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Indihar DF, Jones JJ, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC. Highly Sensitive Analysis of Cervical Mucosal HIV-1 Infection Using Reporter Viruses Expressing Secreted Nanoluciferase. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:299-323. [PMID: 38743237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ex vivo cervical tissue explant models offer a physiologically relevant approach for studying virus-host interactions that underlie mucosal HIV-1 transmission to women. However, the utility of cervical explant tissue (CET) models has been limited for both practical and technical reasons. These include assay variation, inadequate sensitivity for assessing HIV-1 infection and replication in tissue, and constraints imposed by the requirement for using multiple replica samples of CET to test each experimental variable and assay parameter. Here, we describe an experimental approach that employs secreted nanoluciferase (sNLuc) and current HIV-1 reporter virus technologies to overcome certain limitations of earlier ex vivo CET models. This method augments application of the CET model for investigating important questions involving mucosal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana F Indihar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer J Jones
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Birmingham VA Health Care System, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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2
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Harwood OE, Balgeman AJ, Weaver AJ, Ellis-Connell AL, Weiler AM, Erickson KN, Matschke LM, Golfinos AE, Vezys V, Skinner PJ, Safrit JT, Edlefsen PT, Reynolds MR, Friedrich TC, O’Connor SL. Transient T Cell Expansion, Activation, and Proliferation in Therapeutically Vaccinated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Macaques Treated with N-803. J Virol 2022; 96:e0142422. [PMID: 36377872 PMCID: PMC9749465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01424-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine strategies aimed at eliciting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cells are one major target of interest in HIV functional cure strategies. We hypothesized that CD8+ T cells elicited by therapeutic vaccination during antiretroviral therapy (ART) would be recalled and boosted by treatment with the interleukin 15 (IL-15) superagonist N-803 after ART discontinuation. We intravenously immunized four simian immunodeficiency virus-positive (SIV+) Mauritian cynomolgus macaques receiving ART with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA), and recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd-5) vectors all expressing SIVmac239 Gag. Immediately after ART cessation, these animals received three doses of N-803. Four control animals received no vaccines or N-803. The vaccine regimen generated a high-magnitude response involving Gag-specific CD8+ T cells that were proliferative and biased toward an effector memory phenotype. We then compared cells elicited by vaccination (Gag specific) to cells elicited by SIV infection and unaffected by vaccination (Nef specific). We found that N-803 treatment enhanced the frequencies of both bulk and proliferating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination and the antigen-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by SIV infection. In sum, we demonstrate that a therapeutic heterologous prime-boost-boost (HPBB) vaccine can elicit antigen-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells that are boosted by N-803. IMPORTANCE While antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress HIV replication, it is not a cure. It is therefore essential to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the immune system to better become activated and recognize virus-infected cells. Here, we evaluated a novel therapeutic vaccination strategy delivered to SIV+ Mauritian cynomolgus macaques receiving ART. ART was then discontinued and we delivered an immunotherapeutic agent (N-803) after ART withdrawal with the goal of eliciting and boosting anti-SIV cellular immunity. Immunologic and virologic analysis of peripheral blood and lymph nodes collected from these animals revealed transient boosts in the frequency, activation, proliferation, and memory phenotype of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following each intervention. Overall, these results are important in educating the field of the transient nature of the immunological responses to this particular therapeutic regimen and the similar effects of N-803 on boosting T cells elicited by vaccination or elicited naturally by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E. Harwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail J. Weaver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy L. Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Lea M. Matschke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Athena E. Golfinos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Tiemeijer BM, Descamps L, Hulleman J, Sleeboom JJF, Tel J. A Microfluidic Approach for Probing Heterogeneity in Cytotoxic T-Cells by Cell Pairing in Hydrogel Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1910. [PMID: 36363930 PMCID: PMC9692327 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) exhibit strong effector functions to leverage antigen-specific anti-tumoral and anti-viral immunity. When naïve CTLs are activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) they display various levels of functional heterogeneity. To investigate this, we developed a single-cell droplet microfluidics platform that allows for deciphering single CTL activation profiles by multi-parameter analysis. We identified and correlated functional heterogeneity based on secretion profiles of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, and CD69 and CD25 surface marker expression levels. Furthermore, we strengthened our approach by incorporating low-melting agarose to encapsulate pairs of single CTLs and artificial APCs in hydrogel droplets, thereby preserving spatial information over cell pairs. This approach provides a robust tool for high-throughput and single-cell analysis of CTLs compatible with flow cytometry for subsequent analysis and sorting. The ability to score CTL quality, combined with various potential downstream analyses, could pave the way for the selection of potent CTLs for cell-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. Tiemeijer
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Descamps
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Hulleman
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. F. Sleeboom
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Shawaf T, Schuberth HJ, Hussen J. Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:353. [PMID: 36131278 PMCID: PMC9490690 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a great economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating the leukocyte populations in the respiratory tract of several species. In the present study, fluorescent antibody labeling and flow cytometry were used to study the immune cell composition of BALF in dromedary camels. Animals with clinical respiratory diseases (n = seven) were compared with apparently healthy animals (n = 10). In addition, blood leukocytes from the same animals were stained in parallel with the same antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Camel BALF macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified based on their forward and side scatter properties. The expression pattern of the cell markers CD172a, CD14, CD163, and MHCII molecules on BALF cells indicates a similar phenotype for camel, bovine, and porcine BALF myeloid cells. The comparison between camels with respiratory disease and healthy camels regarding cellular composition in their BALF revealed a higher total cell count, a higher fraction of granulocytes, and a lower fraction of macrophages in diseased than healthy camels. Within the lymphocyte population, the percentages of helper T cells and B cells were also higher in diseased than healthy camels. The elevated expression of the activation marker CD11a on helper T cells of diseased camels is an indication of the expansion of helper T cells population due to infection and exposure to respiratory pathogens. The higher abundance of MHCII molecules on BALF macrophages from diseased camels indicates a polarization toward an inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1) in respiratory diseased camels. No significant differences were observed in the systemic leukogram between healthy and diseased animals. Conclusions Collectively, the current study represents the first report on flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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Cytokine Adjuvants IL-7 and IL-15 Improve Humoral Responses of a SHIV LentiDNA Vaccine in Animal Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030461. [PMID: 35335093 PMCID: PMC8949948 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 remains a major public health issue worldwide in spite of efficacious antiviral therapies, but with no cure or preventive vaccine. The latter has been very challenging, as virus infection is associated with numerous escape mechanisms from host specific immunity and the correlates of protection remain incompletely understood. We have developed an innovative vaccine strategy, inspired by the efficacy of live-attenuated virus, but with the safety of a DNA vaccine, to confer both cellular and humoral responses. The CAL-SHIV-IN− lentiDNA vaccine comprises the backbone of the pathogenic SHIVKU2 genome, able to mimic the early phase of viral infection, but with a deleted integrase gene to ensure safety precluding integration within the host genome. This vaccine prototype, constitutively expressing viral antigen under the CAEV LTR promoter, elicited a variety of vaccine-specific, persistent CD4 and CD8 T cells against SIV-Gag and Nef up to 80 weeks post-immunization in cynomolgus macaques. Furthermore, these specific responses led to antiviral control of the pathogenic SIVmac251. To further improve the efficacy of this vaccine, we incorporated the IL-7 or IL-15 genes into the CAL-SHIV-IN− plasmid DNA in efforts to increase the pool of vaccine-specific memory T cells. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of the two co-injected lentiDNA vaccines CAL-SHIV-IN− IRES IL-7 and CAL-SHIV-IN− IRES IL-15 in BALB/cJ mice and rhesus macaques and compared the immune responses with those generated by the parental vaccine CAL-SHIV-IN−. This co-immunization elicited potent vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells both in mice and rhesus macaques. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies were detected up to 40 weeks post-immunization in both plasma and mucosal compartments of rhesus macaques and were enhanced by the cytokines.
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6
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Nyanhete TE, Edwards RJ, LaBranche CC, Mansouri K, Eaton A, Dennison SM, Saunders KO, Goodman D, Janowska K, Spreng RL, Zhang L, Mudrak SV, Hope TJ, Hora B, Bradley T, Georgiev IS, Montefiori DC, Acharya P, Tomaras GD. Polyclonal Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity Characterized by CD4 Binding Site and V3-Glycan Antibodies in a Subset of HIV-1 Virus Controllers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670561. [PMID: 35003053 PMCID: PMC8733328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), known to mediate immune control of HIV-1 infection, only develop in a small subset of HIV-1 infected individuals. Despite being traditionally associated with patients with high viral loads, bNAbs have also been observed in therapy naïve HIV-1+ patients naturally controlling virus replication [Virus Controllers (VCs)]. Thus, dissecting the bNAb response in VCs will provide key information about what constitutes an effective humoral response to natural HIV-1 infection. In this study, we identified a polyclonal bNAb response to natural HIV-1 infection targeting CD4 binding site (CD4bs), V3-glycan, gp120-gp41 interface and membrane-proximal external region (MPER) epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env). The polyclonal antiviral antibody (Ab) response also included antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of clade AE, B and C viruses, consistent with both the Fv and Fc domain contributing to function. Sequence analysis of envs from one of the VCs revealed features consistent with potential immune pressure and virus escape from V3-glycan targeting bNAbs. Epitope mapping of the polyclonal bNAb response in VCs with bNAb activity highlighted the presence of gp120-gp41 interface and CD4bs antibody classes with similar binding profiles to known potent bNAbs. Thus, these findings reveal the induction of a broad and polyfunctional humoral response in VCs in response to natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E. Nyanhete
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V. Mudrak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Breadth of CD8 T-cell mediated inhibition of replication of diverse HIV-1 transmitted-founder isolates correlates with the breadth of recognition within a comprehensive HIV-1 Gag, Nef, Env and Pol potential T-cell epitope (PTE) peptide set. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260118. [PMID: 34788349 PMCID: PMC8598018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Full characterisation of functional HIV-1-specific T-cell responses, including identification of recognised epitopes linked with functional antiviral responses, would aid development of effective vaccines but is hampered by HIV-1 sequence diversity. Typical approaches to identify T-cell epitopes utilising extensive peptide sets require subjects’ cell numbers that exceed feasible sample volumes. To address this, CD8 T-cells were polyclonally expanded from PBMC from 13 anti-retroviral naïve subjects living with HIV using CD3/CD4 bi-specific antibody. Assessment of recognition of individual peptides within a set of 1408 HIV-1 Gag, Nef, Pol and Env potential T-cell epitope peptides was achieved by sequential IFNγ ELISpot assays using peptides pooled in 3-D matrices followed by confirmation with single peptides. A Renilla reniformis luciferase viral inhibition assay assessed CD8 T-cell-mediated inhibition of replication of a cross-clade panel of 10 HIV-1 isolates, including 9 transmitted-founder isolates. Polyclonal expansion from one frozen PBMC vial provided sufficient CD8 T-cells for both ELISpot steps in 12 of 13 subjects. A median of 33 peptides in 16 epitope regions were recognised including peptides located in previously characterised HIV-1 epitope-rich regions. There was no significant difference between ELISpot magnitudes for in vitro expanded CD8 T-cells and CD8 T-cells directly isolated from PBMCs. CD8 T-cells from all subjects inhibited a median of 7 HIV-1 isolates (range 4 to 10). The breadth of CD8 T-cell mediated HIV-1 inhibition was significantly positively correlated with CD8 T-cell breadth of peptide recognition. Polyclonal CD8 T-cell expansion allowed identification of HIV-1 isolates inhibited and peptides recognised within a large peptide set spanning the major HIV-1 proteins. This approach overcomes limitations associated with obtaining sufficient cell numbers to fully characterise HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses by different functional readouts within the context of extreme HIV-1 diversity. Such an approach will have useful applications in clinical development for HIV-1 and other diseases.
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8
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Velarde de la Cruz E, Wang L, Bose D, Gangadhara S, Wilson RL, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Oral Vaccination Approaches for Anti-SHIV Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702705. [PMID: 34234789 PMCID: PMC8256843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We modified a Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) vector to permit secretion of the antigens of interest with the goal of improving anti-HIV Env humoral responses in a SHIV mucosal immunization composed of DNA and recombinant OPVs. We evaluated stimulation of systemic and mucosal cell-mediated and humoral immunity in Rhesus macaques by two regimens, both involving a prime with a SHIVBG505 DNA construct producing non-infectious particles formulated in lipid nanoparticles, administered in the oral cavity, and two different viral vector boostings, administered in the oral cavity and intestinally. Group 1 was boosted with rMVA-SHIVBG505, expressing SIV Gag/Pol and HIVBG505 Env. Group 2 was boosted with a SHIVBG505-OPV vaccine including a non-secreting SIVmac239CA-p6-OPV, expressing Gag CA, NC and p6 proteins, and a HIVBG505C1-V2-OPV, secreting the C1-V2 fragment of HIV EnvBG505, recognized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PG16. A time course analysis of anti-SHIV Gag and Env CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in PBMC and in lymph node, rectal, and vaginal MNC was carried out. Both regimens stimulated significant cell-mediated responses in all compartments, with SHIVBG505-OPV immunization stimulating more significant levels of responses than rMVA- SHIVBG505. Boolean analysis of these responses revealed predominantly monofunctional responses with multifunctional responses also present in all tissues. Stimulation of antibody responses was disappointing in both groups with negative anti-SHIV IgG in plasma, and IgA in salivary, rectal and vaginal secretions being restricted to a few animals. After repeated rectal challenge with SHIVBG505, two Group 1 animals remained uninfected at challenge termination. No significant differences were observed in post-infection viral loads between groups. After the acute phase decline, CD4+ T cell percentages returned to normal levels in vaccinated as well as control animals. However, when compared to controls, vaccinate groups had more significant preservation of PBMC and rectal MNC Th17/Treg ratios, considered the strongest surrogate marker of progression to AIDS. We conclude that the vaccine platforms used in this study are insufficient to stimulate significant humoral immunity at the tested doses and schedule but sufficient to stimulate significant mucosal and systemic cell-mediated immunity, impacting the preservation of key Th17 CD4+ T cells in blood and rectal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Velarde de la Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Makinde J, Nduati EW, Freni-Sterrantino A, Streatfield C, Kibirige C, Dalel J, Black SL, Hayes P, Macharia G, Hare J, McGowan E, Abel B, King D, Joseph S, Hunter E, Sanders EJ, Price M, Gilmour J. A Novel Sample Selection Approach to Aid the Identification of Factors That Correlate With the Control of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634832. [PMID: 33777023 PMCID: PMC7991997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with HIV display varying rates of viral control and disease progression, with a small percentage of individuals being able to spontaneously control infection in the absence of treatment. In attempting to define the correlates associated with natural protection against HIV, extreme heterogeneity in the datasets generated from systems methodologies can be further complicated by the inherent variability encountered at the population, individual, cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, such studies have been limited by the paucity of well-characterised samples and linked epidemiological data, including duration of infection and clinical outcomes. To address this, we selected 10 volunteers who rapidly and persistently controlled HIV, and 10 volunteers each, from two control groups who failed to control (based on set point viral loads) from an acute and early HIV prospective cohort from East and Southern Africa. A propensity score matching approach was applied to control for the influence of five factors (age, risk group, virus subtype, gender, and country) known to influence disease progression on causal observations. Fifty-two plasma proteins were assessed at two timepoints in the 1st year of infection. We independently confirmed factors known to influence disease progression such as the B*57 HLA Class I allele, and infecting virus Subtype. We demonstrated associations between circulating levels of MIP-1α and IL-17C, and the ability to control infection. IL-17C has not been described previously within the context of HIV control, making it an interesting target for future studies to understand HIV infection and transmission. An in-depth systems analysis is now underway to fully characterise host, viral and immunological factors contributing to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Makinde
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eunice W Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anna Freni-Sterrantino
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Streatfield
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Kibirige
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jama Dalel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Lucas Black
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gladys Macharia
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hare
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward McGowan
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Abel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Joseph
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Matt Price
- IAVI, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Adams P, Iserentant G, Servais JY, Vandekerckhove L, Vanham G, Seguin-Devaux C. Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Expressing CXCR5 Are Detectable in HIV-1 Elite Controllers After Prolonged In Vitro Peptide Stimulation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622343. [PMID: 33717056 PMCID: PMC7945035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative as HIV-1 persists in long-lived viral reservoirs. Consequently, patients are dependent on life-long drug adherence with possible side effects. To overcome these limitations strategies of a functional cure aim at ART free viral remission. In this study, we sought to identify detailed subsets of anti-viral CD8+ T cell immunity linked to natural long-term control of HIV-1 infection. Here, we analyzed HIV controllers and ART suppressed progressors for in vitro viral suppressive capacity (VSC) at baseline and after peptide stimulation. Functional properties and phenotypes of CD8+ T cells were assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT and 18 color flow cytometry. HIV controllers showed significantly increased suppression at baseline as well as after peptide stimulation. IFN-γ secretion and the proliferation marker Ki67 positively correlated with VSC. Moreover, the detailed phenotype of three distinct multifunctional memory CD8+ T cell subsets were specific traits of HIV controllers of which two correlated convincingly with VSC. Our results underline the importance of multifunctional CD8+ T cell responses during natural control. Especially the role of CXCR5 expressing cytotoxic subsets emphasizes potential surveillance in sites of reservoir persistence and demand further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Departments of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Guido Vanham
- Departments of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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12
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Behrens NE, Wertheimer A, Love MB, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Evaluation of HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV-infected older patients with controlled viremia on long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236320. [PMID: 32941433 PMCID: PMC7498024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected older individuals may have a diminished immune response because of exhaustion/immune aging of T-cells. Therefore, we have investigated HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in 100 HIV-infected patients (HIV+) who have aged on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieved controlled viremia (mostly undetectable viral load; 92 patients with <20 to <40 HIV RNA copies/mL and 8 <60 to <100) and improved CD4 T-cell counts. We show that the median frequencies of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ T-cells were higher in HIV+ than uninfected individuals (HIV-), including increasing levels of IFN-γproduced by CD4+ T-cells and decreasing levels by CD8+ T-cells with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. No correlation was found between T-cell responses and varying levels of undetectable viremia. HIV-specific TNF-α made by CD8+ T-cells was higher in HIV+ than HIV-, including decreasing levels with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Furthermore, the CD8+ T-cell mediators, CD107a and Granzyme-B, were higher in HIV+ than HIV-, and decreased with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Remarkably, HIV-specific CD8 T-cells produced decreasing levels of IFN-γwith increasing age of HIV+, including decreased levels of CD107a and Granzyme-B in older HIV+. However, HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells produced increasing levels of TNF-α with increasing age of the HIV+, suggesting continued inflammation. In conclusion, HIV+ with controlled viremia on long-term ART and with higher CD4 T-cell counts showed reduced HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses as compared to those with lower CD4 T-cell counts, and older HIV+ exhibited decreasing levels of CD8 T-cell responses with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- College of Medicine, and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Love
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klotz
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Baron CS, Barve A, Muraro MJ, van der Linden R, Dharmadhikari G, Lyubimova A, de Koning EJP, van Oudenaarden A. Cell Type Purification by Single-Cell Transcriptome-Trained Sorting. Cell 2020; 179:527-542.e19. [PMID: 31585086 PMCID: PMC6863042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much of current molecular and cell biology research relies on the ability to purify cell types by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS typically relies on the ability to label cell types of interest with antibodies or fluorescent transgenic constructs. However, antibody availability is often limited, and genetic manipulation is labor intensive or impossible in the case of primary human tissue. To date, no systematic method exists to enrich for cell types without a priori knowledge of cell-type markers. Here, we propose GateID, a computational method that combines single-cell transcriptomics with FACS index sorting to purify cell types of choice using only native cellular properties such as cell size, granularity, and mitochondrial content. We validate GateID by purifying various cell types from zebrafish kidney marrow and the human pancreas to high purity without resorting to specific antibodies or transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé S Baron
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aditya Barve
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro J Muraro
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Single Cell Discoveries, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gitanjali Dharmadhikari
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lyubimova
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Section of Nephrology and Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Hayes P, Fernandez N, Thiruvengadam K, Pattabiram S, Nesakumar M, Srinivasan A, Kathirvel S, Shankar J, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Gilmour J, Subramanyam S, Prasad Tripathy S, Swaminathan S, Hanna LE. Evaluation of antiviral T cell responses and TSCM cells in volunteers enrolled in a phase I HIV-1 subtype C prophylactic vaccine trial in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229461. [PMID: 32097435 PMCID: PMC7041807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection. An effective vaccine should, therefore, lead to the induction of a strong and early viral-specific CD8+ T cell response. While polyfunctional T cell responses are thought to be important contributors to the antiviral response, there is evidence to show that polyfunctional HIV- specific CD8+ T cells are just a small fraction of the total HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and may be absent in many individuals who control HIV replication, suggesting that other HIV-1 specific CD8+ effector T cell subsets may be key players in HIV control. Stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) are a subset of T cells with a long half-life and self-renewal capacity. They serve as key reservoirs for HIV and contribute a significant barrier to HIV eradication. The present study evaluated vaccine-induced antiviral responses and TSCM cells in volunteers vaccinated with a subtype C prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine candidate administered in a prime-boost regimen. We found that ADVAX DNA prime followed by MVA boost induced significantly more peripheral CD8+ TSCM cells and higher levels of CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of replication of different HIV-1 clades as compared to MVA alone and placebo. These findings are novel and provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the induction of TSCM and cytotoxic immune responses by a subtype C HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine administered using a prime-boost strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthi Pattabiram
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Ashokkumar Srinivasan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Janani Shankar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sudha Subramanyam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Combination anti-HIV-1 antibody therapy is associated with increased virus-specific T cell immunity. Nat Med 2020; 26:222-227. [PMID: 32015556 PMCID: PMC7018622 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 but requires lifelong medication due to the existence of a latent viral reservoir1,2. Potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represent a potential alternative or adjuvant to ART. In addition to suppressing viremia, bNAbs may have T cell immunomodulatory effects as seen for other forms of immunotherapy3. However, this has not been established in individuals who are infected with HIV-1. Here, we document increased HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the peripheral blood of all nine study participants who were infected with HIV-1 with suppressed blood viremia, while receiving bNAb therapy during ART interruption4. Increased CD4+ T cell responses were detected in eight individuals. The increased T cell responses were due both to newly detectable reactivity to HIV-1 Gag epitopes and the expansion of pre-existing measurable responses. These data demonstrate that bNAb therapy during ART interruption is associated with enhanced HIV-1-specific T cell responses. Whether these augmented T cell responses can contribute to bNAb-mediated viral control remains to be determined. T cell responses specific for HIV-1 Gag peptides increased in HIV-positive recipients of two broadly neutralizing antibodies with prolonged suppression of blood viremia during antiretroviral treatment interruption.
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16
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Neidich SD, Fong Y, Li SS, Geraghty DE, Williamson BD, Young WC, Goodman D, Seaton KE, Shen X, Sawant S, Zhang L, deCamp AC, Blette BS, Shao M, Yates NL, Feely F, Pyo CW, Ferrari G, Frank I, Karuna ST, Swann EM, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk ME, Corey L, Janes HE, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Antibody Fc effector functions and IgG3 associate with decreased HIV-1 risk. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4838-4849. [PMID: 31589165 PMCID: PMC6819135 DOI: 10.1172/jci126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HVTN 505 is a preventative vaccine efficacy trial testing DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) in circumcised, Ad5-seronegative men and transgendered persons who have sex with men in the United States. Identified immune correlates of lower HIV-1 risk and a virus sieve analysis revealed that, despite lacking overall efficacy, vaccine-elicited responses exerted pressure on infecting HIV-1 viruses. To interrogate the mechanism of the antibody correlate of HIV-1 risk, we examined antigen-specific antibody recruitment of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and the role of anti-envelope (anti-Env) IgG3. In a prespecified immune correlates analysis, antibody-dependent monocyte phagocytosis and antibody binding to FcγRIIa correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. Follow-up analyses revealed that anti-Env IgG3 breadth correlated with reduced HIV-1 risk, anti-Env IgA negatively modified infection risk by Fc effector functions, and that vaccine recipients with a specific FcγRIIa single-nucleotide polymorphism locus had a stronger correlation with decreased HIV-1 risk when ADCP, Env-FcγRIIa, and IgG3 binding were high. Additionally, FcγRIIa engagement correlated with decreased viral load setpoint in vaccine recipients who acquired HIV-1. These data support a role for vaccine-elicited anti-HIV-1 Env IgG3, antibody engagement of FcRs, and phagocytosis as potential mechanisms for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Neidich
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shuying S. Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Bryan S. Blette
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mengshu Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederick Feely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - HVTN 505 Team
- The HVTN 505 Team is detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly E. Janes
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Nyanhete TE, Frisbee AL, Bradley T, Faison WJ, Robins E, Payne T, Freel SA, Sawant S, Weinhold KJ, Wiehe K, Haynes BF, Ferrari G, Li QJ, Moody MA, Tomaras GD. HLA class II-Restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 Virus Controllers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10165. [PMID: 31308388 PMCID: PMC6629643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shifting study demonstrated that induction of MHC class E and II-restricted CD8+ T cells was associated with the clearance of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Another recent study highlighted the presence of HIV-1-specific class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 patients who naturally control infection (virus controllers; VCs). However, questions regarding class II-restricted CD8+ T cells ontogeny, distribution across different HIV-1 disease states and their role in viral control remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution and anti-viral properties of HLA-DRB1*0701 and DQB1*0501 class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in different HIV-1 patient cohorts; and whether class II-restricted CD8+ T cells represent a unique T cell subset. We show that memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses were more often detectable in VCs than in chronically infected patients, but not in healthy seronegative donors. We also demonstrate that VC CD8+ T cells inhibit virus replication in both a class I- and class II-dependent manner, and that in two VC patients the class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with an anti-viral gene signature expressed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineage-specific genes. These data demonstrated that anti-viral memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with hybrid CD4+ and CD8+ features are present during natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E Nyanhete
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alyse L Frisbee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,University of Virginia Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, 345 Crispell Drive, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William J Faison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tamika Payne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie A Freel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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18
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In-vitro viral suppressive capacity correlates with immune checkpoint marker expression on peripheral CD8+ T cells in treated HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2019; 33:387-398. [PMID: 30702513 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether viral suppressive capacity (VSC) of CD8+ T cells can be boosted by stimulation with HIV-1 peptides and whether the ability to control HIV-1 replication correlates with immunological (cytokine production and CD8+ T-cell phenotype) and viral reservoir measures (total HIV-1 DNA and cell-associated RNA) in well treated HIV-infected chronic progressors. DESIGN We compared VSC of peripheral CD8+ T cells to cytokine production profile in response to peptide stimulation, detailed phenotype (17-color flow-cytometry), reservoir size (total HIV-1 DNA), basal viral transcription (unspliced cell-associated RNA) and inducible viral transcription (tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay) in 36 HIV+ patients on cART and six healthy donors. RESULTS We found that the VSC of CD8+ T cells can be increased by prior stimulation with a pool of consensus HIV-1 gag peptides in a significant proportion of progressor patients. We also found that VSC after peptide stimulation was correlated with higher expression of immune checkpoint markers on subsets of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) CD8 T cells as well as with production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10. We did not find a correlation between VSC and viral reservoir measures. CONCLUSION These results add to a small body of evidence that the capacity of CD8+ T cells to suppress viral replication is increased after stimulation with HIV-1 peptides. Interestingly, this VSC was correlated with expression of immune checkpoint markers, which are generally considered to be markers of exhaustion. Our findings may guide further investigations into immune phenotypes correlated with viral suppression.
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19
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Nakiboneka R, Mugaba S, Auma BO, Kintu C, Lindan C, Nanteza MB, Kaleebu P, Serwanga J. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) negative CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells can produce immune mediators in response to viral antigens. Vaccine 2019; 37:113-122. [PMID: 30459072 PMCID: PMC6290111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of antigen-specific T-cell responses to viral antigens is frequently performed on IFN-γ secreting cells. However, T-cells are capable of producing many more functions than just IFN-γ, some of which, like Perforin, are associated with immune protection in HIV-1 disease elite controllers. We evaluated the extent of missed T-cell functions when IFN-γ secretion is used as a surrogate marker for further evaluation of T-cell functions. Intracellular cytokine staining assay and flow cytometry were used to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 31 HIV-infected ART-naive individuals for the extent to which gated CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ producing and non-producing T-cells also secreted IL-2, Perforin, and TNF-α functions. Similarly, the extent of missed virus-specific responses in IFN-γ ELISpot assay negative T-cells from 5 HIV-1 uninfected individuals was evaluated. Cells from HIV-infected individuals were stimulated with pooled consensus group M (Con M) peptides; and those from healthy individuals were stimulated with pooled adenovirus (Ad) peptides. Overall, frequencies of virus-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4+ and CD8+ cells were low. Proportions of IFN-γ negative CD4+ expressing IL-2, Perforin, or TNF-α to Con M were significantly higher (5 of 7 functional profiles) than the corresponding IFN-γ positive CD4+ (0 of 7) T-cell phenotype, p = 0.02; Fisher's Exact test. Likewise, proportions of CD8+ T-cells expressing other functions were significantly higher in 4 of the 7 IFN-γ negative CD8+ T-cells. Notably, newly stimulated Perforin, identified as Perforin co-expression with IL-2 or TNF-α, was significantly higher in IFN-γ negative CD8+ T-cell than in the positive CD8+ T-cells. Using SEB, lower responses in IFN-γ positive cells were most associated with CD4+ than CD8+ T-cells. These findings suggest that studies evaluating immunogenicity in response to HIV and Adenovirus viral antigens should not only evaluate T-cell responsiveness among IFN-γ producing cells but also among those T-cells that do not express IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritah Nakiboneka
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Mugaba
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty O. Auma
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christopher Kintu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| | - Mary Bridget Nanteza
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda.
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20
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CD8+ T cells: mechanistic target of rapamycin and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in elite HIV-1 control. AIDS 2018; 32:2835-2838. [PMID: 30407253 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Zhang T, Sun J, Du H, Su H, Zhang Y, Jin Q. Metabolic characterization of plasma samples in HIV-1-infected individuals. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:985-996. [PMID: 29932349 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of HIV-1 progression. METHODS 19 subjects, diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in the follow-up, prospective, clinical cohort more than 6000 subjects from 2006, were incorporated into our study. The subjects included ten non-progressors and nine rapid progressors. The plasmas of subjects before HIV-1 seroconversion and after seroconversion were collected and analyzed with nontargeted metabolomics. RESULTS 20:0-Glc-Campesterol and A-norgorgostanol could significantly distinguished after HIV-1 seroconversion from before HIV-1 seroconversion. PG(O-18:0/18:0) could totally distinguish the plasma of rapid progressor before seroconversion from that of nonprogressor before seroconversion. CONCLUSION 20:0-Glc-Campesterol, A-norgorgostanol and PG(O-18:0/18:0) could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of HIV-1 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 6 Rong Jing Dong Jie, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100069
| | - Haiwei Du
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 6 Rong Jing Dong Jie, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haoxiang Su
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 6 Rong Jing Dong Jie, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100069
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 6 Rong Jing Dong Jie, Beijing 100176, China
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22
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Munson P, Liu Y, Bratt D, Fuller JT, Hu X, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Mullins JI, Fuller DH. Therapeutic conserved elements (CE) DNA vaccine induces strong T-cell responses against highly conserved viral sequences during simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1820-1831. [PMID: 29648490 PMCID: PMC6067903 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1448328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific T-cell responses play a key role in controlling HIV infection, and therapeutic vaccines for HIV that aim to improve viral control will likely need to improve on the T-cell responses induced by infection. However, in the setting of chronic infection, an effective therapeutic vaccine must overcome the enormous viral genetic diversity and the presence of pre-existing T-cell responses that are biased toward immunodominant T-cell epitopes that can readily mutate to evade host immunity and thus potentially provide inferior protection. To address these issues, we investigated a novel, epidermally administered DNA vaccine expressing SIV capsid (p27Gag) homologues of highly conserved elements (CE) of the HIV proteome in macaques experiencing chronic but controlled SHIV infection. We assessed the ability to boost or induce de novo T-cell responses against the conserved but immunologically subdominant CE epitopes. Two groups of animals were immunized with either the CE DNA vaccine or a full-length SIV p57gag DNA vaccine. Prior to vaccination, CE responses were similar in both groups. The full-length p57gag DNA vaccine, which contains the CE, increased overall Gag-specific responses but did not increase CE responses in any animals (0/4). In contrast, the CE DNA vaccine increased CE responses in all (4/4) vaccinated macaques. In SIV infected but unvaccinated macaques, those that developed stronger CE-specific responses during acute infection exhibited lower viral loads. We conclude that CE DNA vaccination can re-direct the immunodominance hierarchy towards CE in the setting of attenuated chronic infection and that induction of these responses by therapeutic vaccination may improve immune control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Munson
- a Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US.,b Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle , WA , US
| | - Yi Liu
- a Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US
| | - Debra Bratt
- b Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle , WA , US
| | - James T Fuller
- a Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US
| | - Xintao Hu
- c Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section and Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , US
| | - George N Pavlakis
- d Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , US
| | - Barbara K Felber
- c Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section and Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , US
| | - James I Mullins
- a Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US.,e Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US.,f Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US.,g Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- a Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , US.,b Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle , WA , US
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23
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McBrien JB, Kumar NA, Silvestri G. Mechanisms of CD8 + T cell-mediated suppression of HIV/SIV replication. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:898-914. [PMID: 29427516 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize the role of CD8+ T cells during natural and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV and SIV infections, discuss the mechanisms responsible for their suppressive activity, and review the rationale for CD8+ T cell-based HIV cure strategies. Evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of virus replication during HIV and SIV infections. During early HIV infection, the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is responsible for control of viremia. However, it has been proposed that CD8+ T cells also use non-cytolytic mechanisms to control SIV infection. More recently, CD8+ T cells were shown to be required to fully suppress virus production in ART-treated SIV-infected macaques, suggesting that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of virus transcription in latently infected cells that persist under ART. A better understanding of the complex antiviral activities of CD8+ T cells during HIV/SIV infection will pave the way for immune interventions aimed at harnessing these functions to target the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bergild McBrien
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nitasha A Kumar
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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24
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Panagioti E, Klenerman P, Lee LN, van der Burg SH, Arens R. Features of Effective T Cell-Inducing Vaccines against Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 29503649 PMCID: PMC5820320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the focus of prophylactic vaccines was to elicit neutralizing antibodies, but it has become increasingly evident that T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in controlling persistent viral infections such as with human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus. Currently, various promising prophylactic vaccines, capable of inducing substantial vaccine-specific T cell responses, are investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. There is compelling evidence that protection by T cells is related to the magnitude and breadth of the T cell response, the type and homing properties of the memory T cell subsets, and their cytokine polyfunctionality and metabolic fitness. In this review, we evaluated these key factors that determine the qualitative and quantitative properties of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the context of chronic viral disease and prophylactic vaccine development. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying T cell-mediated protection against chronic viral pathogens will facilitate the development of more potent, durable and safe prophylactic T cell-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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deCamp AC, Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Sanders-Buell E, Hall B, Magaret CA, Fiore-Gartland AJ, Juraska M, Carpp LN, Karuna ST, Bose M, LePore S, Miller S, O'Sullivan A, Poltavee K, Bai H, Dommaraju K, Zhao H, Wong K, Chen L, Ahmed H, Goodman D, Tay MZ, Gottardo R, Koup RA, Bailer R, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Roederer M, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Adams E, D’Souza P, Kublin J, Corey L, Geraghty DE, Frahm N, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Frenkel L, Styrchak S, Tovanabutra S, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer SM, Kim JH, Mullins JI, Gilbert PB. Sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in HVTN 505 identifies vaccine pressure targeting the CD4 binding site of Env-gp120. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185959. [PMID: 29149197 PMCID: PMC5693417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the HVTN 505 DNA/recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector HIV-1 vaccine trial showed no overall efficacy, analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in participants can help determine whether vaccine-induced immune responses impacted viruses that caused infection. We analyzed 480 HIV-1 genomes sampled from 27 vaccine and 20 placebo recipients and found that intra-host HIV-1 diversity was significantly lower in vaccine recipients (P ≤ 0.04, Q-values ≤ 0.09) in Gag, Pol, Vif and envelope glycoprotein gp120 (Env-gp120). Furthermore, Env-gp120 sequences from vaccine recipients were significantly more distant from the subtype B vaccine insert than sequences from placebo recipients (P = 0.01, Q-value = 0.12). These vaccine effects were associated with signatures mapping to CD4 binding site and CD4-induced monoclonal antibody footprints. These results suggest either (i) no vaccine efficacy to block acquisition of any viral genotype but vaccine-accelerated Env evolution post-acquisition; or (ii) vaccine efficacy against HIV-1s with Env sequences closest to the vaccine insert combined with increased acquisition due to other factors, potentially including the vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Breana Hall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven LePore
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shana Miller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Annemarie O'Sullivan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kultida Poltavee
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongjun Bai
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Dommaraju
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Z. Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia D’Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sheila Styrchak
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
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26
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Ferreira CP, Cariste LM, Santos Virgílio FD, Moraschi BF, Monteiro CB, Vieira Machado AM, Gazzinelli RT, Bruna-Romero O, Menin Ruiz PL, Ribeiro DA, Lannes-Vieira J, Lopes MDF, Rodrigues MM, de Vasconcelos JRC. LFA-1 Mediates Cytotoxicity and Tissue Migration of Specific CD8 + T Cells after Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1291. [PMID: 29081775 PMCID: PMC5645645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate the lymphocyte migration into an infected tissue, and these cells are essential for controlling the multiplication of many intracellular parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Here, we explore LFA-1 and VLA-4 roles in the migration of specific CD8+ T cells generated by heterologous prime-boost immunization during experimental infection with T. cruzi. To this end, vaccinated mice were treated with monoclonal anti-LFA-1 and/or anti-VLA-4 to block these molecules. After anti-LFA-1, but not anti-VLA-4 treatment, all vaccinated mice displayed increased blood and tissue parasitemia, and quickly succumbed to infection. In addition, there was an accumulation of specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes and a decrease in the number of those cells, especially in the heart, suggesting that LFA-1 is important for the output of specific CD8+ T cells from secondary lymphoid organs into infected organs such as the heart. The treatment did not alter CD8+ T cell effector functions such as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and granzyme B, and maintained the proliferative capacity after treatment. However, the specific CD8+ T cell direct cytotoxicity was impaired after LFA-1 blockade. Also, these cells expressed higher levels of Fas/CD95 on the surface, suggesting that they are susceptible to programmed cell death by the extrinsic pathway. We conclude that LFA-1 plays an important role in the migration of specific CD8+ T cells and in the direct cytotoxicity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pontes Ferreira
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Moro Cariste
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dos Santos Virgílio
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Ferri Moraschi
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- René Rachou Research Center, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Oscar Bruna-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Biology Interactions Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela de Freitas Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Martins Rodrigues
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ronnie Carvalho de Vasconcelos
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Brief Report: HIV-1 gp120 T-Cell Responses Correspond to Infection Outcomes in the Global iPrEx Chemoprophylaxis Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:184-8. [PMID: 26674373 PMCID: PMC5395050 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Association of HIV-1–specific T-cell responses to infection risk in seronegative individuals is controversial. We quantified and phenotypically characterized gp120-specific T-cell responses in HIV-1 exposed, but uninfected subjects enrolled in the global Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) chemoprophylaxis trial. IFNγ ELISpot responses were detected in 24% of subjects irrespective of infection outcome. HIV-1 gp120 envelope-specific T-cell responses were more uniformly IFN-γ+TNF-α+Mip-1β+ in persistently seronegative subjects relative to subjects who later seroconverted (median frequency of 76.5% and 66.5%, respectively). IFNγ responses targeted the V2 loop for subjects who remained seronegative. HIV-1 gp120 envelope V2 loop-specific CD8+ T-cell responses may help to protect against HIV-1 acquisition.
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29
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Depince-Berger AE, Aanei C, Iobagiu C, Jeraiby M, Lambert C. New tools in cytometry. Morphologie 2016; 100:199-209. [PMID: 27369290 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytometry aims to analyze cells, of any type, using dedicated instruments. The quantitative aspect makes flow cytometry (FCM) a good complementary tool for morphology. Most of the identification tools are based on immunostaining of cell structure details and more and more tools are available in terms of specificities and labels. FCM is under exponential development thanks to technical, immunological and data analysis progresses. Actual generations are now routinely using 6 to 10 simultaneous immuno-labeling on 20 to 100,000 cells, at high speed and short sample preparation and can easily detect rare events at frequency below 10-4 cells. Data interpretation is complex and requires expertise. Mathematical tools are available to support analysis and classification of cells based. Cells from tissues can also be analyzed by FCM after mechanical and or enzymatic separation, but in situ cells can also be analyzed with the help of cytometry. Very new instruments bring spectral analysis, image in flow and mass spectrometry. Medical applications are very broad, notably in hemopathies, immunology, solid tumors, but also microbiology, toxicology, drug discovery, food and environmental industry. But, the limit of FCM is its dependence on operator from sample preparation, instrument settings up to data analysis and a strong effort is now under progress for standardization and constitution of international data bank for references and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-E Depince-Berger
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Aanei
- Haematology Laboratory; Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Iobagiu
- Haematology Laboratory, General hospital, CS 80511, 42328 Roanne cedex, France
| | - M Jeraiby
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Lambert
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
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30
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Mutua G, Farah B, Langat R, Indangasi J, Ogola S, Onsembe B, Kopycinski JT, Hayes P, Borthwick NJ, Ashraf A, Dally L, Barin B, Tillander A, Gilmour J, De Bont J, Crook A, Hannaman D, Cox JH, Anzala O, Fast PE, Reilly M, Chinyenze K, Jaoko W, Hanke T, HIV-CORE 004 study group T. Broad HIV-1 inhibition in vitro by vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T cells in African adults. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16061. [PMID: 27617268 PMCID: PMC5006719 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We are developing a pan-clade HIV-1 T-cell vaccine HIVconsv, which could complement Env vaccines for prophylaxis and be a key to HIV cure. Our strategy focuses vaccine-elicited effector T-cells on functionally and structurally conserved regions (not full-length proteins and not only epitopes) of the HIV-1 proteome, which are common to most global variants and which, if mutated, cause a replicative fitness loss. Our first clinical trial in low risk HIV-1-negative adults in Oxford demonstrated the principle that naturally mostly subdominant epitopes, when taken out of the context of full-length proteins/virus and delivered by potent regimens involving combinations of simian adenovirus and poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara, can induce robust CD8(+) T cells of broad specificities and functions capable of inhibiting in vitro HIV-1 replication. Here and for the first time, we tested this strategy in low risk HIV-1-negative adults in Africa. We showed that the vaccines were well tolerated and induced high frequencies of broadly HIVconsv-specific plurifunctional T cells, which inhibited in vitro viruses from four major clades A, B, C, and D. Because sub-Saharan Africa is globally the region most affected by HIV-1/AIDS, trial HIV-CORE 004 represents an important stage in the path toward efficacy evaluation of this highly rational and promising vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaudensia Mutua
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bashir Farah
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Langat
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Simon Ogola
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Onsembe
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jakub T Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Ambreen Ashraf
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Burc Barin
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jan De Bont
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alison Crook
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Drew Hannaman
- ICHOR Medical Systems, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Josephine H Cox
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patricia E Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kundai Chinyenze
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Walter Jaoko
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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31
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Adenovirus-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates tested in efficacy trials elicit CD8+ T cells with limited breadth of HIV-1 inhibition. AIDS 2016; 30:1703-12. [PMID: 27088318 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability of HIV-1 vaccine candidates MRKAd5, VRC DNA/Ad5 and ALVAC/AIDSVAX to elicit CD8 T cells with direct antiviral function was assessed and compared with HIV-1-infected volunteers. DESIGN Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based regimens MRKAd5 and VRC DNA/Ad5, designed to elicit HIV-1-specific T cells, are immunogenic but failed to prevent infection or impact on viral loads in volunteers infected subsequently. Failure may be due in part to a lack of CD8 T cells with effective antiviral functions. METHODS An in-vitro viral inhibition assay tested the ability of bispecific antibody expanded CD8 T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to inhibit replication of a multiclade panel of HIV-1 isolates in autologous CD4 T cells. HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells were assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS Ad5-based regimens elicited CD8 T cells that inhibited replication of HIV-1 IIIB isolate with more limited inhibition of other isolates. IIIB isolate Gag and Pol genes have high sequence identities (>96%) to vector HIV-1 gene inserts, and these were the predominant HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells. Virus inhibition breadth was greater in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected volunteers naturally controlling viremia (plasma viral load < 10 000/ml). HIV-1-inhibitory CD8 T cells were not elicited by the ALVAC/AIDSVAX regimen. CONCLUSION The Ad5-based regimens, although immunogenic, elicited CD8 T cells with limited HIV-1-inhibition breadth. Effective T-cell-based vaccines should presumably elicit broader HIV-1-inhibition profiles. The viral inhibition assay can be used in vaccine design and to prioritize promising candidates with greater inhibition breadth for further clinical trials.
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32
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Shasha D, Karel D, Angiuli O, Greenblatt A, Ghebremichael M, Yu X, Porichis F, Walker BD. Elite controller CD8+ T cells exhibit comparable viral inhibition capacity, but better sustained effector properties compared to chronic progressors. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1425-1433. [PMID: 27406996 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-422r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms modulating HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibition are not well defined. To delineate features of effective control, we compared the ability of CD8+ T cells from HIV ECs and CPs to inhibit HIV ex vivo. ECs showed superior inhibition compared to HAART-treated or untreated CPs in a typical VIA in which CD8+ T cells are rested 3 d before use (P = 0.025). In contrast, comparable antiviral activity was observed in freshly thawed cells. Rested CD8+ T cells underwent apoptosis with preferential loss of HIV-specific cells. EC CD8+ T cells showed greater capacity to sustain polyfunctionality ex vivo compared with those of CPs, and incubation of CD8+ T cells with IL-15 augmented inhibition. These results indicate that superior ex vivo inhibition of viral replication by CD8+ T cells from ECs is associated with enhanced retention of functional qualities and that in vitro antiviral function is enhanced by IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shasha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan Karel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Angiuli
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Greenblatt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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Yu YRA, Hotten DF, Malakhau Y, Volker E, Ghio AJ, Noble PW, Kraft M, Hollingsworth JW, Gunn MD, Tighe RM. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Myeloid Cells in Human Blood, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, and Lung Tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:13-24. [PMID: 26267148 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0146oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear identification of specific cell populations by flow cytometry is important to understand functional roles. A well-defined flow cytometry panel for myeloid cells in human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a flow cytometry-based panel for human BAL and lung tissue. We obtained and performed flow cytometry/sorting on human BAL cells and lung tissue. Confocal images were obtained from lung tissue using antibodies for cluster of differentiation (CD)206, CD169, and E cadherin. We defined a multicolor flow panel for human BAL and lung tissue that identifies major leukocyte populations. These include macrophage (CD206(+)) subsets and other CD206(-) leukocytes. The CD206(-) cells include: (1) three monocyte (CD14(+)) subsets, (2) CD11c(+) dendritic cells (CD14(-), CD11c(+), HLA-DR(+)), (3) plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD14(-), CD11c(-), HLA-DR(+), CD123(+)), and (4) other granulocytes (neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils). Using this panel on human lung tissue, we defined two populations of pulmonary macrophages: CD169(+) and CD169(-) macrophages. In lung tissue, CD169(-) macrophages were a prominent cell type. Using confocal microscopy, CD169(+) macrophages were located in the alveolar space/airway, defining them as alveolar macrophages. In contrast, CD169(-) macrophages were associated with airway/alveolar epithelium, consistent with interstitial-associated macrophages. We defined a flow cytometry panel in human BAL and lung tissue that allows identification of multiple immune cell types and delineates alveolar from interstitial-associated macrophages. This study has important implications for defining myeloid cells in human lung samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Rei A Yu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Yuryi Malakhau
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ellen Volker
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- 2 National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paul W Noble
- 3 Department of Medicine, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Monica Kraft
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Michael D Gunn
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert M Tighe
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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34
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Obuku AE, Bugembe DL, Musinguzi K, Watera C, Serwanga J, Ndembi N, Levin J, Kaleebu P, Pala P. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Beta and Interferon Gamma Responses in Ugandans with HIV-1 Acute/Early Infections. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:237-46. [PMID: 26548707 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of HIV replication through CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells might be possible, but the functional and phenotypic characteristics of such cells are not defined. Among cytokines produced by T cells, CCR5 ligands, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), compete for the CCR5 coreceptor with HIV, promoting CCR5 internalization and decreasing its availability for virus binding. Interferon (IFN)-γ also has some antiviral activity and has been used as a read-out for T cell immunogenicity. We used cultured ELISpot assays to compare the relative contribution of MIP-1β and IFN-γ to HIV-specific responses. The magnitude of responses was 1.36 times higher for MIP-1β compared to IFN-γ. The breadth of the MIP-1β response (45.41%) was significantly higher than IFN-γ (36.88%), with considerable overlap between the peptide pools that stimulated both MIP-1β and IFN-γ production. Subtype A and D cross-reactive responses were observed both at stimulation and test level, but MIP-1β and IFN-γ responses displayed different effect patterns. We conclude that the MIP-1β ELISpot would be a useful complement to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of HIV vaccines and the activity of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ekii Obuku
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel L. Bugembe
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Musinguzi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christine Watera
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nicaise Ndembi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Levin
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pietro Pala
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
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Alberti MO, Jones JJ, Miglietta R, Ding H, Bakshi RK, Edmonds TG, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C. Optimized Replicating Renilla Luciferase Reporter HIV-1 Utilizing Novel Internal Ribosome Entry Site Elements for Native Nef Expression and Function. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1278-96. [PMID: 26101895 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed replication-competent reporter HIV-1 (referred to herein as LucR.T2A reporter viruses), utilizing a "ribosome skipping" T2A peptide strategy to link Renilla luciferase (LucR) with Nef expression. The demonstrated utility for HIV-1 vaccine and transmission study applications included measurement of neutralizing antibody (NAb) activity in vaccine sera, improved cell-mediated virus inhibition assays, such as T cell-mediated virus inhibition and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays, and humanized mouse models. Herein, we extend our prior work and introduce reporter virus technology for applications that require fully functional Nef. We demonstrate that in CD4(+) T cells productively infected with LucR.T2A reporter viruses, T2A peptide-driven Nef expression and function, such as down-regulation of surface CD4 and MHC-I, were impaired. We overcame this limitation of LucR.T2A reporter viruses and achieved physiological Nef expression and function by engineering novel LucR reporter HIV-1 comprising 11 different internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements chosen for size and relative activity. A range of Nef expression was observed in 293T cells transfected with the different LucR.IRES reporter virus constructs. Iteratively, we identified IRES reporter genomes that expressed Nef closest to physiological levels and produced virus with infectivity, titers, and replication kinetics similar to nonreporter viruses. Our results demonstrated that LucR reporter activity was stable over multiple replication cycles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, we analyzed Nef functionality, i.e., down-modulation of MHC-I and CD4, following infection of T cell lines and PBMCs. Unlike LucR.T2A reporter virus, one of the redesigned LucR.IRES reporter viruses [containing the modified encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 6ATR IRES element, "6ATRi"] demonstrated Nef expression and function similar to parental "nonreporter" virus. In a previously validated (nef-independent) T cell-based NAb neutralization assay, LucR.6ATRi reporter virus performed indistinguishably from LucR.T2A reporter virus. In summary, reporter viruses comprising the "6ATRi" element promise to augment HIV-1 vaccine and transmission research approaches requiring a sensitive reporter readout combined with wild-type Nef function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Alberti
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer J. Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Riccardo Miglietta
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rakesh K. Bakshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tara G. Edmonds
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama
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36
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Jones K, Wockner L, Brennan RM, Keane C, Chattopadhyay PK, Roederer M, Price DA, Cole DK, Hassan B, Beck K, Gottlieb D, Ritchie DS, Seymour JF, Vari F, Crooks P, Burrows SR, Gandhi MK. The impact of HLA class I and EBV latency-II antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells on the pathogenesis of EBV(+) Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:206-20. [PMID: 26422112 PMCID: PMC4711160 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 40% of cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latency‐II antigens [EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)/latent membrane protein (LMP)1/LMP2A] are present (EBV+cHL) in the malignant cells and antigen presentation is intact. Previous studies have shown consistently that HLA‐A*02 is protective in EBV+cHL, yet its role in disease pathogenesis is unknown. To explore the basis for this observation, gene expression was assessed in 33 cHL nodes. Interestingly, CD8 and LMP2A expression were correlated strongly and, for a given LMP2A level, CD8 was elevated markedly in HLA‐A*02–versus HLA‐A*02+ EBV+cHL patients, suggesting that LMP2A‐specific CD8+ T cell anti‐tumoral immunity may be relatively ineffective in HLA‐A*02– EBV+cHL. To ascertain the impact of HLA class I on EBV latency antigen‐specific immunodominance, we used a stepwise functional T cell approach. In newly diagnosed EBV+cHL, the magnitude of ex‐vivo LMP1/2A‐specific CD8+ T cell responses was elevated in HLA‐A*02+ patients. Furthermore, in a controlled in‐vitro assay, LMP2A‐specific CD8+ T cells from healthy HLA‐A*02 heterozygotes expanded to a greater extent with HLA‐A*02‐restricted compared to non‐HLA‐A*02‐restricted cell lines. In an extensive analysis of HLA class I‐restricted immunity, immunodominant EBNA3A/3B/3C‐specific CD8+ T cell responses were stimulated by numerous HLA class I molecules, whereas the subdominant LMP1/2A‐specific responses were confined largely to HLA‐A*02. Our results demonstrate that HLA‐A*02 mediates a modest, but none the less stronger, EBV‐specific CD8+ T cell response than non‐HLA‐A*02 alleles, an effect confined to EBV latency‐II antigens. Thus, the protective effect of HLA‐A*02 against EBV+cHL is not a surrogate association, but reflects the impact of HLA class I on EBV latency‐II antigen‐specific CD8+ T cell hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Blood Cancer Research, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Immunohaematology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - L Wockner
- Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R M Brennan
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Keane
- Blood Cancer Research, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Immunohaematology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P K Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D A Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - D K Cole
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Hassan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Beck
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Gottlieb
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Service, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - D S Ritchie
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J F Seymour
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F Vari
- Blood Cancer Research, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P Crooks
- Blood Cancer Research, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S R Burrows
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M K Gandhi
- Blood Cancer Research, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Immunohaematology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Noncytolytic CD8+ Cell Mediated Antiviral Response Represents a Strong Element in the Immune Response of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Long-Term Non-Progressing Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142086. [PMID: 26551355 PMCID: PMC4638345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of long term non progressors to maintain very low levels of HIV/SIV and a healthy state, involves various host genetic and immunological factors. CD8+ non-cytolytic antiviral response (CNAR) most likely plays an important role in this regard. In order to gain a deeper insight into this unique phenomenon, the ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress viral replication in vitro was investigated in 16 uninfected, longitudinally in 23 SIV-infected long-term non-progressing (LTNPs), and 10 SIV-infected rhesus macaques with progressing disease. An acute infection assay utilizing CD4+ cells from MHC-mismatched monkeys to avoid cytolytic responses was employed. The study has identified CNAR as a long-term stable activity that inversely correlated with plasma viral load. The activity was also detected in CD8+ cells of uninfected macaques, which indicates that CNAR is not necessarily a virus specific response but increases after SIV-infection. Physical contact between CD4+ and CD8+ cells was mainly involved in mediating viral inhibition. Loss of this activity appeared to be due to a loss of CNAR-expressing CD8+ cells as well as a reduction of CNAR-responsive CD4+ cells. In contrast, in vitro viral replication did not differ in CD4+ cells from un-infected macaques, CNAR(+) and CNAR(-) LTNPs. A role for transitional memory cells in supporting CNAR in the macaque model of AIDS was questionable. CNAR appears to represent an important part of the immune response displayed by CD8+ T cells which might be underestimated up to now.
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38
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. Advancing Toward HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy through the Intersections of Immune Correlates. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 2:15-35. [PMID: 24932411 PMCID: PMC4053939 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogating immune correlates of infection risk for efficacious and non-efficacious HIV-1 vaccine clinical trials have provided hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of induction of protective immunity to HIV-1. To date, there have been six HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials (VAX003, Vaxgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA), VAX004 (Vaxgen, Inc.), HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 502 (Step), HVTN 503 (Phambili), RV144 (sponsored by the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, MHRP) and HVTN 505). Cellular, humoral, host genetic and virus sieve analyses of these human clinical trials each can provide information that may point to potentially protective mechanisms for vaccine-induced immunity. Critical to staying on the path toward development of an efficacious vaccine is utilizing information from previous human and non-human primate studies in concert with new discoveries of basic HIV-1 host-virus interactions. One way that past discoveries from correlate analyses can lead to novel inventions or new pathways toward vaccine efficacy is to examine the intersections where different components of the correlate analyses overlap (e.g., virus sieve analysis combined with humoral correlates) that can point to mechanistic hypotheses. Additionally, differences in durability among vaccine-induced T- and B-cell responses indicate that time post-vaccination is an important variable. Thus, understanding the nature of protective responses, the degree to which such responses have, or have not, as yet, been induced by previous vaccine trials and the design of strategies to induce durable T- and B-cell responses are critical to the development of a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D. Tomaras
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-919-681-5598; Fax: +1-919-684-5230
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-919-681-5598; Fax: +1-919-684-5230
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40
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Ndhlovu ZM, Kamya P, Mewalal N, Kløverpris HN, Nkosi T, Pretorius K, Laher F, Ogunshola F, Chopera D, Shekhar K, Ghebremichael M, Ismail N, Moodley A, Malik A, Leslie A, Goulder PJR, Buus S, Chakraborty A, Dong K, Ndung'u T, Walker BD. Magnitude and Kinetics of CD8+ T Cell Activation during Hyperacute HIV Infection Impact Viral Set Point. Immunity 2015; 43:591-604. [PMID: 26362266 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells contribute to the control of HIV, but it is not clear whether initial immune responses modulate the viral set point. We screened high-risk uninfected women twice a week for plasma HIV RNA and identified 12 hyperacute infections. Onset of viremia elicited a massive HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response, with limited bystander activation of non-HIV memory CD8(+) T cells. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells secreted little interferon-γ, underwent rapid apoptosis, and failed to upregulate the interleukin-7 receptor, known to be important for T cell survival. The rapidity to peak CD8(+) T cell activation and the absolute magnitude of activation induced by the exponential rise in viremia were inversely correlated with set point viremia. These data indicate that rapid, high magnitude HIV-induced CD8(+) T cell responses are crucial for subsequent immune control of acute infection, which has important implications for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaza M Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philomena Kamya
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikoshia Mewalal
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Henrik N Kløverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200-Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thandeka Nkosi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Karyn Pretorius
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Faatima Laher
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Funsho Ogunshola
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Denis Chopera
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Amber Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amna Malik
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200-Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Arup Chakraborty
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Krista Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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The Breadth of Expandable Memory CD8+ T Cells Inversely Correlates with Residual Viral Loads in HIV Elite Controllers. J Virol 2015; 89:10735-47. [PMID: 26269189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01527-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that elite controllers with minimal effector T cell responses harbor a low-frequency, readily expandable, highly functional, and broadly directed memory population. Here, we interrogated the in vivo relevance of this cell population by investigating whether the breadth of expandable memory responses is associated with the magnitude of residual viremia in individuals achieving durable suppression of HIV infection. HIV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were expanded by using autologous epitopic and variant peptides. Viral load was measured by an ultrasensitive single-copy PCR assay. Following expansion, controllers showed a greater increase in the overall breadth of Gag responses than did untreated progressors (P = 0.01) as well as treated progressors (P = 0.0003). Nef- and Env-specific memory cells expanded poorly for all groups, and their expanded breadths were indistinguishable among groups (P = 0.9 for Nef as determined by a Kruskal-Wallis test; P = 0.6 for Env as determined by a Kruskal-Wallis test). More importantly, we show that the breadth of expandable, previously undetectable Gag-specific responses was inversely correlated with residual viral load (r = -0.6; P = 0.009). Together, these data reveal a direct link between the abundance of Gag-specific expandable memory responses and prolonged maintenance of low-level viremia. Our studies highlight a CD8(+) T cell feature that would be desirable in a vaccine-induced T cell response. IMPORTANCE Many studies have shown that the rare ability of some individuals to control HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy appears to be heavily dependent upon special HIV-specific killer T lymphocytes that are able to inhibit viral replication. The identification of key features of these immune cells has the potential to inform rational HIV vaccine design. This study shows that a special subset of killer lymphocytes, known as central memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes, is at least partially involved in the durable control of HIV replication. HIV controllers maintain a large proportion of Gag-specific expandable memory CD8(+) T cells involved in ongoing viral suppression. These data suggest that induction of this cell subset by future HIV vaccines may be important for narrowing possible routes of rapid escape from vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell responses.
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A Phase I Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Electroporated HIV DNA with or without Interleukin 12 in Prime-Boost Combinations with an Ad35 HIV Vaccine in Healthy HIV-Seronegative African Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134287. [PMID: 26252526 PMCID: PMC4529153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans include i) co-administration of molecular adjuvants, ii) intramuscular administration followed by in vivo electroporation (IM/EP) and/or iii) boosting with a different vaccine. Combining these strategies provided protection of macaques challenged with SIV; this clinical trial was designed to mimic the vaccine regimen in the SIV study. METHODS Seventy five healthy, HIV-seronegative adults were enrolled into a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Multi-antigenic HIV (HIVMAG) plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine alone or co-administered with pDNA encoding human Interleukin 12 (IL-12) (GENEVAX IL-12) given by IM/EP using the TriGrid Delivery System was tested in different prime-boost regimens with recombinant Ad35 HIV vaccine given IM. RESULTS All local reactions but one were mild or moderate. Systemic reactions and unsolicited adverse events including laboratory abnormalities did not differ between vaccine and placebo recipients. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported. T cell and antibody response rates after HIVMAG (x3) prime-Ad35 (x1) boost were independent of IL-12, while the magnitude of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) ELISPOT responses was highest after HIVMAG (x3) without IL-12. The quality and phenotype of T cell responses shown by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) were similar between groups. Inhibition of HIV replication by autologous T cells was demonstrated after HIVMAG (x3) prime and was boosted after Ad35. HIV specific antibodies were detected only after Ad35 boost, although there was a priming effect with 3 doses of HIVMAG with or without IL-12. No anti-IL-12 antibodies were detected. CONCLUSION The vaccines were safe, well tolerated and moderately immunogenic. Repeated administration IM/EP was well accepted. An adjuvant effect of co-administered plasmid IL-12 was not detected. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01496989.
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43
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A Phase I Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted HIV-1 Gag-Pol-Nef Fusion Protein and Adenovirus 35 Gag-RT-Int-Nef Vaccine in Healthy HIV-Uninfected African Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125954. [PMID: 25961283 PMCID: PMC4427332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequential prime-boost or co-administration of HIV vaccine candidates based on an adjuvanted clade B p24, RT, Nef, p17 fusion protein (F4/AS01) plus a non-replicating adenovirus 35 expressing clade A Gag, RT, Int and Nef (Ad35-GRIN) may lead to a unique immune profile, inducing both strong T-cell and antibody responses. Methods In a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 146 healthy adult volunteers were randomized to one of four regimens: heterologous prime-boost with two doses of F4/AS01E or F4/AS01B followed by Ad35-GRIN; Ad35-GRIN followed by two doses of F4/AS01B; or three co-administrations of Ad35-GRIN and F4/AS01B. T cell and antibody responses were measured. Results The vaccines were generally well-tolerated, and did not cause serious adverse events. The response rate, by IFN-γ ELISPOT, was greater when Ad35-GRIN was the priming vaccine and in the co-administration groups. F4/AS01 induced CD4+ T-cells expressing primarily CD40L and IL2 +/- TNF-α, while Ad35-GRIN induced predominantly CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ +/- IL2 or TNF-α. Viral inhibition was induced after Ad35-GRIN vaccination, regardless of the regimen. Strong F4-specific antibody responses were induced. Immune responses persisted at least a year after the last vaccination. The complementary response profiles, characteristic of each vaccine, were both expressed after co-administration. Conclusion Co-administration of an adjuvanted protein and an adenovirus vector showed an acceptable safety and reactogenicity profile and resulted in strong, multifunctional and complementary HIV-specific immune responses. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01264445
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44
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Hancock G, Yang H, Yorke E, Wainwright E, Bourne V, Frisbee A, Payne TL, Berrong M, Ferrari G, Chopera D, Hanke T, Mothe B, Brander C, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Goonetilleke N, Tomaras GD, Frahm N, Dorrell L. Identification of effective subdominant anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T cells within entire post-infection and post-vaccination immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004658. [PMID: 25723536 PMCID: PMC4344337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the components of an HIV immunogen that could induce effective CD8+ T cell responses is critical to vaccine development. We addressed this question by investigating the viral targets of CD8+ T cells that potently inhibit HIV replication in vitro, as this is highly predictive of virus control in vivo. We observed broad and potent ex vivo CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibitory activity against a panel of HIV isolates among viremic controllers (VC, viral loads <5000 copies/ml), in contrast to unselected HIV-infected HIV Vaccine trials Network (HVTN) participants. Viral inhibition of clade-matched HIV isolates was strongly correlated with the frequency of CD8+ T cells targeting vulnerable regions within Gag, Pol, Nef and Vif that had been identified in an independent study of nearly 1000 chronically infected individuals. These vulnerable and so-called “beneficial” regions were of low entropy overall, yet several were not predicted by stringent conservation algorithms. Consistent with this, stronger inhibition of clade-matched than mismatched viruses was observed in the majority of subjects, indicating better targeting of clade-specific than conserved epitopes. The magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses to beneficial regions, together with viral entropy and HLA class I genotype, explained up to 59% of the variation in viral inhibitory activity, with magnitude of the T cell response making the strongest unique contribution. However, beneficial regions were infrequently targeted by CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccines encoding full-length HIV proteins, when the latter were administered to healthy volunteers and HIV-positive ART-treated subjects, suggesting that immunodominance hierarchies undermine effective anti-HIV CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data support HIV immunogen design that is based on systematic selection of empirically defined vulnerable regions within the viral proteome, with exclusion of immunodominant decoy epitopes that are irrelevant for HIV control. Attempts to develop an HIV vaccine that elicits potent cell-mediated immunity have so far been unsuccessful. This is due in part to the use of immunogens that appear to recapitulate responses induced naturally by HIV that are, at best, partially effective. We previously showed that the capacity of CD8+ T cells from patients to block HIV replication in culture is strongly correlated with HIV control in vivo, therefore, we investigated the virological determinants of potent CD8+ T cell inhibitory activity. We observed that CD8+ T cells from patients with naturally low plasma viral loads (viremic controllers) were better able to inhibit the replication of diverse HIV strains in vitro than CD8+ T cells from HIV-noncontroller patients. Importantly, we also found that the potency of the antiviral activity in the latter group was strongly correlated with recognition of selected regions across the viral proteome that are critical to viral fitness. Vaccines that encode full-length viral proteins rarely elicited responses to these vulnerable regions. Taken together, our results provide insight into the characteristics of effective cell-mediated immune responses against HIV and how these may inform the design of better immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hancock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Wainwright
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Bourne
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alyse Frisbee
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tamika L. Payne
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Denis Chopera
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine & Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tomas Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tongo M, Burgers WA. Challenges in the design of a T cell vaccine in the context of HIV-1 diversity. Viruses 2014; 6:3968-90. [PMID: 25341662 PMCID: PMC4213573 DOI: 10.3390/v6103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary variability of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to vaccine development. The effectiveness of a vaccine is likely to vary dramatically in different populations infected with different HIV-1 subtypes, unless innovative vaccine immunogens are developed to protect against the range of HIV-1 diversity. Immunogen design for stimulating neutralizing antibody responses focuses on “breadth” – the targeting of a handful of highly conserved neutralizing determinants on the HIV-1 Envelope protein that can recognize the majority of viruses across all HIV-1 subtypes. An effective vaccine will likely require the generation of both broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies and non-neutralizing antibodies, as well as broadly cross-reactive T cells. Several approaches have been taken to design such broadly-reactive and cross-protective T cell immunogens. Artificial sequences have been designed that reduce the genetic distance between a vaccine strain and contemporary circulating viruses; “mosaic” immunogens extend this concept to contain multiple potential T cell epitope (PTE) variants; and further efforts attempt to focus T cell immunity on highly conserved regions of the HIV-1 genome. Thus far, a number of pre-clinical and early clinical studies have been performed assessing these new immunogens. In this review, the potential use of these new immunogens is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tongo
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Novel mucosal DNA-MVA HIV vaccination in which DNA-IL-12 plus cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) cooperates to enhance cellular systemic and mucosal genital tract immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107524. [PMID: 25215887 PMCID: PMC4162600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of local antiviral immune responses at the mucosal portal surfaces where HIV-1 and other viral pathogens are usually first encountered remains a primary goal for most vaccines against mucosally acquired viral infections. Exploring mucosal immunization regimes in order to find optimal vector combinations and also appropriate mucosal adjuvants in the HIV vaccine development is decisive. In this study we analyzed the interaction of DNA-IL-12 and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) after their mucosal administration in DNA prime/MVA boost intranasal regimes, defining the cooperation of both adjuvants to enhance immune responses against the HIV-1 Env antigen. Our results demonstrated that nasal mucosal DNA/MVA immunization schemes can be effectively improved by the co-delivery of DNA-IL-12 plus CTB inducing elevated HIV-specific CD8 responses in spleen and more importantly in genital tract and genito-rectal draining lymph nodes. Remarkably, these CTL responses were of superior quality showing higher avidity, polyfunctionality and a broader cytokine profile. After IL-12+CTB co-delivery, the cellular responses induced showed an enhanced breadth recognizing with higher efficiency Env peptides from different subtypes. Even more, an in vivo CTL cytolytic assay demonstrated the higher specific CD8 T-cell performance after the IL-12+CTB immunization showing in an indirect manner its potential protective capacity. Improvements observed were maintained during the memory phase where we found higher proportions of specific central memory and T memory stem-like cells T-cell subpopulations. Together, our data show that DNA-IL-12 plus CTB can be effectively employed acting as mucosal adjuvants during DNA prime/MVA boost intranasal vaccinations, enhancing magnitude and quality of HIV-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Early skewed distribution of total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell memory phenotypes during primary HIV infection is related to reduced antiviral activity and faster disease progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104235. [PMID: 25093660 PMCID: PMC4122399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of the CD8+ T-cells on HIV control is well established. However, correlates of immune protection remain elusive. Although the importance of CD8+ T-cell specificity and functionality in virus control has been underscored, further unraveling the link between CD8+ T-cell differentiation and viral control is needed. Here, an immunophenotypic analysis (in terms of memory markers and Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression) of the CD8+ T-cell subset found in primary HIV infection (PHI) was performed. The aim was to seek for associations with functional properties of the CD8+ T-cell subsets, viral control and subsequent disease progression. Also, results were compared with samples from Chronics and Elite Controllers. It was found that normal maturation of total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells into memory subsets is skewed in PHI, but not at the dramatic level observed in Chronics. Within the HIV-specific compartment, this alteration was evidenced by an accumulation of effector memory CD8+ T (TEM) cells over fully differentiated terminal effector CD8+ T (TTE) cells. Furthermore, higher proportions of total and HIV-specific CD8+ TEM cells and higher HIV-specific TEM/(TEM+TTE) ratio correlated with markers of faster progression. Analysis of PD-1 expression on total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from PHI subjects revealed not only an association with disease progression but also with skewed memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Most notably, significant direct correlations were obtained between the functional capacity of CD8+ T-cells to inhibit viral replication in vitro with higher proportions of fully-differentiated HIV-specific CD8+ TTE cells, both at baseline and at 12 months post-infection. Thus, a relationship between preservation of CD8+ T-cell differentiation pathway and cell functionality was established. This report presents evidence concerning the link among CD8+ T-cell function, phenotype and virus control, hence supporting the instauration of early interventions to prevent irreversible immune damage.
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Comparative analysis of the capacity of elite suppressor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages. J Virol 2014; 88:9789-98. [PMID: 24942573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00860-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elite controllers or suppressors (ESs) are HIV-1-infected individuals who are able to maintain viral loads below the limit of detection of clinical assays without antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms of virologic control are not fully understood, but ESs have been shown to have a more effective CD8+ T cell response to infected CD4+ T cells than chronic progressors (CPs). While macrophages are another cell type productively infected by HIV-1, few studies have examined the ability of primary effector T cells to suppress HIV-1 replication in these target cells. Here, we compared the ability of unstimulated primary CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells to suppress viral replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in ESs and CPs. While CD4+ effector T cells were capable of inhibiting viral replication in MDMs, the magnitude of this response was not significantly different between ESs and CPs. In contrast, the CD8+ T cells from ESs were significantly more effective than those from CPs at inhibiting viral replication in MDMs. The CD4+ T cell response was partially mediated by soluble factors, while the CD8+ T cell response required cell-to-cell interaction. Our results suggest that the individual contributions of various effector cells should be considered in rational vaccine design and in ongoing eradication efforts. IMPORTANCE Elite suppressors are individuals capable of maintaining low-level viremia in HIV-1 infection without antiretroviral drugs. Their T cell responses have been implicated in eliminating infected CD4+ T cells, and as such, elite suppressors may represent a model of a functional cure of HIV-1 infection. Here, we sought to determine whether the suppressive T cell responses against infected CD4+ T cells also apply to infected macrophages by comparing the responses of elite suppressors and HIV-1-positive individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Our results show that the CD8+ cells but not CD4+ T cells from elite suppressors have a response against infected macrophages superior to the response of CD8+ cells from patients on HAART. Our results suggest that the induction of a CD8+ T cell response effective against infected macrophages is an outcome to consider in rational vaccine design.
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Cytokine/Chemokine responses in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, bone marrow, and axillary lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:9442-57. [PMID: 24920807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00774-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the acute phase of infection is crucial to design therapies for the control of early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. At 21 days after infection, all tissues showed a statistically significant loss of CD4(+) T cells along with immune activation of CD8(+) T cells in PB and ALN tissue. Twenty-eight different cytokines/chemokines were quantified in either anti-CD3/28 antibody- or staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated single-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. PB CD4(+) T cells produced predominantly interleukin-2 (IL-2), whereas CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets in tissues produced β-chemokines both before and 21 days after SIV infection. Tissues generally exhibited massive upregulation of many cytokines/chemokines following infection, possibly in an attempt to mitigate the loss of CD4(+) T cells. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4(+) T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8(+) T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, gamma interferon, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and migration inhibition factor (MIF) may provide a poor prognosis either by inducing increased virus replication or by other unknown mechanisms. Therefore, drugs targeting β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), FGF-basic, HGF, or MIF might be important for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics against HIV. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in early depletion of CD4(+) T cells and dysregulation of protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in different tissues during the acute phase of infection is crucial to the design of therapies for the control of early viral replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4(+) T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8(+) T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and migration inhibition factor may provide a poor prognosis.
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Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of cytokine gene expression in HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that mediate virus inhibition. J Virol 2014; 88:9514-28. [PMID: 24899193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00802-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of CD8+ T cells to effectively limit HIV-1 replication and block HIV-1 acquisition is determined by the capacity to rapidly respond to HIV-1 antigens. Understanding both the functional properties and regulation of an effective CD8+ response would enable better evaluation of T cell-directed vaccine strategies and may inform the design of new therapies. We assessed the antigen specificity, cytokine signature, and mechanisms that regulate antiviral gene expression in CD8+ T cells from a cohort of HIV-1-infected virus controllers (VCs) (<5,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml and CD4+ lymphocyte counts of >400 cells/μl) capable of soluble inhibition of HIV-1. Gag p24 and Nef CD8+ T cell-specific soluble virus inhibition was common among the VCs and correlated with substantial increases in the abundance of mRNAs encoding the antiviral cytokines macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1α, MIP-1αP (CCL3L1), and MIP-1β; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); lymphotactin (XCL1); tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9); and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). The induction of several of these mRNAs was driven through a coordinated response of both increased transcription and stabilization of mRNA, which together accounted for the observed increase in mRNA abundance. This coordinated response allows rapid and robust induction of mRNA messages that can enhance the CD8+ T cells' ability to inhibit virus upon antigen encounter. IMPORTANCE We show that mRNA stability, in addition to transcription, is key in regulating the direct anti-HIV-1 function of antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Regulation at the level of RNA helps enable rapid recall of memory CD8+ T cell effector functions for HIV-1 inhibition. By uncovering and understanding the mechanisms employed by CD8+ T cell subsets with antigen-specific anti-HIV-1 activity, we can identify new strategies for comprehensive identification of other important antiviral genes. This will, in turn, enhance our ability to inhibit virus replication by informing both cure strategies and HIV-1 vaccine designs that aim to reduce transmission and can aid in blocking HIV-1 acquisition.
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