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Zahid S, Malik A, Waqar S, Zahid F, Tariq N, Khawaja AI, Safir W, Gulzar F, Iqbal J, Ali Q. Countenance and implication of Β-sitosterol, Β-amyrin and epiafzelechin in nickel exposed Rat: in-silico and in-vivo approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21351. [PMID: 38049552 PMCID: PMC10695965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental impact of reactive oxygen species on D.N.A. repair processes is one of the contributing factors to colon cancer. The idea that oxidative stress may be a significant etiological element for carcinogenesis is currently receiving more and more support. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity of three powerful phytocompounds-sitosterol, amyrin, and epiafzelechin-alone and in various therapeutic combinations against colon cancer to identify the critical mechanisms that mitigate nickel's carcinogenic effect. To evaluate the ligand-protein interaction of four selected components against Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) inhibitor and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) molecular docking approach was applied using PyRx bioinformatics tool. For in vivo analysis, hundred albino rats were included, divided into ten groups, each containing ten rats of weight 160-200 g. All the groups were injected with 1 ml/kg nickel intraperitoneally per week for three months, excluding the negative control group. Three of the ten groups were treated with β-sitosterol (100 mg/kg b wt), β-amyrin (100 mg/kg b wt), and epiafzelechin (200 mg/kg b wt), respectively, for one month. The later four groups were fed with combinatorial treatments of the three phyto compounds for one month. The last group was administered with commercial drug Nalgin (500 mg/kg b wt). The biochemical parameters Creatinine, Protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), VEGF, MMP-9 Inhibitor, and IL-10 were estimated using ELISA kits and Glutathione (G.S.H.), Superoxide dismutase (S.O.D.), Catalase (C.A.T.) and Nitric Oxide (NO) were analyzed manually. The correlation was analyzed through Pearson's correlation matrix. All the parameters were significantly raised in the positive control group, indicating significant inflammation. At the same time, the levels of the foresaid biomarkers were decreased in the serum in all the other groups treated with the three phytocompounds in different dose patterns. However, the best recovery was observed in the group where the three active compounds were administered concomitantly. The correlation matrix indicated a significant positive correlation of IL-10 vs VEGF (r = 0.749**, p = 0.009), MMP-9 inhibitor vs SOD (r = 0.748**, p = 0.0 21). The study concluded that the three phytocompounds β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, and epiafzelechin are important anticancer agents which can target the cancerous biomarkers and might be used as a better therapeutic approach against colon cancer soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zahid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Suleyman Waqar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Zahid
- Ibadat International University (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Tariq
- M. Islam Medical and Dental College, Gujranwala, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran Khawaja
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Safir
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Faisal Gulzar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javeid Iqbal
- School of Pharmacy, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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2
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Khattri M, Amako Y, Gibbs JR, Collura JL, Arora R, Harold A, Li MY, Harms PW, Ezhkova E, Shuda M. Methyltransferase-independent function of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 maintains tumorigenicity induced by human oncogenic papillomavirus and polyomavirus. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200264. [PMID: 37244352 PMCID: PMC10258072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) are human tumor viruses that cause Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), respectively. HPV E7 and MCV large T (LT) oncoproteins target the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) through the conserved LxCxE motif. We identified enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) as a common host oncoprotein activated by both viral oncoproteins through the pRb binding motif. EZH2 is a catalytic subunit of the polycomb 2 (PRC2) complex that trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). In MCC tissues EZH2 was highly expressed, irrespective of MCV status. Loss-of-function studies revealed that viral HPV E6/E7 and T antigen expression are required for Ezh2 mRNA expression and that EZH2 is essential for HPV(+)OSCC and MCV(+)MCC cell growth. Furthermore, EZH2 protein degraders reduced cell viability efficiently and rapidly in HPV(+)OSCC and MCV(+)MCC cells, whereas EZH2 histone methyltransferase inhibitors did not affect cell proliferation or viability within the same treatment period. These results suggest that a methyltransferase-independent function of EZH2 contributes to tumorigenesis downstream of two viral oncoproteins, and that direct targeting of EZH2 protein expression could be a promising strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth in HPV(+)OSCC and MCV(+)MCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Khattri
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yutaka Amako
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia R Gibbs
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph L Collura
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Reety Arora
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Alexis Harold
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meng Yen Li
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Masahiro Shuda
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Scholl A, De S. Epigenetic Regulation by Polycomb Complexes from Drosophila to Human and Its Relation to Communicable Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012285. [PMID: 36293135 PMCID: PMC9603650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all cells in the human body are made of the same DNA, these cells undergo differentiation and behave differently during development, through integration of external and internal stimuli via 'specific mechanisms.' Epigenetics is one such mechanism that comprises DNA/RNA, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs that regulate transcription without changing the genetic code. The discovery of the first Polycomb mutant phenotype in Drosophila started the study of epigenetics more than 80 years ago. Since then, a considerable number of Polycomb Group (PcG) genes in Drosophila have been discovered to be preserved in mammals, including humans. PcG proteins exert their influence through gene repression by acting in complexes, modifying histones, and compacting the chromatin within the nucleus. In this article, we discuss how our knowledge of the PcG repression mechanism in Drosophila translates to human communicable disease research.
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Castro-Oropeza R, Piña-Sánchez P. Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Regulation Landscape in HPV+ Cancers: Biological and Clinical Implications. Front Genet 2022; 13:886613. [PMID: 35774512 PMCID: PMC9237502 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.886613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus that causes the highest number of viral-associated cancer cases and deaths worldwide, with more than 690,000 new cases per year and 342,000 deaths only for cervical cancer (CC). Although the incidence and mortality rates for CC are declining in countries where screening and vaccination programs have been implemented, other types of cancer in which HPV is involved, such as oropharyngeal cancer, are increasing, particularly in men. Mutational and transcriptional profiles of various HPV-associated neoplasms have been described, and accumulated evidence has shown the oncogenic capacity of E6, E7, and E5 genes of high-risk HPV. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis has revealed that although a vast majority of the human genome is transcribed into RNAs, only 2% of transcripts are translated into proteins. The remaining transcripts lacking protein-coding potential are called non-coding RNAs. In addition to the transfer and ribosomal RNAs, there are regulatory non-coding RNAs classified according to size and structure in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and small RNAs; such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and endogenous short-interfering RNAs. Recent evidence has shown that lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs are aberrantly expressed under pathological conditions such as cancer. In addition, those transcripts are dysregulated in HPV-related neoplasms, and their expression correlates with tumor progression, metastasis, poor prognosis, and recurrence. Nuclear lncRNAs are epigenetic regulators involved in controlling gene expression at the transcriptional level through chromatin modification and remodeling. Moreover, disruption of the expression profiles of those lncRNAs affects multiple biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. This review highlights the epigenetic alterations induced by HPV, from infection to neoplastic transformation. We condense the epigenetic role of non-coding RNA alterations and their potential as biomarkers in transformation’s early stages and clinical applications. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms of action of nuclear lncRNAs to understand better their role in the epigenetic control of gene expression and how they can drive the malignant phenotype of HPV-related neoplasia. Finally, we review several chemical and epigenetic therapy options to prevent and treat HPV-associated neoplasms.
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6
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Lin Y, Qiu T, Wei G, Que Y, Wang W, Kong Y, Xie T, Chen X. Role of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852272. [PMID: 35280995 PMCID: PMC8908311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a defensive reaction for external stimuli to the human body and generally accompanied by immune responses, which is associated with multiple diseases such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, psoriasis, asthma, chronic lung diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple virus-associated diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms have been demonstrated to play a key role in the regulation of inflammation. Common epigenetic regulations are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression; among these, histone modifications embrace various post-modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ADP ribosylation. This review focuses on the significant role of histone modifications in the progression of inflammatory diseases, providing the potential target for clinical therapy of inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guifeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Que
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichao Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiabin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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High Risk-Human Papillomavirus in HNSCC: Present and Future Challenges for Epigenetic Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073483. [PMID: 35408843 PMCID: PMC8998945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by an incidence of 650,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths per year worldwide and a male to female ratio of 3:1. The main risk factors are alcohol and tobacco consumption and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HNSCC cases are divided into two subgroups, the HPV-negative (HPV−) and the HPV-positive (HPV+) which have different clinicopathological and molecular profiles. However, patients are still treated with the same therapeutic regimens. It is thus of utmost importance to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences to find new biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets towards personalized therapies. Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of cancer and can be exploited as both promising biomarkers and potential new targets. E6 and E7 HPV oncoviral proteins besides targeting p53 and pRb, impair the expression and the activity of several epigenetic regulators. While alterations in DNA methylation patterns have been well described in HPV+ and HPV− HNSCC, accurate histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) characterization is still missing. Herein, we aim to provide an updated overview on the impact of HPV on the hPTMs landscape in HNSCC. Moreover, we will also discuss the sex and gender bias in HNSCC and how the epigenetic machinery could be involved in this process, and the importance of taking into account sex and/or gender also in this field.
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PIK3CA Gene Mutations in HNSCC: Systematic Review and Correlations with HPV Status and Patient Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051286. [PMID: 35267596 PMCID: PMC8909011 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA mutations are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). This study aims to establish the frequency of PIK3CA mutations in a Portuguese HNSCC cohort and to determine their association with the HPV status and patient survival. A meta-analysis of scientific literature also revealed widely different mutation rates in cohorts from different world regions and a trend towards improved prognosis among patients with PIK3CA mutations. DNA samples were available from 95 patients diagnosed with HNSCC at the Portuguese Institute of Oncology in Lisbon between 2010 and 2019. HPV status was established based on viral DNA detected using real-time PCR. The evaluation of PIK3CA gene mutations was performed by real-time PCR for four mutations (H1047L; E542K, E545K, and E545D). Thirty-seven cases were found to harbour PIK3CA mutations (39%), with the E545D mutation (73%) more frequently detected. There were no significant associations between the mutational status and HPV status (74% WT and 68% MUT were HPV (+); p = 0.489) or overall survival (OS) (3-year OS: WT 54% and MUT 65%; p = 0.090). HPV status was the only factor significantly associated with both OS and disease-free survival (DFS), with HPV (+) patients having consistently better outcomes (3-year OS: HPV (+) 65% and HPV (-) 36%; p = 0.007; DFS HPV (+) 83% and HPV (-) 43%; p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant interaction effect between HPV status and PIK3CA mutation regarding DFS (Interaction test: p = 0.026). In HPV (+) patients, PIK3CA wild-type is associated with a significant 4.64 times increase in the hazard of recurrence or death (HR = 4.64; 95% CI 1.02-20.99; p = 0.047). Overall, PIK3CA gene mutations are present in a large number of patients and may help define patient subsets who can benefit from therapies targeting the PI3K pathway. The systematic assessment of PIK3CA gene mutations in HNSCC patients will require further methodological standardisation.
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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10
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Vats A, Trejo-Cerro O, Thomas M, Banks L. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7: What remains? Tumour Virus Res 2021; 11:200213. [PMID: 33716206 PMCID: PMC7972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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12
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Dzobo K. The Role of Viruses in Carcinogenesis and Molecular Targeting: From Infection to Being a Component of the Tumor Microenvironment. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:358-371. [PMID: 34037476 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
About a tenth of all cancers are caused by viruses or associated with viral infection. Recent global events including the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic means that human encounter with viruses is increased. Cancer development in individuals with viral infection can take many years after infection, demonstrating that the involvement of viruses in cancer development is a long and complex process. This complexity emanates from individual genetic heterogeneity and the many steps involved in cancer development owing to viruses. The process of tumorigenesis is driven by the complex interaction between several viral factors and host factors leading to the creation of a tumor microenvironment (TME) that is ideal and promotes tumor formation. Viruses associated with human cancers ensure their survival and proliferation through activation of several cellular processes including inflammation, migration, and invasion, resistance to apoptosis and growth suppressors. In addition, most human oncoviruses evade immune detection and can activate signaling cascades including the PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Notch and Wnt pathways associated with enhanced proliferation and angiogenesis. This expert review examines and synthesizes the multiple biological factors related to oncoviruses, and the signaling cascades activated by these viruses contributing to viral oncogenesis. In particular, I examine and review the Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomaviruses, and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus in a context of cancer pathogenesis. I conclude with a future outlook on therapeutic targeting of the viruses and their associated oncogenic pathways within the TME. These anticancer strategies can be in the form of, but not limited to, antibodies and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Liu J, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Ren Y, Ou R, Xu Y. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein-induced upregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 5A promotes cervical cancer progression by regulating the microRNA-424-5p/suppressor of zeste 12 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112277. [PMID: 32918895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral protein expression cause several epigenetic alterations that lead to cervical carcinogenesis. Our previous study identified that upregulated lysine-specific demethylase (KDM) 2 A promotes cervical cancer progression by inhibiting mircoRNA (miR)-132 function. However, the roles of histone methylation modifiers in HPV-related cervical cancer remain unclear. In the present study, changes in the expression of 48 histone methylation modifiers were assessed following knockdown of HPV16 E6/E7 in CaSki cells. The dysregulated expression of KDM5A was identified, and its function in cervical cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. E7 oncoprotein-induced upregulation of KDM5A promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo, which was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. KDM5A was found to physically interact with the promoter region of miR-424-5p, and to suppress its expression by removing the tri- and di-methyl groups from H3K4 at the miR-424-5p locus. Furthermore, miR-424-5p repressed cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness by targeting suppressor of zeste 12 (Suz12). KDM5A upregulation promoted cervical cancer progression by repressing miR-424-5p, which resulted in a decrease in Suz12. Therefore, KDM5A functions as a tumor activator in cervical cancer pathogenesis by binding to the miR-424-5p promoter and inhibiting its tumor-suppressive function. These results indicate a function for KDM5A in cervical cancer progression and suggest its candidacy as a novel prognostic biomarker and target for the clinical management of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Hongqin Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Zhengzheng Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rongying Ou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, PR China.
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China.
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14
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060483. [PMID: 32570816 PMCID: PMC7350343 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with certain types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), termed high risk, presents a public health burden due to their association with multiple human cancers, including cervical cancer and an increasing number of head and neck cancers. Despite the development of prophylactic vaccines, the incidence of HPV-associated cancers remains high. In addition, no vaccine has yet been licensed for therapeutic use against pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Although persistent HPV infection is the major risk factor for cancer development, additional genetic and epigenetic alterations are required for progression to the malignant phenotype. Unlike genetic mutations, the reversibility of epigenetic modifications makes epigenetic regulators ideal therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. This review article will highlight the recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic modifications associated with HPV infections, with a particular focus on the role of these epigenetic changes during different stages of the HPV life cycle that are closely associated with activation of DNA damage response pathways.
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15
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Sharma S, Munger K. The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Papillomavirus-associated Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040289. [PMID: 32326624 PMCID: PMC7238103 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses cause ~5% of all human cancers. E6 and E7 are the only viral genes that are consistently expressed in cancers, and they are necessary for tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. E6 and E7 encode small proteins that lack intrinsic enzymatic activities and they function by binding to cellular regulatory molecules, thereby subverting normal cellular homeostasis. Much effort has focused on identifying protein targets of the E6 and E7 proteins, but it has been estimated that ~98% of the human transcriptome does not encode proteins. There is a growing interest in studying noncoding RNAs as biochemical targets and biological mediators of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 oncogenic activities. This review focuses on HPV E6/E7 targeting cellular long noncoding RNAs, a class of biologically versatile molecules that regulate almost every known biological process and how this may contribute to viral oncogenesis.
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16
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Burley M, Roberts S, Parish JL. Epigenetic regulation of human papillomavirus transcription in the productive virus life cycle. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:159-171. [PMID: 31919577 PMCID: PMC7174255 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large family of viruses which contain a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8000 base pairs. The viral DNA is chromatinized by the recruitment of cellular histones which are subject to host cell-mediated post-translational epigenetic modification recognized as an important mechanism of virus transcription regulation. The HPV life cycle is dependent on the terminal differentiation of the target cell within epithelia-the keratinocyte. The virus life cycle begins in the undifferentiated basal compartment of epithelia where the viral chromatin is maintained in an epigenetically repressed state, stabilized by distal chromatin interactions between the viral enhancer and early gene region. Migration of the infected keratinocyte towards the surface of the epithelium induces cellular differentiation which disrupts chromatin looping and stimulates epigenetic remodelling of the viral chromatin. These epigenetic changes result in enhanced virus transcription and activation of the virus late promoter facilitating transcription of the viral capsid proteins. In this review article, we discuss the complexity of virus- and host-cell-mediated epigenetic regulation of virus transcription with a specific focus on differentiation-dependent remodelling of viral chromatin during the HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Burley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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17
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Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Herbein G. Targeting histone epigenetics to control viral infections. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THERAPY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7453269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816422-8.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, many studies have significantly broadened our understanding of complex virus-host interactions to control chromatin structure and dynamics.1, 2 However, the role and impact of such modifications during viral infections is not fully revealed. Indeed, this type of regulation is bidirectional between the virus and the host. While viral replication and gene expression are significantly impacted by histone modifications on the viral chromatin,3 studies have shown that some viral pathogens dynamically manipulate cellular epigenetic factors to enhance their own survival and pathogenesis, as well as escape the immune system defense lines.4 In this dynamic, histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) appear to play fundamental roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and recruitment of other factors.5 Genuinely, those PTMs play a vital role in lytic infection, latency reinforcement, or, conversely, viral reactivation.6 In this chapter, we will examine and review the involvement of histone modifications as well as their potential manipulation to control infections during various viral life cycle stages, highlighting their prospective implications in the clinical management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and other viral diseases. Targeting histone modifications is critical in setting the treatment of chronic viral infections with both lytic and latent stages (HIV, HCMV, HSV, RSV), virus-induced cancers (HBV, HCV, EBV, KSHV, HPV), and epidemic/emerging viruses (e.g. influenza virus, arboviruses).
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18
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Zhang L, Tian S, Pei M, Zhao M, Wang L, Jiang Y, Yang T, Zhao J, Song L, Yang X. Crosstalk between histone modification and DNA methylation orchestrates the epigenetic regulation of the costimulatory factors, Tim‑3 and galectin‑9, in cervical cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2655-2669. [PMID: 31661141 PMCID: PMC6859457 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is known to cause cervical cancer. The binding of the costimulatory factors, Tim-3 and galectin-9, can cause immune tolerance and lead to immune escape during carcinogenesis. Epigenetic regulation is essential for Tim-3/galectin-9 expression, which affects the outcome of local cervical cancer infection. Hence, exploring the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of costimulatory signaling by Tim-3/galectin-9 is of great interest for investigating the mechanisms through which these proteins are regulated in cervical cancer tumorigenesis. In this study, we report that E2F-1 and FOXM1 mediated by HPV18 E6 and E7 can enhance the transcriptional activity of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) by binding to its promoter region, resulting in the induced expression of the EZH2-specific target protein, H3K27me3, which consequently reduces the expression of the downstream target gene, DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A). EZH2 and H3K27me3 directly interact with the DNMT3A promoter region to negatively regulate its expression in HeLa cells. Moreover, the downregulated DNMT3A and the decreased methylation levels in HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions in HeLa cells promoted the expression of Tim-3/galectin-9. Furthermore, the high expression of Tim-3/galectin-9 was associated with HPV positivity among patients with cervical cancer. Moreover, HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions were hypermethylated in normal cervical tissues, and this hypermethylated status inhibited gene expression. On the whole, these findings suggest that EZH2, H3K27me3 and DNMT3A mediate the epigenetic regulation of the negative stimulatory molecules, Tim-3 and galectin-9 in cervical cancer which is associated with HPV18 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sijuan Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meili Pei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Minyi Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Song
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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19
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Kumar R, Paul AM, Rameshwar P, Pillai MR. Epigenetic Dysregulation at the Crossroad of Women's Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081193. [PMID: 31426393 PMCID: PMC6721458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasingly number of women of all age groups are affected by cancer, despite substantial progress in our understanding of cancer pathobiology, the underlying genomic alterations and signaling cascades, and cellular-environmental interactions. Though our understanding of women’s cancer is far more complete than ever before, there is no comprehensive model to explain the reasons behind the increased incidents of certain reproductive cancer among older as well as younger women. It is generally suspected that environmental and life-style factors affecting hormonal and growth control pathways might help account for the rise of women’s cancers in younger age, as well, via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulators play an important role in orchestrating an orderly coordination of cellular signals in gene activity in response to upstream signaling and/or epigenetic modifiers present in a dynamic extracellular milieu. Here we will discuss the broad principles of epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation and demethylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation, and RNA methylation in women’s cancers in the context of gene expression, hormonal action, and the EGFR family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. We anticipate that a better understanding of the epigenetics of women’s cancers may provide new regulatory leads and further fuel the development of new epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
- Graduate Degree Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
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20
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Song L, Liu S, Yao H, Zhang L, Li Y, Xu D, Li Q. MiR-362-3p is downregulated by promoter methylation and independently predicts shorter OS of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108944. [PMID: 31082771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate the potential influence of methylation on miR-362-5p/3p expression and further analyzed their independent prognostic value in cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) respectively. SiHa and CaSki cells were used as the in vitro cell model. In silico bioinformatic analysis was conducted via the combined use of the Cancer Genome Atlas-Cervical Cancer (TCGA-CESC), Starbase 3.0 and String 10.5. Results revealed that the downregulation of miR-362-5p/3p was accompanied by the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and their expression was further decreased in HR-HPV cancer tissues. Demethylation could restore their expression. By performing Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) based on methylated or unmethylated specific primers, we confirmed that the proximal promoter region was methylated in both cell lines. Higher miR-362-3p expression might independently predict favorable overall survival (OS) in SCC patients (HR: 0.561, 95%CI: 0.354-0.889, p = 0.014), after adjustment of clinical stages, lymphovascular invasion and miR-362-5p expression. However, no prognostic value of miR-362-5p or miR-362-3p expression was observed in terms of OS in patients with ADC. Via bioinformatic analysis, we found that miR-362-3p might have an entirely different regulatory network in cervical ADC and SCC, which might help to explain the distinct prognostic value of miR-362-3p in these two histological subtypes. In summary, we infer that the methylation level of the proximal promoter region of pre-miR-362 would influence the expression of miR-362-5p/3p in cervical cancer. MiR-362-3p expression might be a specific prognostic biomarker in cervical SCC, but not in ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China.
| | - Hairong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Dongkui Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
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21
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Martinez-Redondo P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Tailored chromatin modulation to promote tissue regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:3-15. [PMID: 31028854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is fundamental in the maintenance of cellular identity and the regulation of cellular plasticity during tissue repair. In fact, epigenetic modulation is associated with the processes of cellular de-differentiation, proliferation, and re-differentiation that takes place during tissue regeneration. In here we explore the epigenetic events that coordinate tissue repair in lower vertebrates with high regenerative capacity, and in mammalian adult stem cells, which are responsible for the homeostasis maintenance of most of our tissues. Finally we summarize promising CRISPR-based editing technologies developed during the last years, which look as promising tools to not only study but also promote specific events during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martinez-Redondo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
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22
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Pentland I, Campos-León K, Cotic M, Davies KJ, Wood CD, Groves IJ, Burley M, Coleman N, Stockton JD, Noyvert B, Beggs AD, West MJ, Roberts S, Parish JL. Disruption of CTCF-YY1-dependent looping of the human papillomavirus genome activates differentiation-induced viral oncogene transcription. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005752. [PMID: 30359362 PMCID: PMC6219814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex life cycle of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates in undifferentiated basal epithelial keratinocytes where expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenes is restricted. Upon epithelial differentiation, E6/E7 transcription is increased through unknown mechanisms to drive cellular proliferation required to support virus replication. We report that the chromatin-organising CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) promotes the formation of a chromatin loop in the HPV genome that epigenetically represses viral enhancer activity controlling E6/E7 expression. CTCF-dependent looping is dependent on the expression of the CTCF-associated Yin Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor and polycomb repressor complex (PRC) recruitment, resulting in trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27. We show that viral oncogene up-regulation during cellular differentiation results from YY1 down-regulation, disruption of viral genome looping, and a loss of epigenetic repression of viral enhancer activity. Our data therefore reveal a key role for CTCF-YY1-dependent looping in the HPV life cycle and identify a regulatory mechanism that could be disrupted in HPV carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieisha Pentland
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Campos-León
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Cotic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli-Jo Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C. David Wood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Burley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne D. Stockton
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Noyvert
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J. West
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Ou R, Zhu L, Zhao L, Li W, Tao F, Lu Y, He Q, Li J, Ren Y, Xu Y. HPV16 E7-induced upregulation of KDM2A promotes cervical cancer progression by regulating miR-132-radixin pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2659-2671. [PMID: 30132864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral proteins expression cause a number of epigenetic alterations leading to cervical carcinogenesis. The recent discovery of a large amount of histone methylation modifiers reveals important roles of these enzymes in regulating tumor progression. METHODS The changes in expression of 48 histone methylation modifiers were assessed following knockdown of HPV16 E7 in CaSki cells. Lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A)-regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in cervical cancer pathogenesis were disclosed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function of KDM2A-miRNAs on cervical cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Upregulation of KDM2A induced by HPV16 E7 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion and is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. KDM2A physically interacts with the promoter of miR-132 and suppresses its expression by removing the mono or dimethyl group from H3K36 at the miR-132 locus. Functionally, miR-132 represses cancer cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting radixin (RDX). Upregulated KDM2A promotes cervical cancer progression by repressing miR-132, which results in a derepression of RDX. Therefore, KDM2A functions as a tumor activator in cervical cancer pathogenesis by binding miR-132 promoter and abrogating its tumor suppressive function. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a function for KDM2A in cervical cancer progression and suggest its candidacy as a new prognostic biomarker and target for clinical management of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Ou
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of PET/CT, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fengxing Tao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Lu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qin He
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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24
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High-Risk Human Papillomaviral Oncogenes E6 and E7 Target Key Cellular Pathways to Achieve Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061706. [PMID: 29890655 PMCID: PMC6032416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to several human cancers, the most prominent of which is cervical cancer. The integration of the viral genome into the host genome is one of the manners in which the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 achieve persistent expression. The most well-studied cellular targets of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are p53 and pRb, respectively. However, recent research has demonstrated the ability of these two viral factors to target many more cellular factors, including proteins which regulate epigenetic marks and splicing changes in the cell. These have the ability to exert a global change, which eventually culminates to uncontrolled proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Rajagopalan D, Jha S. An epi(c)genetic war: Pathogens, cancer and human genome. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:333-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Wang X, Xu H. Potential Epigenetic Regulation in the Germinal Center Reaction of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29449847 PMCID: PMC5799247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity and broadly neutralizing antibodies plays a key role in the defense against pathogens. These antibody responses require effective germinal center (GC) reaction within anatomical niches of GCs, where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide cognate help to B cells for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Emerging evidences indicate that GC reaction in normal state and perhaps establishment of latent Tfh cell reservoir in HIV/SIV infection are tightly regulated by epigenetic histone modifications, which are responsible for activating or silencing chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind GC responses at cellular and molecular levels thus provides necessary knowledge for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we discussed the epigenetic regulation of GC responses, especially for GC B and Tfh cell under normal state or HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
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27
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Sharma D, Koshy G, Gupta S, Sharma B, Grover S. Deciphering the Role of the Barr Body in Malignancy: An insight into head and neck cancer. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e389-e397. [PMID: 29372079 PMCID: PMC5766293 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2017.17.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation is the epitome of epigenetic regulation and long non-coding ribonucleic acid function. The differentiation status of cells has been ascribed to X chromosome activity, with two active X chromosomes generally only observed in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated cells. Recently, several studies have indicated that the reactivation of an inactive X chromosome or X chromosome multiplication correlates with the development of malignancy; however, this concept is still controversial. This review sought to shed light on the role of the X chromosome in cancer development. In particular, there is a need for further exploration of the expression patterns of X-linked genes in cancer cells, especially those in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in order to identify different prognostic subpopulations with distinct clinical implications. This article proposes a functional relationship between the loss of the Barr body and the disproportional expression of X-linked genes in HNSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - George Koshy
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Bhushan Sharma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sonal Grover
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Soto DR, Barton C, Munger K, McLaughlin-Drubin ME. KDM6A addiction of cervical carcinoma cell lines is triggered by E7 and mediated by p21CIP1 suppression of replication stress. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006661. [PMID: 28968467 PMCID: PMC5638616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of E7 proteins encoded by carcinogenic, high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) triggers increased expression of the histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase KDM6A. KDM6A expression is necessary for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells, including several cervical cancer lines. Here we show that increased KDM6A in response to high-risk HPV E7 expression causes epigenetic de-repression of the cell cycle and DNA replication inhibitor p21CIP1, and p21CIP1 expression is necessary for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells. The requirement for KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells is based on p21CIP1’s ability to inhibit DNA replication through PCNA binding. We show that ectopic expression of cellular replication factors can rescue the loss of cell viability in response to p21CIP1 and KDM6A depletion. Moreover, we discovered that nucleoside supplementation will override the loss of cell viability in response to p21CIP1 depletion, suggesting that p21CIP1 depletion causes lethal replication stress. This model is further supported by increased double strand DNA breaks upon KDM6A or p21CIP1 depletion and DNA combing experiments that show aberrant re-replication upon KDM6A or p21CIP1 depletion in high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells. Therefore, KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression are essential to curb E7 induced replication stress to levels that do not markedly interfere with cell viability. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with approximately five percent of all human cancers, including virtually all cervical cancers as well as a large percentage of anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins are the major oncogenic drivers in these tumors, and persistent expression of E6 and E7 is required for the maintenance of the transformed state. While E6 and E7 lack intrinsic enzymatic activities, and thus are difficult to directly target therapeutically, they biochemically interact with, functionally modify, or alter expression of key host cellular signaling proteins. HPV16 E7 triggers increased expression of the KDM6A histone demethylase, and KDM6A expression becomes necessary for the survival of HPV16 E7 expressing cells. Here we show that the requirement for persistent KDM6A expression is mediated by the cell cycle and DNA replication inhibitor p21CIP1 in that p21CIP1 expression is necessary for survival of E7 expressing cells. Remarkably, this is based on the ability of p21CIP1 to inhibit cellular DNA replication by binding PCNA. Our results suggest that increased KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression serves to curb HPV16 E7-induced replication stress to levels that are conducive to DNA replication but do not cause death of HPV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Soto
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Barton
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. McLaughlin-Drubin
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Viral latency can be considered a metastable, nonproductive infection state that is capable of subsequent reactivation to repeat the infection cycle. Viral latent infections have numerous associated pathologies, including cancer, birth defects, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and immunological dysfunctions. The mechanisms controlling the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency are complex and diversified among virus families, species, and strains. Yet, as examined in this review, common properties of latent viral infections can be defined. Eradicating latent virus has become an important but elusive challenge and will require a more complete understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes.
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30
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang J, Qian W, Dong Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang Z, Shi X, Wu S. LSD1 binds to HPV16 E7 and promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer by demethylating histones at the Vimentin promoter. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11329-11342. [PMID: 27894088 PMCID: PMC5355268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which specifically demethylates histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 9 (H3K9), is dysregulated in several cancers. We found that ectopic expression of LSD1 in cervical cancer cells promoted invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, reduced the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and induced the expression of the mesenchymal marker, Vimentin. By contrast, LSD1 knockdown had the opposite effect and attenuated the HPV16 E7-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We proposed a novel mechanism, whereby LSD1 is recruited to the Vimentin promoter and demethylates H3K4me1 and H3K4me2. Notably, HPV16 E7 enhanced the expression of LSD1, formed a complex with LSD1, and suppressed LSD1 demethylase activity by hindering the recruitment of LSD1 to the Vimentin promoter. Thus, LSD1 is a primary and positive regulator of the HPV16 E7-induced EMT and an attractive therapeutic target for alleviating HPV16 E7-induced EMT and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunqin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genes and Development and Molecular Carcinogenesis Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sufang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Lindsay CD, Kostiuk MA, Harris J, O'Connell DA, Seikaly H, Biron VL. Efficacy of EZH2 inhibitory drugs in human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:95. [PMID: 28878842 PMCID: PMC5586065 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide with rates of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) dramatically increasing. The overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase responsible for the trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3), is associated with a poor clinical prognosis and aggressive HPV-positive phenotypes. Methods We utilized three EZH2 pathway inhibitors, GSK-343, DZNeP, and EPZ-5687, and tested their efficacy in two HPV-positive and two HPV-negative OPSCC cell lines. Results Treatment with GSK-343 decreased H3K27me3 in all cell lines and treatment with DZNeP decreased H3K27me3 in only HPV-negative cell lines as determined by Western blot. Cells treated with EPZ-5687 displayed no appreciable change in H3K27me3. Epigenetic effect on gene expression was measured via ddPCR utilizing 11 target probes. Cells treated with DZNeP showed the most dramatic expressional changes, with decreased EGFR in HPV-positive cell lines and an overall increase in proliferation markers in HPV-negative cell lines. GSK-343-treated cells displayed moderate expressional changes, with CCND1 increased in HPV-positive cell lines and decreased TP53 in HPV-negative SCC-1. EPZ-5687-treated cell lines displayed few expressional changes overall. Only DZNeP-treated cells displayed anti-proliferative characteristics shown in wound-healing assays. Conclusions Our findings suggest that EZH2 inhibitors are a viable therapeutic option for the role of epigenetic effect, potentially sensitizing tumors to current chemotherapies or limiting cell differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0390-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morris A Kostiuk
- Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Jeff Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Daniel A O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.,Alberta Head and Neck Centre for Oncology and Reconstruction, Edmonton, AB Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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32
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Epigenetic Alterations in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090248. [PMID: 28862667 PMCID: PMC5618014 DOI: 10.3390/v9090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15–20% of human cancers are caused by viruses, including human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and encode proteins that reprogram the regulatory networks governing host cellular signaling pathways that control recognition by the immune system, proliferation, differentiation, genomic integrity, and cell death. Given that key proteins in these regulatory networks are also subject to mutation in non-virally associated diseases and cancers, the study of oncogenic viruses has also been instrumental to the discovery and analysis of many fundamental cellular processes, including messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing, transcriptional enhancers, oncogenes and tumor suppressors, signal transduction, immune regulation, and cell cycle control. More recently, tumor viruses, in particular HPV, have proven themselves invaluable in the study of the cancer epigenome. Epigenetic silencing or de-silencing of genes can have cellular consequences that are akin to genetic mutations, i.e., the loss and gain of expression of genes that are not usually expressed in a certain cell type and/or genes that have tumor suppressive or oncogenic activities, respectively. Unlike genetic mutations, the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications affords an opportunity of epigenetic therapy for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetic regulation in HPV-infected cells with a focus on those elements with relevance to carcinogenesis.
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33
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Gameiro SF, Kolendowski B, Zhang A, Barrett JW, Nichols AC, Torchia J, Mymryk JS. Human papillomavirus dysregulates the cellular apparatus controlling the methylation status of H3K27 in different human cancers to consistently alter gene expression regardless of tissue of origin. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72564-72576. [PMID: 29069809 PMCID: PMC5641152 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cancer at multiple distinct anatomical locations. Regardless of the tissue of origin, most HPV positive (HPV+) cancers show highly upregulated expression of the p16 product of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene. Paradoxically, HPV+ tumor cells require continuous expression of this tumor suppressor for survival. Thus, restoration of normal p16 regulation has potential therapeutic value against HPV induced cancers. Normally, p16 transcription is tightly controlled at the epigenetic level via polycomb repressive complex-mediated tri-methylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Although a mechanism by which HPV induces p16 has been proposed based on tissue culture models, it has not been extensively validated in human tumors. In this study, we used data from over 800 human cervical and head and neck tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to test this model. We determined the impact of HPV status on expression from the CDKN2A locus, the adjacent CDKN2B locus, and transcript levels of key epigenetic regulators of these loci. As expected, HPV+ tumors from both anatomical sites exhibited high levels of p16. Furthermore, HPV+ tumors expressed higher levels of KDM6A, which demethylates H3K27me3. CpG methylation of the CDKN2A locus was also consistently altered in HPV+ tumors. This data validates previous tissue culture studies and identifies remarkable similarities between the effects of HPV on gene expression and DNA methylation in both cervical and oral tumors in large human cohorts. Furthermore, these results support a model whereby HPV-mediated dysregulation of CDKN2A transcription requires KDM6A, a potentially druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Gameiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Bart Kolendowski
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Joe Torchia
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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Kumar A, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Majumdar B, Patil S, Sharma NK. Beyond gene dictation in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and its therapeutic implications. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x17701463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barnali Majumdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Shen CJ, Cheng YM, Wang CL. LncRNA PVT1 epigenetically silences miR-195 and modulates EMT and chemoresistance in cervical cancer cells. J Drug Target 2017; 25:637-644. [PMID: 28296507 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1307379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 gene (PVT1) is an oncogenic lncRNA with regulative effect on chemosensitivity in cervical cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms were not fully understood. In this study, HPV16 positive CaSki and SiHa cells were used as in vitro cell model. Knockdown of HPV16 E7 significantly inhibited PVT1 and restored miR-195 expression. PVT1 directly interacts with EZH2 and the complex anchors in the promoter region of miR-195. PVT1 overexpression resulted in increased H3K27me3 levels in the miR-195 promoter region, while PVT1 knockdown decreased H3K27me3 levels in the promoter region. In addition, PVT1 could competitively bind with miR-195. MiR-195 overexpression suppressed PVT1 expression in the cancer cells. Both PVT1 and miR-195 could inhibit paclitaxel (PTX) induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and also sensitize CaSki cells to PTX. Based on these findings, we infer that PVT1 could decrease miR-195 expression via enhancing histone H3K27me3 in the miR-195 promoter region and also via direct sponging of miR-195. In addition, the PVT1/miR-195 axis can modulate responses of the cancer cells to PTX via regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ju Shen
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Cheng
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lin Wang
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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36
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Lindsay C, Seikaly H, Biron VL. Epigenetics of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: opportunities for novel chemotherapeutic targets. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 46:9. [PMID: 28143553 PMCID: PMC5282807 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-017-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression that do not directly alter DNA sequence. These modifications include DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, small and non-coding RNAs. Alterations in epigenetic profiles cause deregulation of fundamental gene expression pathways associated with carcinogenesis. The role of epigenetics in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has recently been recognized, with implications for novel biomarkers, molecular diagnostics and chemotherapeutics. In this review, important epigenetic pathways in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive and negative OPSCC are summarized, as well as the potential clinical utility of this knowledge.This material has never been published and is not currently under evaluation in any other peer-reviewed publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Lindsay
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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37
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Isaac A, Kostiuk M, Zhang H, Lindsay C, Makki F, O'Connell DA, Harris JR, Cote DWJ, Seikaly H, Biron VL. Ultrasensitive detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal tissue swabs. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 46:5. [PMID: 28088212 PMCID: PMC5237494 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-016-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) caused by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is rising worldwide. HPV-OPSCC is commonly diagnosed by RT-qPCR of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins or by p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been recently reported as an ultra-sensitive and highly precise method of nucleic acid quantification for biomarker analysis. To validate the use of a minimally invasive assay for detection of oncogenic HPV based on oropharyngeal swabs using ddPCR. Secondary objectives were to compare the accuracy of ddPCR swabs to fresh tissue p16 IHC and RT-qPCR, and to compare the cost of ddPCR with p16 IHC. METHODS We prospectively included patients with p16+ oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer (OC/OPSCC), and two control groups: p16- OC/OPSCC patients, and healthy controls undergoing tonsillectomy. All underwent an oropharyngeal swab with ddPCR for quantitative detection of E6 and E7 mRNA. Surgical specimens had p16 IHC performed. Agreement between ddPCR and p16 IHC was determined for patients with p16 positive and negative OC/OPSCC as well as for healthy control patients. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs were calculated against p16 IHC for OPSCC. RESULTS 122 patients were included: 36 patients with p16+OPSCC, 16 patients with p16-OPSCC, 4 patients with p16+OCSCC, 41 patients with p16-OCSCC, and 25 healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs against p16 IHC were 92 and 98% respectively, using 20-50 times less RNA than that required for conventional RT-qPCR. Overall agreement between ddPCR of tissue swabs and p16 of tumor tissue was high at ĸ = 0.826 [0.662-0.989]. CONCLUSION Oropharyngeal swabs analyzed by ddPCR is a quantitative, rapid, and effective method for minimally invasive oncogenic HPV detection. This assay represents the most sensitive and accurate mode of HPV detection in OPSCC without a tissue biopsy in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Isaac
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Morris Kostiuk
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Han Zhang
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Cameron Lindsay
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,, 1E4 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Fawaz Makki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Daniel A O'Connell
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,, 1E4 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Harris
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,, 1E4.29 WMC 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2A1, Canada
| | - David W J Cote
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.,, 1E4 WMC 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2A1, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4.34 WMC, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Li M, Wu L. Functional analysis of keratinocyte and fibroblast gene expression in skin and keloid scar tissue based on deviation analysis of dynamic capabilities. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3633-3641. [PMID: 28101157 PMCID: PMC5228192 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to select key genes that are associated with fibroblasts and keratinocytes during keloid scar progression and development. The gene expression profile of GSE44270, which includes 32 samples, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in case samples compared with control samples were screened using the Limma R package followed by hierarchical clustering analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the total selected DEGs were constructed using Cytoscape. Moreover, the Gene Ontology biological processes and significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of the total selected DEGs were enriched using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Significant pathways that may be associated with keloid scar were analyzed using deviation analysis of dynamic capabilities. There were 658 DEGs in fibroblast keloid vs. normal, 112 DEGs in fibroblast non-lesion vs. normal, 439 DEGs in fibroblast keloid vs. non-lesion, 523 DEGs in keratocyte keloid vs. normal, 186 DEGs in keratocyte non-lesion vs. normal, and 963 DEGs in keratocyte keloid vs. non-lesion groups. HOXA9, BMP4, CDKN1A and SMAD2 in fibroblasts, and HOXA7, MCM8, PSMA4 and PSMB2 in keratinocytes were key genes in the PPI networks. Moreover, the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway, cell cycle, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway were significant pathways. This study suggests that several key genes (BMP4, HOXA9, SMAD2, CDKN1A, HOXA7, PSMA4 and PSMB2) that participate in some significant pathways (cell cycle and ECM-receptor interaction pathways) may be potential therapeutic targets for keloid scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Li
- Department of Cosmetology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The No. 1 People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Ma W, Tummers B, van Esch EMG, Goedemans R, Melief CJM, Meyers C, Boer JM, van der Burg SH. Human Papillomavirus Downregulates the Expression of IFITM1 and RIPK3 to Escape from IFNγ- and TNFα-Mediated Antiproliferative Effects and Necroptosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:496. [PMID: 27920775 PMCID: PMC5118436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance of a high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection takes time and requires the local presence of a strong type 1 cytokine T cell response, suggesting that hrHPV has evolved mechanisms to resist this immune attack. Using an unique system for non, newly, and persistent hrHPV infection, we show that hrHPV infection renders keratinocytes (KCs) resistant to the antiproliferative- and necroptosis-inducing effects of IFNγ and TNFα. HrHPV-impaired necroptosis was associated with the upregulation of several methyltransferases, including EZH2, and the downregulation of RIPK3 expression. Restoration of RIPK3 expression using the global histone methyltransferase inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin increased necroptosis in hrHPV-positive KCs. Simultaneously, hrHPV effectively inhibited IFNγ/TNFα-mediated arrest of cell growth at the S-phase by downregulating IFITM1 already at 48 h after hrHPV infection, followed by an impaired increase in the expression of the antiproliferative gene RARRES1 and a decrease of the proliferative gene PCNA. Knockdown of IFITM1 in uninfected KCs confirmed its role on RARRES1 and its antiproliferative effects. Thus, our study reveals how hrHPV deregulates two pathways involved in cell death and growth regulation to withstand immune-mediated control of hrHPV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Edith M G van Esch
- Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Renske Goedemans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
| | - Judith M Boer
- Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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Songock WK, Kim SM, Bodily JM. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein as a regulator of transcription. Virus Res 2016; 231:56-75. [PMID: 27818212 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) encode oncoproteins which manipulate gene expression patterns in the host keratinocytes to facilitate viral replication, regulate viral transcription, and promote immune evasion and persistence. In some cases, oncoprotein-induced changes in host cell behavior can cause progression to cancer, but a complete picture of the functions of the viral oncoproteins in the productive HPV life cycle remains elusive. E7 is the HPV-encoded factor most responsible for maintaining cell cycle competence in differentiating keratinocytes. Through interactions with dozens of host factors, E7 has an enormous impact on host gene expression patterns. In this review, we will examine the role of E7 specifically as a regulator of transcription. We will discuss mechanisms of regulation of cell cycle-related genes by E7 as well as genes involved in immune regulation, growth factor signaling, DNA damage responses, microRNAs, and others pathways. We will also discuss some unanswered questions about how transcriptional regulation by E7 impacts the biology of HPV in both benign and malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Songock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jason M Bodily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Investigation of EZH2 pathways for novel epigenetic treatment strategies in oropharyngeal cancer. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 45:54. [PMID: 27793210 PMCID: PMC5084374 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-016-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent decades, the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been rising worldwide as a result of increasing oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the oropharynx. EZH2 is an epigenetic regulatory protein associated with tumor aggressiveness and negative survival outcomes in several human cancers. We aimed to determine the role of EZH2 as a potential therapeutic epigenetic target in HPV-positive and negative OPSCC. Methods The expression of EZH2 was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in 2 HPV-positive and 2 HPV-negative cell lines. The cell lines were then cultured and treated with one of 3 EZH2 epigenetic inhibitors (3-deazaneplanocin A, GSK-343 and EPZ005687) or DMSO (control). Following 2, 4 and 7 days of treatment, cells were analyzed and compared by gene expression, cell survival and proliferation assays. Results EZH2 targeting resulted in greater inhibition of growth and survival in HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative cells lines. The expression profile of genes important in OPSCC also differed according to HPV-positivity for Ki67, CCND1, MET and PTEN/PIK3CA, but remained unchanged for EGFR, CDKN2A and p53. Conclusion Inhibition of EZH2 has anti-tumorigenic effects on OPSCC cells in culture that is more pronounced in HPV-positive cell lines. EZH2 is a promising epigenetic target for the treatment of OPSCC.
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Durzynska J, Lesniewicz K, Poreba E. Human papillomaviruses in epigenetic regulations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:36-50. [PMID: 28528689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses, that infect epithelial cells and are etiologically involved in the development of human cancer. Today, over 200 types of human papillomaviruses are known. They are divided into low-risk and high-risk HPVs depending on their potential to induce carcinogenesis, driven by two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7. By interacting with cellular partners, these proteins are involved in interdependent viral and cell cycles in stratified differentiating epithelium, and concomitantly induce epigenetic changes in infected cells and those undergoing malignant transformation. E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with and/or modulate expression of many proteins involved in epigenetic regulation, including DNA methyltransferases, histone-modifying enzymes and subunits of chromatin remodeling complexes, thereby influencing host cell transcription program. Furthermore, HPV oncoproteins modulate expression of cellular micro RNAs. Most of these epigenetic actions in a complex dynamic interplay participate in the maintenance of persistent infection, cell transformation, and development of invasive cancer by a considerable deregulation of tumor suppressor and oncogenes. In this study, we have undertaken to discuss a number of studies concerning epigenetic regulations in HPV-dependent cells and to focus on those that have biological relevance to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Durzynska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lesniewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Poreba
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Corbin JM, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. One-Carbon Metabolism in Prostate Cancer: The Role of Androgen Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1208. [PMID: 27472325 PMCID: PMC5000606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism differs significantly from the metabolism of non-transformed cells. This altered metabolic reprogramming mediates changes in the uptake and use of nutrients that permit high rates of proliferation, growth, and survival. The androgen receptor (AR) plays an essential role in the establishment and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and in the metabolic adaptation that takes place during this progression. In its role as a transcription factor, the AR directly affects the expression of several effectors and regulators of essential catabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Indirectly, as a modulator of the one-carbon metabolism, the AR can affect epigenetic processes, DNA metabolism, and redox balance, all of which are important factors in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of AR-signaling on one-carbon metabolism in tumorigenesis. Clinical implications of one-carbon metabolism and AR-targeted therapies for PCa are discussed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Corbin
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Maria J Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center and Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Alvarado-Ruiz L, Martinez-Silva MG, Torres-Reyes LA, Pina-Sanchez P, Ortiz-Lazareno P, Bravo-Cuellar A, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez LF. HOXA9 is Underexpressed in Cervical Cancer Cells and its Restoration Decreases Proliferation, Migration and Expression of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Genes. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:1037-47. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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45
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Groves IJ, Knight ELA, Ang QY, Scarpini CG, Coleman N. HPV16 oncogene expression levels during early cervical carcinogenesis are determined by the balance of epigenetic chromatin modifications at the integrated virus genome. Oncogene 2016; 35:4773-86. [PMID: 26876196 PMCID: PMC5024154 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cervical squamous cell carcinomas, high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) DNA is usually integrated into host chromosomes. Multiple integration events are thought to be present within the cells of a polyclonal premalignant lesion and the features that underpin clonal selection of one particular integrant remain poorly understood. We previously used the W12 model system to generate a panel of cervical keratinocyte clones, derived from cells of a low-grade premalignant lesion naturally infected with the major HRHPV type, HPV16. The cells were isolated regardless of their selective advantage and differed only by the site of HPV16 integration into the host genome. We used this resource to test the hypothesis that levels of HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene expression in premalignant cells are regulated epigenetically. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the epigenetic landscape of the integrated HPV16 DNA in selected clones, in which levels of virus oncogene expression per DNA template varied ~6.6-fold. Across the cells examined, higher levels of virus expression per template were associated with more open chromatin at the HPV16 long control region, together with greater loading of chromatin remodelling enzymes and lower nucleosome occupancy. There were higher levels of histone post-translational modification hallmarks of transcriptionally active chromatin and lower levels of repressive hallmarks. There was greater abundance of the active/elongating form of the RNA polymerase-II enzyme (RNAPII-Ser2P), together with CDK9, the component of positive transcription elongation factor b complex responsible for Ser2 phosphorylation. The changes observed were functionally significant, as cells with higher HPV16 expression per template showed greater sensitivity to depletion and/or inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and CDK9 and less sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibition. We conclude that virus gene expression per template following HPV16 integration is determined through multiple layers of epigenetic regulation, which are likely to contribute to selection of individual cells during cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Groves
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E L A Knight
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Q Y Ang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C G Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Lechner M, Fenton TR. The Genomics, Epigenomics, and Transcriptomics of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer--Understanding the Basis of a Rapidly Evolving Disease. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 93:1-56. [PMID: 26915269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to represent a major independent risk factor for head and neck squamous cell cancer, in particular for oropharyngeal carcinoma. This type of cancer is rapidly evolving in the Western world, with rising trends particularly in the young, and represents a distinct epidemiological, clinical, and molecular entity. It is the aim of this review to give a detailed description of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and posttranscriptional changes that underlie the phenotype of this deadly disease. The review will also link these changes and examine what is known about the interactions between the host genome and viral genome, and investigate changes specific for the viral genome. These data are then integrated into an updated model of HPV-induced head and neck carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lechner
- Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T R Fenton
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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El-Araby AM, Fouad AA, Hanbal AM, Abdelwahab SM, Qassem OM, El-Araby ME. Epigenetic Pathways of Oncogenic Viruses: Therapeutic Promises. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:73-90. [PMID: 26754591 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous transformation comprises different events that are both genetic and epigenetic. The ultimate goal for such events is to maintain cell survival and proliferation. This transformation occurs as a consequence of different features such as environmental and genetic factors, as well as some types of infection. Many viral infections are considered to be causative agents of a number of different malignancies. To convert normal cells into cancerous cells, oncogenic viruses must function at the epigenetic level to communicate with their host cells. Oncogenic viruses encode certain epigenetic factors that lead to the immortality and proliferation of infected cells. The epigenetic effectors produced by oncogenic viruses constitute appealing targets to prevent and treat malignant diseases caused by these viruses. In this review, we highlight the importance of epigenetic reprogramming for virus-induced oncogenesis, with special emphasis on viral epigenetic oncoproteins as therapeutic targets. The discovery of molecular components that target epigenetic pathways, especially viral factors, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M El-Araby
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amr M Hanbal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Omar M Qassem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanya, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Minarovits J, Demcsák A, Banati F, Niller HH. Epigenetic Dysregulation in Virus-Associated Neoplasms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 879:71-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Jiang Y, Yan B, Lai W, Shi Y, Xiao D, Jia J, Liu S, Li H, Lu J, Li Z, Chen L, Chen X, Sun L, Muegge K, Cao Y, Tao Y. Repression of Hox genes by LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and modulation of glycolytic pathway genes by HoxC8. Oncogene 2015; 34:6079-91. [PMID: 25745994 PMCID: PMC4564361 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes human lymphoid malignancies, and the EBV product latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been identified as an oncogene in epithelial carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV can epigenetically reprogram lymphocyte-specific processes and induce cell immortalization. However, the interplay between LMP1 and the NPC host cell remains largely unknown. Here, we report that LMP1 is important to establish the Hox gene expression signature in NPC cell lines and tumor biopsies. LMP1 induces repression of several Hox genes in part via stalling of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). Pol II stalling can be overcome by irradiation involving the epigenetic regulator TET3. Furthermore, we report that HoxC8, one of the genes silenced by LMP1, has a role in tumor growth. Ectopic expression of HoxC8 inhibits NPC cell growth in vitro and in vivo, modulates glycolysis and regulates the expression of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related genes. We propose that viral latency products may repress via stalling key mediators that in turn modulate glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Bin Yan
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Weiwei Lai
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Ying Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China
| | - Jiantao Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008 China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008 China
| | - Hongde Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Jinchen Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Ling Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Xue Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Lunqun Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Kathrin Muegge
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
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