1
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Zheng K, Zheng X, Yang W. The Role of Metabolic Dysfunction in T-Cell Exhaustion During Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843242. [PMID: 35432304 PMCID: PMC9008220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are important components of adaptive immunity that protect the host against invading pathogens during infection. Upon recognizing the activation signals, naïve and/or memory T cells will initiate clonal expansion, trigger differentiation into effector populations and traffic to the inflamed sites to eliminate pathogens. However, in chronic viral infections, such as those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV), T cells exhibit impaired function and become difficult to clear pathogens in a state known as T-cell exhaustion. The activation and function persistence of T cells demand for dynamic changes in cellular metabolism to meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, especially the augmentation of aerobic glycolysis, which not only provide efficient energy generation, but also fuel multiple biochemical intermediates that are essential for nucleotide, amino acid, fatty acid synthesis and mitochondria function. Changes in cellular metabolism also affect the function of effectors T cells through modifying epigenetic signatures. It is widely accepted that the dysfunction of T cell metabolism contributes greatly to T-cell exhaustion. Here, we reviewed recent findings on T cells metabolism under chronic viral infection, seeking to reveal the role of metabolic dysfunction played in T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zheng
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Temerozo JR, Sacramento CQ, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Pão CRR, de Freitas CS, Dias SSG, Ferreira AC, Mattos M, Soares VC, Teixeira L, Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Hottz ED, Kurtz P, Bozza FA, Bozza PT, Souza TML, Bou-Habib DC. VIP plasma levels associate with survival in severe COVID-19 patients, correlating with protective effects in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1107-1121. [PMID: 35322471 PMCID: PMC9088587 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5cova1121-626r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 may elicit uncontrolled and damaging inflammatory responses. Thus, it is critical to identify compounds able to inhibit virus replication and thwart the inflammatory reaction. Here, we show that the plasma levels of the immunoregulatory neuropeptide VIP are elevated in patients with severe COVID‐19, correlating with reduced inflammatory mediators and with survival on those patients. In vitro, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP), highly similar neuropeptides, decreased the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA content in human monocytes and viral production in lung epithelial cells, also reducing cell death. Both neuropeptides inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators in lung epithelial cells and in monocytes. VIP and PACAP prevented in monocytes the SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced activation of NF‐kB and SREBP1 and SREBP2, transcriptions factors involved in proinflammatory reactions and lipid metabolism, respectively. They also promoted CREB activation, a transcription factor with antiapoptotic activity and negative regulator of NF‐kB. Specific inhibition of NF‐kB and SREBP1/2 reproduced the anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and cell death protection effects of VIP and PACAP. Our results support further clinical investigations of these neuropeptides against COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina Q Sacramento
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila R R Pão
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline S de Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suelen Silva Gomes Dias
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André C Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayara Mattos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Soares
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Inflammation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lívia Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Kurtz
- Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Cano I, Santos EM, Moore K, Farbos A, van Aerle R. Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061129. [PMID: 34208332 PMCID: PMC8231187 DOI: 10.3390/v13061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout cell line inoculated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic VHSV isolates. Although both VHSV isolates showed similar viral replication patterns, the number of differentially expressed genes was 42-fold higher in cells inoculated with the non-pathogenic VHSV at 3 h post inoculation (hpi). Infection with the non-pathogenic isolate resulted in Gene Ontologies (GO) enrichment of terms such as immune response, cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, regulation of translational initiation, unfolded protein binding, and protein folding, and induced an over-representation of the p53, PPAR, and TGF-β signalling pathways. Inoculation with the pathogenic isolate resulted in the GO enrichment of terms related to lipid metabolism and the salmonella infection KEGG pathway involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Antiviral response was evident at 12hpi in cells infected with the pathogenic isolate. Overall, the data showed a delay in the response of genes involved in immune responses and viral sensing in cells inoculated with the pathogenic isolate and suggest transcriptional shutoff and immune avoidance as a critical mechanism of pathogenicity in VHSV. These pathways offer opportunities to further understand and manage VHSV pathogenicity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Karen Moore
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
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4
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Taylor HE, Calantone N, Lichon D, Hudson H, Clerc I, Campbell EM, D'Aquila RT. mTOR Overcomes Multiple Metabolic Restrictions to Enable HIV-1 Reverse Transcription and Intracellular Transport. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107810. [PMID: 32579936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism governs the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection. Multiple early post-fusion steps of HIV-1 replication are restricted in resting peripheral blood CD4 T cells; however, molecular mechanisms that underlie metabolic control of these steps remain undefined. Here, we show that mTOR activity following T cell stimulatory signals overcomes metabolic restrictions in these cells by enabling the expansion of dNTPs to fuel HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT), as well as increasing acetyl-CoA to stabilize microtubules that transport RT products. We find that catalytic mTOR inhibition diminishes the expansion of pools of both of these metabolites by limiting glucose and glutamine utilization in several pathways, thereby suppressing HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate how mTOR-coordinated biosyntheses enable the early steps of HIV-1 replication, add metabolic mechanisms by which mTOR inhibitors block HIV-1, and identify some metabolic modules downstream of mTOR as druggable targets for HIV-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Nina Calantone
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Drew Lichon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Clerc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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5
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Kinoo SM, Chuturgoon AA, Singh B, Nagiah S. Hepatic expression of cholesterol regulating genes favour increased circulating low-density lipoprotein in HIV infected patients with gallstone disease: a preliminary study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:294. [PMID: 33757439 PMCID: PMC7986270 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV endemic populations are displaying higher incidence of metabolic disorders. HIV and the standard treatment are both associated with altered lipid and cholesterol metabolism, however gallstone disease (a cholesterol related disorder) in Sub-Saharan African populations is rarely investigated. METHODS This study sought to evaluate hepatic expression of key genes in cholesterol metabolism (LDLr, HMGCR, ABCA1) and transcriptional regulators of these genes (microRNA-148a, SREBP2) in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy presenting with gallstones. Liver biopsies from HIV positive patients (cases: n = 5) and HIV negative patients (controls: n = 5) were analysed for miR-148a and mRNA expression using quantitative PCR. RESULTS Circulating total cholesterol was elevated in the HIV positive group with significantly elevated LDL-c levels(3.16 ± 0.64 mmol/L) relative to uninfected controls (2.10 ± 0.74 mmol/L; p = 0.04). A scavenging receptor for LDL-c, LDLr was significantly decreased (0.18-fold) in this group, possibly contributing to higher LDL-c levels. Transcriptional regulator of LDLr, SREBP2 was also significantly lower (0.13-fold) in HIV positive patients. Regulatory microRNA, miR-148a-3p, was reduced in HIV positive patients (0.39-fold) with a concomitant increase in target ABCA1 (1.5-fold), which regulates cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these results show that HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy display altered hepatic regulation of cholesterol metabolizing genes, reducing cholesterol scavenging, and increasing cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mewa Kinoo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, Glenwood 4041 South Africa
- Discipline of General Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Umbilo, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, Glenwood 4041 South Africa
| | - Bugwan Singh
- Discipline of General Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Umbilo, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, Glenwood 4041 South Africa
- Present address: Department of Human Biology, Medical Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University Missionvale Campus, Room 113, 2nd floor, Road, Salt Pan, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth, 6059 South Africa
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6
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Leucker TM, Weiss RG, Schär M, Bonanno G, Mathews L, Jones SR, Brown TT, Moore R, Afework Y, Gerstenblith G, Hays AG. Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Is Associated With Elevated Serum PCSK9 Levels in People With HIV Independent of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009996. [PMID: 30371326 PMCID: PMC6404863 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background HIV+ people are at increased risk of coronary artery disease, but the responsible mechanisms are incompletely understood. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is traditionally recognized for its importance in cholesterol metabolism; however, recent data suggest an additional, low‐density lipoprotein receptor–independent adverse effect on endothelial cell inflammation and function. We tested the hypotheses that PCSK9 levels are increased and that abnormal coronary endothelial function is related to PCSK9 serum levels in HIV+ individuals. Methods and Results Forty‐eight HIV+ participants receiving antiretroviral therapy with suppressed viral replication, without coronary artery disease, and 15 age‐ and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol–matched healthy HIV− subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging to measure coronary endothelial function, quantified as percentage change in coronary artery cross‐sectional area during isometric handgrip exercise, an endothelial‐dependent stressor; and blood was obtained for serum PCSK9 and systemic vascular biomarkers. Data are presented as mean±SD. Mean serum PCSK9 was 65% higher in the HIV+ subjects (302±146 ng/mL) than in the HIV− controls (183±52 ng/mL, P<0.0001). Coronary endothelial function was significantly reduced in the HIV+ versus HIV− subjects (percentage change in coronary artery cross‐sectional area, 2.9±9.6% versus 11.1±3.7%; P<0.0001) and inversely related to PCSK9 (R=−0.51, P<0.0001). Markers of endothelial activation and injury, P‐selectin and thrombomodulin, were also significantly increased in the HIV+ subjects; and P‐selectin was directly correlated with serum PCSK9 (R=0.31, P=0.0144). Conclusions Serum PCSK9 levels are increased in treated HIV+ individuals and are associated with abnormal coronary endothelial function, an established measure of vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Leucker
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Robert G Weiss
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD.,2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Michael Schär
- 2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Gabriele Bonanno
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD.,2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Lena Mathews
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Steven R Jones
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Todd T Brown
- 3 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Richard Moore
- 4 Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Yohannes Afework
- 2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Allison G Hays
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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7
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Pallett LJ, Schmidt N, Schurich A. T cell metabolism in chronic viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:143-152. [PMID: 31038727 PMCID: PMC6642876 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are a fundamental component of the adaptive immune response in the context of both acute and chronic viral infection. Tight control over the metabolic processes within T cells provides an additional level of immune regulation that is interlinked with nutrient sensing and the continued balancing of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals. Underpinning T cell responsiveness for viral control are a number of phenotypic and functional adaptations ensuring adequate nutrient uptake and their utilization. T cells responding to persistent viral infections often exhibit a profile associated with immune cell exhaustion and a dysregulated metabolic profile, driven by a combination of chronic antigenic stimulation and signals from the local microenvironment. Understanding alterations in these metabolic processes provides an important basis for immunotherapeutic strategies to treat persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - N. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Schurich
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
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8
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Human papillomavirus 16 E6 modulates the expression of miR-496 in oropharyngeal cancer. Virology 2018; 521:149-157. [PMID: 29935424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), notably type 16, is a risk factor for up to 75% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). It has been demonstrated that small non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs play a vital role in the cellular transformation process. In this study, we used an LNA array to further investigate the impact of HPV16 on the expression of microRNAs in oropharyngeal (tonsillar) cancer. A number of miRNAs were found to be deregulated, with miR-496 showing a four-fold decrease. Over-expression of the high risk E6 oncoprotein down-regulated miR-496, impacting upon the post-transcriptional control of the transcription factor E2F2. These HPV specific miRNAs were integrated with the HPV16 interactome to identify possible mechanistic pathways. These analyses provide insights into novel molecular interactions between HPV16 and miRNAs in oropharyngeal cancers.
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Pseudotyping of HIV-1 with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein during HIV-1-HTLV-1 Coinfection Facilitates Direct HIV-1 Infection of Female Genital Epithelial Cells: Implications for Sexual Transmission of HIV-1. mSphere 2018; 3:3/2/e00038-18. [PMID: 29624497 PMCID: PMC5885023 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Female genital epithelial cells cover the genital tract and provide the first line of protection against infection with sexually transmitted pathogenic viruses. These cells normally are impervious to HIV-1. We report that coinfection of cells by HIV-1 and another sexually transmitted virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), led to production of HIV-1 that had expanded cell tropism and was able to directly infect primary vaginal and cervical epithelial cells. HIV-1 infection of epithelial cells was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against the HTLV-1 envelope (Env) protein, indicating that the infection was mediated through HTLV-1 Env pseudotyping of HIV-1. Active replication of HIV-1 in epithelial cells was demonstrated by inhibition with anti-HIV-1 drugs. We demonstrated that HIV-1 derived from peripheral blood of HIV-1-HTLV-1-coinfected subjects could infect primary epithelial cells in an HTLV-1 Env-dependent manner. HIV-1 from subjects infected with HIV-1 alone was not able to infect epithelial cells. These results indicate that pseudotyping of HIV-1 with HTLV-1 Env can occur in vivo Our data further reveal that active replication of both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 is required for production of pseudotyped HIV-1. Our findings indicate that pseudotyping of HIV-1 with HTLV-1 Env in coinfected cells enabled HIV-1 to directly infect nonpermissive female genital epithelial cells. This phenomenon may represent a risk factor for enhanced sexual transmission of HIV-1 in regions where virus coinfection is common.IMPORTANCE Young women in certain regions of the world are at very high risk of acquiring HIV-1, and there is an urgent need to identify the factors that promote HIV-1 transmission. HIV-1 infection is frequently accompanied by infection with other pathogenic viruses. We demonstrate that coinfection of cells by HIV-1 and HTLV-1 can lead to production of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env that is able to directly infect female genital epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo Given the function of these epithelial cells as genital mucosal barriers to pathogenic virus transmission, the ability of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env to directly infect female genital epithelial cells represents a possible factor for increased risk of sexual transmission of HIV-1. This mechanism could be especially impactful in settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, where HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are both highly prevalent.
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10
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Pereiro P, Forn-Cuní G, Dios S, Coll J, Figueras A, Novoa B. Interferon-independent antiviral activity of 25-hydroxycholesterol in a teleost fish. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:146-159. [PMID: 28789986 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are a family of cholesterol oxygenated derivatives with diverse roles in many biological activities and have recently been linked with the induction of a cellular antiviral state. The antiviral effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) extend to several mammalian enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. It has been reported that the expression of the gene encoding cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is induced by interferons (IFNs). In this work, five ch25h genes were identified in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome. The ch25h genes showed different tissue expression patterns and differed in their expression after immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) and Spring Viremia Carp Virus (SVCV). Only one of the 5 genes, ch25hb, was overexpressed after the administration of the treatments. Synteny and phylogenetic analyses revealed that ch25hb is the putative homolog of mammalian Ch25h in zebrafish, while the remaining zebrafish ch25h genes are products of duplications within the teleost lineage. Interestingly, its modulation was not mediated by type I IFNs, contrasting previous reports on mammalian orthologs. Nevertheless, in vivo overexpression of ch25hb in zebrafish larvae significantly reduced mortality after SVCV challenge. Viral replication was also negatively affected by 25HC administration to the zebrafish cell line ZF4. In conclusion, the interferon-independent antiviral role of 25HC was extended to a non-mammalian species for the first time, and dual activity that both protects the cells and interacts with the virus cannot be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
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11
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Park SH, Kim J, Yu M, Park JH, Kim YS, Moon Y. Epithelial Cholesterol Deficiency Attenuates Human Antigen R-linked Pro-inflammatory Stimulation via an SREBP2-linked Circuit. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24641-24656. [PMID: 27703009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic intestinal ulcerative diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, tend to exhibit abnormal lipid profiles, which may affect the gut epithelial integrity. We hypothesized that epithelial cholesterol depletion may trigger inflammation-checking machinery via cholesterol sentinel signaling molecules whose disruption in patients may aggravate inflammation and disease progression. In the present study, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) as the cholesterol sentinel was assessed for its involvement in the epithelial inflammatory responses in cholesterol-depleted enterocytes. Patients and experimental animals with intestinal ulcerative injuries showed suppression in epithelial SREBP2. Moreover, SREBP2-deficient enterocytes showed enhanced pro-inflammatory signals in response to inflammatory insults, indicating regulatory roles of SREBP2 in gut epithelial inflammation. However, epithelial cholesterol depletion transiently induced pro-inflammatory chemokine expression regardless of the well known pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB signals. In contrast, cholesterol depletion also exerts regulatory actions to maintain epithelial homeostasis against excessive inflammation via SREBP2-associated signals in a negative feedback loop. Mechanistically, SREBP2 and its induced target EGR-1 were positively involved in induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a representative anti-inflammatory transcription factor. As a crucial target of the SREBP2-EGR-1-PPARγ-associated signaling pathways, the mRNA stabilizer, human antigen R (HuR) was retained in nuclei, leading to reduced stability of pro-inflammatory chemokine transcripts. This mechanistic investigation provides clinical insights into protective roles of the epithelial cholesterol deficiency against excessive inflammatory responses via the SREBP2-HuR circuit, although the deficiency triggers transient pro-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Juil Kim
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Mira Yu
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Jae-Hong Park
- the Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, and
| | - Yuseok Moon
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612,; the Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan 46241, Korea.
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12
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Chen BS, Li CW. Constructing an integrated genetic and epigenetic cellular network for whole cellular mechanism using high-throughput next-generation sequencing data. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:18. [PMID: 26897165 PMCID: PMC4761210 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Epigenetics has been investigated in cancer initiation, and development, especially, since the appearance of epigenomics. Epigenetics may be defined as the mechanisms that lead to heritable changes in gene function and without affecting the sequence of genome. These mechanisms explain how individuals with the same genotype produce phenotypic differences in response to environmental stimuli. Recently, with the accumulation of high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, a key goal of systems biology is to construct networks for different cellular levels to explore whole cellular mechanisms. At present, there is no satisfactory method to construct an integrated genetic and epigenetic cellular network (IGECN), which combines NGS omics data with gene regulatory networks (GRNs), microRNAs (miRNAs) regulatory networks, protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs), and epigenetic regulatory networks of methylation using high-throughput NGS data. Results We investigated different kinds of NGS omics data to develop a systems biology method to construct an integrated cellular network based on three coupling models that describe genetic regulatory networks, protein–protein interaction networks, microRNA (miRNA) regulatory networks, and methylation regulation. The proposed method was applied to construct IGECNs of gastric cancer and the human immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, to elucidate human defense response mechanisms. We successfully constructed an IGECN and validated it by using evidence from literature search. The integration of NGS omics data related to transcription regulation, protein-protein interactions, and miRNA and methylation regulation has more predictive power than independent datasets. We found that dysregulation of MIR7 contributes to the initiation and progression of inflammation-induced gastric cancer; dysregulation of MIR9 contributes to HIV-1 infection to hijack CD4+ T cells through dysfunction of the immune and hormone pathways; dysregulation of MIR139-5p, MIRLET7i, and MIR10a contributes to the HIV-1 integration/replication stage; dysregulation of MIR101, MIR141, and MIR152 contributes to the HIV-1 virus assembly and budding mechanisms; dysregulation of MIR302a contributes to not only microvesicle-mediated transfer of miRNAs but also dysfunction of NF-κB signaling pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis. Conclusion The coupling dynamic systems of the whole IGECN can allow us to investigate genetic and epigenetic cellular mechanisms via omics data and big database mining, and are useful for further experiments in the field of systems and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Sen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lab. of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Wei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lab. of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Cetkovská K, Šustová H, Kosztyu P, Uldrijan S. A Novel Interaction between TFII-I and Mdm2 with a Negative Effect on TFII-I Transcriptional Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144753. [PMID: 26656605 PMCID: PMC4676684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated transcription factor TFII-I plays a critical regulatory role in bone and neural tissue development and in immunity, in part by regulating cell proliferation in response to mitogens. Mdm2, a cellular oncogene responsible for the loss of p53 tumor suppressor activity in a significant proportion of human cancers, was identified in this study as a new binding partner for TFII-I and a negative regulator of TFII-I-mediated transcription. These findings suggest a new p53-independent mechanism by which increased Mdm2 levels found in human tumors could influence cancer cells. In addition to that, we present data indicating that TFII-I is an important cellular regulator of transcription from the immediate-early promoter of human cytomegalovirus, a promoter sequence frequently used in mammalian expression vectors, including vectors for gene therapy. Our observation that Mdm2 over-expression can decrease the ability of TFII-I to activate the CMV promoter might have implications for the efficiency of experimental gene therapy based on CMV promoter–derived vectors in cancers with Mdm2 gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Cetkovská
- International Clinical Research Center—Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šustová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Kosztyu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stjepan Uldrijan
- International Clinical Research Center—Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Taylor HE, Simmons GE, Mathews TP, Khatua AK, Popik W, Lindsley CW, D’Aquila RT, Brown HA. Phospholipase D1 Couples CD4+ T Cell Activation to c-Myc-Dependent Deoxyribonucleotide Pool Expansion and HIV-1 Replication. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004864. [PMID: 26020637 PMCID: PMC4447393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent CD4+ T cells restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection at early steps of virus replication. Low levels of both deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and the biosynthetic enzymes required for their de novo synthesis provide one barrier to infection. CD4+ T cell activation induces metabolic reprogramming that reverses this block and facilitates HIV-1 replication. Here, we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) links T cell activation signals to increased HIV-1 permissivity by triggering a c-Myc-dependent transcriptional program that coordinates glucose uptake and nucleotide biosynthesis. Decreasing PLD1 activity pharmacologically or by RNA interference diminished c-Myc-dependent expression during T cell activation at the RNA and protein levels. PLD1 inhibition of HIV-1 infection was partially rescued by adding exogenous deoxyribonucleosides that bypass the need for de novo dNTP synthesis. Moreover, the data indicate that low dNTP levels that impact HIV-1 restriction involve decreased synthesis, and not only increased catabolism of these nucleotides. These findings uncover a unique mechanism of action for PLD1 inhibitors and support their further development as part of a therapeutic combination for HIV-1 and other viral infections dependent on host nucleotide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E. Taylor
- Northwestern HIV Translational Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HET); (HAB)
| | - Glenn E. Simmons
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Atanu K. Khatua
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Waldemar Popik
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard T. D’Aquila
- Northwestern HIV Translational Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HET); (HAB)
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15
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Chang ZL, Silver PA, Chen YY. Identification and selective expansion of functionally superior T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors. J Transl Med 2015; 13:161. [PMID: 25990251 PMCID: PMC4457995 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown exciting promise in cancer therapy, particularly in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. However, optimization of CAR-T cell production remains a trial-and-error exercise due to a lack of phenotypic benchmarks that are clearly predictive of anti-tumor functionality. A close examination of the dynamic changes experienced by CAR-T cells upon stimulation can improve understanding of CAR-T-cell biology and identify potential points for optimization in the production of highly functional T cells. METHODS Primary human T cells expressing a second-generation, anti-CD19 CAR were systematically examined for changes in phenotypic and functional responses to antigen exposure over time. Multi-color flow cytometry was performed to quantify dynamic changes in CAR-T cell viability, proliferation, as well as expression of various activation and exhaustion markers in response to varied antigen stimulation conditions. RESULTS Stimulated CAR-T cells consistently bifurcate into two distinct subpopulations, only one of which (CAR(hi)/CD25(+)) exhibit anti-tumor functions. The use of central memory T cells as the starting population and the resilience-but not antigen density-of antigen-presenting cells used to expand CAR-T cells were identified as critical parameters that augment the production of functionally superior T cells. We further demonstrate that the CAR(hi)/CD25(+) subpopulation upregulates PD-1 but is resistant to PD-L1-induced dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS CAR-T cells expanded ex vivo for adoptive T-cell therapy undergo dynamic phenotypic changes during the expansion process and result in two distinct populations with dramatically different functional capacities. Significant and sustained CD25 and CAR expression upregulation is predictive of robust anti-tumor functionality in antigen-stimulated T cells, despite their correlation with persistent PD-1 upregulation. The functionally superior subpopulation can be selectively augmented by careful calibration of antigen stimulation and the enrichment of central memory T-cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZeNan L Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Boelter Hall 5531, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Boyer Hall 168B, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, WAB 563, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Boelter Hall 5531, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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16
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Hütter G, Blüthgen C, Neumann M, Reinwald M, Nowak D, Klüter H. Coregulation of HIV-1 dependency factors in individuals heterozygous to the CCR5-delta32 deletion. AIDS Res Ther 2013; 10:26. [PMID: 24245779 PMCID: PMC3834523 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5-delta32 heterozygous individuals are susceptible to HIV-1. However, it is not clear if there is a relevant protective effect against transmission and a beneficial effect in terms of HIV progression which cannot be attributed to CCR5 surface density alone. Therefore we investigated HIV-1 dependency factors (HDF) which might be differently regulated in CCR5 wild type (WT) and CCR5-delta32 heterozygous individuals. Methods We examined CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from bone marrow samples from 19 healthy volunteers, 12 individuals with CCR5 WT and 7 with heterozygous CCR5-delta32 deletion. Samples were analyzed using a global gene expression oligonucleotide microarray (HG-U133plus 2.0, Affymetrix Inc.). Results A total of 205 genes were found with altered expression (3fold difference, present call rate of 75%, p < 0.05) and 7 of these had a connection to HIV-1 pathogenesis. In 4 genes: TOP1, CXCR2, SREBF2, and TAP we found a different regulation which was consistent with a supposed beneficial effect for CCR5-delta32 heterozygotes. Conclusion The CCR5-delta32 deletion is associated with other HDFs in HIV-1 pathogenesis as a possible explanation for beneficial effects regarding the deletion leading to a variant expression profile in heterozygous carriers of this mutation.
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Amir D, Fessler DMT. Boots for Achilles: progesterone's reduction of cholesterol is a second-order adaptation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2013; 88:97-116. [PMID: 23909226 DOI: 10.1086/670528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and cholesterol are both vital to pregnancy. Among other functions, progesterone downregulates inflammatory responses, allowing for maternal immune tolerance of the fetal allograft. Cholesterol a key component of cell membranes, is important in intracellular transport, cell signaling, nerve conduction, and metabolism Despite the importance of each substance in pregnancy, one exercises an antagonistic effect on the other, as periods of peak progesterone correspond with reductions in cholesterol availability, a consequence of progesterone's negative effects on cholesterol biosynthesis. This arrangement is understandable in light of the threat posed by pathogens early in pregnancy. Progesterone-induced immunomodulation entails increased vulnerability to infection, an acute problem in the first trimester, when fetal development is highly susceptible to insult. Many pathogens rely on cholesterol for cell entry, egress, and replication. Progesterone's antagonistic effects on cholesterol thus partially compensate for the costs entailed by progesterone-induced immunomodulation. Among pathogens to which the host's vulnerability is increased by progesterone's effects, approximately 90% utilize cholesterol, and this is notably true of pathogens that pose a risk during pregnancy. In addition to having a number of possible clinical applications, our approach highlights the potential importance of second-order adaptations, themselves a consequence of the lack of teleology in evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Amir
- Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1553, USA.
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18
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Blanc M, Hsieh W, Robertson K, Kropp K, Forster T, Shui G, Lacaze P, Watterson S, Griffiths S, Spann N, Meljon A, Talbot S, Krishnan K, Covey D, Wenk M, Craigon M, Ruzsics Z, Haas J, Angulo A, Griffiths W, Glass C, Wang Y, Ghazal P. The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response. Immunity 2013; 38:106-18. [PMID: 23273843 PMCID: PMC3556782 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the sterol metabolic network participates in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. However, the molecular mechanisms linking IFN with the sterol network and the identity of sterol mediators remain unknown. Here we report a cellular antiviral role for macrophage production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β,25-diol, 25HC) as a component of the sterol metabolic network linked to the IFN response via Stat1. By utilizing quantitative metabolome profiling of all naturally occurring oxysterols upon infection or IFN-stimulation, we reveal 25HC as the only macrophage-synthesized and -secreted oxysterol. We show that 25HC can act at multiple levels as a potent paracrine inhibitor of viral infection for a broad range of viruses. We also demonstrate, using transcriptional regulatory-network analyses, genetic interventions and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments that Stat1 directly coupled Ch25h regulation to IFN in macrophages. Our studies describe a physiological role for 25HC as a sterol-lipid effector of an innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Samantha J. Griffiths
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nathanael J. Spann
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Meljon
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Simon Talbot
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63011, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63011, USA
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Marie Craigon
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Zsolts Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Genzentrum, Feodor Lynen Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ana Angulo
- Facultad de Medicina, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
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Taha AY, Basselin M, Ramadan E, Modi HR, Rapoport SI, Cheon Y. Altered lipid concentrations of liver, heart and plasma but not brain in HIV-1 transgenic rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 87:91-101. [PMID: 22939288 PMCID: PMC3467364 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed lipid metabolism has been reported in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients suggesting a direct effect of the virus on lipid metabolism. To test that the HIV-1 virus alone could alter lipid concentrations, we measured these concentrations in an HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat model of human HIV-1 infection, which demonstrates peripheral and central pathology by 7-9 months of age. Concentrations were measured in high-energy microwaved heart, brain and liver from 7-9 month-old HIV-1 Tg and wildtype rats, and in plasma from non-microwaved rats. Plasma triglycerides and liver cholesteryl ester and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in HIV-1 Tg rats than controls. Heart and plasma fatty acid concentrations reflected concentration differences in liver, which showed higher n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations in multiple lipid compartments. Fatty acid concentrations were increased or decreased in heart and liver phospholipid subfractions. Brain fatty acid concentrations differed significantly between the groups for minor fatty acids such as linoleic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. The profound changes in heart, plasma and liver lipid concentrations suggest a direct effect of chronic exposure to the HIV-1 virus on peripheral lipid (including PUFA) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Caveolin-1 suppresses human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication by inhibiting acetylation of NF-κB. Virology 2012; 432:110-9. [PMID: 22748181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is an integral membrane protein primarily responsible for the formation of membrane structures known as caveolae. Caveolae are specialized lipid rafts involved in protein trafficking, cholesterol homeostasis, and a number of signaling functions. It has been demonstrated that caveolin-1 suppresses HIV-1 protein expression. We found that co-transfecting cells with HIV-1 and caveolin-1 constructs, results in a marked decrease in the level of HIV-1 transcription relative to cells transfected with HIV-1 DNA alone. Correspondingly, reduction of endogenous caveolin-1 expression by siRNA-mediated silencing resulted in an enhancement of HIV-1 replication. Further, we observed a loss of caveolin-mediated suppression of HIV-1 transcription in promoter studies with reporters containing mutations in the NF-κB binding site. Our analysis of the posttranslational modification status of the p65 subunit of NF-κB demonstrates hypoacetylation of p65 in the presence of caveolin-1. Since hypoacetylated p65 has been shown to inhibit transcription, we conclude that caveolin-1 inhibits HIV-1 transcription through a NF-κB-dependent mechanism.
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Loss of Niemann Pick type C proteins 1 and 2 greatly enhances HIV infectivity and is associated with accumulation of HIV Gag and cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes. Virol J 2012; 9:31. [PMID: 22273177 PMCID: PMC3299633 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol pathways play an important role at multiple stages during the HIV-1 infection cycle. Here, we investigated the role of cholesterol trafficking in HIV-1 replication utilizing Niemann-Pick Type C disease (NPCD) cells as a model system. RESULTS We used a unique NPC2-deficient cell line (NPCD55) that exhibited Gag accumulation as well as decreased NPC1 expression after HIV infection. Virus release efficiency from NPCD55 cells was similar to that from control cells. However, we observed a 3 to 4-fold enhancement in the infectivity of virus released from these cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed accumulation and co-localization of Gag proteins with cholesterol in late endosomal/lysosomal (LE/L) compartments of these cells. Virion-associated cholesterol was 4-fold higher in virions produced in NPCD55 cells relative to virus produced in control cells. Treatment of infected NPCD55 cells with the cholesterol efflux-inducing drug TO-9013171 reduced virus infectivity to control levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest cholesterol trafficking and localization can profoundly affect HIV-1 infectivity by modulating the cholesterol content of the virions.
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Palermo RE, Fuller DH. 'Omics investigations of HIV and SIV pathogenesis and innate immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 363:87-116. [PMID: 22923094 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 30 years since the advent of the AIDS epidemic, the biomedical community has put forward a battery of molecular therapies that are based on the accumulated knowledge of a limited number of viral targets. Despite these accomplishments, the community still confronts unanswered foundational questions about HIV infection. What are the cellular or biomolecular processes behind HIV pathogenesis? Can we elucidate the characteristics that distinguish those individuals who are naturally resistant to either infection or disease progression? The discovery of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the ensuing development of in vivo, nonhuman primate (NHP) infection models was a tremendous advance, especially in abetting the exploration of vaccine strategies. And while there have been numerous NHP infection models and vaccine trials performed, fundamental questions remain regarding host-virus interactions and immune correlates of protection. These issues are, perhaps, most starkly illustrated with the appreciation that many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with strains of SIV that do not cause any appreciable disease while replicating to viral loads that match or exceed those seen with pathogenic SIV infections in Asian species of nonhuman primates. The last decade has seen the establishment of high-throughput molecular profiling tools, such as microarrays for transcriptomics, SNP arrays for genome features, and LC-MS techniques for proteins or metabolites. These provide the capacity to interrogate a biological model at a comprehensive, systems level, in contrast to historical approaches that characterized a few genes or proteins in an experiment. These methods have already had revolutionary impacts in understanding human diseases originating within the host genome such as genetic disorders and cancer, and the methods are finding increasing application in the context of infectious disease. We will provide a review of the use of such 'omics investigations as applied to understanding of HIV pathogenesis and innate immunity, drawing from our own research as well as the literature examples that utilized in vitro cell-based models or studies in nonhuman primates. We will also discuss the potential for systems biology to help guide strategies for HIV vaccines that offer significant protection by either preventing acquisition or strongly suppressing viral replication levels post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Roy AL. Biochemistry and biology of the inducible multifunctional transcription factor TFII-I: 10 years later. Gene 2011; 492:32-41. [PMID: 22037610 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exactly twenty years ago TFII-I was discovered as a biochemical entity that was able to bind to and function via a core promoter element called the Initiator (Inr). Since then several different properties of this signal-induced multifunctional factor were discovered. Here I update these ever expanding functions of TFII-I--focusing primarily on the last ten years since the first review appeared in this journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L Roy
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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