1
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Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Bender AM, Zitzmann C, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Biphasic decay of intact SHIV genomes following initiation of antiretroviral therapy complicates analysis of interventions targeting the reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313209120. [PMID: 37844236 PMCID: PMC10614214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313209120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and precludes cure. Reservoir-targeting interventions are evaluated in ART-treated macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). Efficacy is determined by reservoir measurements before and after the intervention. However, most proviruses persisting in the setting of ART are defective. In addition, intact HIV-1 and SIV genomes undergo complex, multiphasic decay observable when new infection events are blocked by ART. Intervention-induced elimination of latently infected cells must be distinguished from natural decay. Here, we address these issues for SHIV. We describe an intact proviral DNA assay that allows digital counting of SHIV genomes lacking common fatal defects. We show that intact SHIV genomes in circulating CD4+ T cells undergo biphasic decay during the first year of ART, with a rapid first phase (t1/2 = 30.1 d) and a slower second phase (t1/2 = 8.1 mo) that is still more rapid that the slow decay observed in people with HIV-1 on long-term ART (t1/2 = 3.7 y). In SHIV models, most interventions are tested during 2nd phase decay. Natural 2nd phase decay must be considered in evaluating interventions as most infected cells present at this time do not become part of the stable reservoir. In addition, for interventions tested during 2nd phase decay, a caveat is that the intervention may not be equally effective in people with HIV on long-term ART whose reservoirs are dominated by latently infected cells with a slower decay rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithra R. Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Emily J. Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Alexandra M. Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | | | | | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD21205
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2
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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3
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Zhang P, Narayanan E, Liu Q, Tsybovsky Y, Boswell K, Ding S, Hu Z, Follmann D, Lin Y, Miao H, Schmeisser H, Rogers D, Falcone S, Elbashir SM, Presnyak V, Bahl K, Prabhakaran M, Chen X, Sarfo EK, Ambrozak DR, Gautam R, Martin MA, Swerczek J, Herbert R, Weiss D, Misamore J, Ciaramella G, Himansu S, Stewart-Jones G, McDermott A, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Finzi A, Carfi A, Fauci AS, Lusso P. A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques. Nat Med 2021; 27:2234-2245. [PMID: 34887575 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a protective vaccine remains a top priority for the control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Here, we show that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine co-expressing membrane-anchored HIV-1 envelope (Env) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag proteins to generate virus-like particles (VLPs) induces antibodies capable of broad neutralization and reduces the risk of infection in rhesus macaques. In mice, immunization with co-formulated env and gag mRNAs was superior to env mRNA alone in inducing neutralizing antibodies. Macaques were primed with a transmitted-founder clade-B env mRNA lacking the N276 glycan, followed by multiple booster immunizations with glycan-repaired autologous and subsequently bivalent heterologous envs (clades A and C). This regimen was highly immunogenic and elicited neutralizing antibodies against the most prevalent (tier-2) HIV-1 strains accompanied by robust anti-Env CD4+ T cell responses. Vaccinated animals had a 79% per-exposure risk reduction upon repeated low-dose mucosal challenges with heterologous tier-2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV AD8). Thus, the multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA platform represents a promising approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yin Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hana Schmeisser
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise Rogers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malcom A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Swerczek
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Deeks SG, Archin N, Cannon P, Collins S, Jones RB, de Jong MAWP, Lambotte O, Lamplough R, Ndung'u T, Sugarman J, Tiemessen CT, Vandekerckhove L, Lewin SR. Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021. Nat Med 2021; 27:2085-2098. [PMID: 34848888 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can integrate in the host genome and persist for the life span of the infected cell. These latently infected cells are not recognized as foreign because they are largely transcriptionally silent, but contain replication-competent virus that drives resurgence of the infection once ART is stopped. With a combination of immune activators, neutralizing antibodies, and therapeutic vaccines, some nonhuman primate models have been cured, providing optimism for these approaches now being evaluated in human clinical trials. In vivo delivery of gene-editing tools to either target the virus, boost immunity or protect cells from infection, also holds promise for future HIV cure strategies. In this Review, we discuss advances related to HIV cure in the last 5 years, highlight remaining knowledge gaps and identify priority areas for research for the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Cannon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- University Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, London, UK
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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5
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Advances in simian--human immunodeficiency viruses for nonhuman primate studies of HIV prevention and cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 15:275-281. [PMID: 32769631 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Simian--human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), chimeric viruses that encode HIV-1 Env within an SIV backbone, are key reagents for nonhuman primate studies of antibody-based vaccines, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), and other Env-targeting reagents. Here, we discuss the provenance and characteristics of currently relevant SHIVs, novel technical advances, recent discoveries enabled by SHIV challenge studies, and the continued development of SHIVs for persistence and cure experiments. RECENT FINDINGS SHIV SF162P3, SHIV AD8EO, and transmitter/founder SHIVs with Env375 mutations are now common reagents in nonhuman primate studies, with increased use and validation establishing their properties and potential applications. Genetic barcoding of SIV and SHIV, which allows tracing of individual lineages and elucidation of viral kinetics from transmission through latency has expanded the experimental capacity of SHIV models. SHIV challenge studies have determined the neutralizing antibody titers that correlate with protection for passive and active immunization and enabled complementary human and nonhuman primate studies of vaccine development. SHIV models of latency continue to evolve, aided by descriptions of SHIV persistence on ART and the proviral landscape. SUMMARY Recent advances and more thorough characterization of SHIVs allow for expanded applications and greater confidence in experimental results.
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6
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Immune Responses and Viral Persistence in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH848-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02198-20. [PMID: 33568508 PMCID: PMC8104099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02198-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. Chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) are widely used in nonhuman primate models to recapitulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans, yet most SHIVs fail to establish persistent viral infection. We investigated immunological and virological events in rhesus macaques infected with the newly developed SHIV.C.CH848 (SHIVC) and treated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Similar to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, SHIV.C.CH848 infection established viral reservoirs in CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, accompanied by productive infection and depletion of CD4+ T cells in systemic and lymphoid tissues throughout SHIV infection. Despite 6 months of cART-suppressed viral replication, integrated proviral DNA levels remained stable, especially in CD4+ T cells, and the viral rebound was also observed after ART interruption. Autologous neutralizing antibodies to the parental HIV-1 strain CH848 were detected, with limited viral evolution at 5 months postinfection. In comparison, heterogenous neutralizing antibodies in SHIV.C.CH848-infected macaques were not detected except for 1 (1 of 10) animal at 2 years postinfection. These findings suggest that SHIV.C.CH848, a novel class of transmitted/founder SHIVs, can establish sustained viremia and viral reservoirs in rhesus macaques with clinical immunodeficiency consequences, providing a valuable SHIV model for HIV research. IMPORTANCE SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. The data show that transmitted founder (T/F) SHIVC infection of macaques more closely recapitulates the virological and clinical features of HIV infection, including persistent viremia and viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is discontinued. These results suggest this CCR5-tropic, SHIVC strain is valuable for testing responses to HIV vaccines and therapeutics.
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7
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Immunogenicity of HIV-1-Based Virus-Like Particles with Increased Incorporation and Stability of Membrane-Bound Env. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030239. [PMID: 33801906 PMCID: PMC8002006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimal prophylactic vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission should elicit protective antibody responses against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Replication-incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) offer the opportunity to present virion-associated Env with a native-like structure during vaccination that closely resembles that encountered on infectious virus. Here, we optimized the incorporation of Env into previously designed mature-form VLPs (mVLPs) and assessed their immunogenicity in mice. The incorporation of Env into mVLPs was increased by replacing the Env transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains with those of influenza haemagglutinin (HA-TMCT). Furthermore, Env was stabilized on the VLP surface by introducing an interchain disulfide and proline substitution (SOSIP) mutations typically employed to stabilize soluble Env trimers. The resulting mVLPs efficiently presented neutralizing antibody epitopes while minimizing exposure of non-neutralizing antibody sites. Vaccination of mice with mVLPs elicited a broader range of Env-specific antibody isotypes than Env presented on immature VLPs or extracellular vesicles. The mVLPs bearing HA-TMCT-modified Env consistently induced anti-Env antibody responses that mediated modest neutralization activity. These mVLPs are potentially useful immunogens for eliciting neutralizing antibody responses that target native Env epitopes on infectious HIV-1 virions.
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8
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Wang Z, Barnes CO, Gautam R, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Mayer CT, Oliveira TY, Ramos V, Cipolla M, Gordon KM, Gristick HB, West AP, Nishimura Y, Raina H, Seaman MS, Gazumyan A, Martin M, Bjorkman PJ, Nussenzweig MC, Escolano A. A broadly neutralizing macaque monoclonal antibody against the HIV-1 V3-Glycan patch. eLife 2020; 9:e61991. [PMID: 33084569 PMCID: PMC7577740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A small fraction of HIV-1- infected humans develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 that protect macaques from simian immunodeficiency HIV chimeric virus (SHIV). Similarly, a small number of macaques infected with SHIVs develop broadly neutralizing serologic activity, but less is known about the nature of simian antibodies. Here, we report on a monoclonal antibody, Ab1485, isolated from a macaque infected with SHIVAD8 that developed broadly neutralizing serologic activity targeting the V3-glycan region of HIV-1 Env. Ab1485 neutralizes 38.1% of HIV-1 isolates in a 42-pseudovirus panel with a geometric mean IC50 of 0.055 µg/mLl and SHIVAD8 with an IC50 of 0.028 µg/mLl. Ab1485 binds the V3-glycan epitope in a glycan-dependent manner. A 3.5 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of Ab1485 in complex with a native-like SOSIP Env trimer showed conserved contacts with the N332gp120 glycan and gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but in a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to human V3/N332gp120 glycan-targeting bNAbs. Intravenous infusion of Ab1485 protected macaques from a high dose challenge with SHIVAD8. We conclude that macaques can develop bNAbs against the V3-glycan patch that resemble human V3-glycan bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | | | - Christian T Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kristie M Gordon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Henna Raina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Malcolm Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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9
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Nishimura Y, Francis JN, Donau OK, Jesteadt E, Sadjadpour R, Smith AR, Seaman MS, Welch BD, Martin MA, Kay MS. Prevention and treatment of SHIVAD8 infection in rhesus macaques by a potent d-peptide HIV entry inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22436-22442. [PMID: 32820072 PMCID: PMC7486783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-PIE12-trimer (CPT31) is a potent d-peptide HIV entry inhibitor that targets the highly conserved gp41 N-peptide pocket region. CPT31 exhibited strong inhibitory breadth against diverse panels of primary virus isolates. In a simian-HIV chimeric virus AD8 (SHIVAD8) macaque model, CPT31 prevented infection from a single high-dose rectal challenge. In chronically infected animals, CPT31 monotherapy rapidly reduced viral load by ∼2 logs before rebound occurred due to the emergence of drug resistance. In chronically infected animals with viremia initially controlled by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), CPT31 monotherapy prevented viral rebound after discontinuation of cART. These data establish CPT31 as a promising candidate for HIV prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J Nicholas Francis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Navigen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| | - Olivia K Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eric Jesteadt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Reza Sadjadpour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amanda R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
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10
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Desikan R, Raja R, Dixit NM. Early exposure to broadly neutralizing antibodies may trigger a dynamical switch from progressive disease to lasting control of SHIV infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008064. [PMID: 32817614 PMCID: PMC7462315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection is life-long. Stopping therapy typically leads to the reignition of infection and progressive disease. In a major breakthrough, recent studies have shown that early initiation of ART can lead to sustained post-treatment control of viremia, raising hopes of long-term HIV-1 remission. ART, however, elicits post-treatment control in a small fraction of individuals treated. Strikingly, passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) of HIV-1 early in infection was found recently to elicit long-term control in a majority of SHIV-infected macaques, suggesting that HIV-1 remission may be more widely achievable. The mechanisms underlying the control elicited by bNAb therapy, however, remain unclear. Untreated infection typically leads to progressive disease. We hypothesized that viremic control represents an alternative but rarely realized outcome of the infection and that early bNAb therapy triggers a dynamical switch to this outcome. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a model of viral dynamics with bNAb therapy and applied it to analyse clinical data. The model fit quantitatively the complex longitudinal viral load data from macaques that achieved lasting control. The model predicted, consistently with our hypothesis, that the underlying system exhibited bistability, indicating two potential outcomes of infection. The first had high viremia, weak cytotoxic effector responses, and high effector exhaustion, marking progressive disease. The second had low viremia, strong effector responses, and low effector exhaustion, indicating lasting viremic control. Further, model predictions suggest that early bNAb therapy elicited lasting control via pleiotropic effects. bNAb therapy lowers viremia, which would also limit immune exhaustion. Simultaneously, it can improve effector stimulation via cross-presentation. Consequently, viremia may resurge post-therapy, but would encounter a primed effector population and eventually get controlled. ART suppresses viremia but does not enhance effector stimulation, explaining its limited ability to elicit post-treatment control relative to bNAb therapy. In a remarkable advance in HIV cure research, a recent study showed that 3 weekly doses of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) soon after infection kept viral levels controlled for years in most macaques treated. If translated to humans, this bNAb therapy may elicit a functional cure, or long-term remission, of HIV-1 infection, eliminating the need for life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART). How early bNAb therapy works remains unknown. Here, we elucidate the mechanism using mathematical modeling and analysis of in vivo data. We predict that early bNAb therapy suppresses viremia, which reduces exhaustion of cytotoxic effector cells, and enhances antigen uptake and effector stimulation. Collectively, these effects drive infection to lasting control. Model predictions based on these effects fit in vivo data quantitatively. ART controls viremia but does not improve effector stimulation, explaining its weaker ability to induce lasting control post-treatment. Our findings may help improve strategies for achieving functional cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- * E-mail: (RD); (NMD)
| | - Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- * E-mail: (RD); (NMD)
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11
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Bauer AM, Ziani W, Lindemuth E, Kuri-Cervantes L, Li H, Lee FH, Watkins M, Ding W, Xu H, Veazey R, Bar KJ. Novel Transmitted/Founder Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency and Cure Research. J Virol 2020; 94:e01659-19. [PMID: 31969435 PMCID: PMC7108852 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-macaque model of latency is critical to investigate eradicative and suppressive strategies that target HIV-1 Env. To this end, we previously reported a novel strategy for constructing SHIVs that bear primary or transmitted/founder (TF) Envs with modifications at Env residue 375 that enable efficient replication in Indian rhesus macaques (RM). Such TF SHIVs, however, have not been examined for their suitability for HIV-1 latency and cure research. Here, we evaluate two promising TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which encode TF subtype D and C HIV-1 Envs, respectively, for their viral kinetics and persistence during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and treatment interruption in RM. Our results suggest that the viral kinetics of these SHIVs in RM during acute, early, and chronic infection, and upon cART initiation, maintenance and discontinuation, mirror those of HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate consistent early peak and set point viremia, rapid declines in viremia to undetectable plasma titers following cART initiation, infection of long-lived cellular subsets and establishment of viral latency, and viral rebound with return to pretreatment set point viremia following treatment interruption. The viral dynamics and reservoir biology of SHIV.D.191859, and to a lesser extent SHIV.C.CH848, during chronic infection, cART administration, and upon treatment interruption suggest that these TF SHIVs are promising reagents for a SHIV model of HIV-1 latency and cure.IMPORTANCE Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been successfully used for over 2 decades to study virus-host interactions, transmission, and pathogenesis in rhesus macaques. The majority of Env trimers of most previously studied SHIVs, however, do not recapitulate key properties of transmitted/founder (TF) or primary HIV-1 isolates, such as CCR5 tropism, tier 2 neutralization resistance, and native trimer conformation. Here, we test two recently generated TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which were designed to address these issues as components of a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1 latency. We conclude that the TF SHIV-macaque model reflects several hallmarks of HIV and SIV infection and latency. Results suggest that this model has broad applications for evaluating eradicative and suppressive strategies against the HIV reservoir, including Env-specific interventions, therapeutic vaccines, and engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya M Bauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Widade Ziani
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meagan Watkins
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Khanal S, Fennessey CM, O'Brien SP, Thorpe A, Reid C, Immonen TT, Smith R, Bess JW, Swanstrom AE, Del Prete GQ, Davenport MP, Okoye AA, Picker LJ, Lifson JD, Keele BF. In Vivo Validation of the Viral Barcoding of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 and the Development of New Barcoded SIV and Subtype B and C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J Virol 2019; 94:e01420-19. [PMID: 31597757 PMCID: PMC6912102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01420-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically barcoded viral populations are powerful tools for evaluating the overall viral population structure as well as assessing the dynamics and evolution of individual lineages in vivo over time. Barcoded viruses are generated by inserting a small, genetically unique tag into the viral genome, which is retained in progeny virus. We recently reported barcoding the well-characterized molecular clone simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239, resulting in a synthetic swarm (SIVmac239M) containing approximately 10,000 distinct viral clonotypes for which all genetic differences were within a 34-base barcode that could be tracked using next-generation deep sequencing. Here, we assessed the population size, distribution, and authenticity of individual viral clonotypes within this synthetic swarm using samples from 120 rhesus macaques infected intravenously. The number of replicating barcodes in plasma correlated with the infectious inoculum dose, and the primary viral growth rate was similar in all infected animals regardless of the inoculum size. Overall, 97% of detectable clonotypes in the viral stock were identified in the plasma of at least one infected animal. Additionally, we prepared a second-generation barcoded SIVmac239 stock (SIVmac239M2) with over 16 times the number of barcoded variants of the original stock and an additional barcoded stock with suboptimal nucleotides corrected (SIVmac239Opt5M). We also generated four barcoded stocks from subtype B and C simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) clones. These new SHIV clones may be particularly valuable models to evaluate Env-targeting approaches to study viral transmission or viral reservoir clearance. Overall, this work further establishes the reliability of the barcoded virus approach and highlights the feasibility of adapting this technique to other viral clones.IMPORTANCE We recently developed and published a description of a barcoded simian immunodeficiency virus that has a short random sequence inserted directly into the viral genome. This allows for the tracking of individual viral lineages with high fidelity and ultradeep sensitivity. This virus was used to infect 120 rhesus macaques, and we report here the analysis of the barcodes of these animals during primary infection. We found that the vast majority of barcodes were functional in vivo We then expanded the barcoding approach in a second-generation SIVmac239 stock (SIVmac239M2) with over 16 times the number of barcoded variants of the original stock and a barcoded stock of SIVmac239Opt5M whose sequence had 5 changes from the wild-type SIVmac239 sequence. We also generated 4 barcoded stocks from subtype B and C SHIV clones each containing a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope. These virus models are functional and can be useful for studying viral transmission and HIV cure/reservoir research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish Khanal
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P O'Brien
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Thorpe
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Taina T Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodman Smith
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian W Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Frank I, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Aravantinou M, Harper JL, Maldonado S, Sole Cigoli M, Semova S, Mazel S, Paiardini M, Derby N, Byrareddy SN, Martinelli E. A Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay to Measure Viral Reservoirs in Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12078. [PMID: 31427605 PMCID: PMC6700126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of latent infection and poorly characterized viral reservoirs in tissues represent major obstacles to a definitive cure for HIV. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection are critical to elucidate pathogenic processes and an essential tool to test novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, the availability of novel assays to measure residual viral replication and reservoirs in NHP models may increase their utility in the search for an HIV cure. We developed a tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay to measure the frequency of CD4+ T cells that express multiply-spliced(ms)_SIV RNA in presence and absence of stimulation. We validated the assay using cell lines and cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV infected macaques. In vitro, SIV/SHIV TILDA detects only cells expressing viral proteins. In SIV/SHIV-infected macaques, CD4+ T cells that express msSIV/SHIV RNA (TILDA data) were detected also in the setting of very low/undetectable viremia. TILDA data were significantly higher after stimulation and correlated with plasma viral load (pVL). Interestingly, TILDA data from early cART initiation correlated with peak and AUC pVL post-cART interruption. In summary, we developed an assay that may be useful in characterizing viral reservoirs and determining the effect of HIV interventions in NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Nanda K Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | | | - Justin L Harper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Maria Sole Cigoli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanka Semova
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Mazel
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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CD4 Expression and Env Conformation Are Critical for HIV-1 Restriction by SERINC5. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00544-19. [PMID: 31043528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00544-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) is a recently identified restriction factor that strongly blocks HIV-1 entry but is counteracted by Nef. Notably, tier 1 HIV-1 Env proteins are sensitive to SERINC5, whereas the majority of tier 2/3 Env proteins are resistant to SERINC5, when viruses are produced from CD4-negative cells and tested by a single-round replication assay. Here, we investigated the Env-dependent SERINC5 antiviral mechanism by comparing tier 1 NL Env with tier 3 AD8 Env proteins. We found that when NL and AD8 viruses were inoculated into CD4+ T cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the propagation of the two viruses was restricted to a similar level when Nef was not expressed. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, we detected Env-Env association and Env-SERINC5 interactions. A much greater level of NL Env-SERINC5 interactions was detected than was AD8 Env-SERINC5 interactions, which was further validated by immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, SERINC5 dissociated the NL Env trimeric complex more effectively than the AD8 Env trimeric complex when CD4 was not expressed. However, when CD4 was expressed, SERINC5 became more capable of interacting with AD8 Env and dissociating its trimeric complex. Moreover, AD8 and several other tier 2/3 viruses produced in the presence of CD4 became sensitive to SERINC5 when measured by the single-round replication assay. Because tier 1 and tier 2/3 Env trimers have open and closed conformations, respectively, and CD4 opens the closed conformation, we conclude that SERINC5 selectively dissociates Env trimers with an open conformation to restrict HIV-1 replication.IMPORTANCE Restriction factors provide the first line of defense against retrovirus infection by posing several blocks to the viral replication cycle. SERINC5 is a novel restriction factor that strongly blocks HIV-1 entry, although it is counteracted by Nef. Currently, it is still unclear how HIV-1 entry is blocked by SERINC5. Notably, this entry block is dependent on viral Env proteins. Laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains are sensitive, whereas primary isolates are highly resistant to SERINC5. Env proteins mediate virus entry via extensive conformational rearrangements from a closed ground state to a CD4-bound open state. We detected Env-Env associations and Env-SERINC5 interactions in live cells by a novel bimolecular fluorescence assay. We demonstrate that CD4 expression increases the Env sensitivity to SERINC5 and allows SERINC5 to dissociate the Env complex, suggesting that SERINC5 restriction is dependent on Env conformation. Our results provide new insights into the poorly defined Env-dependent SERINC5 antiviral mechanism.
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15
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Calenda G, Frank I, Arrode-Brusés G, Pegu A, Wang K, Arthos J, Cicala C, Rogers KA, Shirreff L, Grasperge B, Blanchard JL, Maldonado S, Roberts K, Gettie A, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Mascola JR, Martinelli E. Delayed vaginal SHIV infection in VRC01 and anti-α4β7 treated rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007776. [PMID: 31083697 PMCID: PMC6533011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VRC01 protects macaques from vaginal SHIV infection after a single high-dose challenge. Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just prior to, and during repeated vaginal exposures to SIVmac251 partially protected macaques from vaginal SIV infection and rescued CD4+ T cells. To investigate the impact of combining VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 on SHIV infection, 3 groups of macaques were treated with a suboptimal dosing of VRC01 alone or in combination with Rh-α4β7 or with control antibodies prior to the initiation of weekly vaginal exposures to a high dose (1000 TCID50) of SHIVAD8-EO. The combination Rh-α4β7-VRC01 significantly delayed SHIVAD8-EO vaginal infection. Following infection, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques maintained higher CD4+ T cell counts and exhibited lower rectal SIV-DNA loads compared to controls. Interestingly, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques had fewer IL-17-producing cells in the blood and the gut during the acute phase of infection. Moreover, higher T cell responses to the V2-loop of the SHIVAD8-EO envelope in the VRC01-Rh-α4β7 group inversely correlated with set point viremia. The combination of suboptimal amounts of VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 delayed infection, altered antiviral immune responses and minimized CD4+ T cell loss. Further exploration of the effect of combining bNAbs with Rh-α4β7 on SIV/HIV infection and antiviral immune responses is warranted and may lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Géraldine Arrode-Brusés
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James L. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Maldonado
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
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16
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Caskey M, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic. Nat Med 2019; 25:547-553. [PMID: 30936546 PMCID: PMC7322694 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Taken daily, ART prevents and suppresses the infection. However, ART interruption almost invariably leads to rebound viremia in infected individuals due to a long-lived latent reservoir of integrated proviruses. Therefore, ART must be administered on a life-long basis. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies suggesting that immunotherapy may be an alternative or an adjuvant to ART because, in addition to preventing new infections, anti-HIV-1 antibodies clear the virus, directly kill infected cells and produce immune complexes that can enhance host immunity to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Induction of neutralizing antibodies against tier 2 human immunodeficiency virus 1 in rhesus macaques infected with tier 1B simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1297-1308. [PMID: 30820667 PMCID: PMC6469619 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed CCR5-tropic neutralization-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strains and a rhesus macaque model of infection with these SHIVs. We induced the production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against HIV-1 by infecting rhesus macaques with different neutralization-resistant SHIV strains. First, SHIV-MK1 (MK1) (neutralization susceptible, tier 1B) with CCR5 tropism was generated from SHIV-KS661 using CXCR4 as the main co-receptor. nAbs against parental-lineage and heterologous tier 2 viruses were induced by tier 1B virus (MK1) infection of the rhesus macaque MM482. We analyzed viral resistance to neutralization over time in MM482 and observed that the infecting virus mutated from tier 1B to tier 2 at 36 weeks postinfection (wpi). In addition, an analysis of mutations showed that N169D, K187E, S190N, S239, T459N (T459D at 91 wpi), and V842A mutations were present after 36 wpi. This led to the appearance of neutralization-resistant viral clones. In addition, MK1 was passaged in three rhesus macaques to generate neutralization-resistant SHIV-MK38 (MK38) (tier 2). We evaluated nAb production by rhesus macaques infected with SHIV-MK38 #818 (#818) (tier 2), a molecular clone of MK38. Neutralization of the parental lineage was induced earlier than in macaques infected with tier 1B virus, and neutralization activity against heterologous tier 2 virus was beginning to develop. Therefore, CCR5-tropic neutralization-resistant SHIV-infected rhesus macaques may be useful models of anti-HIV-1 nAb production and will facilitate the development of a vaccine that elicits nAbs against HIV-1.
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18
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A single injection of crystallizable fragment domain-modified antibodies elicits durable protection from SHIV infection. Nat Med 2018; 24:610-616. [PMID: 29662199 PMCID: PMC5989326 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of an effective and safe vaccine against HIV-1, the administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represents a logical alternative approach to prevent virus transmission. Here, we introduced two mutations encoding amino acid substitutions (M428L and N434S, collectively referred to as ‘LS’) into the genes encoding the crystallizable fragment domains of the highly potent HIV-specific 3BNC117 and 10-1074 bNAbs to increase their half-lives and evaluated their efficacy in blocking infection following repeated low-dose mucosal challenges of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with the tier 2 SHIVAD8-EO. A single intravenous infusion of 10-1074-LS monoclonal antibodies markedly delayed virus acquisition for 18 to 37 weeks (median, 27 weeks), whereas the protective effect of the 3BNC117-LS bNAb was more modest (provided protection for 11–23 weeks; median, 17 weeks). Serum concentrations of the 10-1074-LS monoclonal antibody gradually declined and became undetectable in all recipients between weeks 26 and 41, whereas the 3BNC117-LS bNAb exhibited a shorter half-life. To model immunoprophylaxis against genetically diverse and/or neutralization-resistant HIV-1 strains, a combination of the 3BNC117-LS plus 10-1074-LS monoclonal antibodies was injected into macaques via the more clinically relevant subcutaneous route. Even though the administered mixture contained an amount of each bNAb that was nearly threefold less than the quantity of the single monoclonal antibody in the intravenous injections, the monoclonal antibody combination still protected macaques for a median of 20 weeks. The extended period of protection observed in macaques for the 3BNC117-LS plus 10-1074-LS combination could translate into an effective semiannual or annual immunoprophylaxis regimen for preventing HIV-1 infections in humans. Long-lived antibodies that can prevent viral infection of monkeys for 6 months may be a future alternative to an HIV vaccine.
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19
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Nishimura Y, Martin MA. Of Mice, Macaques, and Men: Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Immunotherapy for HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:207-216. [PMID: 28799906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope protein have been a major focus for HIV therapy. Early studies with anti-HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) administered to infected individuals showed some promise, as they resulted in transient reductions in plasma viremia in some recipients. However, resistant viral variants rapidly emerged. A major development during the past 6 to 7 years has been the isolation and characterization of highly potent and broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) from infected individuals known as "elite neutralizers." These "next-generation" bNAbs have been tested in animal model systems and shown to effectively control virus replication, particularly following combination immunotherapy. The success of these preclinical animal studies has led to human clinical trials using an individual bNAb for therapy. This review examines recent findings from animal models and human clinical trials and discusses the future use of bNAbs for HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892.
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20
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Julg B, Tartaglia LJ, Keele BF, Wagh K, Pegu A, Sok D, Abbink P, Schmidt SD, Wang K, Chen X, Joyce MG, Georgiev IS, Choe M, Kwong PD, Doria-Rose NA, Le K, Louder MK, Bailer RT, Moore PL, Korber B, Seaman MS, Abdool Karim SS, Morris L, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Burton DR, Barouch DH. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope V2 apex confer protection against a clade C SHIV challenge. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaal1321. [PMID: 28878010 PMCID: PMC5755978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to the V2 apex antigenic region of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer are among the most prevalent cross-reactive antibodies elicited by natural infection. Two recently described V2-specific antibodies, PGDM1400 and CAP256-VRC26.25, have demonstrated exquisite potency and neutralization breadth against HIV-1. However, little data exist on the protective efficacy of V2-specific neutralizing antibodies. We created a novel SHIV-325c viral stock that included a clade C HIV-1 envelope and was susceptible to neutralization by both of these antibodies. Rhesus macaques received a single infusion of either antibody at three different concentrations (2, 0.4, and 0.08 mg/kg) before challenge with SHIV-325c. PGDM1400 was fully protective at the 0.4 mg/kg dose, whereas CAP256-VRC26.25-LS was fully protective even at the 0.08 mg/kg dose, which correlated with its greater in vitro neutralization potency against the challenge virus. Serum antibody concentrations required for protection were <0.75 μg/ml for CAP256-VRC26.25-LS. These data demonstrate unprecedented potency and protective efficacy of V2-specific neutralizing antibodies in nonhuman primates and validate V2 as a potential target for the prevention of HIV-1 infection in passive immunization strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tartaglia
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - M G Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Khoa Le
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 4013 Durban, South Africa
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 4013 Durban, South Africa
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 4013 Durban, South Africa
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Del Prete GQ, Keele BF, Fode J, Thummar K, Swanstrom AE, Rodriguez A, Raymond A, Estes JD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, KewalRamani VN, Lifson JD, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. A single gp120 residue can affect HIV-1 tropism in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006572. [PMID: 28945790 PMCID: PMC5629034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-dependent variation in proteins that aid or limit virus replication determines the ability of lentiviruses to jump between host species. Identifying and overcoming these differences facilitates the development of animal models for HIV-1, including models based on chimeric SIVs that express HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins, (SHIVs) and simian-tropic HIV-1 (stHIV) strains. Here, we demonstrate that the inherently poor ability of most HIV-1 Env proteins to use macaque CD4 as a receptor is improved during adaptation by virus passage in macaques. We identify a single amino acid, A281, in HIV-1 Env that consistently changes during adaptation in macaques and affects the ability of HIV-1 Env to use macaque CD4. Importantly, mutations at A281 do not markedly affect HIV-1 Env neutralization properties. Our findings should facilitate the design of HIV-1 Env proteins for use in non-human primate models and thus expedite the development of clinically relevant reagents for testing interventions against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeannine Fode
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Keyur Thummar
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Raymond
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Vineet N. KewalRamani
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
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22
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Nishimura Y, Gautam R, Chun TW, Sadjadpour R, Foulds KE, Shingai M, Klein F, Gazumyan A, Golijanin J, Donaldson M, Donau OK, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Seaman MS, Lifson JD, Koup RA, Fauci AS, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA. Early antibody therapy can induce long-lasting immunity to SHIV. Nature 2017; 543:559-563. [PMID: 28289286 PMCID: PMC5458531 DOI: 10.1038/nature21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly potent and broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) have been used to prevent and treat lentivirus infections in humanized mice, macaques, and humans. In immunotherapy experiments, administration of bNAbs to chronically infected animals transiently suppresses virus replication, which invariably returns to pre-treatment levels and results in progression to clinical disease. Here we show that early administration of bNAbs in a macaque simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model is associated with very low levels of persistent viraemia, which leads to the establishment of T-cell immunity and resultant long-term infection control. Animals challenged with SHIVAD8-EO by mucosal or intravenous routes received a single 2-week course of two potent passively transferred bNAbs (3BNC117 and 10-1074 (refs 13, 14)). Viraemia remained undetectable for 56-177 days, depending on bNAb half-life in vivo. Moreover, in the 13 treated monkeys, plasma virus loads subsequently declined to undetectable levels in 6 controller macaques. Four additional animals maintained their counts of T cells carrying the CD4 antigen (CD4+) and very low levels of viraemia persisted for over 2 years. The frequency of cells carrying replication-competent virus was less than 1 per 106 circulating CD4+ T cells in the six controller macaques. Infusion of a T-cell-depleting anti-CD8β monoclonal antibody to the controller animals led to a specific decline in levels of CD8+ T cells and the rapid reappearance of plasma viraemia. In contrast, macaques treated for 15 weeks with combination anti-retroviral therapy, beginning on day 3 after infection, experienced sustained rebound plasma viraemia when treatment was interrupted. Our results show that passive immunotherapy during acute SHIV infection differs from combination anti-retroviral therapy in that it facilitates the emergence of potent CD8+ T-cell immunity able to durably suppress virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Reza Sadjadpour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mitzi Donaldson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Olivia K. Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ronald J. Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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23
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Fuchs SP, Desrosiers RC. Promise and problems associated with the use of recombinant AAV for the delivery of anti-HIV antibodies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16068. [PMID: 28197421 PMCID: PMC5289440 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to elicit antibodies with potent neutralizing activity against a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates have so far proven unsuccessful. Long-term delivery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with such activity is a creative alternative that circumvents the need for an immune response and has the potential for creating a long-lasting sterilizing barrier against HIV. This approach is made possible by an incredible array of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that have been identified over the last several years. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are ideally suited for long-term delivery for a variety of reasons. The only products made from rAAV are derived from the transgenes that are put into it; as long as those products are not viewed as foreign, expression from muscle tissue may continue for decades. Thus, use of rAAV to achieve long-term delivery of anti-HIV mAbs with potent neutralizing activity against a broad range of HIV-1 isolates is emerging as a promising concept for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1 infection in humans. Experiments in mice and monkeys that have demonstrated protective efficacy against AIDS virus infection have raised hopes for the promise of this approach. However, all published experiments in monkeys have encountered unwanted immune responses to the AAV-delivered antibody, and these immune responses appear to limit the levels of delivered antibody that can be achieved. In this review, we highlight the promise of rAAV-mediated antibody delivery for the prevention or treatment of HIV infection in humans, but we also discuss the obstacles that will need to be understood and solved in order for the promise of this approach to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida, USA
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24
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Vigdorovich V, Oliver BG, Carbonetti S, Dambrauskas N, Lange MD, Yacoob C, Leahy W, Callahan J, Stamatatos L, Sather DN. Repertoire comparison of the B-cell receptor-encoding loci in humans and rhesus macaques by next-generation sequencing. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e93. [PMID: 27525066 PMCID: PMC4973324 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a widely used model system for the study of vaccines, infectious diseases and microbial pathogenesis. Their value as a model lies in their close evolutionary relationship to humans, which, in theory, allows them to serve as a close approximation of the human immune system. However, despite their prominence as a human surrogate model system, many aspects of the RM immune system remain ill characterized. In particular, B cell-mediated immunity in macaques has not been sufficiently characterized, and the B-cell receptor-encoding loci have not been thoroughly annotated. To address these gaps, we analyzed the circulating heavy- and light-chain repertoires in humans and RMs by next-generation sequencing. By comparing V gene segment usage, J-segment usage and CDR3 lengths between the two species, we identified several important similarities and differences. These differences were especially notable in the IgM(+) B-cell repertoire. However, the class-switched, antigen-educated B-cell populations converged on a set of similar characteristics, implying similarities in how each species responds to antigen. Our study provides the first comprehensive overview of the circulating repertoires of the heavy- and light-chain sequences in RMs, and provides insight into how they may perform as a model system for B cell-mediated immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Yacoob
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Li H, Wang S, Kong R, Ding W, Lee FH, Parker Z, Kim E, Learn GH, Hahn P, Policicchio B, Brocca-Cofano E, Deleage C, Hao X, Chuang GY, Gorman J, Gardner M, Lewis MG, Hatziioannou T, Santra S, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Alam SM, Liao HX, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Farzan M, Chertova E, Keele BF, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Doms RW, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Sodroski JG, Kwong PD, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. Envelope residue 375 substitutions in simian-human immunodeficiency viruses enhance CD4 binding and replication in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3413-22. [PMID: 27247400 PMCID: PMC4914158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606636113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) bearing envelope (Env) glycoproteins from primary HIV-1 strains fail to infect rhesus macaques (RMs). We hypothesized that inefficient Env binding to rhesus CD4 (rhCD4) limits virus entry and replication and could be enhanced by substituting naturally occurring simian immunodeficiency virus Env residues at position 375, which resides at a critical location in the CD4-binding pocket and is under strong positive evolutionary pressure across the broad spectrum of primate lentiviruses. SHIVs containing primary or transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, or D Envs with genotypic variants at residue 375 were constructed and analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Bulky hydrophobic or basic amino acids substituted for serine-375 enhanced Env affinity for rhCD4, virus entry into cells bearing rhCD4, and virus replication in primary rhCD4 T cells without appreciably affecting antigenicity or antibody-mediated neutralization sensitivity. Twenty-four RMs inoculated with subtype A, B, C, or D SHIVs all became productively infected with different Env375 variants-S, M, Y, H, W, or F-that were differentially selected in different Env backbones. Notably, SHIVs replicated persistently at titers comparable to HIV-1 in humans and elicited autologous neutralizing antibody responses typical of HIV-1. Seven animals succumbed to AIDS. These findings identify Env-rhCD4 binding as a critical determinant for productive SHIV infection in RMs and validate a novel and generalizable strategy for constructing SHIVs with Env glycoproteins of interest, including those that in humans elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or bind particular Ig germ-line B-cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zahra Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eunlim Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ben Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xingpei Hao
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Gardner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | | | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert W Doms
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Peter D Kwong
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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26
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Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 90:6127-6139. [PMID: 27122574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00347-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein have been studied extensively for their ability to block viral infectivity, little data are currently available on nonneutralizing functions of these antibodies, such as their ability to eliminate virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies of diverse specificities, including potent broadly neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies, were therefore tested for ADCC against cells infected with a lab-adapted HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1NL4-3), a primary HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1JR-FL), and a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) adapted for pathogenic infection of rhesus macaques (SHIVAD8-EO). In accordance with the sensitivity of these viruses to neutralization, HIV-1NL4-3-infected cells were considerably more sensitive to ADCC, both in terms of the number of antibodies and magnitude of responses, than cells infected with HIV-1JR-FL or SHIVAD8-EO ADCC activity generally correlated with antibody binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells and with viral neutralization; however, neutralization was not always predictive of ADCC, as instances of ADCC in the absence of detectable neutralization, and vice versa, were observed. These results reveal incomplete overlap in the specificities of antibodies that mediate these antiviral activities and provide insights into the relationship between ADCC and neutralization important for the development of antibody-based vaccines and therapies for combating HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE This study provides fundamental insights into the relationship between antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and virus neutralization that may help to guide the development of antibody-based vaccines and immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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27
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Yamamoto T, Lynch RM, Gautam R, Matus-Nicodemos R, Schmidt SD, Boswell KL, Darko S, Wong P, Sheng Z, Petrovas C, McDermott AB, Seder RA, Keele BF, Shapiro L, Douek DC, Nishimura Y, Mascola JR, Martin MA, Koup RA. Quality and quantity of TFH cells are critical for broad antibody development in SHIVAD8 infection. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26223303 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) protect against HIV-1 infection, yet how they are generated during chronic infection remains unclear. It is known that T follicular helper (TFH) cells are needed to promote affinity maturation of B cells during an immune response; however, the role of TFH during HIV-1 infection is undefined within lymph node germinal centers (GCs). We use nonhuman primates to investigate the relationship in the early stage of chronic SHIVAD8 (simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8) infection between envelope (Env)-specific TFH cells, Env-specific B cells, virus, and the generation of bNAbs during later infection. We found that both the frequency and quality of Env-specific TFH cells were associated with an expansion of Env-specific immunoglobulin G-positive GC B cells and broader neutralization across HIV clades. We also found a correlation between breadth of neutralization and the degree of somatic hypermutation in Env-specific memory B cells. Finally, we observed high viral loads and greater diversity of Env sequences in rhesus macaques that developed cross-reactive neutralization as compared to those that did not. These studies highlight the importance of boosting high-quality TFH populations as part of a robust vaccine regimen aimed at eliciting bNabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamamoto
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- Humoral Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Humoral Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin L Boswell
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Humoral Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Humoral Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gautam R, Nishimura Y, Pegu A, Nason MC, Klein F, Gazumyan A, Golijanin J, Buckler-White A, Sadjadpour R, Wang K, Mankoff Z, Schmidt SD, Lifson JD, Mascola JR, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA. A single injection of anti-HIV-1 antibodies protects against repeated SHIV challenges. Nature 2016; 533:105-109. [PMID: 27120156 PMCID: PMC5127204 DOI: 10.1038/nature17677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of potent anti-retroviral drugs in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, little progress has been made in generating an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Although passive transfer of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies can protect mice or macaques against a single high-dose challenge with HIV or simian/human (SIV/HIV) chimaeric viruses (SHIVs) respectively, the long-term efficacy of a passive antibody transfer approach for HIV-1 has not been examined. Here we show, on the basis of the relatively long-term protection conferred by hepatitis A immune globulin, the efficacy of a single injection (20 mg kg(-1)) of four anti-HIV-1-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (VRC01, VRC01-LS, 3BNC117, and 10-1074 (refs 9 - 12)) in blocking repeated weekly low-dose virus challenges of the clade B SHIVAD8. Compared with control animals, which required two to six challenges (median = 3) for infection, a single broadly neutralizing antibody infusion prevented virus acquisition for up to 23 weekly challenges. This effect depended on antibody potency and half-life. The highest levels of plasma-neutralizing activity and, correspondingly, the longest protection were found in monkeys administered the more potent antibodies 3BNC117 and 10-1074 (median = 13 and 12.5 weeks, respectively). VRC01, which showed lower plasma-neutralizing activity, protected for a shorter time (median = 8 weeks). The introduction of a mutation that extends antibody half-life into the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of VRC01 increased median protection from 8 to 14.5 weeks. If administered to populations at high risk of HIV-1 transmission, such an immunoprophylaxis regimen could have a major impact on virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Martha C. Nason
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Reza Sadjadpour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Zachary Mankoff
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Ishida Y, Yoneda M, Otsuki H, Watanabe Y, Kato F, Matsuura K, Kikukawa M, Matsushita S, Hishiki T, Igarashi T, Miura T. Generation of a neutralization-resistant CCR5 tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-MK38) molecular clone, a derivative of SHIV-89.6. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1249-1260. [PMID: 26850058 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that a new genetically diverse CCR5 (R5) tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-MK38) adapted to rhesus monkeys became more neutralization resistant to SHIV-infected plasma than did the parental SHIV-KS661 clone. Here, to clarify the significance of the neutralization-resistant phenotype of SHIV in a macaque model, we initially investigated the precise neutralization phenotype of the SHIVs, including SHIV-MK38 molecular clones, using SHIV-MK38-infected plasma, a pooled plasma of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, soluble CD4 and anti-HIV-1 neutralizing mAbs, the epitopes of which were known. The results show that SHIV-KS661 had tier 1 neutralization sensitivity, but monkey-adapted R5 tropic SHIV-MK38 acquired neutralization resistance similar to that of tier 2 or 3 as a clone virus. Sequence analysis of the env gene suggested that the neutralization-resistant phenotype of SHIV-MK38 was acquired by conformational changes in Env associated with the net charge and potential N-linked glycosylation sites. To examine the relationship between neutralization phenotype and stably persistent infection in monkeys, we performed in vivo rectal inoculation experiments using a SHIV-MK38 molecular clone. The results showed that one of three rhesus monkeys exhibited durable infection with a plasma viral load of 105 copies ml- 1 despite the high antibody responses that occurred in the host. Whilst further improvements are required in the development of a challenge virus, it will be useful to generate a neutralization-resistant R5 tropic molecular clone of the SHIV-89.6 lineage commonly used for vaccine development - a result that can be used to explore the foundation of AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishida
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Mai Yoneda
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otsuki
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Yuji Watanabe
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Minako Kikukawa
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology and Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research,Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811,Japan
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research,Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507,Japan
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30
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Sharma A, Boyd DF, Overbaugh J. Development of SHIVs with circulating, transmitted HIV-1 variants. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:296-300. [PMID: 26101933 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SHIV/macaque model is critical for pre-clinical HIV-1 research. The ability of this model to predict efficacious intervention(s) in humans depends on how faithfully the model recapitulates key features of HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we provide insights for rationally designing SHIVs with transmitted HIV-1 variants for vaccine and prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Vaccine-Induced Linear Epitope-Specific Antibodies to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Envelope Are Distinct from Those Induced to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2015; 89:8643-50. [PMID: 26018159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03635-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate antibody specificities induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) versus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigens in nonhuman primate (NHP), we profiled binding antibody responses to linear epitopes in NHP studies with HIV-1 or SIV immunogens. We found that, overall, HIV-1 Env IgG responses were dominated by V3, with the notable exception of the responses to the vaccine strain A244 Env that were dominated by V2, whereas the anti-SIVmac239 Env responses were dominated by V2 regardless of the vaccine regimen.
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32
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Francica JR, Sheng Z, Zhang Z, Nishimura Y, Shingai M, Ramesh A, Keele BF, Schmidt SD, Flynn BJ, Darko S, Lynch RM, Yamamoto T, Matus-Nicodemos R, Wolinsky D, Nason M, Valiante NM, Malyala P, De Gregorio E, Barnett SW, Singh M, O'Hagan DT, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Martin MA, Kepler TB, Douek DC, Shapiro L, Seder RA. Analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts and hypermutation following SHIV(AD8) infection and protein-plus-adjuvant immunization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6565. [PMID: 25858157 PMCID: PMC4403371 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing predictive animal models to assess how candidate vaccines and infection influence the ontogenies of Envelope (Env)-specific antibodies is critical for the development of an HIV vaccine. Here we use two nonhuman primate models to compare the roles of antigen persistence, diversity and innate immunity. We perform longitudinal analyses of HIV Env-specific B-cell receptor responses to SHIV(AD8) infection and Env protein vaccination with eight different adjuvants. A subset of the SHIV(AD8)-infected animals with higher viral loads and greater Env diversity show increased neutralization associated with increasing somatic hypermutation (SHM) levels over time. The use of adjuvants results in increased ELISA titres but does not affect the mean SHM levels or CDR H3 lengths. Our study shows how the ontogeny of Env-specific B cells can be tracked, and provides insights into the requirements for developing neutralizing antibodies that should facilitate translation to human vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research and National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Akshaya Ramesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Barbara J. Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Lynch
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Wolinsky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Derek T. O'Hagan
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Generation and evaluation of clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge stocks. J Virol 2014; 89:1965-74. [PMID: 25473043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03279-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of a panel of mucosally transmissible simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge stocks from multiple virus clades would facilitate preclinical evaluation of candidate HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics. The majority of SHIV stocks that have been generated to date have been derived from clade B HIV-1 env sequences from viruses isolated during chronic infection and typically required serial animal-to-animal adaptation for establishing mucosal transmissibility and pathogenicity. To capture essential features of mucosal transmission of clade C viruses, we produced a series of SHIVs with early clade C HIV-1 env sequences from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals from South Africa. SHIV-327c and SHIV-327cRM expressed env sequences that were 99.7 to 100% identical to the original HIV-1 isolate and did not require in vivo passaging for mucosal infectivity. These challenge stocks infected rhesus monkeys efficiently by both intrarectal and intravaginal routes, replicated to high levels during acute infection, and established chronic setpoint viremia in 13 of 17 (76%) infected animals. The SHIV-327cRM challenge stock was also titrated for both single, high-dose intrarectal challenges and repetitive, low-dose intrarectal challenges in rhesus monkeys. These SHIV challenge stocks should facilitate the preclinical evaluation of vaccines and other interventions aimed at preventing clade C HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE We describe the development of two related clade C SHIV challenge stocks. These challenge stocks should prove useful for preclinical testing of vaccines and other interventions aimed at preventing clade C HIV-1 infection.
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Mutations in HIV-1 envelope that enhance entry with the macaque CD4 receptor alter antibody recognition by disrupting quaternary interactions within the trimer. J Virol 2014; 89:894-907. [PMID: 25378497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02680-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (SHIV) infection of macaques is commonly used to model HIV type 1 (HIV-1) transmission and pathogenesis in humans. Despite the fact that SHIVs encode SIV antagonists of the known macaque host restriction factors, these viruses require additional adaptation for replication in macaques to establish a persistent infection. Additional adaptation may be required in part because macaque CD4 (mCD4) is a suboptimal receptor for most HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants. This requirement raises the possibility that adaptation of HIV-1 Env to the macaque host leads to selection of variants that lack important biological and antigenic properties of the viruses responsible for the HIV-1 pandemic in humans. Here, we investigated whether this adaptation process leads to changes in the antigenicity and structure of HIV-1 Env. For this purpose, we examined how two independent mutations that enhance mCD4-mediated entry, A204E and G312V, impact antibody recognition in the context of seven different parental HIV-1 Env proteins from diverse subtypes. We also examined HIV-1 Env variants from three SHIVs that had been adapted for increased replication in macaques. Our results indicate that these different macaque-adapted variants had features in common, including resistance to antibodies directed to quaternary epitopes and sensitivity to antibodies directed to epitopes in the variable domains (V2 and V3) that are buried in the parental, unadapted Env proteins. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptation to mCD4 results in conformational changes that expose epitopes in the variable domains and disrupt quaternary epitopes in the native Env trimer. IMPORTANCE These findings indicate the antigenic consequences of adapting HIV-1 Env to mCD4. They also suggest that to best mimic HIV-1 infection in humans when using the SHIV/macaque model, HIV-1 Env proteins should be identified that use mCD4 as a functional receptor and preserve quaternary epitopes characteristic of HIV-1 Env.
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35
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Multimodality vaccination against clade C SHIV: partial protection against mucosal challenges with a heterologous tier 2 virus. Vaccine 2014; 32:6527-36. [PMID: 25245933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We sought to test whether vaccine-induced immune responses could protect rhesus macaques (RMs) against upfront heterologous challenges with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-2873Nip. This SHIV strain exhibits many properties of transmitted HIV-1, such as tier 2 phenotype (relatively difficult to neutralize), exclusive CCR5 tropism, and gradual disease progression in infected RMs. Since no human AIDS vaccine recipient is likely to encounter an HIV-1 strain that exactly matches the immunogens, we immunized the RMs with recombinant Env proteins heterologous to the challenge virus. For induction of immune responses against Gag, Tat, and Nef, we explored a strategy of immunization with overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP). The immune responses against Gag and Tat were finally boosted with recombinant proteins. The vaccinees and a group of ten control animals were given five low-dose intrarectal (i.r.) challenges with SHIV-2873Nip. All controls and seven out of eight vaccinees became systemically infected; there was no significant difference in viremia levels of vaccinees vs. controls. Prevention of viremia was observed in one vaccinee which showed strong boosting of virus-specific cellular immunity during virus exposures. The protected animal showed no challenge virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in the TZM-bl or A3R5 cell-based assays and had low-level ADCC activity after the virus exposures. Microarray data strongly supported a role for cellular immunity in the protected animal. Our study represents a case of protection against heterologous tier 2 SHIV-C by vaccine-induced, virus-specific cellular immune responses.
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36
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Shingai M, Donau OK, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Nason MC, Montefiori D, Moldt B, Poignard P, Diskin R, Bjorkman PJ, Eckhaus MA, Klein F, Mouquet H, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Gazumyan A, Burton DR, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA, Nishimura Y. Passive transfer of modest titers of potent and broadly neutralizing anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies block SHIV infection in macaques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2061-74. [PMID: 25155019 PMCID: PMC4172223 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Five potent and broadly anti-HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are able to block infection by two different SHIVs in monkeys. The authors show that antibodies targeting the outer glycan coat were the most effective and determined that titers of roughly 1:100 protected half the animals. It is widely appreciated that effective human vaccines directed against viral pathogens elicit neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The passive transfer of anti–HIV-1 NAbs conferring sterilizing immunity to macaques has been used to determine the plasma neutralization titers, which must be present at the time of exposure, to prevent acquisition of SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) infections. We administered five recently isolated potent and broadly acting anti-HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to rhesus macaques and challenged them intrarectally 24 h later with either of two different R5-tropic SHIVs. By combining the results obtained from 60 challenged animals, we determined that the protective neutralization titer in plasma preventing virus infection in 50% of the exposed monkeys was relatively modest (∼1:100) and potentially achievable by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olivia K Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ronald J Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John R Mascola
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martha C Nason
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, MA 021142
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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West AP, Scharf L, Scheid JF, Klein F, Bjorkman PJ, Nussenzweig MC. Structural insights on the role of antibodies in HIV-1 vaccine and therapy. Cell 2014; 156:633-48. [PMID: 24529371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite 30 years of effort, there is no effective vaccine for HIV-1. However, antibodies can prevent HIV-1 infection in humanized mice and macaques when passively transferred. New single-cell-based methods have uncovered many broad and potent donor-derived antibodies, and structural studies have revealed the molecular bases for their activities. The new data suggest why such antibodies are difficult to elicit and inform HIV-1 vaccine development efforts. In addition to protecting against infection, the newly identified antibodies can suppress active infections in mice and macaques, suggesting they could be valuable additions to anti-HIV-1 therapies and to strategies to eradicate HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Louise Scharf
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Johannes F Scheid
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Shingai M, Nishimura Y, Klein F, Mouquet H, Donau OK, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Dimitrov D, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA. Antibody-mediated immunotherapy of macaques chronically infected with SHIV suppresses viraemia. Nature 2013; 503:277-80. [PMID: 24172896 PMCID: PMC4133787 DOI: 10.1038/nature12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can confer immunity to primate lentiviruses by blocking infection in macaque models of AIDS. However, earlier studies of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies administered to infected individuals or humanized mice reported poor control of virus replication and the rapid emergence of resistant variants. A new generation of anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies, possessing extraordinary potency and breadth of neutralizing activity, has recently been isolated from infected individuals. These neutralizing antibodies target different regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein including the CD4-binding site, glycans located in the V1/V2, V3 and V4 regions, and the membrane proximal external region of gp41 (refs 9-14). Here we have examined two of the new antibodies, directed to the CD4-binding site and the V3 region (3BNC117 and 10-1074, respectively), for their ability to block infection and suppress viraemia in macaques infected with the R5 tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-AD8, which emulates many of the pathogenic and immunogenic properties of HIV-1 during infections of rhesus macaques. Either antibody alone can potently block virus acquisition. When administered individually to recently infected macaques, the 10-1074 antibody caused a rapid decline in virus load to undetectable levels for 4-7 days, followed by virus rebound during which neutralization-resistant variants became detectable. When administered together, a single treatment rapidly suppressed plasma viraemia for 3-5 weeks in some long-term chronically SHIV-infected animals with low CD4(+) T-cell levels. A second cycle of anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibody therapy, administered to two previously treated animals, successfully controlled virus rebound. These results indicate that immunotherapy or a combination of immunotherapy plus conventional antiretroviral drugs might be useful as a treatment for chronically HIV-1-infected individuals experiencing immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Olivia K. Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ronald Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter Dimitrov
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Barouch DH, Whitney JB, Moldt B, Klein F, Oliveira TY, Liu J, Stephenson KE, Chang HW, Shekhar K, Gupta S, Nkolola JP, Seaman MS, Smith KM, Borducchi EN, Cabral C, Smith JY, Blackmore S, Sanisetty S, Perry JR, Beck M, Lewis MG, Rinaldi W, Chakraborty AK, Poignard P, Nussenzweig MC, Burton DR. Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Nature 2013; 503:224-8. [PMID: 24172905 PMCID: PMC4017780 DOI: 10.1038/nature12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with extraordinary potency and breadth have recently been described. In humanized mice, combinations of mAbs have been shown to suppress viremia, but the therapeutic potential of these mAbs has not yet been evaluated in primates with an intact immune system. Here we show that administration of a cocktail of HIV-1-specific mAbs, as well as the single glycan-dependent mAb PGT121, resulted in a rapid and precipitous decline of plasma viremia to undetectable levels in rhesus monkeys chronically infected with the pathogenic virus SHIV-SF162P3. A single mAb infusion afforded up to a 3.1 log decline of plasma viral RNA in 7 days and also reduced proviral DNA in peripheral blood, gastrointestinal mucosa, and lymph nodes without the development of viral resistance. Moreover, following mAb administration, host Gag-specific T lymphocyte responses exhibited improved functionality. Virus rebounded in the majority of animals after a median of 56 days when serum mAb titers had declined to undetectable levels, although a subset of animals maintained long-term virologic control in the absence of further mAb infusions. These data demonstrate a profound therapeutic effect of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific mAbs in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys as well as an impact on host immune responses. Our findings strongly encourage the investigation of mAb therapy for HIV-1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- 1] Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Saito A, Akari H. Macaque-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1: breaking out of the host restriction factors. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:187. [PMID: 23847610 PMCID: PMC3705164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque monkeys serve as important animal models for understanding the pathogenesis of lentiviral infections. Since human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hardly replicates in macaque cells, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or chimeric viruses between HIV-1 and SIV (SHIV) have been used as challenge viruses in this research field. These viruses, however, are genetically distant from HIV-1. Therefore, in order to evaluate the efficacy of anti-HIV-1 drugs and vaccines in macaques, the development of a macaque-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1mt) having the ability to replicate efficiently in macaques has long been desired. Recent studies have demonstrated that host restriction factors, such as APOBEC3 family and TRIM5, impose a strong barrier against HIV-1 replication in macaque cells. By evading these restriction factors, others and we have succeeded in developing an HIV-1mt that is able to replicate in macaques. In this review, we have attempted to shed light on the role of host factors that affect the susceptibility of macaques to HIV-1mt infection, especially by focusing on TRIM5-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan ; Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention Chiyoda-ku, Japan
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41
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Emergence of gp120 V3 variants confers neutralization resistance in an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaque elite neutralizer that targets the N332 glycan of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 2013; 87:8798-804. [PMID: 23720719 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00878-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization-resistant simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIVAD8) variants that emerged in an infected macaque elite neutralizer targeting the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 N332 glycan acquired substitutions of critical amino acids in the V3 region rather than losing the N332 glycosylation site. One of these resistant variants, carrying the full complement of gp120 V3 changes, was also resistant to the potent anti-HIV-1 monoclonal neutralizing antibodies PGT121 and 10-1074, both of which are also dependent on the presence of the gp120 N332 glycan.
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Ren W, Mumbauer A, Zhuang K, Harbison C, Knight H, Westmoreland S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Cheng-Mayer C. Mucosal transmissibility, disease induction and coreceptor switching of R5 SHIVSF162P3N molecular clones in rhesus macaques. Retrovirology 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23369442 PMCID: PMC3571932 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosally transmissible and pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) molecular clones are useful reagents to identity neutralization escape in HIV-1 vaccine experiments and to study the envelope evolutionary process and mechanistic basis for coreceptor switch during the course of natural infection. Results We observed progression to AIDS in rhesus macaques infected intrarectally with molecular clones of the pathogenic R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate. Expansion to CXCR4 usage was documented in one diseased macaque that mounted a neutralizing antibody response and in another that failed to do so, with the latter displaying a rapid progressor phenotype. V3 loop envelop glycoprotein gp120 sequence changes that are predictive of a CXCR4 (X4)-using phenotype in HIV-1 subtype B primary isolates, specifically basic amino acid substations at positions 11 (S11R), 24 (G24R) and 25 (D25K) of the loop were detected in the two infected macaques. Functional assays showed that envelopes with V3 S11R or D25K mutation were dual-tropic, infecting CD4+ target cells that expressed either the CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor. And, consistent with findings of coreceptor switching in macaques infected with the pathogenic isolate, CXCR4-using variant was first detected in the lymph node of the chronically infected rhesus monkey several weeks prior to its presence in peripheral blood. Moreover, X4 emergence in this macaque coincided with persistent peripheral CD4+ T cell loss and a decline in neutralizing antibody titer that are suggestive of immune deterioration, with macrophages as the major virus-producing cells at the end-stage of disease. Conclusions The data showed that molecular clones derived from the R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate are mucosally transmissible and induced disease in a manner similar to that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals, providing a relevant and useful animal infection model for in-depth analyses of host selection pressures and the env evolutionary changes that influence disease outcome, coreceptor switching and vaccine escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuze Ren
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave,, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Shingai M, Donau OK, Schmidt SD, Gautam R, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Sadjadpour R, Lee WR, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Mascola JR, Nishimura Y, Martin MA. Most rhesus macaques infected with the CCR5-tropic SHIV(AD8) generate cross-reactive antibodies that neutralize multiple HIV-1 strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19769-74. [PMID: 23129652 PMCID: PMC3511737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217443109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of broadly reacting neutralizing antibodies has been a major goal of HIV vaccine research. Characterization of a pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-tropic SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) molecular clone (SHIV(AD8-EO)) revealed that eight of eight infected animals developed cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed against an envelope glycoprotein derived from the heterologous HIV-1(DH12) strain. A panel of plasmas, collected from monkeys inoculated with either molecularly cloned or uncloned SHIV(AD8) stocks, exhibited cross-neutralization against multiple tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 clade B isolates. One SHIV(AD8)-infected animal also developed NAbs against clades A and C HIV-1 strains. In this particular infected macaque, the cross-reacting anti-HIV-1 NAbs produced between weeks 7 and 13 were directed against a neutralization-sensitive virus strain, whereas neutralizing activities emerging at weeks 41-51 targeted more neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolates. These results indicate that the SHIV(AD8) macaque model represents a potentially valuable experimental system for investigating B-cell maturation and the induction of cross-reactive NAbs directed against multiple HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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