1
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Mopuri R, Welbourn S, Charles T, Ralli-Jain P, Rosales D, Burton S, Aftab A, Karunakaran K, Pellegrini K, Kilembe W, Karita E, Gnanakaran S, Upadhyay AA, Bosinger SE, Derdeyn CA. High throughput analysis of B cell dynamics and neutralizing antibody development during immunization with a novel clade C HIV-1 envelope. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011717. [PMID: 37878666 PMCID: PMC10627474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A protective HIV-1 vaccine has been hampered by a limited understanding of how B cells acquire neutralizing activity. Our previous vaccines expressing two different HIV-1 envelopes elicited robust antigen specific serum IgG titers in 20 rhesus macaques; yet serum from only two animals neutralized the autologous virus. Here, we used high throughput immunoglobulin receptor and single cell RNA sequencing to characterize the overall expansion, recall, and maturation of antigen specific B cells longitudinally over 90 weeks. Diversification and expansion of many B cell clonotypes occurred broadly in the absence of serum neutralization. However, in one animal that developed neutralization, two neutralizing B cell clonotypes arose from the same immunoglobulin germline and were tracked longitudinally. Early antibody variants with high identity to germline neutralized the autologous virus while later variants acquired somatic hypermutation and increased neutralization potency. The early engagement of precursors capable of neutralization with little to no SHM followed by prolonged affinity maturation allowed the two neutralizing lineages to successfully persist despite many other antigen specific B cells. The findings provide new insight into B cells responding to HIV-1 envelope during heterologous prime and boost immunization in rhesus macaques and the development of selected autologous neutralizing antibody lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Mopuri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tysheena Charles
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pooja Ralli-Jain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Rosales
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samantha Burton
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Areeb Aftab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kirti Karunakaran
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Pellegrini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine Unit, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Styles TM, Gangadhara S, Reddy PBJ, Sahoo A, Shiferaw A, Welbourn S, Kozlowski PA, Derdeyn CA, Velu V, Amara RR. V2 hotspot optimized MVA vaccine expressing stabilized HIV-1 Clade C envelope Gp140 delays acquisition of heterologous Clade C Tier 2 challenges in Mamu-A*01 negative Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914969. [PMID: 35935987 PMCID: PMC9353326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilized HIV envelope (Env) trimeric protein immunogens have been shown to induce strong autologous neutralizing antibody response. However, there is limited data on the immunogenicity and efficacy of stabilized Env expressed by a viral vector-based immunogen. Here, we compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of two modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines based on variable loop 2 hotspot (V2 HS) optimized C.1086 envelope (Env) sequences, one expressing the membrane anchored gp150 (MVA-150) and the other expressing soluble uncleaved pre-fusion optimized (UFO) gp140 trimer (MVA-UFO) in a DNA prime/MVA boost approach against heterologous tier 2 SHIV1157ipd3N4 intrarectal challenges in rhesus macaques (RMs). Both MVA vaccines also expressed SIVmac239 Gag and form virus-like particles. The DNA vaccine expressed SIVmac239 Gag, C.1086 gp160 Env and rhesus CD40L as a built-in adjuvant. Additionally, all immunizations were administered intradermally (ID) to reduce induction of vaccine-specific IFNγ+ CD4 T cell responses. Our results showed that both MVA-150 and MVA-UFO vaccines induce comparable Env specific IgG responses in serum and rectal secretions. The vaccine-induced serum antibody showed ADCC and ADCVI activities against the challenge virus. Comparison with a previous study that used similar immunogens via intramuscular route (IM) showed that ID immunizations induced markedly lower SHIV specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses compared to IM immunizations. Following challenge, MVA-UFO vaccinated animals showed a significant delay in acquisition of SHIV1157ipd3N4 infection but only in Mamu-A*01 negative macaques with an estimated vaccine efficacy of 64% per exposure. The MVA-150 group also showed a trend (p=0.1) for delay in acquisition of SHIV infection with an estimated vaccine efficacy of 57%. The vaccine-induced IFNγ secreting CD8 T cell responses showed a direct association and CD4 T cells showed an inverse association with delay in acquisition of SHIV infection. These results demonstrated that both MVA-150 and MVA-UFO immunogens induce comparable humoral and cellular immunity and the latter provides marginally better protection against heterologous tier 2 SHIV infection. They also demonstrate that DNA/MVA vaccinations delivered by ID route induce better antibody and lower CD4 and CD8 T cell responses compared to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pradeep B. J. Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anusmita Sahoo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ayalensh Shiferaw
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rama Rao Amara,
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3
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Welbourn S, Chakraborty S, Yang JE, Gleinich AS, Gangadhara S, Khan S, Ferrebee C, Yagnik B, Burton S, Charles T, Smith SA, Williams D, Mopuri R, Upadhyay AA, Thompson J, Price MA, Wang S, Qin Z, Shen X, Williams LD, Eisel N, Peters T, Zhang L, Kilembe W, Karita E, Tomaras GD, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Azadi P, Wright ER, Gnanakaran S, Derdeyn CA. A neutralizing antibody target in early HIV-1 infection was recapitulated in rhesus macaques immunized with the transmitted/founder envelope sequence. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010488. [PMID: 35503780 PMCID: PMC9106183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs) from infected individuals that developed neutralization breadth are likely to possess inherent features desirable for vaccine immunogen design. To explore this premise, we conducted an immunization study in rhesus macaques (RM) using T/F Env sequences from two human subjects, one of whom developed potent and broad neutralizing antibodies (Z1800M) while the other developed little to no neutralizing antibody responses (R66M) during HIV-1 infection. Using a DNA/MVA/protein immunization protocol, 10 RM were immunized with each T/F Env. Within each T/F Env group, the protein boosts were administered as either monomeric gp120 or stabilized trimeric gp140 protein. All vaccination regimens elicited high titers of antigen-specific IgG, and two animals that received monomeric Z1800M Env gp120 developed autologous neutralizing activity. Using early Env escape variants isolated from subject Z1800M as guides, the serum neutralizing activity of the two immunized RM was found to be dependent on the gp120 V5 region. Interestingly, the exact same residues of V5 were also targeted by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb) isolated from the subject Z1800M early in infection. Glycan profiling and computational modeling of the Z1800M Env gp120 immunogen provided further evidence that the V5 loop is exposed in this T/F Env and was a dominant feature that drove neutralizing antibody targeting during infection and immunization. An expanded B cell clonotype was isolated from one of the neutralization-positive RM and nmAbs corresponding to this group demonstrated V5-dependent neutralization similar to both the RM serum and the human Z1800M nmAb. The results demonstrate that neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the Z1800M T/F Env in RM converged with those in the HIV-1 infected human subject, illustrating the potential of using immunogens based on this or other T/F Envs with well-defined immunogenicity as a starting point to drive breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welbourn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jie E. Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne S. Gleinich
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Salar Khan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Courtney Ferrebee
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samantha Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tysheena Charles
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - S. Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Danielle Williams
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rohini Mopuri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin Thompson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matt A. Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York city, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - LaTonya D. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan Eisel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Peters
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Kilembe
- Center for Family Health Research in Zambia (CFHRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Charles TP, Burton SL, Arunachalam PS, Cottrell CA, Sewall LM, Bollimpelli VS, Gangadhara S, Dey AK, Ward AB, Shaw GM, Hunter E, Amara RR, Pulendran B, van Gils MJ, Derdeyn CA. The C3/465 glycan hole cluster in BG505 HIV-1 envelope is the major neutralizing target involved in preventing mucosal SHIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009257. [PMID: 33556148 PMCID: PMC7895394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilized HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers elicit tier 2 autologous neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses in immunized animals. We previously demonstrated that BG505 SOSIP.664.T332N gp140 (BG505 SOSIP) immunization of rhesus macaques (RM) provided robust protection against autologous intra-vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge that was predicted by high serum nAb titers. Here, we show that nAb in these protected RM targeted a glycan hole proximal to residue 465 in gp120 in all cases. nAb also targeted another glycan hole at residues 241/289 and an epitope in V1 at varying frequencies. Non-neutralizing antibodies directed at N611-shielded epitopes in gp41 were also present but were more prevalent in RM with low nAb titers. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that nAb broadened in some RM during sequential immunization but remained focused in others, the latter being associated with increases in nAb titer. Thirty-eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a protected RM with an exceptionally high serum neutralization titer bound to the trimer in ELISA, and four of the mAbs potently neutralized the BG505 Env pseudovirus (PV) and SHIV. The four neutralizing mAbs were clonally related and targeted the 465 glycan hole to varying degrees, mimicking the serum. The data demonstrate that the C3/465 glycan hole cluster was the dominant neutralization target in high titer protected RM, despite other co-circulating neutralizing and non-neutralizing specificities. The isolation of a neutralizing mAb family argues that clonotype expansion occurred during BG505 SOSIP immunization, leading to high titer, protective nAb and setting a desirable benchmark for HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tysheena P. Charles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Burton
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leigh M. Sewall
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Venkata S. Bollimpelli
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Antu K. Dey
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MJVG); (CAD)
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJVG); (CAD)
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5
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Arunachalam PS, Charles TP, Joag V, Bollimpelli VS, Scott MKD, Wimmers F, Burton SL, Labranche CC, Petitdemange C, Gangadhara S, Styles TM, Quarnstrom CF, Walter KA, Ketas TJ, Legere T, Jagadeesh Reddy PB, Kasturi SP, Tsai A, Yeung BZ, Gupta S, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Shaw GM, Kang CY, Moore JP, Subramaniam S, Khatri P, Montefiori D, Kozlowski PA, Derdeyn CA, Hunter E, Masopust D, Amara RR, Pulendran B. T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers. Nat Med 2020; 26:932-940. [PMID: 32393800 PMCID: PMC7303014 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts toward an HIV vaccine focus on inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies, but eliciting both neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and cellular responses may be superior. Here, we immunized macaques with an HIV envelope trimer, either alone to induce nAbs, or together with a heterologous viral vector regimen to elicit nAbs and cellular immunity, including CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. After ten vaginal challenges with autologous virus, protection was observed in both vaccine groups at 53.3% and 66.7%, respectively. A nAb titer >300 was generally associated with protection but in the heterologous viral vector + nAb group, titers <300 were sufficient. In this group, protection was durable as the animals resisted six more challenges 5 months later. Antigen stimulation of T cells in ex vivo vaginal tissue cultures triggered antiviral responses in myeloid and CD4+ T cells. We propose that cellular immune responses reduce the threshold of nAbs required to confer superior and durable protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/drug effects
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/drug effects
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Heterologous
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Mucous Membrane
- SAIDS Vaccines/pharmacology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vagina
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tysheena P Charles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Venkata S Bollimpelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madeleine K D Scott
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian Wimmers
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia C Labranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Korey A Walter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pradeep Babu Jagadeesh Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pfizer, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research and Materials Lab, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chil-Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Rama R Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Clade C HIV-1 Envelope Vaccination Regimens Differ in Their Ability To Elicit Antibodies with Moderate Neutralization Breadth against Genetically Diverse Tier 2 HIV-1 Envelope Variants. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01846-18. [PMID: 30651354 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01846-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of preclinical HIV vaccine studies in nonhuman primates are to develop and test different approaches for their ability to generate protective immunity. Here, we compared the impact of 7 different vaccine modalities, all expressing the HIV-1 1086.C clade C envelope (Env), on (i) the magnitude and durability of antigen-specific serum antibody responses and (ii) autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody capacity. These vaccination regimens included immunization with different combinations of DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), soluble gp140 protein, and different adjuvants. Serum samples collected from 130 immunized monkeys at two key time points were analyzed using the TZM-bl cell assay: at 2 weeks after the final immunization (week 40/41) and on the day of challenge (week 58). Key initial findings were that inclusion of a gp140 protein boost had a significant impact on the magnitude and durability of Env-specific IgG antibodies, and addition of 3M-052 adjuvant was associated with better neutralizing activity against the SHIV1157ipd3N4 challenge virus and a heterologous HIV-1 CRF01 Env, CNE8. We measured neutralization against a panel of 12 tier 2 Envs using a newly described computational tool to quantify serum neutralization potency by factoring in the predetermined neutralization tier of each reference Env. This analysis revealed modest neutralization breadth, with DNA/MVA immunization followed by gp140 protein boosts in 3M-052 adjuvant producing the best scores. This study highlights that protein-containing regimens provide a solid foundation for the further development of novel adjuvants and inclusion of trimeric Env immunogens that could eventually elicit a higher level of neutralizing antibody breadth.IMPORTANCE Despite much progress, we still do not have a clear understanding of how to elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response against HIV-1 through vaccination. There have been great strides in the development of envelope immunogens that mimic the virus particle, but less is known about how different vaccination modalities and adjuvants contribute to shaping the antibody response. We compared seven different vaccines that were administered to rhesus macaques and that delivered the same envelope protein through various modalities and with different adjuvants. The results demonstrate that some vaccine components are better than others at eliciting neutralizing antibodies with breadth.
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Smith SA, Burton SL, Kilembe W, Lakhi S, Karita E, Price M, Allen S, Derdeyn CA. VH1-69 Utilizing Antibodies Are Capable of Mediating Non-neutralizing Fc-Mediated Effector Functions Against the Transmitted/Founder gp120. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3163. [PMID: 30697215 PMCID: PMC6341001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple antibody effector functions arise in HIV-1 infection that could be harnessed to protect against infection or clear the persistent reservoir. Here, we have investigated the genetic and functional memory B cell and antibody landscape present during early infection in six individuals infected with either subtype A, C, or an A/C recombinant HIV-1. These individuals demonstrated varying levels of plasma autologous neutralization (nAb) against the transmitted/founder envelope (T/F Env) pseudovirus and non-neutralizing Fc-mediated effector function (nnFc) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the T/F Env gp120 protein at ~7 months after infection. Genetic analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain variable domain gene segments from 352 autologous T/F Env gp120-specific single B cells recovered at this same 7-month time-point revealed an over-representation of the VH1-69 germline in five of six individuals. A defining feature of the VH1-69 utilizing gp120-specific antibodies was their significantly more hydrophobic complementarity-determining region-2 (CDRH2) regions compared to other VH CDRH2 sequences from each individual. While none of the VH1-69 antibodies possessed strong neutralizing activity against virions pseudotyped with the autologous T/F Env, almost a third were capable of mediating high ADCC activity, as assayed by intracellular granzyme B activity in CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells coated with autologous T/F Env gp120. High ADCC mediating VH1-69 antibodies exhibited shorter complementarity-determining region-3 (CDRH3) lengths and a more neutral isoelectric point than antibodies lacking this function. In the individual that developed the highest autologous ADCC responses, the high granzyme B producing antibodies bound to surface expressed envelope in the absence of CD4 and were not enhanced by the addition of soluble CD4. Overall, VH1-69 utilizing antibodies are commonly induced against gp120 in diverse HIV-1 infections and a subset of these antibodies can mediate ADCC functions, serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Shabir Lakhi
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Matt Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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8
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Muenchhoff M, Adland E, Karimanzira O, Crowther C, Pace M, Csala A, Leitman E, Moonsamy A, McGregor C, Hurst J, Groll A, Mori M, Sinmyee S, Thobakgale C, Tudor-Williams G, Prendergast AJ, Kloverpris H, Roider J, Leslie A, Shingadia D, Brits T, Daniels S, Frater J, Willberg CB, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Jooste P, Moore PL, Morris L, Goulder P. Nonprogressing HIV-infected children share fundamental immunological features of nonpathogenic SIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:358ra125. [PMID: 27683550 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disease-free infection in HIV-infected adults is associated with human leukocyte antigen-mediated suppression of viremia, whereas in the sooty mangabey and other healthy natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), viral replication continues unabated. To better understand factors preventing HIV disease, we investigated pediatric infection, where AIDS typically develops more rapidly than in adults. Among 170 nonprogressing antiretroviral therapy-naïve children aged >5 years maintaining normal-for-age CD4 T cell counts, immune activation levels were low despite high viremia (median, 26,000 copies/ml). Potent, broadly neutralizing antibody responses in most of the subjects and strong virus-specific T cell activity were present but did not drive pediatric nonprogression. However, reduced CCR5 expression and low HIV infection in long-lived central memory CD4 T cells were observed in pediatric nonprogressors. These children therefore express two cardinal immunological features of nonpathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys-low immune activation despite high viremia and low CCR5 expression on long-lived central memory CD4 T cells-suggesting closer similarities with nonpathogenetic mechanisms evolved over thousands of years in natural SIV hosts than those operating in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Owen Karimanzira
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew Pace
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Ellen Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Angeline Moonsamy
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Callum McGregor
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Institute of Cancer Research, Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Mathematics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Theresienstrasse 39, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Smruti Sinmyee
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Henrik Kloverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Delane Shingadia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, U.K
| | - Thea Brits
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Samantha Daniels
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - John Frater
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, U.K.
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Diversification in the HIV-1 Envelope Hyper-variable Domains V2, V4, and V5 and Higher Probability of Transmitted/Founder Envelope Glycosylation Favor the Development of Heterologous Neutralization Breadth. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005989. [PMID: 27851829 PMCID: PMC5112890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study of plasma neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infected individuals at nine International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) sites reported that viral load, HLA-A*03 genotype, and subtype C infection were strongly associated with the development of neutralization breadth. Here, we refine the findings of that study by analyzing the impact of the transmitted/founder (T/F) envelope (Env), early Env diversification, and autologous neutralization on the development of plasma neutralization breadth in 21 participants identified during recent infection at two of those sites: Kigali, Rwanda (n = 9) and Lusaka, Zambia (n = 12). Single-genome analysis of full-length T/F Env sequences revealed that all 21 individuals were infected with a highly homogeneous population of viral variants, which were categorized as subtype C (n = 12), A1 (n = 7), or recombinant AC (n = 2). An extensive amino acid sequence-based analysis of variable loop lengths and glycosylation patterns in the T/F Envs revealed that a lower ratio of NXS to NXT-encoded glycan motifs correlated with neutralization breadth. Further analysis comparing amino acid sequence changes, insertions/deletions, and glycan motif alterations between the T/F Env and autologous early Env variants revealed that extensive diversification focused in the V2, V4, and V5 regions of gp120, accompanied by contemporaneous viral escape, significantly favored the development of breadth. These results suggest that more efficient glycosylation of subtype A and C T/F Envs through fewer NXS-encoded glycan sites is more likely to elicit antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity following exposure to gp120 diversification. This initiates an Env-antibody co-evolution cycle that increases neutralization breadth, and is further augmented over time by additional viral and host factors. These findings suggest that understanding how variation in the efficiency of site-specific glycosylation influences neutralizing antibody elicitation and targeting could advance the design of immunogens aimed at inducing antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity.
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10
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Immune activation in HIV infection: what can the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus teach us? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:201-8. [PMID: 26845673 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes studies in natural hosts, with a particular focus on the control of immune activation and new insights into viral reservoirs. We discuss why these findings are relevant for HIV research today. RECENT FINDINGS AIDS resistance in natural hosts is characterized by a rapid control of inflammatory processes in response to simian immunodeficiency virus infection despite persistent viremia. Although CD4 T cells are dramatically depleted in the intestine in primary infection, interleukin 17-producing T helper cells (Th17) are preserved and natural hosts lack microbial translocation. Thus, viral replication in the gut is not sufficient to explain mucosal damage, but additional factors are necessary. Natural hosts also display a lower infection rate of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells. The follicles are characterized by a lack of viral trapping and the viral replication in secondary lymphoid organs is rapidly controlled. Hence, the healthy status of natural hosts is associated with preserved lymphoid environments. SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms of preservation of Th17 and of the low contribution of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells to viral reservoirs could benefit the search for preventive and curative approaches of HIV. Altogether, the complementarity of the model helps to identify strategies aiming at restoring full capacity of the immune system and decreasing the size of the viral reservoirs.
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Breakthrough of SIV strain smE660 challenge in SIV strain mac239-vaccinated rhesus macaques despite potent autologous neutralizing antibody responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10780-5. [PMID: 26261312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509731112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlates of immunological protection from human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus infection remain incompletely understood, it is generally believed that medium to high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the challenge virus will prevent infection. This paradigm is based on a series of studies in which passive transfer of HIV-specific nAbs protected rhesus macaques (RMs) from subsequent mucosal challenge with a chimeric human/simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown whether nAb titers define protection in the setting of active immunization. Here we determined serum nAb titers against breakthrough transmitted/founder (T/F) SIVsmE660-derived envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants from 14 RMs immunized with SIVmac239-based DNA-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-boost vaccine regimens that included GM-CSF or CD40L adjuvants and conferred significant but incomplete protection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge. A single Env variant established infection in all RMs except one, with no identifiable genetic signature associated with vaccination breakthrough compared with T/F Envs from four unvaccinated monkeys. Breakthrough T/F Env pseudoviruses were potently neutralized in vitro by heterologous pooled serum from chronically SIVsmE660-infected monkeys at IC50 titers exceeding 1:1,000,000. Remarkably, the T/F Env pseudoviruses from 13 of 14 monkeys were also susceptible to neutralization by autologous prechallenge serum at in vitro IC50 titers ranging from 1:742-1:10,832. These titers were similar to those observed in vaccinated RMs that remained uninfected. These data suggest that the relationship between serum nAb titers and protection from mucosal SIV challenge in the setting of active immunization is more complex than previously recognized, warranting further studies into the balance between immune activation, target cell availability, and protective antibody responses.
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12
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Rapid Development of gp120-Focused Neutralizing B Cell Responses during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of African Green Monkeys. J Virol 2015; 89:9485-98. [PMID: 26157116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01564-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The initial phases of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may be critical for development of effective envelope (Env)-specific antibodies capable of impeding the establishment of the latent pool of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells, preventing virus-induced immune hyperactivation to limit disease progression and blocking vertical virus transmission. However, the initial systemic HIV-1 Env-specific antibody response targets gp41 epitopes and fails to control acute-phase viremia. African-origin, natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) hosts do not typically progress to AIDS and rarely postnatally transmit virus to their infants, despite high milk viral loads. Conversely, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), Asian-origin nonnatural SIV hosts, sustain pathogenic SIV infections and exhibit higher rates of postnatal virus transmission. In this study, of acute SIV infection, we compared the initial systemic Env-specific B cell responses of AGMs and RMs in order to probe potential factors influencing the lack of disease progression observed in AGMs. AGMs developed higher-magnitude plasma gp120-specific IgA and IgG responses than RMs, whereas RMs developed more robust gp140-directed IgG responses. These gp120-focused antibody responses were accompanied by rapid autologous neutralizing responses during acute SIV infection in AGMs compared to RMs. Moreover, acute SIV infection elicited a higher number of circulating Env-specific memory B cells in peripheral blood of AGMs than in the blood of RMs. These findings indicate that AGMs have initial systemic Env-specific B cell responses to SIV infection distinct from those of a nonnatural SIV host, resulting in more functional SIV-specific humoral responses, which may be involved in impairing pathogenic disease progression and minimizing postnatal transmission. IMPORTANCE Due to the worldwide prevalence of HIV-1 infections, development of a vaccine to prevent infection or limit the viral reservoir remains an important goal. HIV-1-infected humans, as well as SIV-infected nonnatural SIV hosts, develop pathogenic infections and readily transmit the virus to their infants. Conversely, natural SIV hosts do not develop pathogenic infections and rarely transmit the virus to their infants. The immunologic factors contributing to these favorable outcomes in natural SIV hosts could prove invaluable for directing HIV-1 vaccine and therapy design. This study identified distinctions in the specificity and function of the initial systemic SIV envelope-specific B cell response that developed during acute SIV infection in natural and nonnatural SIV host species. Identification of distinct acute B cell responses in natural SIV hosts may inform vaccine strategies seeking to elicit similar responses prior to or during the initial phases of acute HIV-1 infection.
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13
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Dualtropic CXCR6/CCR5 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection of Sooty Mangabey Primary Lymphocytes: Distinct Coreceptor Use in Natural versus Pathogenic Hosts of SIV. J Virol 2015; 89:9252-61. [PMID: 26109719 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01236-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural-host sooty mangabeys (SM) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) exhibit high viral loads but do not develop disease, whereas infection of rhesus macaques (RM) causes CD4(+) T cell loss and AIDS. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these divergent outcomes, including differences in cell targeting, which have been linked to low expression of the canonical SIV entry receptor CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells of SM and other natural hosts. We previously showed that infection and high-level viremia occur even in a subset of SM that genetically lack functional CCR5, which indicates that alternative entry coreceptors are used by SIV in vivo in these animals. We also showed that SM CXCR6 is a robust coreceptor for SIVsmm in vitro. Here we identify CXCR6 as a principal entry pathway for SIV in SM primary lymphocytes. We show that ex vivo SIV infection of lymphocytes from CCR5 wild-type SM is mediated by both CXCR6 and CCR5. In contrast, infection of RM lymphocytes is fully dependent on CCR5. These data raise the possibility that CXCR6-directed tropism in CCR5-low natural hosts may alter CD4(+) T cell subset targeting compared with that in nonnatural hosts, enabling SIV to maintain high-level replication without leading to widespread CD4(+) T cell loss. IMPORTANCE Natural hosts of SIV, such as sooty mangabeys, sustain high viral loads but do not develop disease, while nonnatural hosts, like rhesus macaques, develop AIDS. Understanding this difference may help elucidate mechanisms of pathogenesis. Natural hosts have very low levels of the SIV entry coreceptor CCR5, suggesting that restricted entry may limit infection of certain target cells, although it is unclear how the virus replicates so robustly. Here we show that in sooty mangabey lymphocytes, infection is mediated by the alternative entry coreceptor CXCR6, as well as CCR5. In rhesus macaque lymphocytes, however, infection occurs entirely through CCR5. The use of CXCR6 for entry, combined with very low CCR5 levels, may redirect the virus to different cell targets in natural hosts. It is possible that differential targeting may favor infection of nonessential cells and limit infection of critical cells in natural hosts, thus contributing to benign outcome of infection.
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14
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Characterization and Implementation of a Diverse Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Envelope Panel in the Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth Elicited in Rhesus Macaques by Multimodal Vaccines Expressing the SIVmac239 Envelope. J Virol 2015; 89:8130-51. [PMID: 26018167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies that can neutralize diverse viral strains are likely to be an important component of a protective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. To this end, preclinical simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based nonhuman primate immunization regimens have been designed to evaluate and enhance antibody-mediated protection. However, these trials often rely on a limited selection of SIV strains with extreme neutralization phenotypes to assess vaccine-elicited antibody activity. To mirror the viral panels used to assess HIV-1 antibody breadth, we created and characterized a novel panel of 14 genetically and phenotypically diverse SIVsm envelope (Env) glycoproteins. To assess the utility of this panel, we characterized the neutralizing activity elicited by four SIVmac239 envelope-expressing DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector- and protein-based vaccination regimens that included the immunomodulatory adjuvants granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and CD40 ligand. The SIVsm Env panel exhibited a spectrum of neutralization sensitivity to SIV-infected plasma pools and monoclonal antibodies, allowing categorization into three tiers. Pooled sera from 91 rhesus macaques immunized in the four trials consistently neutralized only the highly sensitive tier 1a SIVsm Envs, regardless of the immunization regimen. The inability of vaccine-mediated antibodies to neutralize the moderately resistant tier 1b and tier 2 SIVsm Envs defined here suggests that those antibodies were directed toward epitopes that are not accessible on most SIVsm Envs. To achieve a broader and more effective neutralization profile in preclinical vaccine studies that is relevant to known features of HIV-1 neutralization, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing the Env immunogen, as the neutralization profile achieved by the addition of adjuvants does not appear to supersede the neutralizing antibody profile determined by the immunogen. IMPORTANCE Many in the HIV/AIDS vaccine field believe that the ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking genetically diverse HIV-1 variants is a critical component of a protective vaccine. Various SIV-based nonhuman primate vaccine studies have investigated ways to improve antibody-mediated protection against a heterologous SIV challenge, including administering adjuvants that might stimulate a greater neutralization breadth. Using a novel SIV neutralization panel and samples from four rhesus macaque vaccine trials designed for cross comparison, we show that different regimens expressing the same SIV envelope immunogen consistently elicit antibodies that neutralize only the very sensitive tier 1a SIV variants. The results argue that the neutralizing antibody profile elicited by a vaccine is primarily determined by the envelope immunogen and is not substantially broadened by including adjuvants, resulting in the conclusion that the envelope immunogen itself should be the primary consideration in efforts to elicit antibodies with greater neutralization breadth.
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15
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Selinger C, Strbo N, Gonzalez L, Aicher L, Weiss JM, Law GL, Palermo RE, Vaccari M, Franchini G, Podack ER, Katze MG. Multiple low-dose challenges in a rhesus macaque AIDS vaccine trial result in an evolving host response that affects protective outcome. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1650-60. [PMID: 25274805 PMCID: PMC4248781 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00455-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using whole-blood transcriptional profiling, we investigated differences in the host response to vaccination and challenge in a rhesus macaque AIDS vaccine trial. Samples were collected from animals prior to and after vaccination with live, irradiated vaccine cells secreting the modified endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96-Ig loaded with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) peptides, either alone or in combination with a SIV-gp120 protein boost. Additional samples were collected following multiple low-dose rectal challenges with SIVmac251. Animals in the boosted group had a 73% reduced risk of infection. Surprisingly, few changes in gene expression were observed during the vaccination phase. Focusing on postchallenge comparisons, in particular for protected animals, we identified a host response signature of protection comprised of strong interferon signaling after the first challenge, which then largely abated after further challenges. We also identified a host response signature, comprised of early macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses, in animals with undetectable viral loads 5 days after the first challenge but with unusually high viral titers after subsequent challenges. Statistical analysis showed that prime-boost vaccination significantly lowered the probability of infection in a time-consistent manner throughout several challenges. Given that humoral responses in the prime-boost group were highly significant prechallenge correlates of protection, the strong innate signaling after the first challenge suggests that interferon signaling may enhance vaccine-induced antibody responses and is an important contributor to protection from infection during repeated low-dose exposure to SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Selinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Louis Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lauri Aicher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Lynn Law
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert E Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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The transmembrane proteins contribute to immunodeficiencies induced by HIV-1 and other retroviruses. AIDS 2014; 28:1081-90. [PMID: 24445366 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many microorganisms including retroviruses suppress the immune system of the infected host in order to maintain infection. Unfortunately, it is still unclear how retroviruses induce immunosuppression. There is increasing evidence of a common mechanism based on their transmembrane envelope proteins. This review therefore summarizes evidence of the involvement of the transmembrane envelope proteins in the immunopathogenesis of different retroviruses including HIV-1. Mutations in the immunosuppressive (isu) domain of the transmembrane envelope protein of several retroviruses abrogate the immunosuppressive activities in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, virus sequences with such abrogating mutations were never found in HIV-1-infected individuals despite the fact that the mutated viruses are replication-competent. However, there is also evidence for additional, perhaps even divergent, strategies for each retrovirus. For example, in contrast to many other retroviruses, the HIV directly interacts with immune cells and infects them. In addition, HIV uses several accessory proteins to evade the immune response. Furthermore, the possible contribution of the transmembrane envelope proteins of endogenous retroviruses to immunosuppression when expressed on tumor cells or in the placenta is analyzed.
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17
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Chahroudi A, Cartwright E, Lee ST, Mavigner M, Carnathan DG, Lawson B, Carnathan PM, Hashempoor T, Murphy MK, Meeker T, Ehnert S, Souder C, Else JG, Cohen J, Collman RG, Vanderford TH, Permar SR, Derdeyn CA, Villinger F, Silvestri G. Target cell availability, rather than breast milk factors, dictates mother-to-infant transmission of SIV in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003958. [PMID: 24604066 PMCID: PMC3946396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) of HIV is a serious global health concern, with over 300,000 children newly infected in 2011. SIV infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) results in similar rates of MTIT to that of HIV in humans. In contrast, SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) rarely results in MTIT. The mechanisms underlying protection from MTIT in SMs are unknown. In this study we tested the hypotheses that breast milk factors and/or target cell availability dictate the rate of MTIT in RMs (transmitters) and SMs (non-transmitters). We measured viral loads (cell-free and cell-associated), levels of immune mediators, and the ability to inhibit SIV infection in vitro in milk obtained from lactating RMs and SMs. In addition, we assessed the levels of target cells (CD4+CCR5+ T cells) in gastrointestinal and lymphoid tissues, including those relevant to breastfeeding transmission, as well as peripheral blood from uninfected RM and SM infants. We found that frequently-transmitting RMs did not have higher levels of cell-free or cell-associated viral loads in milk compared to rarely-transmitting SMs. Milk from both RMs and SMs moderately inhibited in vitro SIV infection, and presence of the examined immune mediators in these two species did not readily explain the differential rates of transmission. Importantly, we found that the percentage of CD4+CCR5+ T cells was significantly lower in all tissues in infant SMs as compared to infant RMs despite robust levels of CD4+ T cell proliferation in both species. The difference between the frequently-transmitting RMs and rarely-transmitting SMs was most pronounced in CD4+ memory T cells in the spleen, jejunum, and colon as well as in central and effector memory CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood. We propose that limited availability of SIV target cells in infant SMs represents a key evolutionary adaptation to reduce the risk of MTIT in SIV-infected SMs. Currently 2.5 million children are infected with HIV, largely as a result of mother-to-child transmission, and there is no effective vaccine or cure. Studies of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection of nonhuman primate species termed “natural hosts” have shown that mother-to-infant transmission of SIV in these animals is rare. Natural hosts are African monkey species that are naturally infected with SIV in the wild but do not develop AIDS. We sought to understand the mechanism by which natural hosts are protected from mother-to-infant transmission of SIV, aiming to translate our findings into novel strategies to prevent perinatal HIV infection. We found that natural host sooty mangabey infants have extremely low levels of target cells for SIV infection in lymphoid and gastrointestinal tissues. Direct comparison of infant sooty mangabeys and infant rhesus macaques (non-natural host species with high SIV transmission rates) confirmed that natural hosts have significantly lower levels of SIV target cells compared with non-natural hosts. Analysis of the breast milk of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques revealed similar levels of virus and ability to inhibit SIV infection. Our study provides evidence for target cell restriction as the main mechanism of protection from mother-to-infant SIV transmission in natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily Cartwright
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - S. Thera Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benton Lawson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tayebeh Hashempoor
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Murphy
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tracy Meeker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Ehnert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Souder
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joyce Cohen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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18
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Cook R, Leroux C, Issel C. Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:181-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Miedema F, Hazenberg MD, Tesselaar K, van Baarle D, de Boer RJ, Borghans JAM. Immune activation and collateral damage in AIDS pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:298. [PMID: 24133492 PMCID: PMC3783946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, evidence has accumulated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced chronic immune activation drives progression to AIDS. Studies among different monkey species have shown that the difference between pathological and non-pathological infection is determined by the response of the immune system to the virus, rather than its cytopathicity. Here we review the current understanding of the various mechanisms driving chronic immune activation in HIV infection, the cell types involved, its effects on HIV-specific immunity, and how persistent inflammation may cause AIDS and the wide spectrum of non-AIDS related pathology. We argue that therapeutic relief of inflammation may be beneficial to delay HIV-disease progression and to reduce non-AIDS related pathological side effects of HIV-induced chronic immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Miedema
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mette D. Hazenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV-infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti-retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4(+) T-cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T-cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to 'show AIDS the door', and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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21
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Klatt NR, Silvestri G, Hirsch V. Nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a007153. [PMID: 22315718 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are a diverse group of viruses that naturally infect a wide range of African primates, including African green monkeys (AGMs) and sooty mangabey monkeys (SMs). Although natural infection is widespread in feral populations of AGMs and SMs, this infection generally does not result in immunodeficiency. However, experimental inoculation of Asian macaques results in an immunodeficiency syndrome remarkably similar to human AIDS. Thus, natural nonprogressive SIV infections appear to represent an evolutionary adaptation between these animals and their primate lentiviruses. Curiously, these animals maintain robust virus replication but have evolved strategies to avoid disease progression. Adaptations observed in these primates include phenotypic changes to CD4(+) T cells, limited chronic immune activation, and altered mucosal immunity. It is probable that these animals have achieved a unique balance between T-cell renewal and proliferation and loss through activation-induced apoptosis, and virus-induced cell death. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression in natural hosts for SIV infection should therefore yield insights into the pathogenesis of AIDS and may inform vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Archary D, Rong R, Gordon ML, Boliar S, Madiga M, Gray ES, Dugast AS, Hermanus T, Goulder PJR, Coovadia HM, Werner L, Morris L, Alter G, Derdeyn CA, Ndung'u T. Characterization of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing and binding antibodies in chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Virology 2012; 433:410-20. [PMID: 22995189 PMCID: PMC3488441 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing (nAbs) and high affinity binding antibodies may be critical for an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. We characterized virus-specific nAbs and binding antibody responses over 21 months in eight HIV-1 subtype C chronically infected individuals with heterogeneous rates of disease progression. Autologous nAb titers of study exit plasma against study entry viruses were significantly higher than contemporaneous responses at study entry (p=0.002) and exit (p=0.01). NAb breadth and potencies against subtype C viruses were significantly higher than for subtype A (p=0.03 and p=0.01) or B viruses (p=0.03; p=0.05) respectively. Gp41-IgG binding affinity was higher than gp120-IgG (p=0.0002). IgG-FcγR1 affinity was significantly higher than FcγRIIIa (p<0.005) at study entry and FcγRIIb (p<0.05) or FcγRIIIa (p<0.005) at study exit. Evolving IgG binding suggests alteration of immune function mediated by binding antibodies. Evolution of nAbs was a potential marker of HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derseree Archary
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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23
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Brenchley JM, Vinton C, Tabb B, Hao XP, Connick E, Paiardini M, Lifson JD, Silvestri G, Estes JD. Differential infection patterns of CD4+ T cells and lymphoid tissue viral burden distinguish progressive and nonprogressive lentiviral infections. Blood 2012; 120:4172-81. [PMID: 22990012 PMCID: PMC3501715 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) develop a nonresolving chronic infection but do not develop AIDS. Mechanisms to explain the nonprogressive nature of SIV infection in natural hosts that underlie maintained high levels of plasma viremia without apparent loss of target cells remain unclear. Here we used comprehensive approaches (ie, FACS sorting, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) to study viral infection within subsets of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue (LT) CD4(+) T cells in cohorts of chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), HIV-infected humans, and SIVsmm-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs). We find: (1) infection frequencies among CD4(+) T cells in chronically SIV-infected RMs are significantly higher than those in SIVsmm-infected SMs; (2) infected cells are found in distinct anatomic LT niches and different CD4(+) T-cell subsets in SIV-infected RMs and SMs, with infection patterns of RMs reflecting HIV infection in humans; (3) T(FH) cells are infected at higher frequencies in RMs and humans than in SMs; and (4) LT viral burden, including follicular dendritic cell deposition of virus, is increased in RMs and humans compared with SMs. These data provide insights into how natural hosts are able to maintain high levels of plasma viremia while avoiding development of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes ofHealth, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Distinct evolutionary pressures underlie diversity in simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus lineages. J Virol 2012; 86:13217-31. [PMID: 23055550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01862-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques causes immune depletion and disease closely resembling human AIDS and is well recognized as the most relevant animal model for the human disease. Experimental investigations of viral pathogenesis and vaccine protection primarily involve a limited set of related viruses originating in sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm). The diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved in humans in about a century; in contrast, SIV isolates used in the macaque model evolved in sooty mangabeys over millennia. To investigate the possible consequences of such different evolutionary histories for selection pressures and observed diversity in SIVsmm and HIV-1, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed 20 independent isolates of SIVsmm, including representatives of 7 distinct clades of viruses isolated from natural infection. We found SIVsmm diversity to be lower overall than HIV-1 M group diversity. Reduced positive selection (i.e., less diversifying evolution) was evident in extended regions of SIVsmm proteins, most notably in Gag p27 and Env gp120. In addition, the relative diversities of proteins in the two lineages were distinct: SIVsmm Env and Gag were much less diverse than their HIV-1 counterparts. This may be explained by lower SIV-directed immune activity in mangabeys relative to HIV-1-directed immunity in humans. These findings add an additional layer of complexity to the interpretation and, potentially, to the predictive utility of the SIV/macaque model, and they highlight the unique features of human and simian lentiviral evolution that inform studies of pathogenesis and strategies for AIDS vaccine design.
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25
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Chahroudi A, Bosinger SE, Vanderford TH, Paiardini M, Silvestri G. Natural SIV hosts: showing AIDS the door. Science 2012; 335:1188-93. [PMID: 22403383 DOI: 10.1126/science.1217550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in the wild and in captivity. In contrast to HIV-infected humans, these natural SIV hosts typically do not develop AIDS, despite chronic infection with a highly replicating virus. In this Review, we discuss the most recent advances on the mechanisms of protection from disease progression in natural SIV hosts, with emphasis on how they differ from pathogenic HIV/SIV infections of humans and rhesus macaques. These mechanisms include: (i) resolution of immune activation after acute infection, (ii) restricted pattern of target cell infection, and (iii) protection from mother-to-infant transmission. We highlight the areas that should be pursued in future studies, focusing on potential applications for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Sundaravaradan V, Mir KD, Sodora DL. Double-negative T cells during HIV/SIV infections: potential pinch hitters in the T-cell lineup. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:164-71. [PMID: 22241163 PMCID: PMC3639317 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283504a66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the role of CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells, which have both regulatory and helper T-cell functions and may have the potential to compensate for the reduced levels of CD4 T cells during SIV/HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Double-negative T cells have been characterized in several human diseases and in murine models of autoimmunity and transplantation, where they exhibit both immunoregulatory and helper T-cell-like function. During the natural nonpathogenic SIV infection of African nonhuman primates, the lack of clinical disease progression is associated with the presence of double-negative T cells that maintain helper T-cell functions while remaining refractory to viral infection. Moreover, DN T cells may compensate for very low levels of CD4+ T cells observed in a cohort of SIV-infected sooty mangabeys that have remained free of clinical AIDS for over 10 years. These studies identify a potential for double-negative T cells to provide critical helper function during HIV infection. SUMMARY Double-negative T cells with some CD4+ T-cell functions are associated with a nonpathogenic outcome during SIV infection and represent a potential immune therapeutic target in HIV-infected patients.
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27
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Cloning and analysis of sooty mangabey alternative coreceptors that support simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm entry independently of CCR5. J Virol 2011; 86:898-908. [PMID: 22090107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06415-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural host sooty mangabeys (SM) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm do not develop AIDS despite high viremia. SM and other natural hosts express very low levels of CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells, and we recently showed that SIVsmm infection and robust replication occur in vivo in SM genetically lacking CCR5, indicating the use of additional entry pathways. SIVsmm uses several alternative coreceptors of human origin in vitro, but which molecules of SM origin support entry is unknown. We cloned a panel of putative coreceptors from SM and tested their ability to mediate infection, in conjunction with smCD4, by pseudotypes carrying Envs from multiple SIVsmm subtypes. smCXCR6 supported efficient infection by all SIVsmm isolates with entry levels comparable to those for smCCR5, and smGPR15 enabled entry by all isolates at modest levels. smGPR1 and smAPJ supported low and variable entry, whereas smCCR2b, smCCR3, smCCR4, smCCR8, and smCXCR4 were not used by most isolates. In contrast, SIVsmm from rare infected SM with profound CD4(+) T cell loss, previously reported to have expanded use of human coreceptors, including CXCR4, used smCXCR4, smCXCR6, and smCCR5 efficiently and also exhibited robust entry through smCCR3, smCCR8, smGPR1, smGPR15, and smAPJ. Entry was similar with both known alleles of smCD4. These alternative coreceptors, particularly smCXCR6 and smGPR15, may support virus replication in SM that have restricted CCR5 expression as well as SM genetically lacking CCR5. Defining expression of these molecules on SM CD4(+) subsets may delineate distinct natural host target cell populations capable of supporting SIVsmm replication without CD4(+) T cell loss.
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28
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Ortiz AM, Klatt NR, Li B, Yi Y, Tabb B, Hao XP, Sternberg L, Lawson B, Carnathan PM, Cramer EM, Engram JC, Little DM, Ryzhova E, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Paiardini M, Ansari AA, Ratcliffe S, Else JG, Brenchley JM, Collman RG, Estes JD, Derdeyn CA, Silvestri G. Depletion of CD4⁺ T cells abrogates post-peak decline of viremia in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4433-45. [PMID: 22005304 PMCID: PMC3204830 DOI: 10.1172/jci46023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, and their depletion during chronic HIV infection is a hallmark of disease progression. However, the relative contribution of CD4+ T cells as mediators of antiviral immune responses and targets for virus replication is still unclear. Here, we have generated data in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) that suggest that CD4+ T cells are essential in establishing control of virus replication during acute infection. To directly assess the role of CD4+ T cells during primary SIV infection, we in vivo depleted these cells from RMs prior to infecting the primates with a pathogenic strain of SIV. Compared with undepleted animals, CD4+ lymphocyte-depleted RMs showed a similar peak of viremia, but did not manifest any post-peak decline of virus replication despite CD8+ T cell- and B cell-mediated SIV-specific immune responses comparable to those observed in control animals. Interestingly, depleted animals displayed rapid disease progression, which was associated with increased virus replication in non-T cells as well as the emergence of CD4-independent SIV-envelopes. Our results suggest that the antiviral CD4+ T cell response may play an important role in limiting SIV replication, which has implications for the design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Tabb
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xing Pei Hao
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence Sternberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benton Lawson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Cramer
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica C. Engram
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dawn M. Little
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena Ryzhova
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Scarano
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James G. Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Abstract
The host immune system is profoundly affected during the acute phase of progressive immunodeficiency lentiviral infections. Studies of these alterations have been quite restricted in humans because of the limited availability of samples from acutely HIV-infected persons. Therefore, numerous studies have turned attention to nonhuman primate models. Specifically, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) have been informative for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection in humans. Indeed, advantages of the nonhuman primate model include the ability to study the very early events after infection and the ability to retrieve copious amounts of tissues. In addition, nonhuman primates allow for comparative studies between non-natural and natural hosts for SIV, in which SIV infection results in progression, or not, to AIDS, respectively. Although SIV infection of RM is the best model for HIV infection, the immunologic and/or virologic phenomena in SIV-infected RM do not always reflect those seen in HIV-infected humans. Here virologic and immunologic aspects of acute HIV infection of humans and SIV infection of Asian and African nonhuman primates are discussed and compared in relation to how these aspects relate to disease progression.
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30
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Mother-to-infant transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus is rare in sooty mangabeys and is associated with low viremia. J Virol 2011; 85:5757-63. [PMID: 21450815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02690-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs in utero, intrapartum, and through breastfeeding, with a cumulative rate of transmission of 35 to 40%. As a result, ∼ 400,000 children become infected each year. Little is known about mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) during natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) that typically is nonpathogenic despite high viral loads. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the rates of MTIT in a large colony of naturally SIV-infected SMs using serological (anti-SIV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and Western blot analysis) and virological (SIV(smm) real-time reverse transcription-PCR) methods. We examined 161 SM infants born to SIV-infected mothers and found that 150 (93.2%) were infected by non-MTIT (n = 120) or remained uninfected (n = 30). The remaining 11 SM infants (6.8%) were defined as acquiring SIV by presumptive MTIT based on (i) the presence of anti-SIV antibodies without seroreversion and (ii) a viral load of >500 copies/ml of serum in the first year of life. SM infants infected with SIV by presumptive MTIT did not show any increased morbidity or mortality, indicating that the infection is nonpathogenic even when acquired early in life. Interestingly, viral loads of SIV-infected SM infants with presumptive MTIT were 2-log lower than those of SIV-infected adult SMs living in the same colony (i.e., ∼ 1,000 and 100,000 copies/ml, respectively). These results indicate that MTIT is substantially less frequent in naturally SIV-infected SMs than in HIV-1-infected humans and results in nonpathogenic infection associated with low SIV viremia. Evolutionary pressure to reduce MTIT may have contributed to the restriction of SIV pathogenesis in natural hosts.
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