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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Park SJ, Hahn YS. Hepatocytes infected with hepatitis C virus change immunological features in the liver microenvironment. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:65-76. [PMID: 35957546 PMCID: PMC9845665 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is remarkably efficient in establishing viral persistence, leading to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are promising HCV therapies to clear the virus. However, recent reports indicate potential increased risk of HCC development among HCV patients with cirrhosis following DAA therapy. CD8+ T-cells participate in controlling HCV infection. However, in chronic hepatitis C patients, severe CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell dysfunctions have been observed. This suggests that HCV may employ mechanisms to counteract or suppress the host T-cell responses. The primary site of viral replication is within hepatocytes where infection can trigger the expression of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines. Numerous studies indicate that HCV infection in hepatocytes impairs antiviral host immunity by modulating the expression of immunoregulatory molecules. Hepatocytes expressing whole HCV proteins upregulate the ligands of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) synthesis compared to those in hepatocytes in the absence of the HCV genome. Importantly, HCV-infected hepatocytes are capable of inducing regulatory CD4+ T-cells, releasing exosomes displaying TGF-β on exosome surfaces, and generating follicular regulatory T-cells. Recent studies report that the expression profile of exosome microRNAs provides biomarkers of HCV infection and HCV-related chronic liver diseases. A better understanding of the immunoregulatory mechanisms and identification of biomarkers associated with HCV infection will provide insight into designing vaccine against HCV to bypass HCV-induced immune dysregulation and prevent development of HCV-associated chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeung Park
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,USA
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Corresponding author : Young S. Hahn Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, 345 Crispell Dr, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA Tel: +1-434-924-1275, Fax: +1-434-924-1221, E-mail:
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3
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The Key Role of Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169089. [PMID: 36012353 PMCID: PMC9409221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins encompass a family of lysosomal proteases that mediate protein degradation and turnover. Although mainly localized in the endolysosomal compartment, cathepsins are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular space, where they are involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix assembly/disassembly, and protein processing and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membrane and between intracellular organelles. Ubiquitously expressed in the body, cathepsins play regulatory roles in a wide range of physiological processes including coagulation, hormone secretion, immune responses, and others. A dysregulation of cathepsin expression and/or activity has been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, kidney dysfunctions, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as infectious diseases. In viral infections, cathepsins may promote (1) activation of the viral attachment glycoproteins and entry of the virus into target cells; (2) antigen processing and presentation, enabling the virus to replicate in infected cells; (3) up-regulation and processing of heparanase that facilitates the release of viral progeny and the spread of infection; and (4) activation of cell death that may either favor viral clearance or assist viral propagation. In this review, we report the most relevant findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying cathepsin involvement in viral infection physiopathology, and we discuss the potential of cathepsin inhibitors for therapeutical applications in viral infectious diseases.
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4
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Kines RC, Schiller JT. Harnessing Human Papillomavirus’ Natural Tropism to Target Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081656. [PMID: 36016277 PMCID: PMC9413966 DOI: 10.3390/v14081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses established as the primary etiological agent for the development of cervical cancer. Decades of research have elucidated HPV’s primary attachment factor to be heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Importantly, wounding and exposure of the epithelial basement membrane was found to be pivotal for efficient attachment and infection of HPV in vivo. Sulfation patterns on HSPG’s become modified at the site of wounds as they serve an important role promoting tissue healing, cell proliferation and neovascularization and it is these modifications recognized by HPV. Analogous HSPG modification patterns can be found on tumor cells as they too require the aforementioned processes to grow and metastasize. Although targeting tumor associated HSPG is not a novel concept, the use of HPV to target and treat tumors has only been realized in recent years. The work herein describes how decades of basic HPV research has culminated in the rational design of an HPV-based virus-like infrared light activated dye conjugate for the treatment of choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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5
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Anwar MN, Akhtar R, Abid M, Khan SA, Rehman ZU, Tayyub M, Malik MI, Shahzad MK, Mubeen H, Qadir MS, Hameed M, Wahaab A, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Wei J. The interactions of flaviviruses with cellular receptors: Implications for virus entry. Virology 2022; 568:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Entry Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:207-222. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Infection and Treatment: A Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126574. [PMID: 34207476 PMCID: PMC8235362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encompass a group of glycoproteins composed of unbranched negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core protein. The complex HSPG biosynthetic machinery generates an extraordinary structural variety of HS chains that enable them to bind a plethora of ligands, including growth factors, morphogens, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, matrix proteins, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These interactions translate into key regulatory activity of HSPGs on a wide range of cellular processes such as receptor activation and signaling, cytoskeleton assembly, extracellular matrix remodeling, endocytosis, cell-cell crosstalk, and others. Due to their ubiquitous expression within tissues and their large functional repertoire, HSPGs are involved in many physiopathological processes; thus, they have emerged as valuable targets for the therapy of many human diseases. Among their functions, HSPGs assist many viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycle. Viruses utilize HSPGs for the attachment to the host cell, internalization, intracellular trafficking, egress, and spread. Recently, HSPG involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been established. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying HSPG/SARS-CoV-2 interaction and downstream effects, and we provide an overview of the HSPG-based therapeutic strategies that could be used to combat such a fearsome virus.
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8
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LeBlanc EV, Kim Y, Capicciotti CJ, Colpitts CC. Hepatitis C Virus Glycan-Dependent Interactions and the Potential for Novel Preventative Strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060685. [PMID: 34205894 PMCID: PMC8230238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a major contributor to liver disease worldwide. HCV treatment has become highly effective, yet there are still no vaccines or prophylactic strategies available to prevent infection and allow effective management of the global HCV burden. Glycan-dependent interactions are crucial to many aspects of the highly complex HCV entry process, and also modulate immune evasion. This review provides an overview of the roles of viral and cellular glycans in HCV infection and highlights glycan-focused advances in the development of entry inhibitors and vaccines to effectively prevent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Chantelle J. Capicciotti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Francese R, Civra A, Donalisio M, Volpi N, Capitani F, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Maiocco G, Moro GE, Bertino E, Lembo D. Anti-Zika virus and anti-Usutu virus activity of human milk and its components. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008713. [PMID: 33027261 PMCID: PMC7571670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of human milk are mediated by multiple nutritional, trophic, and immunological components, able to promote infant's growth, maturation of its immature gut, and to confer protection against infections. Despite these widely recognized properties, breast-feeding represents an important mother-to-child transmission route of some viral infections. Different studies show that some flaviviruses can occasionally be detected in breast milk, but their transmission to the newborn is still controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral activity of human milk (HM) in its different stages of maturation against two emerging flaviviruses, namely Zika virus (ZIKV) and Usutu virus (USUV) and to verify whether HM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the milk protective effect. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected from 39 healthy donors. The aqueous fractions were tested in vitro with specific antiviral assays and EVs and GAGs were derived and characterized. HM showed antiviral activity against ZIKV and USUV at all the stages of lactation with no significant differences in the activity of colostrum, transitional or mature milk. Mechanism of action studies demonstrated that colostrum does not inactivate viral particles, but it hampers the binding of both flaviviruses to cells. We also demonstrated that HM-EVs and HM-GAGs contribute, at least in part, to the anti-ZIKV and anti-USUV action of HM. This study discloses the intrinsic antiviral activity of HM against ZIKV and USUV and demonstrates the contribution of two bioactive components in mediating its protective effect. Since the potential infectivity of HM during ZIKV and USUV infection is still unclear, these data support the World Health Organization recommendations about breast-feeding during ZIKV infection and could contribute to producing new guidelines for a possible USUV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Maiocco
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E. Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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10
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Hippensteel JA, LaRiviere WB, Colbert JF, Langouët-Astrié CJ, Schmidt EP. Heparin as a therapy for COVID-19: current evidence and future possibilities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L211-L217. [PMID: 32519894 PMCID: PMC7381711 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00199.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the clinical syndrome associated with infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has impacted nearly every country in the world. Despite an unprecedented focus of scientific investigation, there is a paucity of evidence-based pharmacotherapies against this disease. Because of this lack of data-driven treatment strategies, broad variations in practice patterns have emerged. Observed hypercoagulability in patients with COVID-19 has created debate within the critical care community on the therapeutic utility of heparin. We seek to provide an overview of the data supporting the therapeutic use of heparin, both unfractionated and low molecular weight, as an anticoagulant for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we review preclinical evidence establishing biological plausibility for heparin and synthetic heparin-like drugs as therapies for COVID-19 through antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, we discuss known adverse effects and theoretical off-target effects that may temper enthusiasm for the adoption of heparin as a therapy in COVID-19 without confirmatory prospective randomized controlled trials. Despite previous failures of anticoagulants in critical illness, plausibility of heparin for COVID-19 is sufficiently robust to justify urgent randomized controlled trials to determine the safety and effectiveness of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hippensteel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wells B LaRiviere
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James F Colbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christophe J Langouët-Astrié
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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11
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Wang J, Zheng X, Peng Q, Zhang X, Qin Z. Eph receptors: the bridge linking host and virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2355-2365. [PMID: 31893311 PMCID: PMC7275029 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eph (erythropoietin-producing hepatoma) receptors and Ephrin ligands constitute the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), which were first discovered in tumors. Heretofore, Eph protein has been shown to be involved in various tumor biological behaviors including proliferation and progression. The occurrence of specific types of tumor is closely related to the virus infection. Virus entry is a complex process characterized by a series of events. The entry into target cells is an essential step for virus to cause diseases, which requires the fusion of the viral envelope and host cellular membrane mediated by viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. Integrin molecules are well known as entry receptors for most herpes viruses. However, in recent years, Eph receptors and their Ephrin ligands have been reported to be involved in virus infections. The main mechanism may be the interaction between Eph receptors and conserved viral surface glycoprotein, such as the gH/gL or gB protein of the herpesviridae. This review focuses on the relationship between Eph receptor family and virus infection that summarize the processes of viruses such as EBV, KSHV, HCV, RRV, etc., infecting target cells through Eph receptors and activating its downstream signaling pathways resulting in malignancies. Finally, we discussed the perspectives to block virus infection, prevention, and treatment of viral-related tumors via Eph receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zailong Qin
- Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Birth Defects Research And Prevention Institute, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
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12
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Hepatitis C Virus Entry: An Intriguingly Complex and Highly Regulated Process. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062091. [PMID: 32197477 PMCID: PMC7140000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and liver disease worldwide. Its tissue and species tropism are largely defined by the viral entry process that is required for subsequent productive viral infection and establishment of chronic infection. This review provides an overview of the viral and host factors involved in HCV entry into hepatocytes, summarizes our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing this process and highlights the therapeutic potential of host-targeting entry inhibitors.
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13
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Dong D, Xie W, Liu M. Alteration of cell junctions during viral infection. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:519-525. [PMID: 32017415 PMCID: PMC7049484 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell junctions serve as a protective barrier for cells and provide an important channel for information transmission between cells and the surrounding environment. Viruses are parasites that invade and commandeer components of host cells in order to survive and replicate, and they have evolved various mechanisms to alter cell junctions to facilitate viral infection. In this review, we examined the current state of knowledge on the action of viruses on host cell junctions. The existing evidence suggests that targeting the molecules involved in the virus-cell junction interaction can prevent the spread of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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14
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Hashimoto Y, Okada Y, Shirakura K, Tachibana K, Sawada M, Yagi K, Doi T, Kondoh M. Anti-Claudin Antibodies as a Concept for Development of Claudin-Directed Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:179-186. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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15
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Wrensch F, Crouchet E, Ligat G, Zeisel MB, Keck ZY, Foung SKH, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Apolipoprotein Interactions and Immune Evasion and Their Impact on HCV Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1436. [PMID: 29977246 PMCID: PMC6021501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 71 million people chronically infected, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. While efficient antiviral therapies have entered clinical standard of care, the development of a protective vaccine is still elusive. Recent studies have shown that the HCV life cycle is closely linked to lipid metabolism. HCV virions associate with hepatocyte-derived lipoproteins to form infectious hybrid particles that have been termed lipo-viro-particles. The close association with lipoproteins is not only critical for virus entry and assembly but also plays an important role during viral pathogenesis and for viral evasion from neutralizing antibodies. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the functional role of apolipoproteins for HCV entry and assembly. Furthermore, we highlight the impact of HCV-apolipoprotein interactions for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and discuss the consequences for antiviral therapy and vaccine design. Understanding these interactions offers novel strategies for the development of an urgently needed protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wrensch
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaetan Ligat
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Zhen-Yong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Schuster
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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16
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Emerging Roles of Heparanase in Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030043. [PMID: 28927006 PMCID: PMC5618000 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is ubiquitously expressed on mammalian cells. It is a polysaccharide that binds growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, and thereby controls several important physiological functions. Ironically, many human pathogens including viruses interact with it for adherence to host cells. HS functions can be regulated by selective modifications and/or selective cleavage of the sugar chains from the cell surface. In mammals, heparanase (HPSE) is the only known enzyme capable of regulating HS functions via a selective endoglycosidase activity that cleaves polymeric HS chains at internal sites. During homeostasis, HPSE expression and its endoglycosidase activity are tightly regulated; however, under stress conditions, including infection, its expression may be upregulated, which could contribute directly to the onset of several disease pathologies. Here we focus on viral infections exemplified by herpes simplex virus, dengue virus, human papillomavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, hepatitis C virus, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syncytial virus to summarize recent advances in understanding the highly significant, but emerging roles, of the enzyme HPSE in viral infection, spread and pathogenesis.
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Pirro M, Bianconi V, Francisci D, Schiaroli E, Bagaglia F, Sahebkar A, Baldelli F. Hepatitis C virus and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9: a detrimental interaction to increase viral infectivity and disrupt lipid metabolism. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3150-3161. [PMID: 28722331 PMCID: PMC5706572 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From viral binding to the hepatocyte surface to extracellular virion release, the replication cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) intersects at various levels with lipid metabolism; this leads to a derangement of the lipid profile and to increased viral infectivity. Accumulating evidence supports the crucial regulatory role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in lipoprotein metabolism. Notably, a complex interaction between HCV and PCSK9 has been documented. Indeed, either increased or reduced circulating PCSK9 levels have been observed in HCV patients; this discrepancy might be related to several confounders, including HCV genotype, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and the ambiguous HCV‐mediated influence on PCSK9 transcription factors. On the other hand, PCSK9 may itself influence HCV infectivity, inasmuch as the expression of different hepatocyte surface entry proteins and receptors is regulated by PCSK9. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence about the complex interaction between HCV and liver lipoprotein metabolism, with a specific focus on PCSK9. The underlying assumption of this review is that the interconnections between HCV and PCSK9 may be central to explain viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagaglia
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Franco Baldelli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Attachment and Postattachment Receptors Important for Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Cell-to-Cell Transmission. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00280-17. [PMID: 28404852 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00280-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) requires multiple receptors for its attachment to and entry into cells. Our previous studies found that human syndecan-1 (SDC-1), SDC-2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (TIM-1) are HCV attachment receptors. Other cell surface molecules, such as CD81, Claudin-1 (CLDN1), Occludin (OCLN), SR-BI, and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), function mainly at postattachment steps and are considered postattachment receptors. The underlying molecular mechanisms of different receptors in HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission remain elusive. In the present study, we used a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology, gene-specific small interfering RNAs, and a newly developed luciferase-based reporter system to quantitatively determine the importance of individual receptors in HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission. Knockouts of SDC-1 and SDC-2 resulted in remarkable reductions of HCV infection and cell attachment, whereas SDC-3 and SDC-4 knockouts did not affect HCV infection. Defective HCV attachment to SDC-1 and/or SDC-2 knockout cells was completely restored by SDC-1 and SDC-2 but not SDC-4 expression. Knockout of the attachment receptors SDC-1, SDC-2, and TIM-1 also modestly decreased HCV cell-to-cell transmission. In contrast, silencing and knockout of the postattachment receptors CD81, CLDN1, OCLN, SR-BI, and LDLR greatly impaired both HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission. Additionally, apolipoprotein E was found to be important for HCV cell-to-cell spread, but very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-containing mouse serum did not affect HCV cell-to-cell transmission, although it inhibited cell-free infection. These findings demonstrate that attachment receptors are essential for initial HCV binding and that postattachment receptors are important for both HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission.IMPORTANCE The importance and underlying molecular mechanisms of cell surface receptors in HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission are poorly understood. The role of some of the HCV attachment and postattachment receptors in HCV infection and cell-to-cell spread remains controversial. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockouts of specific cellular genes, we demonstrate that both SDC-1 and SDC-2, but not SDC-3 or SDC-4, are bona fide HCV attachment receptors. We also used a newly developed luciferase-based reporter system to quantitatively determine the importance of attachment and postattachment receptors in HCV cell-to-cell transmission. SDC-1, SDC-2, TIM-1, and SR-BI were found to modestly promote HCV cell-to-cell spread. CD81, CLDN1, OCLN, and LDLR play more important roles in HCV cell-to-cell transmission. Likewise, apolipoprotein E (apoE) is critically important for HCV cell-to-cell spread, unlike VLDL-containing mouse serum, which did not affect HCV cell-to-cell spread. These findings suggest that the mechanism(s) of HCV cell-to-cell spread differs from that of cell-free infection.
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Hashimoto Y, Fukasawa M, Kuniyasu H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Claudin-targeted drug development using anti-claudin monoclonal antibodies to treat hepatitis and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:5-16. [PMID: 28415141 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 27-member family of tetraspan membrane proteins known as claudins (CLDNs) is a major component of tight junctions. A series of studies elucidating the relationship between CLDNs and various pathological conditions has provided new insights into drug development. For instance, CLDN-1 may be a potent target for epidermal absorption of drugs and for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. CLDN-4 may be a target for treating cancer. Because CLDNs are also expressed in various normal tissues, safety and efficacy evaluations are critical for translational research. We previously developed several anti-CLDN antibodies and have established proof of concept for CLDN-targeted drug development using these reagents. Here, we provide an overview of CLDN-1 as a target for improving epidermal drug absorption and preventing HCV infection and of CLDN-4 as a target for anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Hepatitis C virus may have an entero-hepatic cycle which could be blocked with ezetimibe. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:51-55. [PMID: 28478831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus can lead to chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With more than 170 million people infected worldwide, eradication remains a challenge even with the revolutionary current direct antiviral agents (DAAs). The risk of resistance, the safety profile in some populations, the genotype specificity and the high price of current DAAs explain why there is still interest in developing host targeting agents (HTA) that may help overcome some of these difficulties. Specifically, targeting the entry of HCV to the cell seems like a promising strategy. Recently it has been shown that the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1, a protein located in the small bowel epithelium and in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte is also an HCV receptor. Just as this protein is key in the entero-hepatic cycle of cholesterol, we hypothesize that there is an entero-hepatic cycle of HCV that could be disrupted by blocking NPC1L1 with ezetimibe, an already approved and readily available safe drug. Ezetimibe, either alone or in combination with DAAs, could decrease relapse rates, reduce resistance and even make treatments cheaper.
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21
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Colpitts CC, Baumert TF. Claudins in viral infection: from entry to spread. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:27-34. [PMID: 27885488 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions are critically important for many physiological functions, including the maintenance of cell polarity, regulation of paracellular permeability, and involvement in signal transduction pathways to regulate integral cellular processes. Furthermore, tight junctions enable epithelial cells to form physical barriers, which act as an innate immune mechanism that can impede viral infection. Viruses, in turn, have evolved mechanisms to exploit tight junction proteins to gain access to cells or spread through tissues in an infected host. Claudin family proteins are integral components of tight junctions and are thought to play crucial roles in regulating their permeability. Claudins have been implicated in the infection process of several medically important human pathogens, including hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, among others. In this review, we summarize the role of claudins in viral infections and discuss their potential as novel antiviral targets. A better understanding of claudins during viral infection may provide insight into physiological roles of claudins and uncover novel therapeutic antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che C Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Role of Conserved E2 Residue W420 in Receptor Binding and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7456-7468. [PMID: 27279607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00685-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters cells via interactions with several host factors, a key one being that between the viral E2 envelope glycoprotein and the CD81 receptor. We previously identified E2 tryptophan residue 420 (W420) as an essential CD81-binding residue. However, the importance of W420 in the context of the native virion is unknown, as those previous studies predate the infectious HCV cell culture (cell culture-derived HCV [HCVcc]) system. Here, we introduced four separate mutations (F, Y, A, or R) at position 420 within the infectious HCVcc JFH-1 genome and characterized their effects on the viral life cycle. While all mutations reduced E2-CD81 binding, only two (W420A and W420R) reduced HCVcc infectivity. Further analyses of mutants with hydrophobic residues (F or Y) found that interactions with the receptors SR-BI and CD81 were modulated, which in turn determined the viral uptake route. Both mutant viruses were significantly less dependent on SR-BI, and its lipid transfer activity, for virus entry. Furthermore, these viruses were resistant to the drug erlotinib, which targets epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (a host cofactor for HCV entry) and also blocks SR-BI-dependent high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated enhancement of virus entry. Together, our data indicate a model where an alteration at position 420 causes a subtle change in the E2 conformation that prevents interaction with SR-BI and increases accessibility to the CD81-binding site, in turn favoring a particular internalization route. These results further show that a hydrophobic residue with a strong preference for tryptophan at position 420 is important, both functionally and structurally, to provide an additional hydrophobic anchor to stabilize the E2-CD81 interaction. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease, causing up to 500,000 deaths annually. The first step in the viral life cycle is the entry process. This study investigates the role of a highly conserved residue, tryptophan residue 420, of the viral glycoprotein E2 in this process. We analyzed the effect of changing this residue in the virus and confirmed that this region is important for binding to the CD81 receptor. Furthermore, alteration of this residue modulated interactions with the SR-BI receptor, and changes to these key interactions were found to affect the virus internalization route involving the host cofactor EGFR. Our results also show that the nature of the amino acid at this position is important functionally and structurally to provide an anchor point to stabilize the E2-CD81 interaction.
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Hepatitis C virus cell entry: a target for novel antiviral strategies to address limitations of direct acting antivirals. Hepatol Int 2016; 10:741-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Mueller JL, King LY, Johnson KB, Gao T, Nephew LD, Kothari D, Simpson MA, Zheng H, Wei L, Corey KE, Misdraji J, Lee JH, Lin MV, Gogela NA, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK, Gordon FD, Curry MP, Chung RT. Impact of EGF, IL28B, and PNPLA3 polymorphisms on the outcome of allograft hepatitis C: a multicenter study. Clin Transplant 2016; 30:452-60. [PMID: 26854475 PMCID: PMC4868041 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is accelerated following liver transplantation (LT). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the epidermal growth factor (EGF) (rs4444903), IL28B (rs12979860), and PNPLA3 (rs738409) loci are associated with treatment response, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-transplant hepatitis C, but allograft population data are limited. We sought to determine the role of these SNPs in 264 patients with HCV who underwent LT between 1990 and 2008. Genotypes were determined from donor wedge/allograft biopsies and recipient explants. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess time to cirrhosis, liver-related death, and retransplantation, adjusting for donor age and sustained virological response (SVR). Over a median follow-up of 6.3 yr, a trend toward increased progression to graft cirrhosis was observed among recipients of an EGF non-AA vs. AA donor liver (adjusted HR 2.01; 95% CI 0.93-4.34; p = 0.08). No other genotypes predicted cirrhosis development or graft survival. The CC IL28B variant in both recipients and donors was associated with increased rate of SVR (R-CC/D-CC 8/12[67%], R-non-CC/D-CC or R-CC/D-non-CC 23/52[44%], R-non-CC/D-non-CC 12/45[27%], p linear trend = 0.009). Recipient EGF, IL28B, and PNPLA3, and donor IL28B and PNPLA3 genotypes do not predict adverse outcomes in HCV LT recipients. A potential association exists between donor EGF genotype and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Mueller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Y. King
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kara B. Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tian Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lauren D. Nephew
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Darshan Kothari
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston
| | - Mary Ann Simpson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Misdraji
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joon Hyoek Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M. Valerie Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neliswa A. Gogela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredric D. Gordon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington
| | - Michael P. Curry
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Qian XJ, Zhu YZ, Zhao P, Qi ZT. Entry inhibitors: New advances in HCV treatment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e3. [PMID: 26733381 PMCID: PMC4735057 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 3% of the world's population and causes chronic liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current antiviral therapy comprising direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can achieve a quite satisfying sustained virological response (SVR) rate, it is still limited by viral resistance, long treatment duration, combined adverse reactions, and high costs. Moreover, the currently marketed antivirals fail to prevent graft reinfections in HCV patients who receive liver transplantations, probably due to the cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, which is also one of the main reasons behind treatment failure. HCV entry is a highly orchestrated process involving initial attachment and binding, post-binding interactions with host cell factors, internalization, and fusion between the virion and the host cell membrane. Together, these processes provide multiple novel and promising targets for antiviral therapy. Most entry inhibitors target host cell components with high genetic barriers and eliminate viral infection from the very beginning of the viral life cycle. In future, the addition of entry inhibitors to a combination of treatment regimens might optimize and widen the prevention and treatment of HCV infection. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and prospects of the current preclinical and clinical development of antiviral agents targeting HCV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jing Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong-Zhe Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Ceña-Díez R, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Maly M, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Dendrimeric based microbicides against sexual transmitted infections associated to heparan sulfate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ceña-Díez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Marek Maly
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Science of Southern Switzerland
- Switzerland
- Faculty of Science
- J. E. Purkinje University
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
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27
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Abstract
Various host factors are involved in the cellular entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition to the factors previously reported, we discovered that the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) mediates HCV entry independent of CD81. Culturing Huh7.5 cells under hypoxic conditions significantly increased HCV entry as a result of the expression of VLDLR, which was not expressed under normoxic conditions in this cell line. Ectopic VLDLR expression conferred susceptibility to HCV entry of CD81-deficient Huh7.5 cells. Additionally, VLDLR-mediated HCV entry was not affected by the knockdown of cellular factors known to act as HCV receptors or HCV entry factors. Because VLDLR is expressed in primary human hepatocytes, our results suggest that VLDLR functions in vivo as an HCV receptor independent of canonical CD81-mediated HCV entry.
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28
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Host-Targeting Agents to Prevent and Cure Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:5659-85. [PMID: 26540069 PMCID: PMC4664971 DOI: 10.3390/v7112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which are leading indications of liver transplantation (LT). To date, there is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection and LT is invariably followed by infection of the liver graft. Within the past years, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have had a major impact on the management of chronic hepatitis C, which has become a curable disease in the majority of DAA-treated patients. In contrast to DAAs that target viral proteins, host-targeting agents (HTAs) interfere with cellular factors involved in the viral life cycle. By acting through a complementary mechanism of action and by exhibiting a generally higher barrier to resistance, HTAs offer a prospective option to prevent and treat viral resistance. Indeed, given their complementary mechanism of action, HTAs and DAAs can act in a synergistic manner to reduce viral loads. This review summarizes the different classes of HTAs against HCV infection that are in preclinical or clinical development and highlights their potential to prevent HCV infection, e.g., following LT, and to tailor combination treatments to cure chronic HCV infection.
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29
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Colpitts CC, Verrier ER, Baumert TF. Targeting Viral Entry for Treatment of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:420-7. [PMID: 27617925 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections remain major health problems worldwide, with 400-500 million chronically infected people worldwide. Chronic infection results in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the second leading cause of cancer death. Current treatments for HBV limit viral replication without efficiently curing infection. HCV treatment has markedly progressed with the licensing of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV cure, yet limited access for the majority of patients is a major challenge. Preventative and curative treatment strategies, aimed at novel targets, are needed for both viruses. Viral entry represents one such target, although detailed knowledge of the entry mechanisms is a prerequisite. For HBV, the recent discovery of the NTCP cell entry factor enabled the establishment of an HBV cell culture model and showed that cyclosporin A and Myrcludex B are NTCP-targeting entry inhibitors. Advances in the understanding of HCV entry revealed it to be a complex process involving many factors, offering several antiviral targets. These include viral envelope proteins E1 and E2, virion-associated lipoprotein ApoE, and cellular factors CD81, SRBI, EGFR, claudin-1, occludin, and the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1. Small molecules targeting SR-BI, EGFR, and NPC1L1 have entered clinical trials, whereas other viral- and host-targeted small molecules, peptides, and antibodies show promise in preclinical models. This review summarizes the current understanding of HBV and HCV entry and describes novel antiviral targets and compounds in different stages of clinical development. Overall, proof-of-concept studies indicate that entry inhibitors are a promising class of antivirals to prevent and treat HBV and HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che C. Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies
Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi R. Verrier
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies
Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies
Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire,
Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Tawar RG, Colpitts CC, Lupberger J, El-Saghire H, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Claudins and pathogenesis of viral infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:39-46. [PMID: 25960372 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the roles of claudins in tight junction physiology. In addition, interactions between claudins and other cellular proteins have highlighted their novel roles in cell physiology. Moreover, the importance of claudins is becoming apparent in the pathophysiology of several diseases, including viral infections. Notable is the discovery of CLDN1 as an essential host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, which led to detailed characterization of CLDN1 and its association with tetraspanin CD81 for the initiation of HCV infection. CLDN1 has also been shown to facilitate dengue virus entry. Furthermore, owing to the roles of claudins in forming anatomical barriers, several viruses have been shown to alter claudin expression at the tight junction. This review summarizes the role of claudins in viral infection, with particular emphasis on HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv G Tawar
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hussein El-Saghire
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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The kinase-inhibitor sorafenib inhibits multiple steps of the Hepatitis C Virus infectious cycle in vitro. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:93-102. [PMID: 25823619 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) chronic infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib is the only medical treatment that has been approved for the treatment of this cancer. It is a multikinase inhibitor with anti-tumor activity against a wide variety of cancers. Sorafenib blocks angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation through inhibition of kinases, such as VEGFR2, PDGFR, or the serine/threonine kinases RAF. Previous studies have reported an anti-HCV effect of sorafenib in vitro, but various mechanisms of action have been described. The aim of this study was to clarify the action of sorafenib on the complete HCV infectious cycle. In order to examine the action of sorafenib on all steps of the HCV infectious cycle, we used a combination of validated cell culture models, based on the HuH-7 reference cell line and primary human hepatocytes. We found that sorafenib blocks HCV infection by altering the viral entry step and the production of viral particles. Moreover, we observed that treatment with sorafenib lead to a modification of Claudin-1 expression and localization, which could partly be responsible for the anti-HCV effect. Collectively, our findings confirm the anti-HCV effect of sorafenib in vitro, while highlighting the complexity of the action of sorafenib on the HCV infectious cycle.
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Monoclonal antibodies against extracellular domains of claudin-1 block hepatitis C virus infection in a mouse model. J Virol 2015; 89:4866-79. [PMID: 25673725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03676-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into host cells is a complex process requiring multiple host factors, including claudin-1 (CLDN1). Safe and effective therapeutic entry inhibitors need to be developed. We isolated a human hepatic Huh7.5.1-derived cell mutant that is nonpermissive to HCV, and comparative microarray analysis showed that the mutant was CLDN1 defective. Four hybridomas were obtained, which produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that interacted with the parental Huh7.5.1 cell but not with the CLDN1-defective mutant. All MAbs produced by these hybridomas specifically bound to human CLDN1 with a very high affinity and prevented HCV infection of Huh7.5.1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, without apparent cytotoxicity. Two selected MAbs also inhibited HCV infection of human liver-chimeric mice without significant adverse effects. CLDN1 may be a potential target to prevent HCV infection in vivo. Anti-CLDN1 MAbs may hence be promising candidates as novel anti-HCV agents. IMPORTANCE Safe and effective therapeutic entry inhibitors against hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very useful for combination therapies with other anti-HCV drugs, such as direct-acting antivirals. In this study, we first showed an effective strategy for developing functional monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against extracellular domains of a multimembrane-spanning target protein, claudin-1 (CLDN1), by using parental cells expressing the intact target membrane protein and target-defective cells. The established MAbs against CLDN1, which had a very high affinity for intact CLDN1, efficiently inhibited in vitro and in vivo HCV infections. These anti-CLDN1 MAbs are promising leads for novel entry inhibitors against HCV.
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AP-2-associated protein kinase 1 and cyclin G-associated kinase regulate hepatitis C virus entry and are potential drug targets. J Virol 2015; 89:4387-404. [PMID: 25653444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02705-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters its target cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. AP-2-associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) are host kinases that regulate clathrin adaptor protein (AP)-mediated trafficking in the endocytic and secretory pathways. We previously reported that AAK1 and GAK regulate HCV assembly by stimulating binding of the μ subunit of AP-2, AP2M1, to HCV core protein. We also discovered that AAK1 and GAK inhibitors, including the approved anticancer drugs sunitinib and erlotinib, could block HCV assembly. Here, we hypothesized that AAK1 and GAK regulate HCV entry independently of their effect on HCV assembly. Indeed, silencing AAK1 and GAK expression inhibited entry of pseudoparticles and cell culture grown-HCV and internalization of Dil-labeled HCV particles with no effect on HCV attachment or RNA replication. AAK1 or GAK depletion impaired epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated enhanced HCV entry and endocytosis of EGF receptor (EGFR), an HCV entry cofactor and erlotinib's cancer target. Moreover, either RNA interference-mediated depletion of AP2M1 or NUMB, each a substrate of AAK1 and/or GAK, or overexpression of either an AP2M1 or NUMB phosphorylation site mutant inhibited HCV entry. Last, in addition to affecting assembly, sunitinib and erlotinib inhibited HCV entry at a postbinding step, their combination was synergistic, and their antiviral effect was reversed by either AAK1 or GAK overexpression. Together, these results validate AAK1 and GAK as critical regulators of HCV entry that function in part by activating EGFR, AP2M1, and NUMB and as the molecular targets underlying the antiviral effect of sunitinib and erlotinib (in addition to EGFR), respectively. IMPORTANCE Understanding the host pathways hijacked by HCV is critical for developing host-centered anti-HCV approaches. Entry represents a potential target for antiviral strategies; however, no FDA-approved HCV entry inhibitors are currently available. We reported that two host kinases, AAK1 and GAK, regulate HCV assembly. Here, we provide evidence that AAK1 and GAK regulate HCV entry independently of their role in HCV assembly and define the mechanisms underlying AAK1- and GAK-mediated HCV entry. By regulating temporally distinct steps in the HCV life cycle, AAK1 and GAK represent "master regulators" of HCV infection and potential targets for antiviral strategies. Indeed, approved anticancer drugs that potently inhibit AAK1 or GAK inhibit HCV entry in addition to assembly. These results contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of HCV entry and reveal attractive host targets for antiviral strategies as well as approved candidate inhibitors of these targets, with potential implications for other viruses that hijack clathrin-mediated pathways.
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Yamashita M, Iida M, Tada M, Shirasago Y, Fukasawa M, Nagase S, Watari A, Ishii-Watabe A, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Discovery of anti-claudin-1 antibodies as candidate therapeutics against hepatitis C virus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:112-8. [PMID: 25628391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN1), a known host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and cell-to-cell transmission, is a target molecule for inhibiting HCV infection. We previously developed four clones of mouse anti-CLDN1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that prevented HCV infection in vitro. Two of these mAbs showed the highest antiviral activity. Here, we optimized the anti-CLDN1 mAbs as candidates for therapeutics by protein engineering. Although Fab fragments of the mAbs prevented in vitro HCV infection, their inhibitory effects were much weaker than those of the whole mAbs. In contrast, human chimeric IgG1 mAbs generated by grafting the variable domains of the mouse mAb light and heavy chains inhibited in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as the parental mouse mAbs. However, the chimeric IgG1 mAbs activated Fcγ receptor, suggesting that cytotoxicity against mAb-bound CLDN1-expressing cells occurred through the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). To avoid ADCC-induced side effects, we prepared human chimeric IgG4 mAbs. The chimeric IgG4 mAbs did not activate Fcγ receptor or induce ADCC, but they prevented in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as did the parental mouse mAbs. These findings indicate that the IgG4 form of human chimeric anti-CLDN1 mAb may be a candidate molecule for clinically applicable HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayo Yamashita
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Manami Iida
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Minoru Tada
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshitaka Shirasago
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Shotaro Nagase
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
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Characterization of hepatitis C virus interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Virol 2015; 89:3846-58. [PMID: 25609801 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03647-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry involves binding to cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) structures. However, due to the lipoprotein-like structure of HCV, the exact contribution of virion components to this interaction remains controversial. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of HCV envelope proteins and apolipoprotein E in the HS-binding step. Deletion of hypervariable region 1, a region previously proposed to be involved in HS binding, did not alter HCV virion binding to HS, indicating that this region is not involved in this interaction in the context of a viral infection. Patient sera and monoclonal antibodies recognizing different regions of HCV envelope glycoproteins were also used in a pulldown assay with beads coated with heparin, a close HS structural homologue. Although isolated HCV envelope glycoproteins could interact with heparin, none of these antibodies was able to interfere with the virion-heparin interaction, strongly suggesting that at the virion surface, HCV envelope glycoproteins are not accessible for HS binding. In contrast, results from kinetic studies, heparin pulldown experiments, and inhibition experiments with anti-apolipoprotein E antibodies indicated that this apolipoprotein plays a major role in HCV-HS interaction. Finally, characterization of the HS structural determinants required for HCV infection by silencing of the enzymes involved in the HS biosynthesis pathway and by competition with modified heparin indicated that N- and 6-O-sulfation but not 2-O-sulfation is required for HCV infection and that the minimum HS oligosaccharide length required for HCV infection is a decasaccharide. Together, these data indicate that HCV hijacks apolipoprotein E to initiate its interaction with specific HS structures. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C is a global health problem. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 130 million individuals worldwide, with the majority of cases remaining undiagnosed and untreated. In most infected individuals, the virus evades the immune system and establishes a chronic infection. As a consequence, hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation. Virus infection is initiated by entry of the virus into the host cell. In this study, we provide new insights into the viral and cellular determinants involved in the first step of HCV entry, the binding of the virus to host cells. We show that apolipoprotein E is likely responsible for virus binding to heparan sulfate and that N- and 6-O-sulfation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans is required for HCV infection. In addition, the minimal HS length unit required for HCV infection is a decasaccharide.
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The mechanism of HCV entry into host cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:63-107. [PMID: 25595801 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive strand RNA virus classified within the Flaviviridae family and is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV life cycle and propagation are tightly linked to several aspects of lipid metabolism. HCV propagation depends on and also shapes several aspects of lipid metabolism such as cholesterol uptake and efflux through different lipoprotein receptors during its entry into cells, lipid metabolism modulating HCV genome replication, lipid droplets acting as a platform for recruitment of viral components, and very low density lipoprotein assembly pathway resulting in incorporation of neutral lipids and apolipoproteins into viral particles. During the first steps of infection, HCV enters hepatocytes through a multistep and slow process. The initial capture of HCV particles by glycosaminoglycans and/or lipoprotein receptors is followed by coordinated interactions with the scavenger receptor class B type I, a major receptor of high-density lipoprotein, the CD81 tetraspanin, and the tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and Occludin. This tight concert of receptor interactions ultimately leads to uptake and cellular internalization of HCV through a process of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Over the years, the identification of the HCV entry receptors and cofactors has led to a better understanding of HCV entry and of the narrow tropism of HCV for the liver. Yet, the role of the two HCV envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, remains ill-defined, particularly concerning their involvement in the membrane fusion process. Here, we review the current knowledge and advances addressing the mechanism of HCV cell entry within hepatocytes and we highlight the challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Vercauteren K, Mesalam AA, Leroux-Roels G, Meuleman P. Impact of lipids and lipoproteins on hepatitis C virus infection and virus neutralization. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15975-91. [PMID: 25473151 PMCID: PMC4239485 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent a major global health problem. End-stage liver disease caused by chronic HCV infection is a major indication for liver transplantation. However, after transplantation the engrafted liver inevitably becomes infected by the circulating virus. Direct acting antivirals are not yet approved for use in liver transplant patients, and limited efficacy and severe side effects hamper the use of pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin in a post-transplant setting. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options need to be explored. Viral entry represents an attractive target for such therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms of viral entry is essential to define the viral and cellular factors involved. The HCV life cycle is dependent of and associated with lipoprotein physiology and the presence of lipoproteins has been correlated with altered antiviral efficacy of entry inhibitors. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on how lipoprotein physiology influences the HCV life cycle. We focus especially on the influence of lipoproteins on antibodies that target HCV envelope proteins or antibodies that target the cellular receptors of the virus. This information can be particularly relevant for the prevention of HCV re-infection after liver transplantation.
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Recombinant hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine elicits antibodies targeting multiple epitopes on the envelope glycoproteins associated with broad cross-neutralization. J Virol 2014; 88:14278-88. [PMID: 25275133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01911-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although effective hepatitis C virus (HCV) antivirals are on the horizon, a global prophylactic vaccine for HCV remains elusive. The diversity of the virus is a major concern for vaccine development; there are 7 major genotypes of HCV found globally. Therefore, a successful vaccine will need to protect against HCV infection by all genotypes. Despite the diversity, many monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with broadly cross-neutralizing activity have been described, suggesting the presence of conserved epitopes that can be targeted to prevent infection. Similarly, a vaccine comprising recombinant envelope glycoproteins (rE1E2) derived from the genotype 1a HCV-1 strain has been shown to be capable of eliciting cross-neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs, chimpanzees, and healthy human volunteers. In order to investigate the basis for this cross-neutralization, epitope mapping of anti-E1E2 antibodies present within antisera from goats and humans immunized with HCV-1 rE1E2 was conducted through peptide mapping and competition studies with a panel of cross-neutralizing MAbs targeting various epitopes within E1E2. The immunized-goat antiserum was shown to compete with the binding of all MAbs tested (AP33, HC33.4, HC84.26, 1:7, AR3B, AR4A, AR5A, IGH526, and A4). Antisera showed the best competition against HC84.26 and AR3B and the weakest competition against AR4A. Furthermore, antisera from five immunized human vaccinees were shown to compete with five preselected MAbs (AP33, AR3B, AR4A, AR5A, and IGH526). These data show that immunization with HCV-1 rE1E2 elicits antibodies targeting multiple cross-neutralizing epitopes. Our results further support the use of such a vaccine antigen to induce cross-genotype neutralization. IMPORTANCE An effective prophylactic vaccine for HCV is needed for optimal control of the disease burden. The high diversity of HCV has posed a challenge for developing vaccines that elicit neutralizing antibodies for protection against infection. Despite this, we have previously shown that a vaccine comprising recombinant envelope glycoproteins derived from a single genotype 1a strain was capable of eliciting a cross-neutralizing antibody response in human volunteers. Here, we have used competition binding assays and peptide binding assays to show that antibodies present in the antisera from vaccinated goats and humans bind epitopes overlapping with those of a variety of well-characterized cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. This provides a mechanism for the cross-neutralizing human antisera: antibodies present in the antisera bind to conserved regions associated with cross-neutralization. Importantly, this work provides further support for a vaccine comprising recombinant envelope glycoproteins, perhaps in a formulation with a vaccine component eliciting strong anti-HCV CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses.
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39
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Zhao Y, Ren Y, Zhang X, Zhao P, Tao W, Zhong J, Li Q, Zhang XL. Ficolin-2 inhibits hepatitis C virus infection, whereas apolipoprotein E3 mediates viral immune escape. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:783-96. [PMID: 24928988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human ficolin-2 (L-ficolin/p35) is a lectin-complement pathway activator that is present in normal human plasma and is associated with infectious diseases; however, little is known regarding the roles and mechanisms of ficolin-2 during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, we found that ficolin-2 inhibits the entry of HCV at an early stage of viral infection, regardless of the viral genotype. Ficolin-2 neutralized and inhibited the initial attachment and infection of HCV by binding to the HCV envelope surface glycoproteins E1 and E2, blocking HCV attachment to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor B1, and weakly interfering with CD81 receptor attachment. However, no interference with claudin-1 and occludin receptor attachment was observed. The C-terminal fibrinogen domain (201-313 aa) of ficolin-2 was identified as the critical binding region for the HCV-E1-E2 N-glycans, playing a critical role in the anti-HCV activity. More importantly, we found that apolipoprotein E (ApoE)3, which is enriched in the low-density fractions of HCV RNA-containing particles, promotes HCV infection and inhibits ficolin-2-mediated antiviral activity. ApoE3, but not ApoE2 and ApoE4, blocked the interaction between ficolin-2 and HCV-E2. Our data suggest that the HCV entry inhibitor ficolin-2 is a novel and promising antiviral innate immune molecule, whereas ApoE3 blocks the effect of ficolin-2 and mediates an immune escape mechanism during chronic HCV infection. HCV may be neutralized using compounds directed against the lipoprotein moiety of the viral particle, and ApoE3 may be a new target to combat HCV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E3/immunology
- Apolipoprotein E3/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/immunology
- Lectins/metabolism
- Mannans/immunology
- Mannans/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/immunology
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/immunology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Tetraspanin 28/genetics
- Tetraspanin 28/immunology
- Tetraspanin 28/metabolism
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Escape/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Ficolins
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yushan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China;
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40
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Gerold G, Pietschmann T. The HCV life cycle: in vitro tissue culture systems and therapeutic targets. Dig Dis 2014; 32:525-37. [PMID: 25034285 DOI: 10.1159/000360830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly variable plus-strand RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Viral strains are grouped into six epidemiologically relevant genotypes that differ from each other by more than 30% at the nucleotide level. The variability of HCV allows immune evasion and facilitates persistence. It is also a substantial challenge for the development of specific antiviral therapies effective across all HCV genotypes and for prevention of drug resistance. Novel HCV cell culture models were instrumental for identification and profiling of therapeutic strategies. Concurrently, these models revealed numerous host factors critical for HCV propagation, some of which have emerged as targets for antiviral therapy. It is generally assumed that the use of host factors is conserved among HCV isolates and genotypes. Additionally, the barrier to viral resistance is thought to be high when interfering with host factors. Therefore, current drug development includes both targeting of viral factors but also of host factors essential for virus replication. In fact, some of these host-targeting agents, for instance inhibitors of cyclophilin A, have advanced to late stage clinical trials. Here, we highlight currently available cell culture systems for HCV, review the most prominent host-targeting strategies against hepatitis C and critically discuss opportunities and risks associated with host-targeting antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE - Institute of Experimental Virology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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41
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A small molecule inhibits virion attachment to heparan sulfate- or sialic acid-containing glycans. J Virol 2014; 88:7806-17. [PMID: 24789779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary attachment to cellular glycans is a critical entry step for most human viruses. Some viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), bind to heparan sulfate, whereas others, such as influenza A virus (IAV), bind to sialic acid. Receptor mimetics that interfere with these interactions are active against viruses that bind to either heparan sulfate or to sialic acid. However, no molecule that inhibits the attachment of viruses in both groups has yet been identified. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, is active against many unrelated viruses, including several that bind to heparan sulfate or to sialic acid. We sought to identify the basis for the broad-spectrum activity of EGCG. Here, we show that EGCG inhibits the infectivity of a diverse group of enveloped and nonenveloped human viruses. EGCG acts directly on the virions, without affecting the fluidity or integrity of the virion envelopes. Instead, EGCG interacts with virion surface proteins to inhibit the attachment of HSV-1, HCV, IAV, vaccinia virus, adenovirus, reovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions. We further show that EGCG competes with heparan sulfate for binding of HSV-1 and HCV virions and with sialic acid for binding of IAV virions. Therefore, EGCG inhibits unrelated viruses by a common mechanism. Most importantly, we have identified EGCG as the first broad-spectrum attachment inhibitor. Our results open the possibility for the development of small molecule broad-spectrum antivirals targeting virion attachment. Importance: This study shows that it is possible to develop a small molecule antiviral or microbicide active against the two largest groups of human viruses: those that bind to glycosaminoglycans and those that bind to sialoglycans. This group includes the vast majority of human viruses, including herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, poxvirus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, and many others.
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Lefèvre M, Felmlee DJ, Parnot M, Baumert TF, Schuster C. Syndecan 4 is involved in mediating HCV entry through interaction with lipoviral particle-associated apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95550. [PMID: 24751902 PMCID: PMC3994096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and HCV infection represents a major health problem. HCV associates with host lipoproteins forming host/viral hybrid complexes termed lipoviral particles. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipoprotein component that interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) to mediate hepatic lipoprotein uptake, and may likewise mediate HCV entry. We sought to define the functional regions of apoE with an aim to identify critical apoE binding partners involved in HCV infection. Using adenoviral vectors and siRNA to modulate apoE expression we show a direct correlation of apoE expression and HCV infectivity, whereas no correlation exists with viral protein expression. Mutating the HSPG binding domain (HSPG-BD) of apoE revealed key residues that are critical for mediating HCV infection. Furthermore, a novel synthetic peptide that mimics apoE’s HSPG-BD directly and competitively inhibits HCV infection. Genetic knockdown of the HSPG proteins syndecan (SDC) 1 and 4 revealed that SDC4 principally mediates HCV entry. Our data demonstrate that HCV uses apoE-SDC4 interactions to enter hepatoma cells and establish infection. Targeting apoE-SDC interactions could be an alternative strategy for blocking HCV entry, a critical step in maintaining chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1110, Research Institute on Viral and Hepatic Disease, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel J. Felmlee
- Inserm, U1110, Research Institute on Viral and Hepatic Disease, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Parnot
- Inserm, U1110, Research Institute on Viral and Hepatic Disease, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Research Institute on Viral and Hepatic Disease, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Pôle hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Inserm, U1110, Research Institute on Viral and Hepatic Disease, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Zhu YZ, Qian XJ, Zhao P, Qi ZT. How hepatitis C virus invades hepatocytes: The mystery of viral entry. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3457-3467. [PMID: 24707128 PMCID: PMC3974512 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem, with an estimated 170 million people being chronically infected. HCV cell entry is a complex multi-step process, involving several cellular factors that trigger virus uptake into the hepatocytes. The high- density lipoprotein receptor scavenger receptor class B type I, tetraspanin CD81, tight junction protein claudin-1, and occludin are the main receptors that mediate the initial step of HCV infection. In addition, the virus uses cell receptor tyrosine kinases as entry regulators, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and ephrin receptor A2. This review summarizes the current understanding about how cell surface molecules are involved in HCV attachment, internalization, and membrane fusion, and how host cell kinases regulate virus entry. The advances of the potential antiviral agents targeting this process are introduced.
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Bocchetta S, Maillard P, Yamamoto M, Gondeau C, Douam F, Lebreton S, Lagaye S, Pol S, Helle F, Plengpanich W, Guérin M, Bourgine M, Michel ML, Lavillette D, Roingeard P, le Goff W, Budkowska A. Up-regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 inhibits hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92140. [PMID: 24646941 PMCID: PMC3960176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes infection using host lipid metabolism pathways that are thus considered potential targets for indirect anti-HCV strategies. HCV enters the cell via clathrin-dependent endocytosis, interacting with several receptors, and virus-cell fusion, which depends on acidic pH and the integrity of cholesterol-rich domains of the hepatocyte membrane. The ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates cholesterol efflux from hepatocytes to extracellular Apolipoprotein A1 and moves cholesterol within cell membranes. Furthermore, it generates high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. HDL protects against arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We show that the up-regulation of ABCA1 gene expression and its cholesterol efflux function in Huh7.5 hepatoma cells, using the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist GW3965, impairs HCV infection and decreases levels of virus produced. ABCA1-stimulation inhibited HCV cell entry, acting on virus-host cell fusion, but had no impact on virus attachment, replication, or assembly/secretion. It did not affect infectivity or properties of virus particles produced. Silencing of the ABCA1 gene and reduction of the specific cholesterol efflux function counteracted the inhibitory effect of the GW3965 on HCV infection, providing evidence for a key role of ABCA1 in this process. Impaired virus-cell entry correlated with the reorganisation of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts). The inhibitory effect could be reversed by an exogenous cholesterol supply, indicating that restriction of HCV infection was induced by changes of cholesterol content/distribution in membrane regions essential for virus-cell fusion. Stimulation of ABCA1 expression by GW3965 inhibited HCV infection of both human primary hepatocytes and isolated human liver slices. This study reveals that pharmacological stimulation of the ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux pathway disrupts membrane cholesterol homeostasis, leading to the inhibition of virus–cell fusion and thus HCV cell entry. Therefore besides other beneficial roles, ABCA1 might represent a potential target for HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bocchetta
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Medicina Translazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claire Gondeau
- INSERM U1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Douam
- Groupe de Recherche Dynamique Microbienne et Transmission virale, UMR CNRS 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Unité d’Hépatologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Unité d’Hépatologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
- Equipe Cycle Cellulaire, Régénération et Hépatopathies, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - François Helle
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Sud Amiens, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Amiens, France
| | - Wanee Plengpanich
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medecine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maryse Guérin
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Pathogénèse des Virus de l′Hépatite B, INSERM U845, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Louise Michel
- Pathogénèse des Virus de l′Hépatite B, INSERM U845, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- Groupe de Recherche Dynamique Microbienne et Transmission virale, UMR CNRS 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966, Université François-Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Wilfried le Goff
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
| | - Agata Budkowska
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which HCV infects hepatocytes and replicates has been paramount for identifying therapeutic targets and developing the highly efficacious antiviral drugs from which we benefit today. The earliest stage of HCV infection is viral entry, a process in which a complex interplay is thought to occur between host molecules (including glycosaminoglycans, low-density lipoprotein receptor, CD81, SR-B1, CLDN1, OCLN, EGF receptor, ephrin type A receptor 2 and transferrin receptor 1) and envelope viral glycoproteins E1 and E2. The wealth of experimental data produced in the field of HCV entry is summarized in a proposed mechanism, updated to include the most recently published data on the topic. Compounds with putative entry-blocking and/or entry-inhibiting activity in vitro and in vivo are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Bocchetta
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Emma Burlone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Gerold G, Pietschmann T. Opportunities and Risks of Host-targeting Antiviral Strategies for Hepatitis C. CURRENT HEPATITIS REPORTS 2013; 12:200-213. [PMID: 32214912 PMCID: PMC7089091 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-013-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects more than 2 % of the world population with highest prevalence in parts of Africa and Asia. Past standard of care using interferon α and ribavirin had adverse effects and showed modest efficacy for some HCV genotypes spurring the development of direct acting antivirals (DAAs). Such DAAs target viral proteins and are thus better tolerated but they suffer from emergence of vial resistance. Furthermore, DAAs are often HCV genotype specific. Novel drug candidates targeting host factors required for HCV propagation, so called host-targeting antivirals (HTAs), promise to overcome both caveats. The genetic barrier to resistance is usually considered to be high for HTAs and all HCV genotypes presumably use the same host factors. Recent data, however, challenge these assumptions, at least for some HTAs. Here, we highlight the most important host-targeting strategies against hepatitis C and critically discuss their opportunities and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE – Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute of Experimental Virology, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- TWINCORE – Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute of Experimental Virology, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Rusnati M, Chiodelli P, Bugatti A, Urbinati C. Bridging the past and the future of virology: surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus/host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:238-60. [PMID: 24059853 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.826177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of antiviral drug research and development, viruses still remain a top global healthcare problem. Compared to eukaryotic cells, viruses are composed by a limited numbers of proteins that, nevertheless, set up multiple interactions with cellular components, allowing the virus to take control of the infected cell. Each virus/host interaction can be considered as a therapeutical target for new antiviral drugs but, unfortunately, the systematic study of a so huge number of interactions is time-consuming and expensive, calling for models overcoming these drawbacks. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time by detecting reflected light from a prism-gold film interface. Launched 20 years ago, SPR has become a nearly irreplaceable technology for the study of biomolecular interactions. Accordingly, SPR is increasingly used in the field of virology, spanning from the study of biological interactions to the identification of putative antiviral drugs. From the literature available, SPR emerges as an ideal link between conventional biological experimentation and system biology studies functional to the identification of highly connected viral or host proteins that act as nodal points in virus life cycle and thus considerable as therapeutical targets for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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Zona L, Lupberger J, Sidahmed-Adrar N, Thumann C, Harris HJ, Barnes A, Florentin J, Tawar RG, Xiao F, Turek M, Durand SC, Duong FHT, Heim MH, Cosset FL, Hirsch I, Samuel D, Brino L, Zeisel MB, Le Naour F, McKeating JA, Baumert TF. HRas signal transduction promotes hepatitis C virus cell entry by triggering assembly of the host tetraspanin receptor complex. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:302-13. [PMID: 23498955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is dependent on coreceptor complex formation between the tetraspanin superfamily member CD81 and the tight junction protein claudin-1 (CLDN1) on the host cell membrane. The receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR acts as a cofactor for HCV entry by promoting CD81-CLDN1 complex formation via unknown mechanisms. We identify the GTPase HRas, activated downstream of EGFR signaling, as a key host signal transducer for EGFR-mediated HCV entry. Proteomic analysis revealed that HRas associates with tetraspanin CD81, CLDN1, and the previously unrecognized HCV entry cofactors integrin β1 and Ras-related protein Rap2B in hepatocyte membranes. HRas signaling is required for lateral membrane diffusion of CD81, which enables tetraspanin receptor complex assembly. HRas was also found to be relevant for entry of other viruses, including influenza. Our data demonstrate that viruses exploit HRas signaling for cellular entry by compartmentalization of entry factors and receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Zona
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Virologie, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Macarthur KL, Smolic R, Smolic MV, Wu CH, Wu GY. Update on the Development of Anti-Viral Agents Against Hepatitis C. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2013; 1:9-21. [PMID: 26357602 PMCID: PMC4521270 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2013.007xx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects nearly 170 million people worldwide and causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The search for a drug regimen that maximizes efficacy and minimizes side effects is quickly evolving. This review will discuss a wide range of drug targets currently in all phases of development for the treatment of HCV. Direct data from agents in phase III/IV clinical trials will be presented, along with reported side-effect profiles. The mechanism of action of all treatments and resistance issues are highlighted. Special attention is given to available trial data supporting interferon-free treatment regimens. HCV has become an increasingly important public health concern, and it is important for physicians to stay up to date on the rapidly growing novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine H. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George Y. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus and a major cause of chronic hepatitis and liver disease worldwide. Initial interactions between HCV virions and hepatocytes are required for productive viral infection and initiation of the viral life cycle. Furthermore, HCV entry contributes to the tissue tropism and species specificity of this virus. The elucidation of these interactions is critical, not only to understand the pathogenesis of HCV infection, but also to design efficient antiviral strategies and vaccines. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the host factors required for the HCV-host interactions during HCV binding and entry, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCV entry into target cells, and the relevance of HCV entry for the pathogenesis of liver disease, antiviral therapy, and vaccine development.
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