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Gupta A, Bohara VS, Siddegowda YB, Chaudhary N, Kumar S. Alpha-synuclein and RNA viruses: Exploring the neuronal nexus. Virology 2024; 597:110141. [PMID: 38917691 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn), known for its pivotal role in Parkinson's disease, has recently emerged as a significant player in neurotropic RNA virus infections. Upregulation of α-syn in various viral infections has been found to impact neuroprotective functions by regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicle trafficking, and synaptic vesicle recycling. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of α-syn in controlling viral replication by modulating chemoattractant properties towards microglial cells, virus-induced ER stress signaling, anti-oxidative proteins expression. Furthermore, the text underlines the α-syn-mediated regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. The review may help suggest potential therapeutic avenues for mitigating the impact of RNA viruses on the central nervous system by exploiting α-syn neuroprotective biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Singh Bohara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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2
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Badu P, Baniulyte G, Sammons MA, Pager CT. Activation of ATF3 via the integrated stress response pathway regulates innate immune response to restrict Zika virus. J Virol 2024:e0105524. [PMID: 39212382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01055-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that can have devastating health consequences. The developmental and neurological effects of a ZIKV infection arise in part from the virus triggering cellular stress pathways and perturbing transcriptional programs. To date, the underlying mechanisms of transcriptional control directing viral restriction and virus-host interaction are understudied. Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcriptional effector that modulates the expression of genes involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including inflammation and antiviral responses, to restore cellular homeostasis. While ATF3 is known to be upregulated during ZIKV infection, the mode by which ATF3 is activated, and the specific role of ATF3 during ZIKV infection is unknown. In this study, we show via inhibitor and RNA interference approaches that ZIKV infection initiates the integrated stress response pathway to activate ATF4 which in turn induces ATF3 expression. Additionally, by using CRISPR-Cas9 system to delete ATF3, we found that ATF3 acts to limit ZIKV gene expression in A549 cells. We also determined that ATF3 enhances the expression of antiviral genes such as STAT1 and other components in the innate immunity pathway to induce an ATF3-dependent anti-ZIKV response. Our study reveals crosstalk between the integrated stress response and innate immune response pathways and highlights an important role for ATF3 in establishing an antiviral effect during ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that co-opts cellular mechanisms to support viral processes that can reprogram the host transcriptional profile. Such viral-directed transcriptional changes and the pro- or anti-viral outcomes remain understudied. We previously showed that ATF3, a stress-induced transcription factor, is significantly upregulated in ZIKV-infected mammalian cells, along with other cellular and immune response genes. We now define the intracellular pathway responsible for ATF3 activation and elucidate the impact of ATF3 expression on ZIKV infection. We show that during ZIKV infection, the integrated stress response pathway stimulates ATF3 which enhances the innate immune response to antagonize ZIKV infection. This study establishes a link between viral-induced stress response and transcriptional regulation of host defense pathways and thus expands our knowledge of virus-mediated transcriptional mechanisms and transcriptional control of interferon-stimulated genes during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheonah Badu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Gabriele Baniulyte
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cara T Pager
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
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3
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Roy S, Pokharel P, Piganelli JD. Decoding the immune dance: Unraveling the interplay between beta cells and type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2024; 88:101998. [PMID: 39069156 PMCID: PMC11342121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the specific destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system, including CD4 cells which orchestrate the attack and CD8 cells which directly destroy the beta cells, resulting in the loss of glucose homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This comprehensive document delves into the complex interplay between the immune system and beta cells, aiming to shed light on the mechanisms driving their destruction in T1D. Insights into the genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and autoimmune responses provide a foundation for understanding the autoimmune attack on beta cells. From the role of viral infections as potential triggers to the inflammatory response of beta cells, an intricate puzzle starts to unfold. This exploration highlights the importance of beta cells in breaking immune tolerance and the factors contributing to their targeted destruction. Furthermore, it examines the potential role of autophagy and the impact of cytokine signaling on beta cell function and survival. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review collectively represents current research findings on T1D which offers valuable perspectives on novel therapeutic approaches for preserving beta cell mass, restoring immune tolerance, and ultimately preventing or halting the progression of T1D. By unraveling the complex dynamics between the immune system and beta cells, we inch closer to a comprehensive understanding of T1D pathogenesis, paving the way for more effective treatments and ultimately a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Pravil Pokharel
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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4
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Liu YG, Peng HR, Ren RW, Zhao P, Zhao LJ. CD11b maintains West Nile virus replication through modulation of immune response in human neuroblastoma cells. Virol J 2024; 21:158. [PMID: 39004752 PMCID: PMC11247799 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne virus accounted for neuroinvasive diseases. An insight into WNV-host factors interaction is necessary for development of therapeutic approaches against WNV infection. CD11b has key biological functions and been identified as a therapeutic target for several human diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CD11b was implicated in WNV infection. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells with and without MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 or AKT inhibitor MK-2206 treatment were infected with WNV. CD11b mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. WNV replication and expression of stress (ATF6 and CHOP), pro-inflammatory (TNF-α), and antiviral (IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) factors were evaluated in WNV-infected SH-SY5Y cells with CD11b siRNA transfection. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay. RESULTS CD11b mRNA expression was remarkably up-regulated by WNV in a time-dependent manner. U0126 but not MK-2206 treatment reduced the CD11b induction by WNV. CD11b knockdown significantly decreased WNV replication and protected the infected cells. CD11b knockdown markedly increased TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ mRNA expression induced by WNV. ATF6 mRNA expression was reduced upon CD11b knockdown following WNV infection. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CD11b is involved in maintaining WNV replication and modulating inflammatory as well as antiviral immune response, highlighting the potential of CD11b as a target for therapeutics for WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao-Ran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui-Wen Ren
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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5
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Badu P, Baniulyte G, Sammons MA, Pager CT. Activation of ATF3 via the Integrated Stress Response Pathway Regulates Innate Immune Response to Restrict Zika Virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.26.550716. [PMID: 37546954 PMCID: PMC10402074 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that can have devastating health consequences. The developmental and neurological effects from a ZIKV infection arise in part from the virus triggering cellular stress pathways and perturbing transcriptional programs. To date, the underlying mechanisms of transcriptional control directing viral restriction and virus-host interaction are understudied. Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcriptional effector that modulates the expression of genes involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including inflammation and antiviral responses, to restore cellular homeostasis. While ATF3 is known to be upregulated during ZIKV infection, the mode by which ATF3 is activated and the specific role of ATF3 during ZIKV infection is unknown. In this study, we show via inhibitor and RNA interference approaches that ZIKV infection initiates the integrated stress response pathway to activate ATF4 which in turn induces ATF3 expression. Additionally, by using CRISPR-Cas9 system to delete ATF3, we found that ATF3 acts to limit ZIKV gene expression in A549 cells. We also determined that ATF3 enhances the expression of antiviral genes such as STAT1 and other components in the innate immunity pathway to induce an ATF3-dependent anti-ZIKV response. Our study reveals crosstalk between the integrated stress response and innate immune response pathways and highlights an important role for ATF3 in establishing an antiviral effect during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheonah Badu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Gabriele Baniulyte
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Morgan A. Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Cara T. Pager
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
- The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222
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6
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Wongchitrat P, Chanmee T, Govitrapong P. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2881-2903. [PMID: 37946006 PMCID: PMC11043213 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) cause variable outcomes from acute to severe neurological sequelae with increased morbidity and mortality. Viral neuroinvasion directly or indirectly induces encephalitis via dysregulation of the immune response and contributes to the alteration of neuronal function and the degeneration of neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus-induced neurodegeneration. Neurotropic viral infections influence many aspects of neuronal dysfunction, including promoting chronic inflammation, inducing cellular oxidative stress, impairing mitophagy, encountering mitochondrial dynamics, enhancing metabolic rewiring, altering neurotransmitter systems, and inducing misfolded and aggregated pathological proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These pathogenetic mechanisms create a multidimensional injury of the brain that leads to specific neuronal and brain dysfunction. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurophathogenesis associated with neurodegeneration of viral infection may emphasize the strategies for prevention, protection, and treatment of virus infection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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7
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Passos V, Henkel LM, Wang J, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Möller R, Sun G, Waltl I, Schneider T, Wachs A, Ritter B, Kropp KA, Zhu S, Deleidi M, Kalinke U, Schulz TF, Höglinger G, Gerold G, Wegner F, Viejo-Borbolla A. Innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to neuronal damage in human iPSC-derived peripheral neurons. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29455. [PMID: 38323709 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes neurological disease in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS, respectively) of some patients. It is not clear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection or the subsequent immune response are the key factors that cause neurological disease. Here, we addressed this question by infecting human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CNS and PNS neurons with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infected a low number of CNS neurons and did not elicit a robust innate immune response. On the contrary, SARS-CoV-2 infected a higher number of PNS neurons. This resulted in expression of interferon (IFN) λ1, several IFN-stimulated genes and proinflammatory cytokines. The PNS neurons also displayed alterations characteristic of neuronal damage, as increased levels of sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin receptor motif-containing protein 1, amyloid precursor protein and α-synuclein, and lower levels of cytoskeletal proteins. Interestingly, blockade of the Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway by Ruxolitinib did not increase SARS-CoV-2 infection, but reduced neuronal damage, suggesting that an exacerbated neuronal innate immune response contributes to pathogenesis in the PNS. Our results provide a basis to study coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related neuronal pathology and to test future preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Passos
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa M Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisco J Zapatero-Belinchón
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Möller
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guorong Sun
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Talia Schneider
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amelie Wachs
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuyong Zhu
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Rzeszotek S, Freus M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Apoptotic Cell Death in an Animal Model of Virus-Induced Acute Liver Failure-Observations during Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:798. [PMID: 38255873 PMCID: PMC10815770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 causes severe and highly fatal Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD). Because of its characteristics, this infection is used as an animal model for acute liver failure (ALF). Apoptosis is one of the key processes underlying ALF and has been described as one of the mechanisms of RHD pathogenesis. Apoptotic cell death has been quite well characterized in infection with different variants of GI.1 strains, but so far, the GI.2 genotype has not been widely studied. In this study, we performed an evaluation of apoptotic cell death in hepatocytes of rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2. We analyzed the expression of genes involved in apoptotic cell death by real-time PCR and performed immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. We showed a significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 and the proapoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in infected animals. In addition, we recorded increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios. IHC analyses showed the presence of morphological signs of apoptosis in the hepatocytes of infected rabbits. Our results indicate that caspase-3 and proteins from the Bcl-2 families play a key role in apoptosis induced by Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Sylwia Rzeszotek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Marika Freus
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (A.P.-B.)
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9
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Tripathi S, Sengar S, Shree B, Mohapatra S, Basu A, Sharma V. An RBM10 and NF-κB interacting host lncRNA promotes JEV replication and neuronal cell death. J Virol 2023; 97:e0118323. [PMID: 37991381 PMCID: PMC10734533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01183-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Central nervous system infection by flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, and West Nile virus results in neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. However, little is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in flavivirus-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Here, we characterized the role of a flavivirus-induced lncRNA named JINR1 during the infection of neuronal cells. Depletion of JINR1 during virus infection reduces viral replication and cell death. An increase in GRP78 expression by JINR1 is responsible for promoting virus replication. Flavivirus infection induces the expression of a cellular protein RBM10, which interacts with JINR1. RBM10 and JINR1 promote the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB activity, which is detrimental to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Suryansh Sengar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Bakhya Shree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
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10
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Singh A, Ghosh R, Guchhait P. CXCR3 antagonist rescues ER stress and reduces inflammation and JEV infection in mice brain. Cytokine 2023; 172:156380. [PMID: 37812996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and synthesis and folding of proteins and lipids. The ER is sensitive to stresses including viral infection that perturb the intracellular energy level and redox state, and accumulating unfolded/misfolded proteins. Viruses including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) activates unfolded protein response (UPR) causing ER stress in host immune cells and promotes inflammation and apoptotic cell death. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 has been reported to play important role in the accumulation of inflammatory immune cells and neuronal cell death in several disease conditions. Recently we described the involvement of CXCR3 in regulating inflammation and JEV infection in mice brain. Supplementation with a CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 significantly reduced JEV infection in the mice brain in conjunction with the downregulation of UPR pathway via PERK:eIF2α:CHOP, and decreased mitochondrial ROS generation, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Alongside, AMG487 treatment improved interferon (IFN)-α/β synthesis in JEV-infected mice brain. Thus, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of CXCR3 antagonist against JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Riya Ghosh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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11
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Li D, Guo M, Liang W, Jin C, Li C. CHOP promotes coelomocyte apoptosis through p38-MAPK pathway in Vibrio splendidus-challenged sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108855. [PMID: 37257572 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) belongs to the C/EBP family of transcription factors that has been proven to regulate apoptosis in many vertebrate species. However, the functional role of CHOP in invertebrates is largely unknown. In this paper, the open reading frame of CHOP was cloned and characterized in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (AjCHOP). The deuced amino acid of AjCHOP shared a conserved RTP801_C domain from 63 to 171 aa. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AjCHOP clustered with CHOPs from Lytechinus variegatus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. To confirm the immune function of AjCHOP, the time-course expression profiles of AjCHOP were investigated, and the findings revealed AjCHOP was significantly induced in coelomocytes at mRNA and protein levels after Vibro splendidus challenge. Furthermore, knockdown of AjCHOP in coelomocyes by siRNA transfection significantly decreased the apoptosis level induced by V. splendidus. Mechanically, AjCHOP-mediated apoptosis was dependent on the activation of p38-MAPK pathway but not JNK/ERK-MAPK. Overall, our results supported that V. splendidus triggers apoptosis among the coelomocytes, whereas AjCHOP mediates through the p38-MAPK pathway in A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Weikang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Ningbo University, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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12
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Mundhra S, Bondre VP. Higher replication potential of West Nile virus governs apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2. [PMID: 37186273 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The extent of neuronal cell damage caused by West Nile virus (WNV) infection governs the disease severity ranging from mild, febrile illness to fatal encephalitis. Availability of naturally occurring genetic variants is helpful to study viral factors governing differential pathogenesis. During WNV infection, apoptosis serves as a virulence determinant positively contributing to viral pathogenesis. We investigated the levels of apoptosis induced by a low neurovirulent WNV lineage 5 strain 804994 and a high neurovirulent lineage 1 strain 68856 in human neuroblastoma cells, IMR-32. Our investigations clearly show the correlation between higher multiplication capacities of 68856 with higher levels of cytopathology induced by apoptosis. We observed activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways during WNV infection. Infection with higher neurovirulent strain resulted in higher upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins including death receptors (DR), adaptor protein, BH3-only regulatory proteins and higher cleavage of initiator caspases of both pathways. These results suggest that the virulence of a WNV strain may correlate with its higher replication fitness and ability to cause more cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mundhra
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Vijay P Bondre
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
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13
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Yuan N, Song Q, Jin Y, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Sheng X, Qi X, Xing K, Xiao L, Wang X. Replication of standard bovine viral diarrhea strain OregonC24Va induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis of bovine trophoblast cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:49-60. [PMID: 36441379 PMCID: PMC9877273 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection, which invades the placenta, causes abortion, produces immune tolerance and continuously infects calves, and causes huge economic losses to the cattle industry. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle in cells, which is prone to ER stress after being stimulated by pathogens, thus activating the ER stress-related apoptosis. Studies have confirmed that BVDV can utilize the ER of its host to complete its own proliferation and stimulate ER stress to a certain extent. However, the role of ER stress in BVDV infecting bovine placental trophoblast cells (BTCs) and inducing apoptosis is still unclear. We are using the cytopathic strain of BVDV (OregonC24Va), which can cause apoptosis of BTCs, as a model system to determine how ER stress induced by BVDV affects placental toxicity. We show that OregonC24Va can infect BTCs and proliferate in it. With the proliferation of BVDV in BTCs, ER stress-related apoptosis is triggered. The ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA was used to inhibit the ER stress of BTCs, which not only inhibited the proliferation of BVDV, but also reduced the apoptosis of BTCs. The ER stress activator Tg can activate ER stress-related apoptosis, but the proliferation of BVDV does not change in BTCs. Therefore, BVDV utilizes the UPR of activated ER stress to promote the proliferation of BVDV in the early stage of infection, and activates the ER stress-related apoptosis of BTCs in the later stage with the virus proliferation to promote the cell apoptosis and further spread of the virus. Our research provides a new theoretical basis for exploring the placental infection and vertical transmission of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihan Yuan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quanjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, Lin'an District, 666 Wusu StreetZhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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14
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Chakraborty S, Sen E, Basu A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 promotes neuronal apoptosis upon Japanese encephalitis virus infection. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:410-419. [PMID: 36590093 PMCID: PMC9795281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in humans is primarily characterized by signs and symptoms including non-specific febrile illness, arthralgia, myalgia etc. followed by its resolution due to joint action of host innate and adaptive immunity. However, in selective cases, complications arise owing to invasion of central nervous system (CNS) by JEV. Patients being unable to control peripheral viral replication owing to differences in host genetics and immunity experience JEV-associated neurological complications manifested in the form of headache, nausea, meningoencephalitis, coma and eventual death. Entry of JEV into CNS activates complex cascade of events resulting in loss of neuronal physiology and thus CNS tissue integrity. In present study, we have demonstrated role played by JEV in modulation of neuronal pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) abundance and its effect upon neuronal health. Infection of neuron by JEV culminates into upregulation of PDK1 abundance. Albeit inhibition of JEV-induced PDK1-upregulation was accompanied by enhanced JEV propagation in neurons, abrogation of PDK1-upregulation was demonstrated to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis. PDK1 inhibition-associated reduction in neuronal death was observed to be associated with reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons. Our study hence provides a possible therapeutic target which upon modulation might help combat JEV infection-associated neuronal apoptosis via restoration of JEV-associated ROS generation.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CHOP, C/EBP Homologous protein
- CNS, central nervous system
- DCFDA, 5-(and-6)-chlromethyl-2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate
- ER-stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- JEV, Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
- PERK, Protein Kinase RNA-like ER Kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- WNV, West Nile virus
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15
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Of particular interest for this topic are the signaling cascades that regulate cell survival and death, two opposite cell programs whose control is hijacked by viral infections. The AKT and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways, which maintain cell homeostasis by regulating these two programs, have been shown to be deregulated during SARS-CoVs infection as well as in the development of cancer, one of the most important comorbidities in relation to COVID-19. Recent evidence revealed two way crosstalk mechanisms between the AKT and the UPR pathways, suggesting that they might constitute a unified homeostatic control system. Here, we review the role of the AKT and UPR pathways and their interaction in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as in tumor onset and progression. Feedback regulation between AKT and UPR pathways emerges as a master control mechanism of cell decision making in terms of survival or death and therefore represents a key potential target for developing treatments for both viral infection and cancer. In particular, drug repositioning, the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes, could significantly reduce time and costs compared to de novo drug discovery.
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Chandra P, Banerjee S, Saha P, Chawla-Sarkar M, Patra U. Sneaking into the viral safe-houses: Implications of host components in regulating integrity and dynamics of rotaviral replication factories. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977799. [PMID: 36189370 PMCID: PMC9515456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of the viral life cycle essentially includes two structural and functional entities—the viral genome and protein machinery constituting the viral arsenal and an array of host cellular components which the virus closely associates with—to ensure successful perpetuation. The obligatory requirements of the virus to selectively evade specific host cellular factors while exploiting certain others have been immensely important to provide the platform for designing host-directed antiviral therapeutics. Although the spectrum of host-virus interaction is multifaceted, host factors that particularly influence viral replication have immense therapeutic importance. During lytic proliferation, viruses usually form replication factories which are specialized subcellular structures made up of viral proteins and replicating nucleic acids. These viral niches remain distinct from the rest of the cellular milieu, but they effectively allow spatial proximity to selective host determinants. Here, we will focus on the interaction between the replication compartments of a double stranded RNA virus rotavirus (RV) and the host cellular determinants of infection. RV, a diarrheagenic virus infecting young animals and children, forms replication bodies termed viroplasms within the host cell cytoplasm. Importantly, viroplasms also serve as the site for transcription and early morphogenesis of RVs and are very dynamic in nature. Despite advances in the understanding of RV components that constitute the viroplasmic architecture, knowledge of the contribution of host determinants to viroplasm dynamicity has remained limited. Emerging evidence suggests that selective host determinants are sequestered inside or translocated adjacent to the RV viroplasms. Functional implications of such host cellular reprogramming are also ramifying—disarming the antiviral host determinants and usurping the pro-viral components to facilitate specific stages of the viral life cycle. Here, we will provide a critical update on the wide variety of host cellular pathways that have been reported to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamicity of RV viroplasms. We will also discuss the methods used so far to study the host-viroplasm interactions and emphasize on the potential host factors which can be targeted for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Chandra
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
| | - Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
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17
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Verburg SG, Lelievre RM, Westerveld MJ, Inkol JM, Sun YL, Workenhe ST. Viral-mediated activation and inhibition of programmed cell death. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010718. [PMID: 35951530 PMCID: PMC9371342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous intracellular genetic parasites that heavily rely on the infected cell to complete their replication life cycle. This dependency on the host machinery forces viruses to modulate a variety of cellular processes including cell survival and cell death. Viruses are known to activate and block almost all types of programmed cell death (PCD) known so far. Modulating PCD in infected hosts has a variety of direct and indirect effects on viral pathogenesis and antiviral immunity. The mechanisms leading to apoptosis following virus infection is widely studied, but several modalities of PCD, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and paraptosis, are relatively understudied. In this review, we cover the mechanisms by which viruses activate and inhibit PCDs and suggest perspectives on how these affect viral pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Grace Verburg
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Jordon Marcus Inkol
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Yi Lin Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Samuel Tekeste Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)/West Nile Virus (WNV)-induced encephalitis, although observed in selective cases, is associated with fatal consequences ranging from decline in cognitive abilities among recovered patients to coma/death. Loss of neuronal cells following viral infection-induced neuronal death imposes significant challenge to the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis eventually resulting in loss of CNS tissue integrity and poor disease outcome in patients. In our present study, we aim to evaluate the role played by miRNA in modulating neuronal death upon neurotropic flaviviral infections. Infection of neuronal cell line resulted in upregulation of miR-451a abundance. Upon its upregulation, miR-451a has been demonstrated to target 3′-UTR of 14-3-3ζ transcript culminating into downregulation of 14-3-3ζ at the protein level. In response to 14-3-3ζ protein depletion in the cytosol upon flavivirus infection, increased phosphorylation of JNK protein has been shown to take place thus paving way for the cell to undergo apoptosis. Reversal of virus-induced miR-451a-upregulation helped abrogate neuronal apoptosis which is accompanied by a restoration of 14-3-3ζ protein and phosphorylated-JNK abundance to its normal level. Our findings hence provide a possible therapeutic target for preventing JEV/WNV-induced neuronal apoptosis thus improving disease outcome in flaviviral infection-associated encephalitis. IMPORTANCE Neuronal infection by JEV/WNV culminates into neuronal cell death thus contributing to signs and symptoms exhibited by patients that suffer from and that have recovered from JEV/WNV-induced encephalitis. In the present study we have evaluated the role of miRNA in promoting flavivirus-induced neuronal apoptosis. miR-451a has been demonstrated to promote neuronal cell death by targeting 14-3-3ζ protein function. The function of miR-451a in modulating neuronal physiology toward self-destruction has been shown to be independent of its effect upon the virus infection life cycle. The 14-3-3ζ transcript upon being targeted by miR-451a promotes JNK phosphorylation hence culminating into neuronal death by activation of apoptotic machinery. Inhibition of miR-451a upon neuronal infection by JEV/WNV helped reduce apoptotic machinery activation hence providing us with possible future therapeutic strategy in ameliorating flavivirus-induced neurological manifestations and overall disease burden in terms of morbidity.
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19
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Wu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Li Y. The Regulation of Integrated Stress Response Signaling Pathway on Viral Infection and Viral Antagonism. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:814635. [PMID: 35222313 PMCID: PMC8874136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.814635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is an adaptational signaling pathway induced in response to different stimuli, such as accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, hypoxia, amino acid deprivation, viral infection, and ultraviolet light. It has been known that viral infection can activate the ISR, but the role of the ISR during viral infection is still unclear. In some cases, the ISR is a protective mechanism of host cells against viral infection, while viruses may hijack the ISR for facilitating their replication. This review highlighted recent advances on the induction of the ISR upon viral infection and the downstream responses, such as autophagy, apoptosis, formation of stress granules, and innate immunity response. We then discussed the molecular mechanism of the ISR regulating viral replication and how viruses antagonize this cellular stress response resulting from the ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanmin Li,
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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20
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Zheng X, Xu L, Ye M, Gu T, Yao YL, Lv LB, Yu D, Yao YG. Characterizing the role of Tupaia DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) gene in viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104307. [PMID: 34748795 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) belongs to the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family and plays an essential role in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we characterized the potential role of the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) DDIT3 (tDDIT3) in viral infections. The tDDIT3 protein is highly conserved and has a species-specific insertion of the SQSS repeat upstream of the C-terminal basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain. Phylogenetic analysis of DDIT3 protein sequences of tree shrew and related mammals indicated a closer genetic affinity between tree shrew and primates than between tree shrew and rodents. Three positively selected sites (PSSs: Glu83, Pro93, and Ser172) were identified in tDDIT3 based on the branch-site model. Expression analysis of tDDIT3 showed a constitutively expressed level in different tissues and a significantly increased level in tree shrew cells upon herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections. Overexpression of tDDIT3 significantly increased the production of HSV-1 and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in tree shrew primary renal cells (TSPRCs), whereas tDDIT3 knockout in tree shrew stable cell line (TSR6 cells) had an inhibitory effect on virus production. The enhanced effect on viral infection by tDDIT3 was not associated with the three PSSs. Mechanistically, tDDIT3 overexpression inhibited type I IFN signaling. tDDIT3 interacted with tMAVS through CARD and PRR domains, but not with other immune-related factors such as tMDA5, tSTING and tTBK1. Collectively, our results revealed tDDIT3 as a negative regulator for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China; National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Maosen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yu-Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Long-Bao Lv
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China; National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
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21
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Tavčar Verdev P, Potokar M, Korva M, Resman Rus K, Kolenc M, Avšič Županc T, Zorec R, Jorgačevski J. In human astrocytes neurotropic flaviviruses increase autophagy, yet their replication is autophagy-independent. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:566. [PMID: 36283999 PMCID: PMC9596533 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, an abundant type of glial cells, are the key cells providing homeostasis in the central nervous system. Due to their susceptibility to infection, combined with high resilience to virus-induced cell death, astrocytes are now considered one of the principal types of cells, responsible for virus retention and dissemination within the brain. Autophagy plays an important role in elimination of intracellular components and in maintaining cellular homeostasis and is also intertwined with the life cycle of viruses. The physiological significance of autophagy in astrocytes, in connection with the life cycle and transmission of viruses, remains poorly investigated. In the present study, we investigated flavivirus-induced modulation of autophagy in human astrocytes by monitoring a tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 probe (mRFP-EGFP-LC3) with confocal and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Astrocytes were infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) or West Nile virus (WNV), both pathogenic flaviviruses, and with mosquito-only flavivirus (MOF), which is considered non-pathogenic. The results revealed that human astrocytes are susceptible to infection with TBEV, WNV and to a much lower extent also to MOF. Infection and replication rates of TBEV and WNV are paralleled by increased rate of autophagy, whereas autophagosome maturation and the size of autophagic compartments are not affected. Modulation of autophagy by rapamycin and wortmannin does not influence TBEV and WNV replication rate, whereas bafilomycin A1 attenuates their replication and infectivity. In human astrocytes infected with MOF, the low infectivity and the lack of efficient replication of this flavivirus are mirrored by the absence of an autophagic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Tavčar Verdev
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Resman Rus
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Decidual NK cells kill Zika virus-infected trophoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115410118. [PMID: 34785597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115410118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy infects fetal trophoblasts and causes placental damage and birth defects including microcephaly. Little is known about the anti-ZIKV cellular immune response at the maternal-fetal interface. Decidual natural killer cells (dNK), which directly contact fetal trophoblasts, are the dominant maternal immune cells in the first-trimester placenta, when ZIKV infection is most hazardous. Although dNK express all the cytolytic molecules needed to kill, they usually do not kill infected fetal cells but promote placentation. Here, we show that dNK degranulate and kill ZIKV-infected placental trophoblasts. ZIKV infection of trophoblasts causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which makes them dNK targets by down-regulating HLA-C/G, natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptor ligands that help maintain tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus. ER stress also activates the NK activating receptor NKp46. ZIKV infection of Ifnar1 -/- pregnant mice results in high viral titers and severe intrauterine growth restriction, which are exacerbated by depletion of NK or CD8 T cells, indicating that killer lymphocytes, on balance, protect the fetus from ZIKV by eliminating infected cells and reducing the spread of infection.
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23
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IRE1-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Promotes the Replication of Tick-Borne Flaviviruses in a Virus and Cell-Type Dependent Manner. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112164. [PMID: 34834970 PMCID: PMC8619205 DOI: 10.3390/v13112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neurological complications in humans, but differences in tissue tropism and pathogenicity have been described for individual virus strains. Viral protein synthesis leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) within infected cells. The IRE1 pathway has been hypothesized to support flavivirus replication by increasing protein and lipid biogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of the UPR in TBFV infection in human astrocytes, neuronal and intestinal cell lines that had been infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains Neudoerfl and MucAr-HB-171/11 as well as Langat virus (LGTV). Both TBEV strains replicated better than LGTV in central nervous system (CNS) cells. TBEV strain MucAr-HB-171/11, which is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, replicated best in intestinal cells. All three viruses activated the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway via the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Interestingly, the neurotropic TBEV strain Neudoerfl induced a strong upregulation of XBP1 in all cell types, but with faster kinetics in CNS cells. In contrast, TBEV strain MucAr-HB-171/11 failed to activate the IRE1 pathway in astrocytes. The low pathogenic LGTV led to a mild induction of IRE1 signaling in astrocytes and intestinal cells. When cells were treated with IRE1 inhibitors prior to infection, TBFV replication in astrocytes was significantly reduced. This confirms a supporting role of the IRE1 pathway for TBFV infection in relevant viral target cells and suggests a correlation between viral tissue tropism and the cell-type dependent induction of the unfolded protein response.
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Klaitong P, Smith DR. Roles of Non-Structural Protein 4A in Flavivirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102077. [PMID: 34696510 PMCID: PMC8538649 DOI: 10.3390/v13102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with viruses in the genus Flavivirus are a worldwide public health problem. These enveloped, positive sense single stranded RNA viruses use a small complement of only 10 encoded proteins and the RNA genome itself to remodel host cells to achieve conditions favoring viral replication. A consequence of the limited viral armamentarium is that each protein exerts multiple cellular effects, in addition to any direct role in viral replication. The viruses encode four non-structural (NS) small transmembrane proteins (NS2A, NS2B, NS4A and NS4B) which collectively remain rather poorly characterized. NS4A is a 16kDa membrane associated protein and recent studies have shown that this protein plays multiple roles, including in membrane remodeling, antagonism of the host cell interferon response, and in the induction of autophagy, in addition to playing a role in viral replication. Perhaps most importantly, NS4A has been implicated as playing a critical role in fetal developmental defects seen as a consequence of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple roles of this small but pivotal protein in mediating the pathobiology of flaviviral infections.
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Rozek W, Kwasnik M, Malinowska A, Stasiak K, Larska M, Rola J. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of equine herpesvirus-1 infected rabbit kidney cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:134-141. [PMID: 34428631 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are the main cause of abortions and respiratory or neurological disorders in horses. Various disease patterns are suspected to be associated with the A2254G point mutation in the DNA polymerase sequence (ORF30) of the herpesvirus genome, although the importance of this link is still under debate. Based on a label-free quantitative proteomic analysis, the differences in the secretion of some host proteins between rabbit kidney cells infected with A2254 and cells of the same line infected with G2254 equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strains were identified. In both groups, downregulation of proteins involved in insulin growth factor and extracellular matrix pathway regulation was observed. Among 12 proteins with increased secretion, 8 were regulated only in G2254 EHV-1 infection. Those were endoplasmic reticulum chaperones with calcium binding properties, related to unfolded protein response and mitochondria. It was presumed that the secretion of proteins such as calreticulin, Hspa5 or endoplasmin may contribute to the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Rozek
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Kwasnik
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Environmental Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation Controls Virus Protein Homeostasis, Which Is Required for Flavivirus Propagation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0223420. [PMID: 33980593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02234-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many positive-stranded RNA viruses encode polyproteins from which viral proteins are generated by processing the polyproteins. This system produces an equal amount of each viral protein, though the required amounts for each protein are not the same. In this study, we found the extra membrane-anchored nonstructural (NS) proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus are rapidly and selectively degraded by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Our gene targeting study revealed that ERAD involving Derlin2 and SEL1L, but not Derlin1, is required for the viral genome replication. Derlin2 is predominantly localized in the convoluted membrane (CM) of the viral replication organelle, and viral NS proteins are degraded in the CM. Hence, these results suggest that viral protein homeostasis is regulated by Derlin2-mediated ERAD in the CM, and this process is critical for the propagation of these viruses. IMPORTANCE The results of this study reveal the cellular ERAD system controls the amount of each viral protein in virus-infected cells and that this "viral protein homeostasis" is critical for viral propagation. Furthermore, we clarified that the "convoluted membrane (CM)," which was previously considered a structure with unknown function, serves as a kind of waste dump where viral protein degradation occurs. We also found that the Derlin2/SEL1L/HRD1-specific pathway is involved in this process, whereas the Derlin1-mediated pathway is not. This novel ERAD-mediated fine-tuning system for the stoichiometries of polyprotein-derived viral proteins may represent a common feature among polyprotein-encoding viruses.
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Zhao Y, Hu N, Jiang Q, Zhu L, Zhang M, Jiang J, Xiong M, Yang M, Yang J, Shen L, Zhang S, Niu L, Chen L, Chen D. Protective effects of sodium butyrate on rotavirus inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:69. [PMID: 34112268 PMCID: PMC8194137 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is a major pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young animals. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent apoptosis play pivotal role in virus infection. However, the protective mechanisms of intestinal damage caused by RV are poorly defined, especially the molecular pathways related to enterocytes apoptosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of sodium butyrate (SB) on RV-induced apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells. RESULTS The RV infection led to significant cell apoptosis, increased the expression levels of ER stress (ERS) markers, phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), caspase9, and caspase3. Blocking PERK pathway using specific inhibitor GSK subsequently reversed RV-induced cell apoptosis. The SB treatment significantly inhibited RV-induced ERS by decreasing the expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), PERK, and eIF2α. In addition, SB treatment restrained the ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway, as indicated by downregulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA level, as well as decreased cleaved caspase9 and caspase3 protein levels. Furthermore, siRNA-induced GPR109a knockdown significantly suppressed the protective effect of SB on RV-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SB exerts protective effects against RV-induced cell apoptosis through inhibiting ERS mediated apoptosis by regulating PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway via GPR109a, which provide new ideas for the prevention and control of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Ningming Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Manyi Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China.
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SOX2OT Long Noncoding RNA Is Regulated by the UPR in Oestrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ENR) stress perturbs cell homeostasis and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). In breast cancer, this process is activated by oestrogen deprivation and is associated with tamoxifen resistance. We present evidence that the transcription factor SOX2 and the long noncoding RNA SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT) are upregulated in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and in response to oestrogen deprivation. We examined the effect of the UPR on SOX2 and SOX2OT expression and the effect of SOX2OT on UPR pathways in breast cancer cell lines. The induction of the UPR by thapsigargin or glucose deprivation upregulates SOX2OT expression. This upregulation is also shown with the anti-oestrogen 4OH-tamoxifen and mTOR inhibitor everolimus in ER + breast cancer cells that are sensitive to oestrogen deprivation or everolimus treatment. SOX2OT overexpression decreased BiP and PERK expression. This effect of SOX2OT overexpression was confirmed on BiP and PERK pathway by q-PCR. Our results show that a long noncoding RNA regulates the UPR and evince a new function of SOX2OT as a participant of ENR stress reprogramming of breast cancer cells.
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Turpin J, El-Safadi D, Lebeau G, Frumence E, Desprès P, Viranaïcken W, Krejbich-Trotot P. CHOP Pro-Apoptotic Transcriptional Program in Response to ER Stress Is Hacked by Zika Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073750. [PMID: 33916874 PMCID: PMC8038490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus considered as a threat to human health due to large epidemics and serious clinical outcomes such as microcephaly in new-borns. Like all flaviviruses, ZIKV relies on the cellular machinery to complete its viral cycle, with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) being the critical site of viral replication factories. The sudden high protein load in the ER induces an ER stress to which the cell responds with an appropriate unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore its disturbed homeostasis. When the restoration fails, the cell signalling leads to a programmed cell death by apoptosis with the upregulation of the UPR-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) which acts as the main trigger for this fatal outcome. Our previous studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to manipulate various cellular responses in order to optimize virus production. ZIKV is able to delay apoptosis to its benefit and although ER stress is induced, the UPR is not complete. Here we discovered that ZIKV impairs the expression of CHOP/DDIT3, the main factor responsible of ER-stress driven apoptosis. Surprisingly, the mechanism does not take place at the transcriptional level but at the translational level.
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Pan Y, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Jia R. The Dual Regulation of Apoptosis by Flavivirus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654494. [PMID: 33841381 PMCID: PMC8024479 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, which maintains cellular homeostasis by eliminating pathogen-infected cells. It contains three signaling pathways: death receptor pathway, mitochondria-mediated pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum pathway. Its importance in host defenses is highlighted by the observation that many viruses evade, hinder or destroy apoptosis, thereby weakening the host’s immune response. Flaviviruses such as Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus utilize various strategies to activate or inhibit cell apoptosis. This article reviews the research progress of apoptosis mechanism during flaviviruses infection, including flaviviruses proteins and subgenomic flaviviral RNA to regulate apoptosis by interacting with host proteins, as well as various signaling pathways involved in flaviviruses-induced apoptosis, which provides a scientific basis for understanding the pathogenesis of flaviviruses and helps in developing an effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.
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33
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Rosche KL, Sidak-Loftis LC, Hurtado J, Fisk EA, Shaw DK. Arthropods Under Pressure: Stress Responses and Immunity at the Pathogen-Vector Interface. Front Immunol 2021; 11:629777. [PMID: 33659000 PMCID: PMC7917218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.629777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding what influences the ability of some arthropods to harbor and transmit pathogens may be key for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases. Arthropod immunity has a central role in dictating vector competence for pathogen acquisition and transmission. Microbial infection elicits immune responses and imparts stress on the host by causing physical damage and nutrient deprivation, which triggers evolutionarily conserved stress response pathways aimed at restoring cellular homeostasis. Recent studies increasingly recognize that eukaryotic stress responses and innate immunity are closely intertwined. Herein, we describe two well-characterized and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), and examine evidence that these stress responses impact immune signaling. We then describe how multiple pathogens, including vector-borne microbes, interface with stress responses in mammals. Owing to the well-conserved nature of the UPR and ISR, we speculate that similar mechanisms may be occurring in arthropod vectors and ultimately impacting vector competence. We conclude this Perspective by positing that novel insights into vector competence will emerge when considering that stress-signaling pathways may be influencing the arthropod immune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Rosche
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay C Sidak-Loftis
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joanna Hurtado
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Fisk
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Dana K Shaw
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Relevance of oxidative stress in inhibition of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation and stress granules formation during Usutu virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009072. [PMID: 33493202 PMCID: PMC7861526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses. USUV emerged in 1996 in Europe, where quickly spread across the continent causing a considerable number of bird deaths and varied neurological disorders in humans, including encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or facial paralysis, thus warning about USUV as a potential health threat. USUV replication takes place on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of infected cells, inducing ER stress and resulting in the activation of stress-related cellular pathways collectively known as the integrated stress response (ISR). The alpha subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 (eIF2α), the core factor in this pathway, is phosphorylated by stress activated kinases: protein kinase R (PKR), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), and general control non-repressed 2 kinase (GCN2). Its phosphorylation results, among others, in the downstream inhibition of translation with accumulation of discrete foci in the cytoplasm termed stress granules (SGs). Our results indicated that USUV infection evades cellular stress response impairing eIF2α phosphorylation and SGs assembly induced by treatment with the HRI activator ArsNa. This protective effect was related with oxidative stress responses in USUV-infected cells. Overall, these results provide new insights into the complex connections between the stress response and flavivirus infection in order to maintain an adequate cellular environment for viral replication. Usutu virus (USUV) infection impairs eIF2α phosphorylation and SGs assembly, in an oxidative stress related manner, as a mechanism to evade cellular stress response. Our results provide new insights into the complex connections between the stress response and USUV infection to maintain a better cellular environment for viral replication.
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Blázquez AB, Saiz JC. Potential for Protein Kinase Pharmacological Regulation in Flaviviridae Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9524. [PMID: 33333737 PMCID: PMC7765220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a protein acceptor, mainly to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. PK catalyzed phosphorylation is critical to the regulation of cellular signaling pathways that affect crucial cell processes, such as growth, differentiation, and metabolism. PKs represent attractive targets for drugs against a wide spectrum of diseases, including viral infections. Two different approaches are being applied in the search for antivirals: compounds directed against viral targets (direct-acting antivirals, DAAs), or against cellular components essential for the viral life cycle (host-directed antivirals, HDAs). One of the main drawbacks of DAAs is the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses. In contrast, HDAs present a higher barrier to resistance development. This work reviews the use of chemicals that target cellular PKs as HDAs against virus of the Flaviviridae family (Flavivirus and Hepacivirus), thus being potentially valuable therapeutic targets in the control of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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36
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ER functions are exploited by viruses to support distinct stages of their life cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2173-2184. [PMID: 33119046 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with its expansive membranous system and a vast network of chaperones, enzymes, sensors, and ion channels, orchestrates diverse cellular functions, ranging from protein synthesis, folding, secretion, and degradation to lipid biogenesis and calcium homeostasis. Strikingly, some of the functions of the ER are exploited by viruses to promote their life cycles. During entry, viruses must penetrate a host membrane and reach an intracellular destination to express and replicate their genomes. These events lead to the assembly of new viral progenies that exit the host cell, thereby initiating further rounds of infection. In this review, we highlight how three distinct viruses - polyomavirus, flavivirus, and coronavirus - co-opt key functions of the ER to cause infection. We anticipate that illuminating this virus-ER interplay will provide rational therapeutic approaches to combat the virus-induced diseases.
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Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1α Promotes Zika Virus Infection through Regulation of Stearoyl Coenzyme A Desaturase 1-Mediated Lipid Metabolism. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01229-20. [PMID: 32967957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01229-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus which has become a global epidemic threat due to its rapid spread and association with serious consequences of infection, including neonatal microcephaly. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related transmembrane protein that mediates unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and has been indicated to play an important role in flavivirus replication. However, the mechanism of how IRE1α affects ZIKV replication remains unknown. In this study, we explored the role of IRE1α in ZIKV infection in vitro and in vivo by using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout and RNA interference-based gene knockdown techniques. Both knockout and knockdown of IRE1α dramatically reduced ZIKV replication levels, including viral RNA levels, protein expression, and titers in different human cell lines. Trans-complementation with IRE1α restored viral replication levels decreased by IRE1α depletion. Furthermore, the proviral effect of IRE1α was dependent on its kinase and RNase activities. Importantly, we found that IRE1α promoted the replication of ZIKV through upregulating the accumulation of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) rate-limiting enzyme stearoyl coenzyme A (stearoyl-CoA) desaturase 1 (SCD1), which further affected the production of oleic acid (OA) and lipid droplet. Finally, our data demonstrated that in the brain tissues of ZIKV-infected mice, the replication levels of ZIKV and virus-related lesions were significantly suppressed by both the kinase and RNase inhibitors of IRE1α. Taken together, our results identified IRE1α as a ZIKV dependency factor which promotes viral replication through affecting SCD1-mediated lipid metabolism, potentially providing a novel molecular target for the development of anti-ZIKV agents.IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to serious neurologic disorders and causes widespread concern in the field of global public health. Inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is an ER-related transmembrane protein that mediates unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Here, we revealed that IRE1α is a proviral factor for ZIKV replication both in culture cells and mice model, which relies on its kinase and RNase activities. Importantly, we further provided evidence that upon ZIKV infection, IRE1α is activated and splices XBP1 mRNA which enhances the expression of monounsaturated fatty acids rate-limiting enzyme stearoyl coenzyme A (stearoyl-CoA) desaturase 1 (SCD1) and subsequent lipid droplet production. Our data uncover a novel mechanism of IRE1α proviral effect by modulating lipid metabolism, providing the first evidence of a close relationship between IRE1α-mediated UPR, lipid metabolism, and ZIKV replication and indicating IRE1α inhibitors as potentially effective anti-ZIKV agents.
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Vallejo-Gracia A, Chen IP, Perrone R, Besnard E, Boehm D, Battivelli E, Tezil T, Krey K, Raymond KA, Hull PA, Walter M, Habrylo I, Cruz A, Deeks S, Pillai S, Verdin E, Ott M. FOXO1 promotes HIV latency by suppressing ER stress in T cells. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1144-1157. [PMID: 32541947 PMCID: PMC7483895 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a hallmark of CD4+ T cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). While reversing this quiescence is an effective approach to reactivate latent HIV from T cells in culture, it can cause deleterious cytokine dysregulation in patients. As a key regulator of T-cell quiescence, FOXO1 promotes latency and suppresses productive HIV infection. We report that, in resting T cells, FOXO1 inhibition impaired autophagy and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby activating two associated transcription factors: activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Both factors associate with HIV chromatin and are necessary for HIV reactivation. Indeed, inhibition of protein kinase R-like ER kinase, an ER stress sensor that can mediate the induction of ATF4, and calcineurin, a calcium-dependent regulator of NFAT, synergistically suppressed HIV reactivation induced by FOXO1 inhibition. Thus, our studies uncover a link of FOXO1, ER stress and HIV infection that could be therapeutically exploited to selectively reverse T-cell quiescence and reduce the size of the latent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vallejo-Gracia
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Emilie Besnard
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Boehm
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tugsan Tezil
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Krey
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marius Walter
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Ireneusz Habrylo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Cruz
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish Pillai
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Liu Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. The role of host eIF2α in viral infection. Virol J 2020; 17:112. [PMID: 32703221 PMCID: PMC7376328 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background eIF2α is a regulatory node that controls protein synthesis initiation by its phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. General control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) are four kinases that regulate eIF2α phosphorylation. Main body In the viral infection process, dsRNA or viral proteins produced by viral proliferation activate different eIF2α kinases, resulting in eIF2α phosphorylation, which hinders ternary tRNAMet-GTP-eIF2 complex formation and inhibits host or viral protein synthesis. The stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex aggregates under viral infection stress to form stress granules (SGs), which encapsulate viral RNA and transcription- and translation-related proteins, thereby limiting virus proliferation. However, many viruses have evolved a corresponding escape mechanism to synthesize their own proteins in the event of host protein synthesis shutdown and SG formation caused by eIF2α phosphorylation, and viruses can block the cell replication cycle through the PERK-eIF2α pathway, providing a favorable environment for their own replication. Subsequently, viruses can induce host cell autophagy or apoptosis through the eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway. Conclusions This review summarizes the role of eIF2α in viral infection to provide a reference for studying the interactions between viruses and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
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Bartko JC, Li Y, Sun G, Halterman MW. Phosphorylation within the bipartite NLS alters the localization and toxicity of the ER stress response factor DDIT3/CHOP. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109713. [PMID: 32673756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is a well-established mechanism utilized by cells to regulate adaptive and maladaptive responses to acute oxidant stress. Commonly associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, the bZIP transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP/DDIT3) mediates the cellular response to redox stress with effects on cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. We show through functional analyses that CHOP contains a conserved, compound pat4/bipartite nuclear localization signal within the basic DNA-binding domain. Using phylogenetic analyses and mass spectrometry, we now show that Ser107 located within the linker region of the bipartite NLS domain is a substrate for phosphorylation under standard culture conditions. Studies using the S107E phospho-mimic of CHOP indicate that changes in the charge properties at this residue regulate CHOP's nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. And while co-stimulation with the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin induced injury in cells expressing wild-type CHOP, the S107A point-mutant blocked this response. These findings indicate that phosphorylation within the bipartite NLS exerts regulatory effects on both the subcellular localization and toxic potential of DDIT3/CHOP. Future studies geared towards defining the relevant kinase/phosphatase networks that converge on the phosphorylation-regulated NLS (prNLS) phosphoepitope may provide an opportunity to constrain cellular damage in the context of acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Bartko
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - George Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Marc W Halterman
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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Ortiz E, Sanchis P, Bizzotto J, Lage-Vickers S, Labanca E, Navone N, Cotignola J, Vazquez E, Gueron G. Myxovirus Resistance Protein 1 (MX1), a Novel HO-1 Interactor, Tilts the Balance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress towards Pro-Death Events in Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1005. [PMID: 32640729 PMCID: PMC7407234 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory tumor microenvironment is a fertile niche accelerating prostate cancer (PCa). We have reported that heme-oxygenase (HO-1) had a strong anti-tumoral effect in PCa. We previously undertook an in-depth proteomics study to build the HO-1 interactome in PCa. In this work, we used a bioinformatics approach to address the biological significance of HO-1 interactors. Open-access PCa datasets were mined to address the clinical significance of the HO-1 interactome in human samples. HO-1 interactors were clustered into groups according to their expression profile in PCa patients. We focused on the myxovirus resistance gene (MX1) as: (1) it was significantly upregulated under HO-1 induction; (2) it was the most consistently downregulated gene in PCa vs. normal prostate; (3) its loss was associated with decreased relapse-free survival in PCa; and (4) there was a significant positive correlation between MX1 and HMOX1 in PCa patients. Further, MX1 was upregulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and this stress triggered apoptosis and autophagy in PCa cells. Strikingly, MX1 silencing reversed ERS. Altogether, we showcase MX1 as a novel HO-1 interactor and downstream target, associated with ERS in PCa and having a high impact in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Pablo Sanchis
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Juan Bizzotto
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Sofia Lage-Vickers
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Estefania Labanca
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Nora Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Javier Cotignola
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Elba Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Geraldine Gueron
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.O.); (P.S.); (J.B.); (S.L.-V.); (J.C.); (E.V.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Turpin J, Frumence E, Harrabi W, Haddad JG, El Kalamouni C, Desprès P, Krejbich-Trotot P, Viranaïcken W. Zika virus subversion of chaperone GRP78/BiP expression in A549 cells during UPR activation. Biochimie 2020; 175:99-105. [PMID: 32464166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses replicate in membranous factories associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Significant levels of flavivirus polyprotein integration contribute to ER stress and the host cell may exhibit an Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to this protein accumulation, stimulating appropriate cellular responses such as adaptation, autophagy or cell death. These different stress responses support other antiviral strategies initiated by infected cells and can help to overcome viral infection. In epithelial A549 cells, a model currently used to study the flavivirus infection cycle and the host cell responses, all three pathways leading to UPR are activated during infection by Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever virus (YFV) or West Nile virus (WNV). In the present study, we investigated the capacity of ZIKA virus (ZIKV) to induce ER stress in A549 cells. We observed that the cells respond to ZIKV infection by implementing an UPR through activation of the IRE1 and PERK pathway without activation of the ATF6 branch. By modulating the ER stress response, we found that UPR inducers significantly inhibit ZIKV replication. Interestingly, our findings provide evidence that ZIKV could manipulate the UPR to escape this host cell defence system by downregulating GRP78/BiP expression. This subversion of GRP78 expression could lead to unresolved and persistent ER stress which can be a benefit for virus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Etienne Frumence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Wissal Harrabi
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Juliano G Haddad
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Chaker El Kalamouni
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France.
| | - Wildriss Viranaïcken
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France.
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Kobayashi S, Kaneko C, Kawakami R, Hasebe R, Sawa H, Yoshii K, Kariwa H. Amino acid 159 of the envelope protein affects viral replication and T-cell infiltration by West Nile virus in intracranial infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7168. [PMID: 32346055 PMCID: PMC7189269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important cause of viral encephalitis in birds and animals, including humans. Amino acid 159 of the envelope (E) protein is reportedly implicated in the different levels of neurovirulence in mice infected with WNV NY99 or Eg101. We investigated the role of amino acid 159 of the E protein in the pathogenesis of WNV infection. We produced recombinant WNV with the structural proteins of the NY99 or Eg101 strain (NY-WT or EgCME-WT) and mutant viruses with substitutions of amino acid 159 of the E protein (NY-E-V159I or EgCME-E-I159V). The NY-WT and NY-E-V159I or EgCME-WT and EgCME-E-I159V titers in culture supernatant were similar. The mortality rate and viral titer in the brains of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with NY-WT or NY-E-V159I were also similar. In contrast, the mortality rate and viral titer in the brains of mice inoculated intracranially with EgCME-E-I159V were significantly higher than those of mice inoculated with EgCME-WT. The numbers of CD3-positive and CD8-positive T cells were greater in brains inoculated with EgCME-E-I159V than in those inoculated with EgCME-WT. Therefore, amino acid 159 of the E protein modulates the pathogenicity of WNV by affecting viral replication and T-cell infiltration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Chisato Kaneko
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Biomedical Animal Research Laboratory, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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SOX2OT Long Noncoding RNA Is Regulated by the UPR in Oestrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sci2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress perturbs cell homeostasis and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). In breast cancer, this process is activated by oestrogen deprivation and is associated with tamoxifen resistance. We present evidence that the transcription factor SOX2 and the long noncoding RNA SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT) are up-regulated in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and in response to oestrogen deprivation. We examined the effect of the UPR on SOX2 and SOX2OT expression, and the effect of SOX2OT on UPR pathways in breast cancer cell lines. The induction of the UPR by thapsigargin or glucose deprivation up-regulates SOX2OT expression. This up-regulation is also shown with the anti-oestrogen 4OH-tamoxifen and mTOR inhibitor everolimus in ER + breast cancer cells that are sensitive to oestrogen deprivation or everolimus treatment. SOX2OT overexpression decreased BiP and PERK expression. This effect of SOX2OT overexpression was confirmed on BiP and PERK pathway by q-PCR. Our results show that a long noncoding RNA regulates the UPR and evince a new function of SOX2OT as a participant of ER stress reprogramming of breast cancer cells.
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Echavarria-Consuegra L, Smit JM, Reggiori F. Role of autophagy during the replication and pathogenesis of common mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses. Open Biol 2020; 9:190009. [PMID: 30862253 PMCID: PMC6451359 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes represent one of the most important causes of febrile illness worldwide. In recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic re-emergence of several mosquito-borne arboviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). DENV is currently the most common mosquito-borne arbovirus, with an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually. Despite a global effort, no specific therapeutic strategies are available to combat the diseases caused by these viruses. Multiple cellular pathways modulate the outcome of infection by either promoting or hampering viral replication and/or pathogenesis, and autophagy appears to be one of them. Autophagy is a degradative pathway generally induced to counteract viral infection. Viruses, however, have evolved strategies to subvert this pathway and to hijack autophagy components for their own benefit. In this review, we will focus on the role of autophagy in mosquito-borne arboviruses with emphasis on DENV, CHIKV, WNV and ZIKV, due to their epidemiological importance and high disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Echavarria-Consuegra
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Lewy TG, Offerdahl DK, Grabowski JM, Kellman E, Mlera L, Chiramel A, Bloom ME. PERK-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Restricts Replication of the Tick-Borne Flavivirus Langat Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030328. [PMID: 32197325 PMCID: PMC7150897 DOI: 10.3390/v12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and has been implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to flavivirus infection. Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), a sensor of the UPR, is commonly associated with antiviral effects during mosquito-borne flavivirus (MBFV) infection, but its relation to tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identified changes in UPR and autophagic activity during Langat virus (LGTV) infection. LGTV robustly activated UPR and altered autophagic flux. Knockdown of endogenous PERK in human cells resulted in increased LGTV replication, but not that of closely related Powassan virus (POWV). Finally, on examining changes in protein levels of components associated with UPR and autophagy in the absence of PERK, we could show that LGTV-infected cells induced UPR but did not lead to expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an important downstream transcription factor of multiple stress pathways. From these data, we hypothesize that LGTV can antagonize other kinases that target eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), but not PERK, implicating PERK as a potential mediator of intrinsic immunity. This effect was not apparent for POWV, a more pathogenic TBFV, suggesting it may be better equipped to mitigate the antiviral effects of PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G. Lewy
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Danielle K. Offerdahl
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.); (M.E.B.); Tel.: +1-406-375-9789 (J.M.G.); +1-406-375-9707 (M.E.B.)
| | - Eliza Kellman
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Luwanika Mlera
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Abhilash Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Marshall E. Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.); (M.E.B.); Tel.: +1-406-375-9789 (J.M.G.); +1-406-375-9707 (M.E.B.)
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Kolpikova EP, Tronco AR, Den Hartigh AB, Jackson KJ, Iwawaki T, Fink SL. IRE1α Promotes Zika Virus Infection via XBP1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030278. [PMID: 32138181 PMCID: PMC7150863 DOI: 10.3390/v12030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent member of the Flaviviridae family which causes severe congenital defects and other major sequelae, but the cellular processes that support ZIKV replication are incompletely understood. Related flaviviruses use the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a membranous platform for viral replication and induce ER stress during infection. Our data suggest that ZIKV activates IRE1α, a component of the cellular response to ER stress. IRE1α is an ER-resident transmembrane protein that possesses a cytosolic RNase domain. Upon activation, IRE1α initiates nonconventional cytoplasmic splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Spliced XBP1 encodes a transcription factor, which upregulates ER-related targets. We find that ZIKV infection induces XBP1 mRNA splicing and induction of XBP1 target genes. Small molecule inhibitors of IRE1α, including those specific for the nuclease function, prevent ZIKV-induced cytotoxicity, as does genetic disruption of IRE1α. Optimal ZIKV RNA replication requires both IRE1α and XBP1. Spliced XBP1 has been described to cause ER expansion and remodeling and we find that ER redistribution during ZIKV infection requires IRE1α nuclease activity. Finally, we demonstrate that inducible genetic disruption of IRE1α and XBP1 impairs ZIKV replication in a mouse model of infection. Together, our data indicate that the ER stress response component IRE1α promotes ZIKV infection via XBP1 and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Kolpikova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana R. Tronco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Konner J. Jackson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0265, Japan
| | - Susan L. Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(206)-598-6131
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Oyarzún-Arrau A, Alonso-Palomares L, Valiente-Echeverría F, Osorio F, Soto-Rifo R. Crosstalk between RNA Metabolism and Cellular Stress Responses during Zika Virus Replication. Pathogens 2020; 9:E158. [PMID: 32106582 PMCID: PMC7157488 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus associated with neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. In humans, ZIKV is able to replicate in cell types from different tissues including placental cells, neurons, and microglia. This intricate virus-cell interaction is accompanied by virally induced changes in the infected cell aimed to promote viral replication as well as cellular responses aimed to counteract or tolerate the virus. Early in the infection, the 11-kb positive-sense RNA genome recruit ribosomes in the cytoplasm and the complex is translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for viral protein synthesis. In this process, ZIKV replication is known to induce cellular stress, which triggers both the expression of innate immune genes and the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), shutting-off host protein synthesis. Remodeling of the ER during ZIKV replication also triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces changes in the cellular transcriptional landscapes aimed to tolerate infection or trigger apoptosis. Alternatively, ZIKV replication induces changes in the adenosine methylation patterns of specific host mRNAs, which have different consequences in viral replication and cellular fate. In addition, the ZIKV RNA genome undergoes adenosine methylation by the host machinery, which results in the inhibition of viral replication. However, despite these relevant findings, the full scope of these processes to the outcome of infection remains poorly elucidated. This review summarizes relevant aspects of the complex crosstalk between RNA metabolism and cellular stress responses against ZIKV and discusses their possible impact on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
| | - Luis Alonso-Palomares
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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50
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Murphy Schafer AR, Smith JL, Pryke KM, DeFilippis VR, Hirsch AJ. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SIAH1 Targets MyD88 for Proteasomal Degradation During Dengue Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32117091 PMCID: PMC7033647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus presents a serious threat to human health globally and can cause severe, even life-threatening, illness. Dengue virus (DENV) is endemic on all continents except Antarctica, and it is estimated that more than 100 million people are infected each year. Herein, we further mine the data from a previously described screen for microRNAs (miRNAs) that block flavivirus replication. We use miR-424, a member of the miR-15/16 family, as a tool to further dissect the role of host cell proteins during DENV infection. We observed that miR-424 suppresses expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH1, which is normally induced during dengue virus 2 (DENV2) infection through activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Specific siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIAH1 also results in inhibition of DENV replication, demonstrating that this target is at least partly responsible for the antiviral activity of miR-424. We further show that SIAH1 binds to and ubiquitinates the innate immune adaptor protein MyD88 and that the antiviral effect of SIAH1 knockdown is reduced in cells in which MyD88 has been deleted by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Additionally, MyD88-dependent signaling, triggered either by DENV2 infection or the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ligand imiquimod, is increased in cells in which SIAH1 has been knocked down by miR-424 or a SIAH1-specific siRNA. These observations suggest an additional pathway by which DENV2 harnesses aspects of the UPR to dampen the host innate immune response and promote viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Murphy Schafer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jessica L Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Kara M Pryke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Victor R DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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