challenges, we detected replication of the challenge strain in only five of the eight vaccinated animals. In contrast, seven of the eight control animals became infected with SIVsmE660 after these 10 challenges. Additionally, the SIVsmE660-infected vaccinated animals controlled peak acute virus replication significantly better than did the naïve controls (Mann-Whitney U test; P = 0.038). Four of the five SIVsmE660 vaccinees rapidly brought virus replication under control by week 4 postinfection. Unfortunately, two of these four vaccinated animals lost control of virus replication during the chronic phase of infection. Bulk sequence analysis of the circulating viruses in these animals indicated that recombination had occurred between the vaccine and challenge strains and likely contributed to the increased virus replication in these animals. Overall, our results suggest that a well-designed HIV vaccine might both reduce the rate of acquisition and control viral replication.
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Greene JM, Lhost JJ, Burwitz BJ, Budde ML, Macnair CE, Weiker MK, Gostick E, Friedrich TC, Broman KW, Price DA, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH. Extralymphoid CD8+ T cells resident in tissue from simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239{Delta}nef-vaccinated macaques suppress SIVmac239 replication ex vivo. J Virol 2010; 84:3362-72. [PMID: 20089651 PMCID: PMC2838091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02028-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239Deltanef is the most successful vaccine product tested to date in macaques. However, the mechanisms that explain the efficacy of this vaccine remain largely unknown. We utilized an ex vivo viral suppression assay to assess the quality of the immune response in SIVmac239Deltanef-immunized animals. Using major histocompatibility complex-matched Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we did not detect SIV-specific functional immune responses in the blood by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot assay at select time points; however, we found that lung CD8(+) T cells, unlike blood CD8(+) T cells, effectively suppress virus replication by up to 80%. These results suggest that SIVmac239Deltanef may be an effective vaccine because it elicits functional immunity at mucosal sites. Moreover, these results underscore the limitations of relying on immunological measurements from peripheral blood lymphocytes in studies of protective immunity to HIV/SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J. Lhost
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa L. Budde
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin E. Macnair
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Madelyn K. Weiker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gostick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Shelby L. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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Mechanism of protection of live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus: coevolution of viral and immune responses. AIDS 2010; 24:637-48. [PMID: 20186034 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328337795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sun C, Zhang L, Zhang M, Liu Y, Zhong M, Ma X, Chen L. Induction of balance and breadth in the immune response is beneficial for the control of SIVmac239 replication in rhesus monkeys. J Infect 2010; 60:371-81. [PMID: 20227437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to induce cellular and humoral responses with enhanced breadth and more balanced magnitude as a possible approach for an effective HIV vaccine. METHODS All nine of the SIVmac239 genes (gag, pol, env, nef, vif, vpx, vpr, rev and tat) were optimized for mammalian expression, synthesized and cloned into recombinant adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). These vectors were used as a vaccine regimen, and the immunogenicity and immune protection of this regimen was assessed in murine and macaques. RESULTS A vaccine regimen including all nine genes of the SIVmac239 virus was developed, and it was demonstrated that in contrast to single antigen vaccination, the total SIV antigen regimen more effectively elicited the balanced and broad immune responses in murine and macaques. Moreover, the responses afforded effective immune control against infection and replication of the highly pathogenic SIVmac239. CONCLUSIONS Induction of balance and breadth in the immune response is beneficial in controlling SIVmac239 replication in rhesus monkeys. This study provides insight for the future development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Sun
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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26
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O'Connor SL, Lhost JJ, Becker EA, Detmer AM, Johnson RC, MacNair CE, Wiseman RW, Karl JA, Greene JM, Burwitz BJ, Bimber BN, Lank SM, Tuscher JJ, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Desrosiers RC, Hughes AL, Friedrich TC, Carrington M, O'Connor DH. MHC heterozygote advantage in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:22ra18. [PMID: 20375000 PMCID: PMC2865159 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a broad CD8 T lymphocyte (CD8-TL) immune response to HIV is unknown. Ex vivo measurements of immunological activity directed at a limited number of defined epitopes provide an incomplete portrait of the actual immune response. We examined viral loads in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-homozygous and MHC-heterozygous Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Chronic viremia in MHC-homozygous macaques was 80 times that in MHC-heterozygous macaques. Virus from MHC-homozygous macaques accumulated 11 to 14 variants, consistent with escape from CD8-TL responses after 1 year of SIV infection. The pattern of mutations detected in MHC-heterozygous macaques suggests that their epitope-specific CD8-TL responses are a composite of those present in their MHC-homozygous counterparts. These results provide the clearest example of MHC heterozygote advantage among individuals infected with the same immunodeficiency virus strain, suggesting that broad recognition of multiple CD8-TL epitopes should be a key feature of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jennifer J. Lhost
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ericka A. Becker
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ann M. Detmer
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Randall C. Johnson
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 75003, Paris, France
| | - Caitlin E. MacNair
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Justin M. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Simon M. Lank
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jennifer J. Tuscher
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edward T. Mee
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772
| | - Austin L. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702 and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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27
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Retroviral infection in vivo requires an immune escape virulence factor encrypted in the envelope protein of oncoretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3782-7. [PMID: 20142478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913122107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously delineated a highly conserved immunosuppressive (IS) domain within murine and primate retroviral envelope proteins (Envs). The envelope-mediated immunosuppression was manifested by the ability of the proteins, when expressed by allogeneic tumor cells normally rejected by engrafted mice, to allow these cells to escape, at least transiently, immune rejection. Using this approach, we identified key residues whose mutation specifically abolishes IS activity without affecting the "mechanical" fusogenic function of the entire envelope. Here, we genetically "switched off' the envelope-mediated immunosuppression of an infectious retrovirus, the Friend murine leukemia virus, while preserving mutant envelope infectivity both ex vivo and in vivo, thus allowing us to test the functional importance of envelope-mediated immunosuppression in retrovirus physiology. Remarkably, we show, in vivo, that the non-IS mutant virus displays the same propagation kinetics as its WT counterpart in irradiated immunocompromised mice but that it is rapidly and totally cleared from normal immunocompetent mice, which become fully protected against a challenge with the WT retrovirus. Using cell depletion strategies, we further establish that envelope-mediated immunosuppression enables the retrovirus to escape innate (natural killer cells) and adaptive (CD8 T cells) antiviral effectors. Finally, we show that inactivated mutant virions induce higher humoral and cellular responses than their WT counterparts. In conclusion, our work demonstrates the critical role of Env-induced immunosuppression for retrovirus propagation in vivo and identifies a unique definite target for antiretroviral therapies and vaccine strategies, also characterized in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) retroviruses, opening unprecedented prospects for the treatment of retroviral diseases.
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Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADMVA, a multigenic, modified vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 B'/C candidate vaccine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8816. [PMID: 20111599 PMCID: PMC2810329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a Phase I dose-escalation trial of ADMVA, a Clade-B'/C-based HIV-1 candidate vaccine expressing env, gag, pol, nef, and tat in a modified vaccinia Ankara viral vector. Sequences were derived from a prevalent circulating HIV-1 recombinant form in Yunnan, China, an area of high HIV incidence. The objective was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ADMVA in human volunteers. Methodology/Principal Findings ADMVA or placebo was administered intramuscularly at months 0, 1 and 6 to 50 healthy adult volunteers not at high risk for HIV-1. In each dosage group [1×107 (low), 5×107 (mid), or 2.5×108 pfu (high)] volunteers were randomized in a 3∶1 ratio to receive ADMVA or placebo in a double-blinded design. Subjects were followed for local and systemic reactogenicity, adverse events including cardiac adverse events, and clinical laboratory parameters. Study follow up was 18 months. Humoral immunogenicity was evaluated by anti-gp120 binding ELISA, immunoflourescent staining, and HIV-1 neutralization. Cellular immunogenicity was assessed by a validated IFNγ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Anti-vaccinia binding titers were measured by ELISA. ADMVA was generally well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events or cardiac adverse events. Local or systemic reactogenicity events were reported by 77% and 78% of volunteers, respectively. The majority of events were of mild intensity. The IFNγ ELISpot response rate to any HIV antigen was 0/12 (0%) in the placebo group, 3/12 (25%) in the low dosage group, 6/12 (50%) in the mid dosage group, and 8/13 (62%) in the high dosage group. Responses were often multigenic and occasionally persisted up to one year post vaccination. Antibodies to gp120 were detected in 0/12 (0%), 8/13 (62%), 6/12 (50%) and 10/13 (77%) in the placebo, low, mid, and high dosage groups, respectively. Antibodies persisted up to 12 months after vaccination, with a trend toward agreement with the ability to neutralize HIV-1 SF162 in vitro. Two volunteers mounted antibodies that were able to neutralize clade-matched viruses. Conclusions/Significance ADMVA was well-tolerated and elicited durable humoral and cellular immune responses. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00252148
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Vasan S, Schlesinger SJ, Huang Y, Hurley A, Lombardo A, Chen Z, Than S, Adesanya P, Bunce C, Boaz M, Boyle R, Sayeed E, Clark L, Dugin D, Schmidt C, Song Y, Seamons L, Dally L, Ho M, Smith C, Markowitz M, Cox J, Gill DK, Gilmour J, Keefer MC, Fast P, Ho DD. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADMVA, a multigenic, modified vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 B'/C candidate vaccine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8617. [PMID: 20111582 PMCID: PMC2799527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a Phase I dose escalation trial of ADVAX, a DNA-based candidate HIV-1 vaccine expressing Clade C/B' env, gag, pol, nef, and tat genes. Sequences were derived from a prevalent circulating recombinant form in Yunnan, China, an area of high HIV-1 incidence. The objective was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ADVAX in human volunteers. Methodology/Principal Findings ADVAX or placebo was administered intramuscularly at months 0, 1 and 3 to 45 healthy volunteers not at high risk for HIV-1. Three dosage levels [0.2 mg (low), 1.0 mg (mid), and 4.0 mg (high)] were tested. Twelve volunteers in each dosage group were assigned to receive ADVAX and three to receive placebo in a double-blind design. Subjects were followed for local and systemic reactogenicity, adverse events, and clinical laboratory parameters. Study follow up was 18 months. Humoral immunogenicity was evaluated by anti-gp120 binding ELISA. Cellular immunogenicity was assessed by a validated IFNγ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. ADVAX was safe and well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events. Local and systemic reactogenicity events were reported by 64% and 42% of vaccine recipients, respectively. The majority of events were mild. The IFNγ ELISpot response rates to any HIV antigen were 0/9 (0%) in the placebo group, 3/12 (25%) in the low-dosage group, 4/12 (33%) in the mid-dosage group, and 2/12 (17%) in the high-dosage group. Overall, responses were generally transient and occurred to each gene product, although volunteers responded to single antigens only. Binding antibodies to gp120 were not detected in any volunteers, and HIV seroconversion did not occur. Conclusions/Significance ADVAX delivered intramuscularly is safe, well-tolerated, and elicits modest but transient cellular immune responses. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00249106
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Reeves RK, Gillis J, Wong FE, Johnson RP. Vaccination with SIVmac239Deltanef activates CD4+ T cells in the absence of CD4 T-cell loss. J Med Primatol 2010; 38 Suppl 1:8-16. [PMID: 19863673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic HIV and SIV infections characteristically deplete central memory CD4(+) T cells and induce chronic immune activation, but it is controversial whether this also occurs after vaccination with attenuated SIVs and whether depletion or activation of CD4(+) T-cell play roles in protection against wild-type virus challenge. METHODS Rhesus macaques were vaccinated with SIVmac239Deltanef and quantitative and phenotypic polychromatic flow cytometry analyses were performed on mononuclear cells from blood, lymph nodes and rectal biopsies. RESULTS Animals vaccinated with SIVmac239Deltanef demonstrated no loss of CD4(+) T cells in any tissue, and in fact CCR5(+) and CD28(+)CD95(+) central memory CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased. In contrast, CD4(+) T-cell numbers and CCR5 expression significantly declined in unvaccinated controls challenged with SIVmac239. Also, intracellular Ki67 increased acutely as much as 3-fold over baseline in all tissues after SIVmac239Deltanef vaccination then declined following primary infection. CONCLUSION We demonstrated in this study that SIVmac239Deltanef vaccination did not deplete CD4(+) T cells but transiently activated and expanded the memory cell population. However, increases in numbers and activation of memory CD4(+) T cells did not appear to influence protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Reeves
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA
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Howard KE, Reckling SK, Egan EA, Dean GA. Acute mucosal pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus is independent of viral dose in vaginally infected cats. Retrovirology 2010; 7:2. [PMID: 20085648 PMCID: PMC2835650 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosal pathogenesis of HIV has been shown to be an important feature of infection and disease progression. HIV-1 infection causes depletion of intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T cells (LPL), therefore, intestinal CD4+ T cell preservation may be a useful correlate of protection in evaluating vaccine candidates. Vaccine studies employing the cat/FIV and macaque/SIV models frequently use high doses of parenterally administered challenge virus to ensure high plasma viremia in control animals. However, it is unclear if loss of mucosal T cells would occur regardless of initial viral inoculum dose. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effect of viral dose on mucosal leukocytes and associated innate and adaptive immune responses. RESULTS Cats were vaginally inoculated with a high, middle or low dose of cell-associated and cell-free FIV. PBMC, serum and plasma were assessed every two weeks with tissues assessed eight weeks following infection. We found that irrespective of mucosally administered viral dose, FIV infection was induced in all cats. However, viremia was present in only half of the cats, and viral dose was unrelated to the development of viremia. Importantly, regardless of viral dose, all cats experienced significant losses of intestinal CD4+ LPL and CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Innate immune responses by CD56+CD3- NK cells correlated with aviremia and apparent occult infection but did not protect mucosal T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in viremic cats were more likely to produce cytokines in response to Gag stimulation, whereas aviremic cats T cells tended to produce cytokines in response to Env stimulation. However, while cell-mediated immune responses in aviremic cats may have helped reduce viral replication, they could not be correlated to the levels of viremia. Robust production of anti-FIV antibodies was positively correlated with the magnitude of viremia. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that mucosal immune pathogenesis could be used as a rapid indicator of vaccine success or failure when combined with a physiologically relevant low dose mucosal challenge. We also show that innate immune responses may play an important role in controlling viral replication following acute mucosal infection, which has not been previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Stacie K Reckling
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Erin A Egan
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Current address: Immunobio, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 405, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Gregg A Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Freissmuth D, Hiltgartner A, Stahl-Hennig C, Fuchs D, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Uberla K, Strasak A, Dierich MP, Stoiber H, Falkensammer B. Analysis of humoral immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated with attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2009; 39:97-111. [PMID: 20015159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the correlation between protection and humoral immune response against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251), 11 macaques were immunized with live-attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef either intravenously or via the tonsils and exposed to SIVmac251 after either 6 or 15 months along with unvaccinated controls. RESULTS Independent of the route of vaccine application, viremia was significantly reduced in vaccinees compared with controls 2 weeks post-challenge. Concomitantly, viremia correlated inversely with SIV-specific IgG, complement-mediated lysis and neutralizing antibodies and these parameters seemed to contribute to reduced viremia. During chronic infection, six monkeys controlled viremia in the circulation (two or fewer infectious units per 10(6) PBMCs) and showed no signs of trapping in lymphatic tissues (Appendix S1). CONCLUSIONS As no significant differences were observed throughout the study, with respect to the humoral immune response and viremia control, between the two vaccinated cohorts, mucosal immunization strategies are recommended due to more simplified application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Freissmuth
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Tonsillar application of AT-2 SIV affords partial protection against rectal challenge with SIVmac239. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52:433-42. [PMID: 19779309 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181b880f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mucosal responses are important for preventing infections with HIV, the optimal strategies for inducing them remain unclear. To evaluate vaccine strategies targeting the oral mucosal lymphoid tissue inductive sites as an approach to provide immunity at distal sites, we vaccinated healthy macaques via the palatine/lingual tonsils with aldrithiol 2 (AT-2) inactivated Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239, combined with CpG-C immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (CpG-C ISS-ODN, C274) as the adjuvant. METHODS Macaques received 5 doses of C274 or control ODN C661 and AT-2 SIV on the tonsillar tissues every 6 weeks before being challenged rectally with SIVmac239, 8 weeks after the last immunization. RESULTS Although no T-cell or B-cell responses were detected in the blood before challenge, antibody (Ab) responses were detected in the rectum. Immunization with AT-2 SIV significantly reduced the frequency of infection compared with nonimmunized controls, irrespective of adjuvant. In the vaccinated animals that became infected, peak viremias were somewhat reduced. SIV-specific responses were detected in the blood once animals became infected with no detectable differences between the differently immunized groups and the controls. CONCLUSION This work provides evidence that vaccine immunogens applied to the oral mucosal associated lymphoid tissues can provide benefit against rectal challenge, a finding with important implications for mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Salisch NC, Kaufmann DE, Awad AS, Reeves RK, Tighe DP, Li Y, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Evans DT, Pereyra F, Freeman GJ, Johnson RP. Inhibitory TCR coreceptor PD-1 is a sensitive indicator of low-level replication of SIV and HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:476-87. [PMID: 19949078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing antigenic stimulation appears to be an important prerequisite for the persistent expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory TCR coreceptor of the CD28 family. Although recent publications have emphasized the utility of PD-1 as a marker for dysfunctional T cells in chronic viral infections, its dependence on antigenic stimulation potentially renders it a sensitive indicator of low-level viral replication. To explore the antigenic threshold for the maintenance of PD-1 expression on virus-specific T cells, we compared PD-1 expression on virus-specific and memory T cell populations in controlled and uncontrolled SIV and HIV-1 infection. In both controlled live attenuated SIV infection in rhesus macaques and HIV-1 infection in elite controllers, elevated levels of PD-1 expression were observed on SIV- and HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, in contrast to chronic wild-type SIV infection and uncontrolled HIV-1 infection, controlled SIV/HIV-1 infection did not result in increased expression of PD-1 on total memory T cells. PD-1 expression on SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells rapidly decreased after the emergence of CTL escape in cognate epitopes, but was maintained in the setting of low or undetectable levels of plasma viremia in live attenuated SIV-infected macaques. After inoculation of naive macaques with a single-cycle SIV, PD-1 expression on SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells initially increased, but was rapidly downregulated. These results demonstrate that PD-1 can serve as a sensitive indicator of persistent, low-level virus replication and that generalized PD-1 expression on T lymphocytes is a distinguishing characteristic of uncontrolled lentiviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Salisch
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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Characterization of T-cell responses in macaques immunized with a single dose of HIV DNA vaccine. J Virol 2009; 84:1243-53. [PMID: 19923181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01846-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of immune responses (IR) induced by HIV DNA vaccines in humans is one of the great challenges in the development of an effective vaccine against AIDS. Ideally, this vaccine should be delivered in a single dose to immunize humans. We recently demonstrated that the immunization of mice with a single dose of a DNA vaccine derived from pathogenic SHIV(KU2) (Delta4SHIV(KU2)) induced long-lasting, potent, and polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses (G. Arrode, R. Hegde, A. Mani, Y. Jin, Y. Chebloune, and O. Narayan, J. Immunol. 178:2318-2327, 2007). In the present work, we expanded the characterization of the IR induced by this DNA immunization protocol to rhesus macaques. Animals immunized with a single high dose of Delta4SHIV(KU2) DNA vaccine were monitored longitudinally for vaccine-induced IR using multiparametric flow cytometry-based assays. Interestingly, all five immunized macaques developed broad and polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell IR that persisted for months, with an unusual reemergence in the blood following an initial decline but in the absence of antibody responses. The majority of vaccine-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells lacked gamma interferon production but showed high antigen-specific proliferation capacities. Proliferative CD8(+) T cells expressed the lytic molecule granzyme B. No integrated viral vector could be detected in mononuclear cells from immunized animals, and this high dose of DNA did not induce any detectable autoimmune responses against DNA. Taken together, our comprehensive analysis demonstrated for the first time the capacity of a single high dose of HIV DNA vaccine alone to induce long-lasting and polyfunctional T-cell responses in the nonhuman primate model, bringing new insights for the design of future HIV vaccines.
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Lentiviral vector-based prime/boost vaccination against AIDS: pilot study shows protection against Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 challenge in macaques. J Virol 2009; 83:10963-74. [PMID: 19706700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01284-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS vaccination has a pressing need for more potent vaccination vectors capable of eliciting strong, diversified, and long-lasting cellular immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lentiviral vectors have demonstrated efficiency not only as gene delivery vehicles for gene therapy applications but also as vaccination tools. This is likely due to their ability to transduce nondividing cells, including dendritic cells, enabling sustained endogenous antigen presentation and thus the induction of high proportions of specific cytotoxic T cells and long-lasting memory T cells. We show in a first proof-of-concept pilot study that a prime/boost vaccination strategy using lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a glycoprotein G from two non-cross-reactive vesicular stomatitis virus serotypes elicited robust and broad cellular immune responses against the vector-encoded antigen, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) GAG, in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccination conferred strong protection against a massive intrarectal challenge with SIVmac251, as evidenced both by the reduction of viremia at the peak of acute infection (a mean of over 2 log(10) fold reduction) and by the full preservation of the CD28(+) CD95(+) memory CD4(+) T cells during the acute phase, a strong correlate of protection against pathogenesis. Although vaccinees continued to display lower viremia than control macaques during the early chronic phase, these differences were not statistically significant by day 50 postchallenge. A not-optimized SIV GAG antigen was chosen to show the strong potential of the lentiviral vector system for vaccination. Given that a stronger protection can be anticipated from a modern HIV-1 antigen design, gene transfer vectors derived from HIV-1 appear as promising candidates for vaccination against HIV-1 infection.
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Haut LH, Ertl HCJ. Obstacles to the successful development of an efficacious T cell-inducing HIV-1 vaccine. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:779-93. [PMID: 19597003 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious vaccine to HIV-1 is direly needed to stem the global pandemic. Immunogens that elicit broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 remain elusive, and thus, most HIV-1 vaccine efforts are focusing on induction of T cells. The notion that T cells can mediate protection against HIV-1 has been called into question by the failure of the STEP trial, which was designed to test this concept by the use of an E1-deleted Ad vaccine carrier. Lack of efficacy of the STEP trial vaccine underscores our limited knowledge about correlates of immune protection against HIV-1 and stresses the need for an enhanced commitment to basic research, including preclinical and clinical vaccine studies. In this review, we discuss known correlates of protection against HIV-1 and different vaccine strategies that have been or are being explored to induce such correlates, focusing on T cell-inducing vaccines and particularly on Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Herkenhoff Haut
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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Abstract
HIV vaccine research is at a crossroads carefully contemplating on the next path. The unexpected results of the Merck vaccine trial, while providing a stunning blow to a field in dire need of a protective vaccine, has also raised several fundamental questions regarding the candidate immunogen itself, preexisting immunity to vaccine vectors, surrogate assays and animal models used for assessing preclinical protective responses, as well as relevant endpoints to be measured in a clinical trial. As a result, the research community is faced with the daunting task of identifying novel vaccine concepts and products to continue the search. This review highlights and addresses some of the scientific and practical concerns.
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Plotkin SA. Sang Froid in a time of trouble: is a vaccine against HIV possible? J Int AIDS Soc 2009; 12:2. [PMID: 19187552 PMCID: PMC2647531 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the announcement of the STEP trial results in the past months, we have heard many sober pronouncements on the possibility of an HIV vaccine. On the other hand, optimistic quotations have been liberally used, from Shakespeare's Henry V's "Once more unto the breach, dear friends" to Winston Churchill's definition of success as "going from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm". I will forgo optimistic quotations for the phrase "Sang Froid", which translates literally from the French as "cold blood"; what it really means is to avoid panic when things look bad, to step back and coolly evaluate the situation. This is not to counsel easy optimism or to fly in face of the facts, but I believe that while the situation is serious, it is not desperate.I should stipulate at the outset that I am neither an immunologist nor an expert in HIV, but someone who has spent his life in vaccine development. What I will try to do is to provide a point of view from that experience.There is no doubt that the results of STEP were disappointing: not only did the vaccine fail to control viral load, but may have adversely affected susceptibility to infection. But HIV is not the only vaccine to experience difficulties; what lessons can we glean from prior vaccine development?
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Jia B, Ng SK, DeGottardi MQ, Piatak M, Yuste E, Carville A, Mansfield KG, Li W, Richardson BA, Lifson JD, Evans DT. Immunization with single-cycle SIV significantly reduces viral loads after an intravenous challenge with SIV(mac)239. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000272. [PMID: 19165322 PMCID: PMC2621341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection were evaluated for the ability to elicit protective immunity against wild-type SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques by two different vaccine regimens. Six animals were inoculated at 8-week intervals with 6 identical doses consisting of a mixture of three different envelope variants of single-cycle SIV (scSIV). Six additional animals were primed with a mixture of cytoplasmic domain-truncated envelope variants of scSIV and boosted with two doses of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) trans-complemented scSIV. While both regimens elicited detectable virus-specific T cell responses, SIV-specific T cell frequencies were more than 10-fold higher after boosting with VSV G trans-complemented scSIV (VSV G scSIV). Broad T cell recognition of multiple viral antigens and Gag-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also observed after boosting with VSV G scSIV. With the exception of a single animal in the repeated immunization group, all of the animals became infected following an intravenous challenge with SIVmac239. However, significantly lower viral loads and higher memory CD4+ T cell counts were observed in both immunized groups relative to an unvaccinated control group. Indeed, both scSIV immunization regimens resulted in containment of SIVmac239 replication after challenge that was as good as, if not better than, what has been achieved by other non-persisting vaccine vectors that have been evaluated in this challenge model. Nevertheless, the extent of protection afforded by scSIV was not as good as typically conferred by persistent infection with live, attenuated SIV. These observations have potentially important implications to the design of an effective AIDS vaccine, since they suggest that ongoing stimulation of virus-specific immune responses may be essential to achieving the degree of protection afforded by live, attenuated SIV. AIDS vaccine candidates based on recombinant DNA and/or viral vectors stimulate potent cellular immune responses. However, the extent of protection achieved by these vaccines has so far been disappointing. While live, attenuated strains of SIV afford more reliable protection in animal models, there are justifiable safety concerns with the use of live, attenuated HIV-1 in humans. As an experimental vaccine approach designed to uncouple immune activation from ongoing virus replication, we developed a genetic system for producing strains of SIV that are limited to a single cycle of infection. We compared repeated versus prime-boost vaccine regimens with single-cycle SIV for the ability to elicit protective immunity in rhesus macaques against a strain of SIV that is notoriously difficult to control by vaccination. Both vaccine regimens afforded significant containment of virus replication after challenge. Nevertheless, the extent of protection achieved by immunization with single-cycle SIV was not as good as the protection typically provided by persistent infection of animals with live, attenuated SIV. These observations have important implications for the design of an effective AIDS vaccine, since they suggest that ongoing stimulation of virus-specific immune responses may ultimately be necessary for achieving the robust protection afforded by live, attenuated SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Quinn DeGottardi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eloísa Yuste
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Li
- Biostatistics Research Group, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Valentine LE, Watkins DI. Relevance of studying T cell responses in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:605-11. [PMID: 18964016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection, once established, is never cleared. Rare individuals do, however, control viral replication to low levels. These successful immune responses are primarily linked to certain class I MHC alleles (MHC-I). Because of this association, many AIDS vaccines in development are designed to generate virus-specific CD8+ T cells. The Merck STEP phase 2b efficacy trial of one such vaccine was recently halted, and declared a failure. Thus, basic questions regarding what constitutes an effective T cell response and how such responses could be elicited by vaccination remain open. The best animal model available to explore such issues is simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques, which serves as the primary proving ground for AIDS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Valentine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711 USA
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Potent antibody-mediated neutralization and evolution of antigenic escape variants of simian immunodeficiency virus strain SIVmac239 in vivo. J Virol 2008; 82:9739-52. [PMID: 18667507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00871-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the evolution of antigenic escape variants in a rhesus macaque that developed unusually high neutralizing antibody titers to SIVmac239. By 42 weeks postinfection, 50% neutralization of SIVmac239 was achieved with plasma dilutions of 1:1,000. Testing of purified immunoglobulin confirmed that the neutralizing activity was antibody mediated. Despite the potency of the neutralizing antibody response, the animal displayed a typical viral load profile and progressed to terminal AIDS with a normal time course. Viral envelope sequences from week 16 and week 42 plasma contained an excess of nonsynonymous substitutions, predominantly in V1 and V4, including individual sites with ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) highly suggestive of strong positive selection. Recombinant viruses encoding envelope sequences isolated from these time points remained resistant to neutralization by all longitudinal plasma samples, revealing the failure of the animal to mount secondary responses to the escaped variants. Substitutions at two sites with significant dN/dS values, one in V1 and one in V4, were independently sufficient to confer nearly complete resistance to neutralization. Substitutions at three additional sites, one in V4 and two in gp41, conferred moderate to high levels of resistance when tested individually. All the amino acid changes leading to escape resulted from single nucleotide substitutions. The observation that antigenic escape resulted from individual, single amino acid replacements at sites well separated in current structural models of Env indicates that the virus can utilize multiple independent pathways to rapidly achieve similar levels of resistance.
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Wodarz D. Immunity and protection by live attenuated HIV/SIV vaccines. Virology 2008; 378:299-305. [PMID: 18586297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated virus vaccines have shown the greatest potential to protect against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Immunity against the vaccine virus is thought to mediate protection. However, it is shown computationally that the opposite might be true. According to the model, the initial growth of the challenge strain, its peak load, and its potential to be pathogenic is higher if immunity against the vaccine virus is stronger. This is because the initial growth of the challenge strain is mainly determined by virus competition rather than immune suppression. The stronger the immunity against the vaccine strain, the weaker its competitive ability relative to the challenge strain, and the lower the level of protection. If the vaccine virus does protect the host against a challenge, it is because the competitive interactions between the viruses inhibit the initial growth of the challenge strain. According to these arguments, an inverse correlation between the level of attenuation and the level of protection is expected, and this has indeed been observed in experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, 321 Steinhaus Hall, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
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Abstract
A quarter century of scientific discovery has been applied to developing an AIDS vaccine, yet this goal remains elusive. Specific characteristics of the virus, including the extreme genetic variability in circulating viral isolates worldwide, biological properties of HIV that impede immune attack, and a high mutation rate that allows for rapid escape from adaptive immune responses, render this a huge challenge. However, evidence of protection against AIDS viruses in animal models and control of HIV in humans under certain circumstances, together with scientific advances in understanding disease pathogenesis, provide a strong rationale and objective paths to continue the pursuit of an effective AIDS vaccine to stem the global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Walker
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Girard MP, Bansal GP, Pedroza-Martins L, Dodet B, Mehra V, Schito M, Mathieson B, Delfraissy JF, Bradac J. Mucosal immunity and HIV/AIDS vaccines. Report of an International Workshop, 28-30 October 2007. Vaccine 2008; 26:3969-77. [PMID: 18513838 PMCID: PMC7131112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In October 2007, a joint ANRS-NIH workshop was held on “Mucosal immunity and HIV/AIDS vaccines” in Veyrier-du-Lac, France. Goal of the meeting was to discuss recent developments in the understanding of viral entry and dissemination at mucosal surfaces, rationale for designing vaccines to elicit mucosal immune responses by various routes of immunization, and the types of immune responses elicited. Lessons were drawn from existing vaccines against viral mucosal infections, from the recent failure of the Merck Ad5/HIV vaccine and from attempts at mucosal immunization against SIV. This report summarizes the main concepts and conclusions that came out of the meeting.
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