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Fattakhov N, Ngo A, Torices S, Joseph JA, Okoro A, Moore C, Naranjo O, Becker S, Toborek M. Cenicriviroc prevents dysregulation of astrocyte/endothelial cross talk induced by ischemia and HIV-1 via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C487-C504. [PMID: 38145295 PMCID: PMC11192487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00600.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is one of the pathophysiological characteristics of ischemic stroke, which may contribute to the progression of brain tissue damage and subsequent neurological impairment. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at greater risk for ischemic stroke due to diminished immune function and HIV-associated vasculopathy. Studies have shown that astrocytes are involved in maintaining BBB integrity and facilitating HIV-1 infection in the brain. The present study investigated whether targeting astrocyte-endothelial cell signaling with cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual chemokine receptor (CCR)2 and CCR5 antagonist, may protect against dysregulation of cross talk between these cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) combined with HIV-1 infection. Permeability assay with 10 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran demonstrated that CVC alleviated endothelial barrier disruption in noncontact coculture of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) with HIV-1-infected human astrocytes, and reversed downregulation of tight junction protein claudin-5 induced by OGD/R- and HIV-1. Moreover, CVC attenuated OGD/R- and HIV-1-triggered upregulation of the NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and IL-1β secretion. Treatment with CVC also suppressed astrocyte pyroptosis by attenuating cleaved caspase-1 levels and the formation of cleaved N-terminal GSDMD (N-GSDMD). Secretome profiling revealed that CVC ameliorated secretion levels of chemokine CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17), adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and T cell activation modulator T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) by astrocytes synergistically induced by OGD/R and HIV-1. Overall, these results suggest that CVC contributes to restoring astrocyte-endothelial cross interactions in an astrocyte-dependent manner via protection against NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study reveals the role of astrocytic NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in dysfunctional astrocyte-endothelial cross interactions triggered in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation injury associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Our results suggest that blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis-mediated inflammation with cenicriviroc (CVC) may constitute a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for blood-brain barrier (BBB) protection during HIV-1-associated ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Alex Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Joelle-Ann Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Adesuwa Okoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Cameron Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sarah Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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Weng Y, Chen N, Zhang R, He J, Ding X, Cheng G, Bi Q, Lu YM, Shen XZ, Wan S, Shi P. An integral blood-brain barrier in adulthood relies on microglia-derived PDGFB. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:705-717. [PMID: 37992789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericyte is an indispensable cellular constituent of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its homeostasis heavily rely on PDGFB-PDGFRβ signaling. However, the primary cellular sources of PDGFB in the central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. Microglia is not considered a component of BBB and its role in maintaining BBB integrity in steady state is controversial. In this study, by analyzing transcriptomic data and performing in situ hybridization, we revealed a transition of the primary central PDGFB producers from endothelial cells in newborns to microglia in adults. Acute loss of microglial PDGFB profoundly impaired BBB integrity in adult but not newborn mice, and thus, adult mice deficient of microglial PDGFB could not survive from a sublethal endotoxin challenge due to rampant microhemorrhages in the CNS. In contrast, acute abrogation of endothelial PDGFB had minimal effects on the BBB of adult mice but led to a severe impairment of CNS vasculature in the neonates. Moreover, we found that microglia would respond to a variety of BBB insults by upregulating PDGFB expression. These findings underscore the physiological importance of the microglia-derived PDGFB to the BBB integrity of adult mice both in steady state and under injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Weng
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningting Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian He
- Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xukai Ding
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianqian Bi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shu Wan
- Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Dyatlova AS, Novikova NS, Yushkov BG, Korneva EA, Chereshnev VA. The Blood-Brain Barrier in Neuroimmune Interactions and Pathological Processes. HERALD OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2022; 92:590-599. [PMID: 36340326 PMCID: PMC9628516 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331622050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a kind of filter, highly selective in relation to various types of substances. The BBB supports the immune status of the brain and is an important regulator of neuroimmune interactions. Some of the molecular and cellular features of the BBB, as well as the five main pathways of neuroimmune communication mediated by the BBB, are analyzed in this article. The functions of the BBB in neuroimmune interactions in various diseases are discussed: multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The latest data on BBB dysfunction in COVID-19 coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Dyatlova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N. S. Novikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - B. G. Yushkov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology (IIP), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - E. A. Korneva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. A. Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology (IIP), Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Byrnes SJ, Angelovich TA, Busman-Sahay K, Cochrane CR, Roche M, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Brain Infection and Cognitive Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091997. [PMID: 36146803 PMCID: PMC9500831 DOI: 10.3390/v14091997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders are a major burden for people living with HIV whose viremia is stably suppressed with antiretroviral therapy. The pathogenesis of disease is likely multifaceted, with contributions from viral reservoirs including the brain, chronic and systemic inflammation, and traditional risk factors including drug use. Elucidating the effects of each element on disease pathogenesis is near impossible in human clinical or ex vivo studies, facilitating the need for robust and accurate non-human primate models. In this review, we describe the major non-human primate models of neuroHIV infection, their use to study the acute, chronic, and virally suppressed infection of the brain, and novel therapies targeting brain reservoirs and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Catherine R. Cochrane
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Jakhmola S, Jha HC. Glial cell response to Epstein-Barr Virus infection: A plausible contribution to virus-associated inflammatory reactions in the brain. Virology 2021; 559:182-195. [PMID: 33964684 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is clinically related to various neurological ailments. The manipulation of neural homeostasis through altered glial cells functions is enigmatic. We investigated EBV mediated nuances in glial cells through direct infection (group-1) or by supplementing them with EBV-infected lymphocytes (PBMCs) supernatant (group-3). Also, the cells were co-cultured with infected PBMCs (group-2). Upon confirmation of infection in U-87 MG through qRT-PCR, the gene expression of crucial molecules was analysed. We reported enhanced expression of IL6 in group-1 and 3 unlike group-2. PBMCs migrated and invaded the matrigel significantly when exposed to group-1 and 3 conditions. Thus, EBV may aid neuroinflammatory reactions through PBMCs infiltration. Also, the exposure of neurons to conditioned supernatant from group-2 caused reduced neuronal healing. Additionally, group-1 milieu contained chemical modulators that induced glial cells death and reduced NF-κB. Conclusively, the three modes of EBV infection can influence glial cells' functions to maneuver the microenvironment distinctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Infection Bio-engineering Group, Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bio-engineering Group, Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India.
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Platelets function as an acute viral reservoir during HIV-1 infection by harboring virus and T-cell complex formation. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4512-4521. [PMID: 32946568 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets were recently found to harbor infectious HIV virions in infected individuals who are on antiretroviral treatment with poor CD4+ T-cell recovery. In this study, we screened platelets from recently infected individuals, before and after antiretroviral therapy, for the presence of virus and examined platelet activation, as well as CD4+ T-cell recovery. This was followed by in vitro studies assessing platelet-CD4+ T-cell complex formation as a contributing factor to viral transmission. HIV+ platelets were detected in 10 of 10 acutely infected individuals with no prior history of antiretroviral therapy. The percentage of HIV+ platelets dropped significantly after 3 months of antiretroviral therapy in all of the study participants. These individuals also demonstrated significant recovery of CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, the percentage of HIV+ platelets correlated positively with viral load but not with CD4+ T-cell count. Furthermore, we found that platelet activation with soluble CD40L or thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP6) increased platelet-virus interactions in vitro. TRAP6-mediated interactions were reduced by platelet antagonists, aspirin, and R406. We demonstrated that platelets transmit the virus to CD4+ T cells, and this transinfection was abolished by inhibiting platelet-T-cell complex formation via exposure to an anti-CD62P antibody. Additionally, treatment with TRAP6 significantly increased the transinfection, which was also inhibited by aspirin and R206. These results reveal that platelets have the potential to promote HIV viral spread during the acute stage of infection, by harboring infectious virus transmitting infection to susceptible CD4+ T cells through complex formation.
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Mitchell BI, Laws EI, Chow DC, Sah Bandar IN, Gangcuangco LMA, Shikuma CM, Ndhlovu LC. Increased Monocyte Inflammatory Responses to Oxidized LDL Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in HIV-Infected Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101129. [PMID: 33028018 PMCID: PMC7601436 DOI: 10.3390/v12101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite long term antiretroviral therapy (ART), insulin resistance (IR) is common among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) exposing this population to a greater risk of cardiometabolic complications when compared to their uninfected counterparts. We previously identified an expansion in monocyte subpopulations in blood that were linked to the degree of IR in persons with HIV on stable ART. In this study, we directly assessed monocyte inflammatory functional properties from PLWHA on ART (n = 33) and HIV-uninfected controls (n = 14) of similar age, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk and determined the relationship with IR (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin measurements. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and polyfunctional monocyte cytokine responses (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, or TNF-α) were determined by flow cytometry. Higher monocyte IL-1β and IL-8 responses to oxLDL were associated with higher IR in PLWHA but not in the control group. We observed that higher basal monocyte cytokine responses were associated with both duration since HIV diagnosis and ART initiation. In the management of IR in chronic HIV, strategies lowering monocyte IL-1β and IL-8 responses should be considered in addition to ART in order to limit adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes.
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Liu J, Zhao B, Xue L, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu Y, Qin C. Immunization with a fusion protein vaccine candidate generated from truncated peptides of human enterovirus 71 protects mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infections. Virol J 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 32321526 PMCID: PMC7178760 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic vaccines are critical in preventing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) primarily caused by human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Children aged less than 5 years are especially susceptible to EV71 infections. In addition to the development of vaccines containing the inactivated virus, those containing virus-like particles (VLPs) with repeated antigens also constitute an effective preventive strategy for EV71 infections, with safety and productivity advantages. We previously developed a fusion protein composed with truncated peptides of the EV71 capsid protein, which assembled into spherical particles. This study aimed to assess the immunoprotective effects of this fusion protein as a vaccine candidate in a mouse model of EV71 infection. Methods To evaluate the protective effect of fusion protein vaccine candidate, neonatal mice born by immunized female mice, as well as normal neonatal mice immunized twice were infected with EV71 virus. Whereafter, the survival rates, clinical scores and viral loads were measured. Results The high dosage and booster immunization helped induce specific serum antibodies with high neutralization titers, which were transferred to neonatal mice, thereby facilitating effective resistance towards EV71 infection. An active immune response was also observed in neonatal mice which generated following immunization. Conclusions The present results suggest that this fusion protein is a suitable vaccine candidate in treating EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Erickson MA, Wilson ML, Banks WA. In vitro modeling of blood-brain barrier and interface functions in neuroimmune communication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32228633 PMCID: PMC7106666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication contributes to both baseline and adaptive physiological functions, as well as disease states. The vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) and associated cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) serve as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and periphery through the blood. Immune functions and interactions of the BBB and NVU in this context can be categorized into at least five neuroimmune axes, which include (1) immune modulation of BBB impermeability, (2) immune regulation of BBB transporters, secretions, and other functions, (3) BBB uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, (4) immune cell trafficking, and (5) BBB secretions of immunoactive substances. These axes may act separately or in concert to mediate various aspects of immune signaling at the BBB. Much of what we understand about immune axes has been from work conducted using in vitro BBB models, and recent advances in BBB and NVU modeling highlight the potential of these newer models for improving our understanding of how the brain and immune system communicate. In this review, we discuss how conventional in vitro models of the BBB have improved our understanding of the 5 neuroimmune axes. We further evaluate the existing literature on neuroimmune functions of novel in vitro BBB models, such as those derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and discuss their utility in evaluating aspects of neuroimmune communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Miranda L Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Mlcochova P, Winstone H, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Gupta RK. TLR4-Mediated Pathway Triggers Interferon-Independent G0 Arrest and Antiviral SAMHD1 Activity in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3972-3980.e5. [PMID: 32209460 PMCID: PMC7109521 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist predominantly in two distinct states, G0 and a G1-like state that is accompanied by phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592. Here, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation can potently induce G0 arrest and SAMHD1 antiretroviral activity by an interferon (IFN)-independent pathway. This pathway requires TLR4 engagement with TRIF, but not involvement of TBK1 or IRF3. Exclusive Myd88 activators are unable to trigger G0 arrest or SAMHD1 dephosphorylation, demonstrating this arrest is also Myd88/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) independent. The G0 arrest is accompanied by p21 upregulation and CDK1 depletion, consistent with the observed SAMHD1 dephosphorylation at T592. Furthermore, we show by SAMHD1 knockdown that the TLR4-activated pathway potently blocks HIV-1 infection in macrophages specifically via SAMHD1. Together, these data demonstrate that macrophages can mobilize an intrinsic cell arrest and anti-viral state by activating TLR4 prior to IFN secretion, thereby highlighting the importance of cell-cycle regulation as a response to pathogen-associated danger signals in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mlcochova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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12
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Barton SM, Janve VA, McClure R, Anderson A, Matsubara JA, Gore JC, Pham W. Lipopolysaccharide Induced Opening of the Blood Brain Barrier on Aging 5XFAD Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:503-513. [PMID: 30584141 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of neurotherapeutics for many neurodegenerative diseases has largely been hindered by limited pharmacologic penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous attempts to target and clear amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a key mediator of neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), have had limited clinical success due to low bioavailability in the brain because of the BBB. Here we test the effects of inducing an inflammatory response to disrupt the BBB in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin recognized by the innate immune system, was injected at varying doses. 24 hours later, mice were injected with either thioflavin S, a fluorescent Aβ-binding small molecule or 30 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, both of which are unable to penetrate the BBB under normal physiologic conditions. Our results showed that when pretreated with 3.0 mg/kg LPS, thioflavin S can be found in the brain bound to Aβ plaques in aged 5XFAD transgenic mice. Following the same LPS pretreatment, SPIO nanoparticles could also be found in the brain. However, when done on wild type or young 5XFAD mice, limited SPIO was detected. Our results suggest that the BBB in aged 5XFAD mouse model is susceptible to increased permeability mediated by LPS, allowing for improved delivery of the small molecule thioflavin S to target Aβ plaques and SPIO nanoparticles, which are significantly larger than antibodies used in clinical trials for immunotherapy of AD. Although this approach demonstrated efficacy for improved delivery to the brain, LPS treatment resulted in significant weight loss even at low doses, resulting from the induced inflammatory response. These findings suggest inducing inflammation can improve delivery of small and large materials to the brain for improved therapeutic or diagnostic efficacy. However, this approach must be balanced with the risks of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Barton
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Janve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard McClure
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Levine A, Sacktor N, Becker JT. Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:809-823. [PMID: 32880873 PMCID: PMC7471564 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The virology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the human immune response to the virus are under vigorous investigation. There are now several reports describing neurological symptoms in individuals who develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The prevalence, incidence, and clinical course of these symptoms will become clearer in the coming months and years through epidemiological studies. However, the long-term neurological and cognitive consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection will remain conjectural for some time and will likely require the creation of cohort studies that include uninfected individuals. Considering the early evidence for neurological involvement in COVID-19 it may prove helpful to compare SARS-CoV-2 with another endemic and neurovirulent virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), when designing such cohort studies and when making predictions about neuropsychological outcomes. In this paper, similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 are reviewed, including routes of neuroinvasion, putative mechanisms of neurovirulence, and factors involved in possible long-term neuropsychological sequelae. Application of the knowledge gained from over three decades of neuroHIV research is discussed, with a focus on alerting researchers and clinicians to the challenges in determining the cause of neurocognitive deficits among long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Levine
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - James T. Becker
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
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14
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Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010014. [PMID: 31861926 PMCID: PMC7020001 DOI: 10.3390/v12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.
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15
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Treg Cells Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Protect Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:224-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Sato K, Tachikawa M, Watanabe M, Uchida Y, Terasaki T. Selective Protein Expression Changes of Leukocyte-Migration-Associated Cluster of Differentiation Antigens at the Blood–Brain Barrier in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation Mouse Model without Alteration of Transporters, Receptors or Tight Junction-Related Protein. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:944-953. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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18
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Thrombin Inhibition Reduces the Expression of Brain Inflammation Markers upon Systemic LPS Treatment. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7692182. [PMID: 30018633 PMCID: PMC6029482 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7692182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation and brain pathologies are known to be linked. In the periphery, the inflammation and coagulation systems are simultaneously activated upon diseases and infections. Whether this well-established interrelation also counts for neuroinflammation and coagulation factor expression in the brain is still an open question. Our aim was to study whether the interrelationship between coagulation and inflammation factors may occur in the brain in the setting of systemic inflammation. The results indicate that systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) upregulate the expression of both inflammatory and coagulation factors in the brain. The activity of the central coagulation factor thrombin was tested by a fluorescent method and found to be significantly elevated in the hippocampus following systemic LPS injection (0.5 ± 0.15 mU/mg versus 0.2 ± 0.03 mU/mg in the control). A panel of coagulation factors and effectors (such as thrombin, FX, PAR1, EPCR, and PC) was tested in the hippocampus, isolated microglia, and N9 microglia cell by Western blot and real-time PCR and found to be modulated by LPS. One central finding is a significant increase in FX expression level following LPS induction both in vivo in the hippocampus and in vitro in N9 microglia cell line (5.5 ± 0.6- and 2.3 ± 0.1-fold of increase, resp.). Surprisingly, inhibition of thrombin activity (by a specific inhibitor NAPAP) immediately after LPS injection results in a reduction of both the inflammatory (TNFα, CXL9, and CCL1; p < 0.006) and coagulation responses (FX and PAR1; p < 0.004) in the brain. We believe that these results may have a profound clinical impact as they might indicate that reducing coagulation activity in the setting of neurological diseases involving neuroinflammation may improve disease outcome and survival.
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19
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Al-Saeedan AS, Gautam V, Ansari MN, Singh M, Yadav RK, Rawat JK, Devi U, Gautam S, Roy S, Kaithwas G. Revisiting the systemic lipopolysaccharide mediated neuroinflammation: Appraising the effect of l-cysteine mediated hydrogen sulphide on it. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:520-527. [PMID: 29844724 PMCID: PMC5961749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research was ventured to examine the effect of l-cysteine on neuro-inflammation persuaded by peripheral lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 125 μg/kg, i.p.) administration. No behavioral, biochemical, and inflammatory abnormality was perceived in the brain tissues of experimental animals after LPS administration. l-cysteine precipitated marginal symptoms of toxicity in the brain tissue. Similar pattern of wholesome effect of LPS were perceived when evaluated through the brain tissue fatty acid profile, histopathologically and NF-ĸBP65 protein expression. LPS was unsuccessful to alter the levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme in brain tissue. LPS afforded significant peripheral toxicity, when figured out through inflammatory markers (COX, LOX), gaseous signaling molecules nitric oxide (NO), H2S, liver toxicity (SGOT, SGPT), and inflammatory transcription factor (NF-ĸBP65) and l-cysteine also provided a momentous protection against the same as well. The study inculcated two major finding, firstly LPS (i.p.) cannot impart inflammatory changes to brain and secondly, l-cysteine can afford peripheral protection against deleterious effect of LPS (i.p.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S Al-Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varsha Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Rajnish K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Jitendra K Rawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Uma Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, FHMSIASM SHIATS-Deemed University (Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute), Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Swetlana Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, UP, India
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20
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Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Yee AC, Briand LA, Erickson MA, Gelman BB, Gao Y, Haughey NJ, Zink MC, Clements JE, Kim NS, Van De Walle G, Jensen BK, Vassar R, Pierce RC, Gill AJ, Kolson DL, Diehl JA, Mankowski JL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. HIV Protease Inhibitors Alter Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing via β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme-1 Translational Up-Regulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:91-109. [PMID: 27993242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates antiretroviral (ARV) drugs as potential contributors to the persistence and evolution of clinical and pathological presentation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the post-ARV era. Based on their ability to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various cell types, we hypothesized that ARV-mediated ER stress in the central nervous system resulted in chronic dysregulation of the unfolded protein response and altered amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. We used in vitro and in vivo models to show that HIV protease inhibitor (PI) class ARVs induced neuronal damage and ER stress, leading to PKR-like ER kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and enhanced translation of β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1). In addition, PIs induced β-amyloid production, indicative of increased BACE1-mediated APP processing, in rodent neuroglial cultures and human APP-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Inhibition of BACE1 activity protected against neuronal damage. Finally, ARVs administered to mice and SIV-infected macaques resulted in neuronal damage and BACE1 up-regulation in the central nervous system. These findings implicate a subset of PIs as potential mediators of neurodegeneration in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gannon
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan C Yee
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas S Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel Van De Walle
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brigid K Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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21
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Lee EJ, Kim YH, Lee JY, Sunwoo JS, Park SY, Kim TH. Acute HIV-1 infection presenting with fulminant encephalopathy. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:1041-1044. [PMID: 28201953 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417693734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 directly affects the nervous system, causes distinct neurological symptoms, and indirectly results in opportunistic infections, which include herpes virus simplex (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis caused by immunodeficiency. Early HIV-1 invasion of the central nervous system is also possible, and acute encephalopathy is a potentially lethal complication. We encountered a case of fulminant encephalopathy as a primary presentation of acute HIV-1 infection, in which highly active antiretroviral treatment resulted in a full clinical recovery. This case highlights the importance of considering acute HIV-1 infection in the differential diagnosis of reversible encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun J Lee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young H Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Y Lee
- 2 Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- 2 Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Y Park
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae H Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Varatharaj A, Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:1-12. [PMID: 26995317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with the systemic compartment. BBB changes occur in several CNS pathologies. Here, we review disruptive and non-disruptive BBB changes in systemic infections and other forms of systemic inflammation, and how these changes may affect CNS function in health and disease. We first describe the structure and function of the BBB, and outline the techniques used to study the BBB in vitro, and in animal and human settings. We then summarise the evidence from a range of models linking BBB changes with systemic inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. The clinical relevance of these BBB changes during systemic inflammation are discussed in the context of clinically-apparent syndromes such as sickness behaviour, delirium, and septic encephalopathy, as well as neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We review emerging evidence for two novel concepts: (1) a heightened sensitivity of the diseased, versus healthy, BBB to systemic inflammation, and (2) the contribution of BBB changes induced by systemic inflammation to progression of the primary disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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23
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Monnig MA. Immune activation and neuroinflammation in alcohol use and HIV infection: evidence for shared mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:7-23. [PMID: 27532935 PMCID: PMC5250549 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research points to innate immune mechanisms in the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of heavy alcohol use. Alcohol use is common among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), a chronic condition that carries its own set of long-term effects on brain and behavior. Notably, neurobiological and cognitive profiles associated with heavy alcohol use and HIV infection share several prominent features. This observation raises questions about interacting biological mechanisms as well as compounded impairment when HIV infection and heavy drinking co-occur. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This narrative overview discusses peer-reviewed research on specific immune mechanisms of alcohol that exhibit apparent potential to compound the neurobiological and psychiatric sequelae of HIV infection. These include microbial translocation, systemic immune activation, blood-brain barrier compromise, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical evidence supports overlapping mechanistic actions of HIV and alcohol use on peripheral and neural immune systems. In preclinical studies, innate immune signaling mediates many of the detrimental neurocognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacological research suggests potential for a feed-forward cycle in which heavy drinking induces innate immune signaling, which in turn stimulates subsequent alcohol use behavior. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation are a serious health concern for PLWH. Future research to investigate specific immune effects of alcohol in the context of HIV infection has potential to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
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24
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Navaneetharaja N, Griffiths V, Wileman T, Carding SR. A Role for the Intestinal Microbiota and Virome in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)? J Clin Med 2016; 5:E55. [PMID: 27275835 PMCID: PMC4929410 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a heterogeneous disorder of significant societal impact that is proposed to involve both host and environmentally derived aetiologies that may be autoimmune in nature. Immune-related symptoms of at least moderate severity persisting for prolonged periods of time are common in ME/CFS patients and B cell depletion therapy is of significant therapeutic benefit. The origin of these symptoms and whether it is infectious or inflammatory in nature is not clear, with seeking evidence of acute or chronic virus infections contributing to the induction of autoimmune processes in ME/CFS being an area of recent interest. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence supporting an infectious aetiology for ME/CFS leading us to propose the novel concept that the intestinal microbiota and in particular members of the virome are a source of the "infectious" trigger of the disease. Such an approach has the potential to identify disease biomarkers and influence therapeutics, providing much-needed approaches in preventing and managing a disease desperately in need of confronting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navena Navaneetharaja
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Institute of Food Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Verity Griffiths
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Tom Wileman
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Institute of Food Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Simon R Carding
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Institute of Food Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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25
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Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 PMCID: PMC4897715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Rao PSS, Ande A, Sinha N, Kumar A, Kumar S. Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Cell Death, and HIV Replication in Human Monocytic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155791. [PMID: 27203850 PMCID: PMC4874604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While cigarette smoking is prevalent amongst HIV-infected patients, the effects of cigarette smoke constituents in cells of myeloid lineage are poorly known. Recently, we have shown that nicotine induces oxidative stress through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6-mediated pathway in U937 monocytic cells. The present study was designed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which contains majority of tobacco constituents, on oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, expression of CYP1A1, and/or HIV-1 replication in HIV-infected (U1) and uninfected U937 cells. The effects of CSC on induction of CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages were also analyzed. The results showed that the CSC-mediated increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U937 cells is dose- and time-dependent. Moreover, CSC treatment was found to induce cytotoxicity in U937 cells through the apoptotic pathway via activation of caspase-3. Importantly, pretreatment with vitamin C blocked the CSC-mediated production of ROS and induction of caspase-3 activity. In U1 cells, acute treatment of CSC increased ROS production at 6H (>2-fold) and both ROS (>2 fold) and HIV-1 replication (>3-fold) after chronic treatment. The CSC mediated effects were associated with robust induction in the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA upon acute CSC treatment of U937 and U1 cells (>20-fold), and upon chronic CSC treatment to U1 cells (>30-fold). In addition, the CYP1A1 induction in U937 cells was mediated through the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Lastly, CSC, which is known to increase viral replication in primary macrophages, was also found to induce CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages. While mRNA levels of both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were elevated following CSC treatment, only CYP1B1 protein levels were increased in HIV-infected primary macrophages. In conclusion, these results suggest a possible association between oxidative stress, CYP1 expression, and viral replication in CSC-treated cells of myeloid lineage. This study warrants a closer examination of the role of CYP1B1 in smoking-mediated enhanced HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- PSS Rao
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anusha Ande
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Yadav A, Betts MR, Collman RG. Statin modulation of monocyte phenotype and function: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:584-596. [PMID: 27021071 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a persistent problem despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), largely a result of continued inflammation in the periphery and the brain and neurotoxin release from activated myeloid cells in the CNS. CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, expanded in HIV infection, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HAND and have parallels with monocyte-dependent inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Statins, through their HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor activity, have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties that contribute to their benefit in atherosclerosis beyond lipid lowering. Here, we investigated whether statins would modulate the monocyte phenotype and function associated with HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. Treatment ex vivo with simvastatin and atorvastatin reduced the proportion of CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as in purified monocytes, especially CD14++CD16+ "intermediate" monocytes most closely associated with neurocognitive disease. Statin treatment also markedly reduced expression of CD163, which is also linked to HAND pathogenesis. Finally, simvastatin inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other inflammatory cytokines following LPS stimulation and reduced monocyte chemotaxis in response to MCP-1, a major driver of myeloid cell accumulation in the CNS in HAND. Together, these findings suggest that statin drugs may be useful to prevent or reduce HAND in HIV-1-infected subjects on ART with persistent monocyte activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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28
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Jones LD, Jackson JW, Maggirwar SB. Modeling HIV-1 Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Role of Platelets in Mediating Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151702. [PMID: 26986758 PMCID: PMC4795798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of HIV-1 positive individuals developing some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is increasing. In these individuals, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised due to an increase in exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators, viral proteins, and virus released from infected cells. It has been shown that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) is released upon platelet activation and is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of HAND but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, emphasizing the need of an effective animal model. Here, we have utilized a novel animal model in which wild-type (WT) mice were infected with EcoHIV; a derivative of HIV-1 that contains a substitution of envelope protein gp120 with that of gp80 derived from murine leukemia virus-1 (MuLV-1). As early as two-weeks post-infection, EcoHIV led to increased permeability of the BBB associated with decreased expression of tight junction protein claudin-5, in CD40L and platelet activation-dependent manner. Treatment with an antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, in EcoHIV-infected mice normalized BBB function, sCD40L release and platelet activity, thus implicating platelet activation and platelet-derived CD40L in virally induced BBB dysfunction. Our results also validate and underscore the importance of EcoHIV infection mouse model as a tool to explore therapeutic targets for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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29
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He X, Shi X, Puthiyakunnon S, Zhang L, Zeng Q, Li Y, Boddu S, Qiu J, Lai Z, Ma C, Xie Y, Long M, Du L, Huang SH, Cao H. CD44-mediated monocyte transmigration across Cryptococcus neoformans-infected brain microvascular endothelial cells is enhanced by HIV-1 gp41-I90 ectodomain. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:28. [PMID: 26897523 PMCID: PMC4761181 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is an important opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised people, including AIDS patients, which leads to fatal cryptococcal meningitis with high mortality rate. Previous researches have shown that HIV-1 gp41-I90 ectodomain can enhance Cn adhesion to and invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC), which constitutes the blood brain barrier (BBB). However, little is known about the role of HIV-1 gp41-I90 in the monocyte transmigration across Cn-infected BBB. In the present study, we provide evidence that HIV-1 gp41-I90 and Cn synergistically enhance monocytes transmigration across the BBB in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon require further study. Methods In this study, the enhancing role of HIV-1 gp41-I90 in monocyte transmigration across Cn-infected BBB was demonstrated by performed transmigration assays in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results showed that the transmigration rate of monocytes are positively associated with Cn and/or HIV-1 gp41-I90, the co-exposure (HIV-1 gp41-I90 + Cn) group showed a higher THP-1 transmigration rate (P < 0.01). Using CD44 knock-down HBMEC or CD44 inhibitor Bikunin in the assay, the facilitation of transmigration rates of monocyte enhanced by HIV-1 gp41-I90 was significantly suppressed. Western blotting analysis and biotin/avidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (BA-ELISAs) showed that Cn and HIV-1 gp41-I90 could increase the expression of CD44 and ICAM-1 on the HBMEC. Moreover, Cn and/or HIV-1 gp41-I90 could also induce CD44 redistribution to the membrane lipid rafts. By establishing the mouse cryptococcal meningitis model, we found that HIV-1 gp41-I90 and Cn could synergistically enhance the monocytes transmigration, increase the BBB permeability and injury in vivo. Conclusions Collectively, our findings suggested that HIV-1 gp41-I90 ectodomain can enhance the transmigration of THP-1 through Cn-infected BBB, which may be mediated by CD44. This novel study enlightens the future prospects to elaborate the inflammatory responses induced by HIV-1 gp41-I90 ectodomain and to effectively eliminate the opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Santhosh Puthiyakunnon
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Like Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Swapna Boddu
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jiawen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zhihao Lai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yulong Xie
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Min Long
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Sheng-He Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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30
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Jensen BK, Monnerie H, Mannell MV, Gannon PJ, Espinoza CA, Erickson MA, Bruce-Keller AJ, Gelman BB, Briand LA, Pierce RC, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Grinspan JB. Altered Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelin Maintenance: The Role of Antiretrovirals in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1093-118. [PMID: 26469251 PMCID: PMC4608376 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective viral suppression through combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), approximately half of HIV-positive individuals have HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies of antiretroviral-treated patients have revealed persistent white matter abnormalities including diffuse myelin pallor, diminished white matter tracts, and decreased myelin protein mRNAs. Loss of myelin can contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction because the myelin membrane generated by oligodendrocytes is essential for rapid signal transduction and axonal maintenance. We hypothesized that myelin changes in HAND are partly due to effects of antiretroviral drugs on oligodendrocyte survival and/or maturation. We showed that primary mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell cultures treated with therapeutic concentrations of HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir or lopinavir displayed dose-dependent decreases in oligodendrocyte maturation; however, this effect was rapidly reversed after drug removal. Conversely, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine had no effect. Furthermore, in vivo ritonavir administration to adult mice reduced frontal cortex myelin protein levels. Finally, prefrontal cortex tissue from HIV-positive individuals with HAND on cART showed a significant decrease in myelin basic protein compared with untreated HIV-positive individuals with HAND or HIV-negative controls. These findings demonstrate that antiretrovirals can impact myelin integrity and have implications for myelination in juvenile HIV patients and myelin maintenance in adults on lifelong therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid K. Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hubert Monnerie
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maggie V. Mannell
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J. Gannon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lisa A. Briand
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Sorrell TC, Juillard PG, Djordjevic JT, Kaufman-Francis K, Dietmann A, Milonig A, Combes V, Grau GER. Cryptococcal transmigration across a model brain blood-barrier: evidence of the Trojan horse mechanism and differences between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain H99 and Cryptococcus gattii strain R265. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:57-67. [PMID: 26369713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) and Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) cause neurological disease and cross the BBB as free cells or in mononuclear phagocytes via the Trojan horse mechanism, although evidence for the latter is indirect. There is emerging evidence that Cn and the North American outbreak Cg strain (R265) more commonly cause neurological and lung disease, respectively. We have employed a widely validated in vitro model of the BBB, which utilizes the hCMEC/D3 cell line derived from human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) and the human macrophage-like cell line, THP-1, to investigate whether transport of dual fluorescence-labelled Cn and Cg across the BBB occurs within macrophages. We showed that phagocytosis of Cn by non-interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated THP-1 cells was higher than that of Cg. Although Cn and Cg-loaded THP-1 bound similarly to TNF-activated HBECs under shear stress, more Cn-loaded macrophages were transported across an intact HBEC monolayer, consistent with the predilection of Cn for CNS infection. Furthermore, Cn exhibited a higher rate of expulsion from transmigrated THP-1 compared with Cg. Our results therefore provide further evidence for transmigration of both Cn and Cg via the Trojan horse mechanism and a potential explanation for the predilection of Cn to cause CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Pierre-Georges Juillard
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alban Milonig
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Carryl H, Swang M, Lawrence J, Curtis K, Kamboj H, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Burke MW. Of mice and monkeys: can animal models be utilized to study neurological consequences of pediatric HIV-1 infection? ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1276-89. [PMID: 26034832 PMCID: PMC4545399 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection remains a global health crisis. Children are much more susceptible to HIV-1 neurological impairments than adults, which can be exacerbated by coinfections. Neurological characteristics of pediatric HIV-1 infection suggest dysfunction in the frontal cortex as well as the hippocampus; limited MRI data indicate global cerebral atrophy, and pathological data suggest accelerated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex. An obstacle to pediatric HIV-1 research is a human representative model system. Host-species specificity of HIV-1 limits the ability to model neurological consequences of pediatric HIV-1 infection in animals. Several models have been proposed including neonatal intracranial injections of HIV-1 viral proteins in rats and perinatal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant macaques. Nonhuman primate models recapitulate the complexity of pediatric HIV-1 neuropathogenesis while rodent models are able to elucidate the role specific viral proteins exert on neurodevelopment. Nonhuman primate models show similar behavioral and neuropathological characteristics to pediatric HIV-1 infection and offer a stage to investigate early viral mechanisms, latency reservoirs, and therapeutic interventions. Here we review the relative strengths and limitations of pediatric HIV-1 model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Carryl
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Melanie Swang
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Jerome Lawrence
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Kimberly Curtis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Herman Kamboj
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark W. Burke
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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33
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Reduction of pyramidal and immature hippocampal neurons in pediatric simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Neuroreport 2015; 25:973-8. [PMID: 25102373 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric HIV infection remains a global health crisis with a worldwide infection rate of 2.5 million (WHO, Geneva Switzerland, 2009). Children are much more susceptible to HIV-1 neurological impairments compared with adults, which is exacerbated by coinfections. A major obstacle in pediatric HIV research is sample access. The proposed studies take advantage of ongoing pediatric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis and vaccine studies to test the hypothesis that pediatric SIV infection diminishes neuronal populations and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Newborn rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that received intravenous inoculation of highly virulent SIVmac251 (n=3) or vehicle (control n=4) were used in this study. After a 6-18-week survival time, the animals were euthanized and the brains prepared for quantitative histopathological analysis. Systematic sections through the hippocampus were either Nissl stained or immunostained for doublecortin (DCX+), a putative marker of immature neurons. Using design-based stereology, we report a 42% reduction in the pyramidal neuron population of the CA1, CA2, and CA3 fields of the hippocampus (P<0.05) in SIV-infected infants. The DCX+ neuronal population was also significantly reduced within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The loss of hippocampal neurons and neurogenic capacity may contribute to the rapid neurocognitive decline associated with pediatric HIV infection. These data suggest that pediatric SIV infection, which leads to significant neuronal loss in the hippocampus within 3 months, closely models a subset of pediatric HIV infections with rapid progression.
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Kang W, Marasco WA, Tong HI, Byron MM, Wu C, Shi Y, Sun S, Sun Y, Lu Y. Anti-tat Hutat2:Fc mediated protection against tat-induced neurotoxicity and HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:195. [PMID: 25416164 PMCID: PMC4256057 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Tat is essential for HIV replication and is also a well-known neurotoxic factor causing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Currently, combined antiretroviral therapy targeting HIV reverse transcriptase or protease cannot prevent the production of early viral proteins, especially Tat, once HIV infection has been established. HIV-infected macrophages and glial cells in the brain still release Tat into the extracellular space where it can exert direct and indirect neurotoxicity. Therefore, stable production of anti-Tat antibodies in the brain would neutralize HIV-1 Tat and thus provide an effective approach to protect neurons. METHODS We constructed a humanized anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein with the goal of antagonizing HIV-1 Tat and delivered the gene into cell lines and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) by an HIV-based lentiviral vector. The function of the anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein and the potential side effects of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that HIV-1-based lentiviral vector-mediated gene transduction resulted in a high-level, stable expression of anti-HIV-1 Tat Hutat2:Fc in human neuronal and monocytic cell lines, as well as in primary hMDM. Hutat2:Fc was detectable in both cells and supernatants and continued to accumulate to high levels within the supernatant. Hutat2:Fc protected mouse cortical neurons against HIV-1 Tat86-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, both secreted Hutat2:Fc and transduced hMDM led to reducing HIV-1BaL viral replication in human macrophages. Moreover, lentiviral vector-based gene introduction did not result in any significant changes in cytomorphology and cell viability. Although the expression of IL8, STAT1, and IDO1 genes was up-regulated in transduced hMDM, such alternation in gene expression did not affect the neuroprotective effect of Hutat2:Fc. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated gene transfer could efficiently deliver the Hutat2:Fc gene into primary hMDM and does not lead to any significant changes in hMDM immune-activation. The neuroprotective and HIV-1 suppressive effects produced by Hutat2:Fc were comparable to that of a full-length anti-Tat antibody. This study provides the foundation and insights for future research on the potential use of Hutat2:Fc as a novel gene therapy approach for HAND through utilizing monocytes/macrophages, which naturally cross the blood-brain barrier, for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 50 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Hsin-I Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Mary Margaret Byron
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., BSB, Suite 231, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Chengxiang Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Yingli Shi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play critical roles in HIV transmission, viral spread early in infection, and as a reservoir of virus throughout infection. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the biology of monocyte subsets and macrophages and their role in HIV pathogenesis, partly fuelled by efforts to understand difficulties in achieving HIV eradication. This article examines the importance of monocyte subsets and tissue macrophages in HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, we will review the role of monocytes and macrophages in the development of serious non-AIDS events including cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive impairment, their significance in viral persistence, and how these cells represent an important obstacle to achieving HIV eradication.
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Systemic lipopolysaccharide compromises the blood-labyrinth barrier and increases entry of serum fluorescein into the perilymph. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2014; 15:707-19. [PMID: 24952083 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-014-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood vessels that supply the inner ear form a barrier between the blood and the inner ear fluids to control the exchange of solutes, protein, and water. This barrier, called the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) is analogous to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which plays a critical role in limiting the entry of inflammatory and infectious agents into the central nervous system. We have developed an in vivo method to assess the functional integrity of the BLB by injecting sodium fluorescein into the systemic circulation of mice and measuring the amount of fluorescein that enters perilymph in live animals. In these experiments, perilymph was collected from control and experimental mice in sequential samples taken from the posterior semicircular canal approximately 30 min after systemic fluorescein administration. Perilymph fluorescein concentrations in control mice were compared with perilymph fluorescein concentrations after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment (1 mg/kg IP daily for 2 days). The concentration of perilymphatic fluorescein, normalized to serum fluorescein, was significantly higher in LPS-treated mice compared to controls. In order to assess the contributions of perilymph and endolymph in our inner ear fluid samples, sodium ion concentration of the inner ear fluid was measured using ion-selective electrodes. The sampled fluid from the posterior semicircular canal demonstrated an average sodium concentration of 145 mM, consistent with perilymph. These experiments establish a novel technique to assess the functional integrity of the BLB using quantitative methods and to provide a comparison of the BLB to the BBB.
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Bertin J, Jalaguier P, Barat C, Roy MA, Tremblay MJ. Exposure of human astrocytes to leukotriene C4 promotes a CX3CL1/fractalkine-mediated transmigration of HIV-1-infected CD4⁺ T cells across an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Virology 2014; 454-455:128-38. [PMID: 24725939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, including cysteinylleukotrienes (cysLTs), are found in the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals infected with HIV-1. Few studies have addressed the contribution of cysLTs in HIV-1-associated CNS disorders. We demonstrate that conditioned medium from human astrocytes treated with leukotriene C4 (LTC4) increases the transmigration of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells across an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model using cultured brain endothelial cells. Additional studies indicate that the higher cell migration is linked with secretion by astrocytes of CX3CL1/fractalkine, a chemokine that has chemoattractant activity for CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, we report that the enhanced cell migration across BBB leads to a more important CD4(+) T cell-mediated HIV-1 transfer toward macrophages. Altogether data presented in the present study reveal the important role that LTC4, a metabolite of arachidonic acid, may play in the HIV-1-induced neuroinvasion, neuropathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Pascal Jalaguier
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - pavillon CHUL, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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38
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Morris G, Berk M, Galecki P, Maes M. The emerging role of autoimmunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs). Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:741-56. [PMID: 24068616 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classifies myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs) as a nervous system disease. Together with other diseases under the G93 heading, ME/cfs shares a triad of abnormalities involving elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways, and mitochondrial dysfunctions with depleted levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. There is also abundant evidence that many patients with ME/cfs (up to around 60 %) may suffer from autoimmune responses. A wide range of reported abnormalities in ME/cfs are highly pertinent to the generation of autoimmunity. Here we review the potential sources of autoimmunity which are observed in people with ME/cfs. The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased levels of nuclear factor-κB predispose to an autoimmune environment. Many cytokine abnormalities conspire to produce a predominance of effector B cells and autoreactive T cells. The common observation of reduced natural killer cell function in ME/cfs is a source of disrupted homeostasis and prolonged effector T cell survival. B cells may be pathogenic by playing a role in autoimmunity independent of their ability to produce antibodies. The chronic or recurrent viral infections seen in many patients with ME/cfs can induce autoimmunity by mechanisms involving molecular mimicry and bystander activation. Increased bacterial translocation, as observed in ME/cfs, is known to induce chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Low ATP production and mitochondrial dysfunction is a source of autoimmunity by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating necrotic cell death. Self-epitopes may be damaged by exposure to prolonged O&NS, altering their immunogenic profile and become a target for the host's immune system. Nitric oxide may induce many faces of autoimmunity stemming from elevated mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and blockade of the methionine cycle with subsequent hypomethylation of DNA. Here we also outline options for treatment involving rituximab and endotherapia.
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Terry RL, Getts DR, Deffrasnes C, van Vreden C, Campbell IL, King NJC. Inflammatory monocytes and the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:270. [PMID: 23244217 PMCID: PMC3560265 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in many models of human diseases, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Ly6Chi/CCR2hi inflammatory monocytes have been identified as the circulating precursors of brain macrophages, dendritic cells and arguably microglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Alzheimer’s disease; stroke; and more recently in CNS infection caused by Herpes simplex virus, murine hepatitis virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. The precise differentiation pathways and functions of inflammatory monocyte-derived populations in the inflamed CNS remains a contentious issue, especially in regard to the existence of monocyte-derived microglia. Furthermore, the contributions of monocyte-derived subsets to viral clearance and immunopathology are not well-defined. Thus, understanding the pathways through which inflammatory monocytes migrate to the brain and their functional capacity within the CNS is critical to inform future therapeutic strategies. This review discusses some of the key aspects of inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain and addresses the role of these cells in viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Blackburn Circuit, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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40
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Schulte T, Müller-Oehring EM, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. White matter fiber compromise contributes differentially to attention and emotion processing impairment in alcoholism, HIV-infection, and their comorbidity. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2812-2822. [PMID: 22960416 PMCID: PMC3473169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism (ALC) and HIV-1 infection (HIV) each affects emotional and attentional processes and integrity of brain white matter fibers likely contributing to functional compromise. The highly prevalent ALC+HIV comorbidity may exacerbate compromise. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and an emotional Stroop Match-to-Sample task in 19 ALC, 16 HIV, 15 ALC+HIV, and 15 control participants to investigate whether disruption of fiber system integrity accounts for compromised attentional and emotional processing. The task required matching a cue color to that of an emotional word with faces appearing between the color cue and the Stroop word in half of the trials. Nonmatched cue-word color pairs assessed selective attention, and face-word pairs assessed emotion. Relative to controls, DTI-based fiber tracking revealed lower inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ilf) integrity in HIV and ALC+HIV and lower uncinate fasciculus (uf) integrity in all three patient groups. Controls exhibited Stroop effects to positive face-word emotion, and greater interference was related to greater callosal, cingulum and ilf integrity. By contrast, HIV showed greater interference from negative Stroop words during color-nonmatch trials, correlating with greater uf compromise. For face trials, ALC and ALC+HIV showed greater Stroop-word interference, correlating with lower cingulate and callosal integrity. Thus, in HIV, conflict resolution was diminished when challenging conditions usurped resources needed to manage interference from negative emotion and to disengage attention from wrongly cued colors (nonmatch). In ALC and ALC+HIV, poorer callosal integrity was related to enhanced emotional interference suggesting curtailed interhemispheric exchange needed between preferentially right-hemispheric emotion and left-hemispheric Stroop-word functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schulte
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, United States.
| | - E M Müller-Oehring
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - E V Sullivan
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, United States
| | - A Pfefferbaum
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Darlington D, Deng J, Giunta B, Hou H, Sanberg CD, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Zhou HD, Mori T, Ehrhart J, Sanberg PR, Tan J. Multiple low-dose infusions of human umbilical cord blood cells improve cognitive impairments and reduce amyloid-β-associated neuropathology in Alzheimer mice. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:412-21. [PMID: 22816379 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive age-related dementia in the elderly and the fourth major cause of disability and mortality in that population. The disease is pathologically characterized by deposition of β-amyloid plaques neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Current strategies for the treatment of AD are symptomatic only. As such, they are less than efficacious in terms of significantly slowing or halting the underlying pathophysiological progression of the disease. Modulation by cell therapy may be new promising disease-modifying therapy. Recently, we showed reduction in amyloid-β (Aβ) levels/β-amyloid plaques and associated astrocytosis following low-dose infusions of mononuclear human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs). Our current study extended our previous findings by examining cognition via (1) the rotarod test, (2) a 2-day version of the radial-arm water maze test, and (3) a subsequent observation in an open pool platform test to characterize the effects of monthly peripheral HUCBC infusion (1×10(6) cells/μL) into the transgenic PSAPP mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (bearing mutant human APP and presenilin-1 transgenes) from 6 to 12 months of age. We show that HUCBC therapy correlates with decreased (1) cognitive impairment, (2) Aβ levels/β-amyloid plaques, (3) amyloidogenic APP processing, and (4) reactive microgliosis after a treatment of 6 or 10 months. As such, this report lays the groundwork for an HUCBC therapy as potentially novel alternative to oppose AD at the disease-modifying level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Darlington
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
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Nzwalo H, Añón RP, Àguas MJ. Acute encephalitis as initial presentation of primary HIV infection. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr.03.2012.5970. [PMID: 22761210 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.03.2012.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute encephalitis is a life-threatening condition. A wide variety of infectious agents are implicated and in many patients no cause is found. HIV acute seroconversion illness can rarely present as acute encephalitis. Although most experts agree in starting antiretroviral treatment in severe acute HIV infection, the evidence of the benefits are still lacking. The authors report a case of severe acute encephalitis as a primary presentation of HIV infection in which introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment resulted in clinical recovery. This case highlights the need to consider HIV infection in the differential diagnosis of treatable viral encephalitis.
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Bertin J, Barat C, Bélanger D, Tremblay MJ. Leukotrienes inhibit early stages of HIV-1 infection in monocyte-derived microglia-like cells. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:55. [PMID: 22424294 PMCID: PMC3334677 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are one of the main cell types to be productively infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes such as LTC4 are some of the proinflammatory molecules produced in infected individuals that contribute to neuroinflammation. We therefore sought to investigate the role of leukotrienes (LTs) in HIV-1 infection of microglial cells. METHODS To evaluate the role of LTs on HIV-1 infection in the CNS, monocyte-derived microglial-like cells (MDMis) were utilized in this study. Leukotriene-treated MDMis were infected with either fully replicative brain-derived HIV-1 isolates (YU2) or R5-tropic luciferase-encoding particles in order to assess viral production and expression. The efficacy of various steps of the replication cycle was evaluated by means of p24 quantification by ELISA, luciferase activity determination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS We report in this study that virus replication is reduced upon treatment of MDMis with LTB4 and LTC4. Additional experiments indicate that these proinflammatory molecules alter the pH-independent entry and early post-fusion events of the viral life cycle. Indeed, LT treatment induced a diminution in integrated proviral DNA while reverse-transcribed viral products remained unaffected. Furthermore, decreased C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) surface expression was observed in LT-treated MDMis. Finally, the effect of LTs on HIV-1 infection in MDMis appears to be mediated partly via a signal transduction pathway involving protein kinase C. CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time that LTs influence microglial cell infection by HIV-1, and may be a factor in the control of viral load in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, RC709, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-CHUL, 2705 Boul, Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Ferrucci A, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Human immunodeficiency virus viral protein R as an extracellular protein in neuropathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2012; 81:165-99. [PMID: 22094081 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385885-6.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies published in the past two decades have identified the viral protein R (Vpr) as one of the most versatile proteins in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this regard, more than a thousand Vpr molecules are present in extracellular viral particles. Subsequent to viral entry, Vpr participates in early replicative events by assisting in viral genome nuclear import and, during the viral life cycle, by shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to accomplish its functions within the context of other replicative functions. Additionally, several studies have implicated Vpr as a proapoptotic protein because it promotes formation of permeability transition pores in mitochondria, which in turn affects transmembrane potential and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Recent studies have identified Vpr as a virion-free protein in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients infected with HIV-1 whose plasma viremia directly correlates with the extracellular concentration of Vpr. These observations pointed to a new role for Vpr as an additional weapon in the HIV-1 arsenal, involving the use of an extracellular protein to target and possibly inhibit HIV-1-uninfected bystander cells to enable them to escape immune surveillance. In addition, extracellular Vpr decreases adenosine triphosphate levels and affects the intracellular redox balance in neurons, ultimately causing their apoptosis. Herein, we review the role of Vpr as an extracellular protein and its downstream effects on cellular metabolism, functionality, and survival, with particular emphasis on how extracellular Vpr-induced oxidative stress might aggravate HIV-1-induced symptoms, thus affecting pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Ferrucci
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Miller F, Afonso PV, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE. Blood-brain barrier and retroviral infections. Virulence 2012; 3:222-9. [PMID: 22460635 PMCID: PMC3396701 DOI: 10.4161/viru.19697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is maintained by active interfaces between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a selective filter for exchange of water, solutes, nutrients, and controls toxic compounds or pathogens entry. Some parasites, bacteria, and viruses have however developed various CNS invasion strategies, and can bypass the brain barriers. Concerning viruses, these strategies include transport along neural pathways, transcytosis, infection of the brain endothelial cells, breaching of the BBB, and passage of infected-leukocytes. Moreover, neurotropic viruses can alter BBB functions, thus compromising CNS homeostasis. Retroviruses have been associated to human neurological diseases: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus 1) can induce HIV-associated dementia, and HTLV-1 (human T lymphotropic virus 1) is the etiological factor of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). The present review focuses on how the different retroviruses interact with this structure, bypass it and alter its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Miller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva-University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Bertin J, Barat C, Méthot S, Tremblay MJ. Interactions between prostaglandins, leukotrienes and HIV-1: possible implications for the central nervous system. Retrovirology 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22236409 PMCID: PMC3268096 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1-infected individuals, there is often discordance between viremia in peripheral blood and viral load found in the central nervous system (CNS). Although the viral burden is often lower in the CNS compartment than in the plasma, neuroinflammation is present in most infected individuals, albeit attenuated by the current combined antiretroviral therapy. The HIV-1-associated neurological complications are thought to result not only from direct viral replication, but also from the subsequent neuroinflammatory processes. The eicosanoids - prostanoids and leukotrienes - are known as potent inflammatory lipid mediators. They are often present in neuroinflammatory diseases, notably HIV-1 infection. Their exact modulatory role in HIV-1 infection is, however, still poorly understood, especially in the CNS compartment. Nonetheless, a handful of studies have provided evidence as to how these lipid mediators can modulate HIV-1 infection. This review summarizes findings indicating how eicosanoids may influence the progression of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - CHUL, 2705 boul, Laurier, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2
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Li X, Lynn BD, Nagy JI. The effector and scaffolding proteins AF6 and MUPP1 interact with connexin36 and localize at gap junctions that form electrical synapses in rodent brain. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:166-81. [PMID: 22211808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrical synapses formed by neuronal gap junctions composed of connexin36 (Cx36) occur in most major structures in the mammalian central nervous system. These synapses link ensembles of neurons and influence their network properties. Little is known about the macromolecular constituents of neuronal gap junctions or how transmission through electrical synapses is regulated at the level of channel conductance or gap junction assembly/disassembly. Such knowledge is a prerequisite to understanding the roles of gap junctions in neuronal circuitry. Gap junctions share similarities with tight and adhesion junctions in that all three reside at close plasma membrane appositions, and therefore may associate with similar structural and regulatory proteins. Previously, we reported that the tight junction-associated protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) interacts with Cx36 and is localized at gap junctions. Here, we demonstrate that two proteins known to be associated with tight and adherens junctions, namely AF6 and MUPP1, are components of neuronal gap junctions in rodent brain. By immunofluorescence, AF6 and MUPP1 were co-localized with Cx36 in many brain areas. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down approaches revealed an association of Cx36 with AF6 and MUPP1, which required the C-terminus PDZ domain interaction motif of Cx36 for interaction with the single PDZ domain of AF6 and with the 10th PDZ domain of MUPP1. As AF6 is a target of the cAMP/Epac/Rap1 signalling pathway and MUPP1 is a scaffolding protein that interacts with CaMKII, the present results suggest that AF6 may be a target for cAMP/Epac/Rap1 signalling at electrical synapses, and that MUPP1 may contribute to anchoring CaMKII at these synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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del Palacio M, Alvarez S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. HIV-1 infection and neurocognitive impairment in the current era. Rev Med Virol 2011; 22:33-45. [PMID: 21990255 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain HIV-1-infection may result in a syndrome of profound cognitive, behavioral and motor impairment known as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) in adults and HIV-related encephalopathy in children. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has prolonged and improved the lives of infected individuals, it is clear that HAART does not provide complete protection against neurological damage in HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 associated dementia is a complex phenomenon, which could be the result of several mechanisms caused by those players using different intracellular signaling pathways. Understanding the causes of neurodegeneration during HIV-1 infection and the factors which certain individuals develop disease can provide researches on new therapeutic targets to positively affect disease outcomes. Controlling CNS viral replication with HAART is an essential primary approach, but it should be complemented with adjunctive CNS-directed therapeutics. Understanding the nature of HIV-1 infection within the CNS as well as inflammatory responses will ultimately lead to the elimination of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Palacio
- Laboratorio Inmunobiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Recently infiltrating MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages a third macrophage population involved in SIV and HIV encephalitic lesion formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2121-35. [PMID: 21514427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are critical components of HIV and SIV encephalitic lesions. We used in vivo BrdU labeling and markers specific to stages of macrophage differentiation or inflammation to define macrophage heterogeneity and to better define the role of macrophage populations in lesion formation and productive infection. Lesions were heterogeneously composed of resident macrophages (CD68(+)HAM56(+)), perivascular macrophages (CD163(+) CD68(+)MAC387(-)), and recently infiltrated MAC387(+) CD68(-)CD163(-) monocytes/macrophages. At 24 and 48 hours after BrdU inoculation, 30% of MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages were BrdU(+), consistent with their being recently infiltrated. In perivascular cuffs with low-level SIV replication, MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages outnumbered CD68(+) macrophages. Conversely, lesions with numerous SIV-p28(+) macrophages and multinucleated giant cells had fewer MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages. The MAC387(+) cells were not productively infected nor did they express detectable CCR2, unlike perivascular macrophages. Overall, we found that the proportion of MAC387(+) cells tends to be higher than the proportion of CD68(+) macrophages in the brain of animals with mild encephalitis; the ratio was reversed with more severe encephalitis. These results suggest that development of SIV and HIV encephalitis is an active and ongoing process that involves the recruitment and accumulation of: i) nonproductively infected MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages that are present with inflammation (potentially M1-like macrophages), ii) CD163(+) perivascular macrophages (consistent with M2-like macrophages), and iii) CD68(+) or HAM56(+) resident macrophages. The latter two populations are cellular reservoirs for productive infection.
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Abstract
Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are natural target cells for HIV-1, and both cell types contribute to the establishment of the viral reservoir that is responsible for continuous residual virus replication during antiretroviral therapy and viral load rebound upon treatment interruption. Scientific findings that support a critical role for the infected monocyte/macrophage in HIV-1-associated diseases, such as neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease, are accumulating. To prevent or treat these HIV-1-related diseases, we need to halt HIV-1 replication in the macrophage reservoir. This article describes our current knowledge of how monocytes and certain macrophage subsets are able to restrict HIV-1 infection, in addition to what makes macrophages respond less well to current antiretroviral drugs as compared with CD4+ T cells. These insights will help to find novel approaches that can be used to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M Bol
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos-Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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