1
|
Clain JA, Rabezanahary H, Racine G, Boutrais S, Soundaramourty C, Joly Beauparlant C, Jenabian MA, Droit A, Ancuta P, Zghidi-Abouzid O, Estaquier J. Early ART reduces viral seeding and innate immunity in liver and lungs of SIV-infected macaques. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167856. [PMID: 37485876 PMCID: PMC10443800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying immune cells and anatomical tissues that contribute to the establishment of viral reservoirs is of central importance in HIV-1 cure research. Herein, we used rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SIVmac251 to analyze viral seeding in the liver and lungs of either untreated or early antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART-treated) RMs. Consistent with viral replication and sensing, transcriptomic analyses showed higher levels of inflammation, pyroptosis, and chemokine genes as well as of interferon-stimulating gene (ISG) transcripts, in the absence of ART. Our results highlighted the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (HLA-DR+CD11b+CD14+CD16+) in inflamed liver and lung tissues associated with the expression of CD183 and CX3CR1 but also with markers of tissue-resident macrophages (CD206+ and LYVE+). Sorting of myeloid cell subsets demonstrated that CD14+CD206-, CD14+CD206+, and CD14-CD206+ cell populations were infected, in the liver and lungs, in SIVmac251-infected RMs. Of importance, early ART drastically reduced viral seeding consistent with the absence of ISG detection but also of genes related to inflammation and tissue damage. Viral DNA was only detected in CD206+HLA-DR+CD11b+ cells in ART-treated RMs. The observation of pulmonary and hepatic viral rebound after ART interruption reinforces the importance of early ART implementation to limit viral seeding and inflammatory reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien A. Clain
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gina Racine
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Boutrais
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- INSERM U1124, University of Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carmona-Pérez L, Dagenais-Lussier X, Mai LT, Stögerer T, Swaminathan S, Isnard S, Rice MR, Barnes BJ, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J, Stäger S. The TLR7/IRF-5 axis sensitizes memory CD4+ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167329. [PMID: 37227774 PMCID: PMC10371351 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by inflammation and a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell count. Despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) maintain residual levels of inflammation, a low degree of immune activation, and higher sensitivity to cell death in their memory CD4+ T cell compartment. To date, the mechanisms responsible for this high sensitivity remain elusive. We have identified the transcription factor IRF-5 to be involved in impairing the maintenance of murine CD4+ T cells during chronic infection. Here, we investigate whether IRF-5 also contributes to memory CD4+ T cell loss during HIV-1 infection. We show that TLR7 and IRF-5 were upregulated in memory CD4+ T cells from PLWH, when compared with naturally protected elite controllers and HIVfree participants. TLR7 was upstream of IRF-5, promoting Caspase 8 expression in CD4+ T cells from ART HIV-1+ but not from HIVfree donors. Interestingly, the TLR7/IRF-5 axis acted synergistically with the Fas/FasL pathway, suggesting that TLR7 and IRF-5 expression in ART HIV-1+ memory CD4+ T cells represents an imprint that predisposes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This predisposition could be blocked using IRF-5 inhibitory peptides, suggesting IRF-5 blockade as a possible therapy to prevent memory CD4+ T cell loss in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linh T. Mai
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanja Stögerer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Rice
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wood MP, Jones CI, Lippy A, Oliver BG, Walund B, Fancher KA, Fisher BS, Wright PJ, Fuller JT, Murapa P, Habib J, Mavigner M, Chahroudi A, Sather DN, Fuller DH, Sodora DL. Rapid progression is associated with lymphoid follicle dysfunction in SIV-infected infant rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009575. [PMID: 33961680 PMCID: PMC8133453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected infants are at an increased risk of progressing rapidly to AIDS in the first weeks of life. Here, we evaluated immunological and virological parameters in 25 SIV-infected infant rhesus macaques to understand the factors influencing a rapid disease outcome. Infant macaques were infected with SIVmac251 and monitored for 10 to 17 weeks post-infection. SIV-infected infants were divided into either typical (TypP) or rapid (RP) progressor groups based on levels of plasma anti-SIV antibody and viral load, with RP infants having low SIV-specific antibodies and high viral loads. Following SIV infection, 11 out of 25 infant macaques exhibited an RP phenotype. Interestingly, TypP had lower levels of total CD4 T cells, similar reductions in CD4/CD8 ratios and elevated activation of CD8 T cells, as measured by the levels of HLA-DR, compared to RP. Differences between the two groups were identified in other immune cell populations, including a failure to expand activated memory (CD21-CD27+) B cells in peripheral blood in RP infant macaques, as well as reduced levels of germinal center (GC) B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in spleens (4- and 10-weeks post-SIV). Reduced B cell proliferation in splenic germinal GCs was associated with increased SIV+ cell density and follicular type 1 interferon (IFN)-induced immune activation. Further analyses determined that at 2-weeks post SIV infection TypP infants exhibited elevated levels of the GC-inducing chemokine CXCL13 in plasma, as well as significantly lower levels of viral envelope diversity compared to RP infants. Our findings provide evidence that early viral and immunologic events following SIV infection contributes to impairment of B cells, Tfh cells and germinal center formation, ultimately impeding the development of SIV-specific antibody responses in rapidly progressing infant macaques. Despite significant reductions in vertical HIV transmission, nearly 100,000 children succumb to AIDS-related illnesses each year. Indeed, infants face a disproportionately higher risk of progressing to AIDS, with roughly half of HIV+ infants exhibiting a rapid progression to AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality. Here, we evaluated immunological and virological parameters in 25 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected infant rhesus macaques to assess the factors that influence a rapid disease outcome. Infant macaques were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and divided into either typical (TypP) or rapid (RP) progressor groups. RP infants exhibited low levels of plasma anti-SIV antibody and high viral loads. Following SIV infection, 11 out of 25 infant macaques exhibited an RP phenotype with some exhibiting AIDS-related symptoms. This study provides evidence that the low levels of anti-SIV antibodies are associated with impairments to both B and T cells in both blood and lymphoid tissues. These changes are associated with the prolonged expression of type 1 interferons which may be impeding development of a healthy humoral immune response in these rapidly progressing SIV-infected infant macaques. These findings have implications regarding potential therapeutic approaches to prevent rapid progression in HIV infected infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Wood
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chloe I. Jones
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adriana Lippy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brynn Walund
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fancher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Fisher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Piper J. Wright
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James T. Fuller
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patience Murapa
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Jakob Habib
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01478-20. [PMID: 32907978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Seddiki N, Picard F, Dupaty L, Lévy Y, Godot V. The Potential of Immune Modulation in Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030419. [PMID: 32726934 PMCID: PMC7565497 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss here some of the key immunological elements that are at the crossroads and need to be combined to develop a potent therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine. Therapeutic vaccines have been commonly used to enhance and/or recall pre-existing HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses aiming to suppress virus replication. The current success of immune checkpoint blockers in cancer therapy renders them very attractive to use in HIV-1 infected individuals with the objective to preserve the function of HIV-1-specific T cells from exhaustion and presumably target the persistent cellular reservoir. The major latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for virus reactivation during therapy-suppressed individuals provide the scientific basis for future combinatorial therapeutic vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
- INSERM U955 Equipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-01-4981-3902; Fax: +33-01-4981-3709
| | - Florence Picard
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Léa Dupaty
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
- AP-HP Hôpital H. Mondor—A. Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azar P, Mejía JE, Cenac C, Shaiykova A, Youness A, Laffont S, Essat A, Izopet J, Passaes C, Müller-Trutwin M, Delobel P, Meyer L, Guéry JC. TLR7 dosage polymorphism shapes interferogenesis and HIV-1 acute viremia in women. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136047. [PMID: 32554924 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-I) production by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) occurs during acute HIV-1 infection in response to TLR7 stimulation, but the role of pDC-derived IFN-I in controlling or promoting HIV-1 infection is ambiguous. We report here a sex-biased interferogenic phenotype for a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism of human TLR7, rs179008, displaying an impact on key parameters of acute HIV-1 infection. We show allele rs179008 T to determine lower TLR7 protein abundance in cells from women, specifically - likely by diminishing TLR7 mRNA translation efficiency through codon usage. The hypomorphic TLR7 phenotype is mirrored by decreased TLR7-driven IFN-I production by female pDCs. Among women from the French ANRS PRIMO cohort of acute HIV-1 patients, carriage of allele rs179008 T associated with lower viremia, cell-associated HIV-1 DNA, and CXCL10 (IP-10) plasma concentrations. RNA viral load was decreased by 0.85 log10 (95% CI, -1.51 to -0.18) among T/T homozygotes, who also exhibited a lower frequency of acute symptoms. TLR7 emerges as an important control locus for acute HIV-1 viremia, and the clinical phenotype for allele rs179008 T, carried by 30%-50% of European women, supports a beneficial effect of toning down TLR7-driven IFN-I production by pDCs during acute HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Azar
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - José Enrique Mejía
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Cenac
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnoo Shaiykova
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ali Youness
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Laffont
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Asma Essat
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Delobel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UMR 1043 INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pathogenic Role of Type I Interferons in HIV-Induced Immune Impairments in Humanized Mice. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:224-229. [PMID: 31055732 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent findings on the critical pathogenic role of type 1 interferons (IFN-I) in HIV-1 persistence in humanized mice suggest that inhibiting IFN-I signaling transiently will reverse HIV-induced inflammatory diseases and rescue anti-HIV immunity to control HIV-1 reservoirs. RECENT FINDINGS In both humanized mice and in monkeys, IFN-I signaling is functionally defined to play an important role in suppressing early HIV-1 and SIV infection. During persistent infection in humanized mice, however, IFN-I signaling is revealed to induce T cell depletion and impairment. Interestingly, in HIV-infected mice with effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), blocking IFN-I signaling reverses HIV-induced inflammation, rescues anti-HIV T cells, and reduces HIV-1 reservoirs. These findings functionally define the role of IFN-I in HIV-1 reservoir persistence and suggest that blocking IFN-I signaling will provide a novel therapeutic strategy to (i) reverse inflammation-associated diseases in HIV patients under cART, (ii) rescue host anti-HIV immunity, and (iii) reduce or control HIV-1 reservoirs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Despite early antiretroviral therapy effector memory and follicular helper CD4 T cells are major reservoirs in visceral lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:149-160. [PMID: 31723251 PMCID: PMC6914669 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication, ART discontinuation results in viral rebound, indicating the presence of viral reservoirs (VRs) established within lymphoid tissues. Herein, by sorting CD4 T-cell subsets from the spleen, mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) of SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), we demonstrate that effector memory (TEM) and follicular helper (TFH) CD4+ T cells harbor the highest frequency of viral DNA and RNA, as well of early R-U5 transcripts in ART-naïve RMs. Furthermore, our results highlight that these two CD4 T cells subsets harbor viral DNA and early R-U5 transcripts in the spleen and mesenteric LNs (but not in peripheral LN) of RMs treated with ART at day 4 post infection suggesting that these two anatomical sites are important for viral persistence. Finally, after ART interruption, we demonstrate the rapid and, compared to peripheral LNs, earlier seeding of SIV in spleen and mesenteric LNs, thereby emphasizing the importance of these two anatomical sites for viral replication dynamics. Altogether our results advance understanding of early viral seeding in which visceral lymphoid tissues are crucial in maintaining TEM and TFH VRs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pahar B, Kuebler D, Rasmussen T, Wang X, Srivastav SK, Das A, Veazey RS. Quantification of Viral RNA and DNA Positive Cells in Tissues From Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Controller and Progressor Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2933. [PMID: 31921088 PMCID: PMC6933296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) from an infected individual cannot be achieved using current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Viral reservoirs established in early infection remain unaffected by ART and are able to replenish systemic infection upon treatment interruption. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected macaque models are useful for studying HIV pathogenesis, treatments, and persistent viral reservoirs. Here, we used the SIV macaque model to examine and quantify RNA and DNA positive cells in tissues from macaques that control viral replication (controllers) and those that have persistently high plasma viremia (progressors). A positive correlation was detected between tissue RNA+ cells and plasma viral load in both mesenteric lymph node (LN) and spleen. Similarly, a positive correlation also observed between DNA+ cells and plasma viral load in ileum and jejunum. Controllers had a lower frequency of both RNA and DNA+ cells in several tissues compared to progressors. However, DNA+ cells were prevalent in mesenteric LN, inguinal LN, colon, midbrain, and bone marrow tissues in both controller and progressors. Organized lymphoid tissues of LNs, spleen, and intestine were found as the major tissues positive for virus. Viral RNA and DNA positive cells were detected in brain and thymus in macaques with high plasma viremia and SIV-encephalitis. Both T cells and macrophages were shown to be infected in several tissues, indicating vaccines and ART should be specifically designed to protect these cells in organized lymphoid tissues. These results indicate ART should target infected cells in secondary lymphoid organs to reduce both productively and latently infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dot Kuebler
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Terri Rasmussen
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barrat FJ, Su L. A pathogenic role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in autoimmunity and chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1974-1985. [PMID: 31420375 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and of their extraordinary ability to produce type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation, it is assumed that their main function is to participate in the antiviral response. There is increasing evidence suggesting that pDCs and/or IFN-I can also have a detrimental role in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, in the context of chronic viral infections and in cancers. Whether these cells should be targeted in patients and how much of their biology is connected to IFN-I production remains unclear and is discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Barrat
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Lishan Su
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Laforge M, Silvestre R, Rodrigues V, Garibal J, Campillo-Gimenez L, Mouhamad S, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Rabezanahary H, Pruvost A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Hurtrel B, Silvestri G, Senik A, Estaquier J. The anti-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH prevents AIDS disease progression in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1627-1640. [PMID: 29553486 DOI: 10.1172/jci95127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been proposed as a key mechanism responsible for CD4+ T cell depletion and immune dysfunction during HIV infection. We demonstrated that Q-VD-OPH, a caspase inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous and activation-induced death of T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). When administered during the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH was associated with (a) reduced levels of T cell death, (b) preservation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in lymphoid organs and in the gut, (c) maintenance of memory CD4+ T cells, and (d) increased specific CD4+ T cell response associated with the expression of cytotoxic molecules. Although therapy was limited to the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH-treated RMs showed lower levels of both viral load and cell-associated SIV DNA as compared with control SIV-infected RMs throughout the chronic phase of infection, and prevented the development of AIDS. Overall, our data demonstrate that Q-VD-OPH injection in SIV-infected RMs may represent an adjunctive therapeutic agent to control HIV infection and delaying disease progression to AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Garibal
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, iBiTecS, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Senik
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bissel SJ, Gurnsey K, Jedema HP, Smith NF, Wang G, Bradberry CW, Wiley CA. Aged Chinese-origin rhesus macaques infected with SIV develop marked viremia in absence of clinical disease, inflammation or cognitive impairment. Retrovirology 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 29391069 PMCID: PMC5796498 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the central nervous system during HIV infection can lead to variable neurobehavioral dysfunction termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). There is no clear consensus regarding the neuropathological or cellular basis of HAND. We sought to study the potential contribution of aging to the pathogenesis of HAND. Aged (range = 14.7-24.8 year) rhesus macaques of Chinese origin (RM-Ch) (n = 23) were trained to perform cognitive tasks. Macaques were then divided into four groups to assess the impact of SIVmac251 infection (n = 12) and combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) (5 infected; 5 mock-infected) on the execution of these tasks. RESULTS Aged SIV-infected RM-Ch demonstrated significant plasma viremia and modest CSF viral loads but showed few clinical signs, no elevations of systemic temperature, and no changes in activity levels, platelet counts or weight. Concentrations of biomarkers of acute and chronic inflammation such as soluble CD14, CXCL10, IL-6 and TNF-α are known to be elevated following SIV infection of young adult macaques of several species, but concentrations of these biomarkers did not shift after SIV infection in aged RM-Ch and remained similar to mock-infected macaques. Neither acute nor chronic SIV infection or CART had a significant impact on accuracy, speed or percent completion in a sensorimotor test. CONCLUSIONS Viremia in the absence of a chronic elevated inflammatory response seen in some aged RM-Ch is reminiscent of SIV infection in natural disease resistant hosts. The absence of cognitive impairment during SIV infection in aged RM-Ch might be in part attributed to diminishment of some facets of the immunological response. Additional study encompassing species and age differences is necessary to substantiate this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Bissel
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Kate Gurnsey
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Hank P. Jedema
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Nicholas F. Smith
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Guoji Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Charles W. Bradberry
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 4100 Allequippa Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Clayton A. Wiley
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moukambi F, Rodrigues V, Fortier Y, Rabezanahary H, Borde C, Krust B, Andreani G, Silvestre R, Petrovas C, Laforge M, Estaquier J. CD4 T Follicular Helper Cells and HIV Infection: Friends or Enemies? Front Immunol 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28265271 PMCID: PMC5316554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, a subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, are essential for memory B cell activation, survival, and differentiation and assist B cells in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Work performed in recent years pointed out the importance of Tfh cells in the context of HIV and SIV infections. The importance of tissue distribution of Tfh is also an important point since their frequency differs between peripheral blood and lymph nodes compared to the spleen, the primary organ for B cell activation, and differentiation. Our recent observations indicated an early and profound loss of splenic Tfh cells. The role of transcriptional activator and repressor factors that control Tfh differentiation is also discussed in the context of HIV/SIV infection. Because Tfh cells are important for B cell differentiation and antibody production, accelerating the Tfh responses early during HIV/SIV infection could be promising as novel immunotherapeutic approach or alternative vaccine strategies. However, because Tfh cells are infected during the HIV/SIV infection and represent a reservoir, this may interfere with HIV vaccine strategy. Thus, Tfh represent the good and bad guys during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Moukambi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yasmina Fortier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Henintsoa Rabezanahary
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chloé Borde
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Krust
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
George J, Renn L, Verthelyi D, Roederer M, Rabin RL, Mattapallil JJ. Early treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors significantly suppresses peak plasma IFNα in vivo during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:156-164. [PMID: 27622386 PMCID: PMC11348878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate interferons (IFN) are comprised of multiple Type I and III subtypes. The in vivo kinetics of subtype responses during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined. Using the acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we show that plasma IFNα levels peak at day 10 post-infection (pi) after which they rapidly declined. The mRNA expression of Type I and III IFN subtypes were significantly elevated in the lymph nodes (LN) at day 10 pi. Though the expression levels of all subtypes declined by day 14-31 pi, numerous subtypes remained elevated suggesting that ongoing viral replication in LN continues to drive induction of these subtypes. Interestingly, treatment with reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors at day 7 pi significantly suppressed plasma IFNα responses by day 10 pi that significantly correlated with cell-associated SIV DNA loads suggesting that RT byproducts such as viral DNA likely plays a role in driving IFN responses during acute SIV infection. Quantification of Type I and III subtype transcripts in sorted subsets of LN CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD14+/CD14- monocytes/macrophages, and total CD11c/CD123+ dendritic cells (DC) at day 10 pi showed that DC expressed ∼3-4 log more subtype transcripts as compared to the other subsets. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the kinetics of innate interferon responses during early stages of infection, and provide evidence that DC's are a major in vivo source of innate IFN during acute SIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy George
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lynnsey Renn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Immune activation in HIV infection: what can the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus teach us? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:201-8. [PMID: 26845673 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes studies in natural hosts, with a particular focus on the control of immune activation and new insights into viral reservoirs. We discuss why these findings are relevant for HIV research today. RECENT FINDINGS AIDS resistance in natural hosts is characterized by a rapid control of inflammatory processes in response to simian immunodeficiency virus infection despite persistent viremia. Although CD4 T cells are dramatically depleted in the intestine in primary infection, interleukin 17-producing T helper cells (Th17) are preserved and natural hosts lack microbial translocation. Thus, viral replication in the gut is not sufficient to explain mucosal damage, but additional factors are necessary. Natural hosts also display a lower infection rate of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells. The follicles are characterized by a lack of viral trapping and the viral replication in secondary lymphoid organs is rapidly controlled. Hence, the healthy status of natural hosts is associated with preserved lymphoid environments. SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms of preservation of Th17 and of the low contribution of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells to viral reservoirs could benefit the search for preventive and curative approaches of HIV. Altogether, the complementarity of the model helps to identify strategies aiming at restoring full capacity of the immune system and decreasing the size of the viral reservoirs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Elevated Basal Pre-infection CXCL10 in Plasma and in the Small Intestine after Infection Are Associated with More Rapid HIV/SIV Disease Onset. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005774. [PMID: 27509048 PMCID: PMC4980058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood CXCL10/IP-10 levels during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) were described as an independent marker of rapid disease onset, more robust than peak viremia or CD4 cell nadir. IP-10 enhances the recruitment of CXCR3+ cells, which include major HIV-target cells, raising the question if it promotes the establishment of viral reservoirs. We analyzed data from four cohorts of HIV+ patients, allowing us to study IP-10 levels before infection (Amsterdam cohort), as well as during controlled and uncontrolled viremia (ANRS cohorts). We also addressed IP-10 expression levels with regards to lymphoid tissues (LT) and blood viral reservoirs in patients and non-human primates. Pre-existing elevated IP-10 levels but not sCD63 associated with rapid CD4 T-cell loss upon HIV-1 infection. During PHI, IP-10 levels and to a lesser level IL-18 correlated with cell-associated HIV DNA, while 26 other inflammatory soluble markers did not. IP-10 levels tended to differ between HIV controllers with detectable and undetectable viremia. IP-10 was increased in SIV-exposed aviremic macaques with detectable SIV DNA in tissues. IP-10 mRNA was produced at higher levels in the small intestine than in colon or rectum. Jejunal IP-10+ cells corresponded to numerous small and round CD68neg cells as well as to macrophages. Blood IP-10 response negatively correlated with RORC (Th17 marker) gene expression in the small intestine. CXCR3 expression was higher on memory CD4+ T cells than any other immune cells. CD4 T cells from chronically infected animals expressed extremely high levels of intra-cellular CXCR3 suggesting internalization after ligand recognition. Elevated systemic IP-10 levels before infection associated with rapid disease progression. Systemic IP-10 during PHI correlated with HIV DNA. IP-10 production was regionalized in the intestine during early SIV infection and CD68+ and CD68neg haematopoietic cells in the small intestine appeared to be the major source of IP-10. Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection and contributes in multiple ways to HIV persistence. Here, we gained insights on the association between a pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL10/IP-10 and HIV infection in four cohorts of HIV+ individuals, studied at distinct stages of infection (before, primary and chronic stage with spontaneous- and treatment-controlled infection). We further analyzed pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections to address IP-10 levels and the presence of infected cells in tissues (lymph nodes, small and large intestine). We found that elevated systemic IP-10 levels before HIV-1 infection associate with a more rapid disease progression. During primary infection, IP-10 in blood strongly correlated with the amount of infected cells in blood. The animal model showed that IP-10 expression was regionalized in the intestine and highest in the small intestine. Studies of aviremic animals suggest that high IP-10 is indicative of viral replication in lymphoid tissues. Haematopoietic cells rather than epithelial/endothelial cells mainly contributed to the IP-10 production in small intestine (jejunum). The receptor of IP-10 was highly expressed on memory CD4+ T cells, i.e. major target cells for the virus. This study contributes to our understanding of the establishment of HIV reservoirs and why IP-10 associates with HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
|
18
|
Swan ZD, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa differentiates AIDS from chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:446-54. [PMID: 26549608 PMCID: PMC5751443 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphoid and gut tissues and disease in HIV and SIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of dendritic cell (DC) subsets and CD163(+) macrophages in lymph nodes (LNs) and ileum of rhesus macaques with acute and chronic SIV infection and AIDS. In LNs significant differences were only evident when comparing uninfected and AIDS groups, with loss of myeloid DCs and CD103(+) DCs from peripheral and mesenteric LNs, respectively, and accumulation of plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages in mesenteric LNs. In contrast, there were fourfold more macrophages in ileum lamina propria in macaques with AIDS compared with chronic infection, and this increased to 40-fold in Peyer's patches. Gut macrophages exceeded plasmacytoid DCs and CD103(+) DCs by ten- to 17-fold in monkeys with AIDS but were at similar low frequencies as DCs in chronic infection. Gut macrophages in macaques with AIDS expressed IFN-α and TNF-α consistent with cell activation. CD163(+) macrophages also accumulated in gut mucosa in acute infection but lacked expression of IFN-α and TNF-α. These data reveal a relationship between inflammatory macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa and disease and suggest a role for macrophages in AIDS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moukambi F, Rabezanahary H, Rodrigues V, Racine G, Robitaille L, Krust B, Andreani G, Soundaramourty C, Silvestre R, Laforge M, Estaquier J. Early Loss of Splenic Tfh Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005287. [PMID: 26640894 PMCID: PMC4671657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), a subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, provide crucial help to B cells in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Although several studies have analyzed the dynamics of Tfh cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) during Aids, none has yet addressed the impact of SIV infection on the dynamics of Tfh cells in the spleen, the primary organ of B cell activation. We show here a significant decrease in splenic Tfh cells in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) during the acute phase of infection, which persists thereafter. This profound loss is associated with lack of sustained expression of the Tfh-defining transcription factors, Bcl-6 and c-Maf but with higher expression of the repressors KLF2 and Foxo1. In this context of Tfh abortive differentiation and loss, we found decreased percentages of memory B cell subsets and lower titers of SIV-specific IgG. We further demonstrate a drastic remodeling of the lymphoid architecture of the spleen and LNs, which disrupts the crucial cell-cell interactions necessary to maintain memory B cells and Tfh cells. Finally, our data demonstrated the early infection of Tfh cells. Paradoxically, the frequencies of SIV DNA were higher in splenic Tfh cells of RMs progressing more slowly suggesting sanctuaries for SIV in the spleen. Our findings provide important information regarding the impact of HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells, and provide new clues for future vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Moukambi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Henintsoa Rabezanahary
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lynda Robitaille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Krust
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bego MG, Côté É, Aschman N, Mercier J, Weissenhorn W, Cohen ÉA. Vpu Exploits the Cross-Talk between BST2 and the ILT7 Receptor to Suppress Anti-HIV-1 Responses by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005024. [PMID: 26172439 PMCID: PMC4501562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a major source of type-I interferon (IFN-I) production during acute HIV infection. Their activation results primarily from TLR7-mediated sensing of HIV-infected cells. However, the interactions between HIV-infected T cells and pDCs that modulate this sensing process remain poorly understood. BST2/Tetherin is a restriction factor that inhibits HIV release by cross-linking virions onto infected cell surface. BST2 was also shown to engage the ILT7 pDC-specific inhibitory receptor and repress TLR7/9-mediated IFN-I production by activated pDCs. Here, we show that Vpu, the HIV-1 antagonist of BST2, suppresses TLR7-mediated IFN-I production by pDC through a mechanism that relies on the interaction of BST2 on HIV-producing cells with ILT7. Even though Vpu downregulates surface BST2 as a mean to counteract the restriction on HIV-1 release, we also find that the viral protein re-locates remaining BST2 molecules outside viral assembly sites where they are free to bind and activate ILT7 upon cell-to-cell contact. This study shows that through a targeted regulation of surface BST2, Vpu promotes HIV-1 release and limits pDC antiviral responses upon sensing of infected cells. This mechanism of innate immune evasion is likely to be important for an efficient early viral dissemination during acute infection. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce large quantities of type I interferon (IFN-I) upon stimulation by many viruses, including HIV. Their activation is very effective following cell contacts with HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. We investigated whether HIV-1 could regulate the antiviral responses of pDCs triggered upon sensing of infected cells. We show that HIV-1 suppresses the levels of IFN-I produced by pDCs through a process that requires expression of the Vpu accessory protein in virus-producing cells. A well-described role of Vpu is to promote efficient HIV-1 production by counteracting BST2, a host factor that entraps nascent viral particle at the cell surface. Apart from its antiviral activity, BST2 was reported to inhibit IFN-I production by pDCs through binding and activation of the ILT7 pDC-specific inhibitory receptor. Our results reveal that through a highly sophisticated targeted regulation of BST2 levels at the surface of infected cells, Vpu promotes HIV-1 release and limits IFN-I production by pDCs via the negative signaling exerted by the BST2-ILT7 pair. Overall, this study sheds light on a novel Vpu-BST2 interaction that allows HIV-1 to escape pDC antiviral responses. This modulation of pDC antiviral response by HIV Vpu may facilitate the initial viral expansion during acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Bego
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Édouard Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nick Aschman
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanne Mercier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Infection and Sensing Capacity during Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:6918-27. [PMID: 25903334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques (MAC) lead to chronic inflammation and AIDS. Natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM), are protected against SIV-induced chronic inflammation and AIDS. Here, we report that AGM plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) express extremely low levels of CD4, unlike MAC and human pDC. Despite this, AGM pDC efficiently sensed SIVagm, but not heterologous HIV/SIV isolates, indicating a virus-host adaptation. Moreover, both AGM and SM pDC were found to be, in contrast to MAC pDC, predominantly negative for CCR5. Despite such limited CD4 and CCR5 expression, lymphoid tissue pDC were infected to a degree similar to that seen with CD4(+) T cells in both MAC and AGM. Altogether, our finding of efficient pDC infection by SIV in vivo identifies pDC as a potential viral reservoir in lymphoid tissues. We discovered low expression of CD4 on AGM pDC, which did not preclude efficient sensing of host-adapted viruses. Therefore, pDC infection and efficient sensing are not prerequisites for chronic inflammation. The high level of pDC infection by SIVagm suggests that if CCR5 paucity on immune cells is important for nonpathogenesis of natural hosts, it is possibly not due to its role as a coreceptor. IMPORTANCE The ability of certain key immune cell subsets to resist infection might contribute to the asymptomatic nature of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in its natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM). This relative resistance to infection has been correlated with reduced expression of CD4 and/or CCR5. We show that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) of natural hosts display reduced CD4 and/or CCR5 expression, unlike macaque pDC. Surprisingly, this did not protect AGM pDC, as infection levels were similar to those found in MAC pDC. Furthermore, we show that AGM pDC did not consistently produce type I interferon (IFN-I) upon heterologous SIVmac/HIV type 1 (HIV-1) encounter, while they sensed autologous SIVagm isolates. Pseudotyping SIVmac/HIV-1 overcame this deficiency, suggesting that reduced uptake of heterologous viral strains underlays this lack of sensing. The distinct IFN-I responses depending on host species and HIV/SIV isolates reveal the host/virus species specificity of pDC sensing.
Collapse
|
22
|
Phetsouphanh C, Xu Y, Zaunders J. CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:681. [PMID: 25610441 PMCID: PMC4285174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of cells in lymphoid tissue, including T cells, B-cells, and myeloid lineage cells. The resulting characteristic hyperplasia is an amalgam of proliferating host immune cells in the adaptive response, increased concentrations of innate response mediators due to viral and bacterial products, and homeostatic responses to inflammation. While it is generally thought that CD4 T cells are greatly depleted, in fact, two types of CD4 T cells appear to be increased, namely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). These cells have opposing roles, but may both be important in the pathogenic process. Whether Tregs are failing in their role to limit lymphocyte activation is unclear, but there is no doubt now that Tfh are associated with B-cell hyperplasia and increased germinal center activity. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the lymphocyte activation, but not completely, and therefore, there is a need for interventions that selectively enhance normal CD4 function without exacerbating Tfh, B-cell, or Treg dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Modulation of type I interferon-associated viral sensing during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection in African green monkeys. J Virol 2014; 89:751-62. [PMID: 25355871 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02430-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), such as African green monkeys (AGMs), do not progress to AIDS when infected with SIV. This is associated with an absence of a chronic type I interferon (IFN-I) signature. It is unclear how the IFN-I response is downmodulated in AGMs. We longitudinally assessed the capacity of AGM blood cells to produce IFN-I in response to SIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Phenotypes and functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and other mononuclear blood cells were assessed by flow cytometry, and expression of viral sensors was measured by reverse transcription-PCR. pDCs displayed low BDCA-2, CD40, and HLA-DR expression levels during AGM acute SIV (SIVagm) infection. BDCA-2 was required for sensing of SIV, but not of HSV, by pDCs. In acute infection, AGM peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) produced less IFN-I upon SIV stimulation. In the chronic phase, the production was normal, confirming that the lack of chronic inflammation is not due to a sensing defect of pDCs. In contrast to stimulation by SIV, more IFN-I was produced upon HSV stimulation of PBMCs isolated during acute infection, while the frequency of AGM pDCs producing IFN-I upon in vitro stimulation with HSV was diminished. Indeed, other cells started producing IFN-I. This increased viral sensing by non-pDCs was associated with an upregulation of Toll-like receptor 3 and IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 caused by IFN-I in acute SIVagm infection. Our results suggest that, as in pathogenic SIVmac infection, SIVagm infection mobilizes bone marrow precursor pDCs. Moreover, we show that SIV infection modifies the capacity of viral sensing in cells other than pDCs, which could drive IFN-I production in specific settings. IMPORTANCE The effects of HIV/SIV infections on the capacity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce IFN-I in vivo are still incompletely defined. As IFN-I can restrict viral replication, contribute to inflammation, and influence immune responses, alteration of this capacity could impact the viral reservoir size. We observed that even in nonpathogenic SIV infection, the frequency of pDCs capable of efficiently sensing SIV and producing IFN-I was reduced during acute infection. We discovered that, concomitantly, cells other than pDCs had increased abilities for viral sensing. Our results suggest that pDC-produced IFN-I upregulates viral sensors in bystander cells, the latter gaining the capacity to produce IFN-I. These results indicate that in certain settings, cells other than pDCs can drive IFN-I-associated inflammation in SIV infection. This has important implications for the understanding of persistent inflammation and the establishment of viral reservoirs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells suppress HIV-1 replication but contribute to HIV-1 induced immunopathogenesis in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004291. [PMID: 25077616 PMCID: PMC4117636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and pathogenesis remains unclear. HIV-1 infection in the humanized mouse model leads to persistent HIV-1 infection and immunopathogenesis, including type I interferons (IFN-I) induction, immune-activation and depletion of human leukocytes, including CD4 T cells. We developed a monoclonal antibody that specifically depletes human pDC in all lymphoid organs in humanized mice. When pDC were depleted prior to HIV-1 infection, the induction of IFN-I and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were abolished during acute HIV-1 infection with either a highly pathogenic CCR5/CXCR4-dual tropic HIV-1 or a standard CCR5-tropic HIV-1 isolate. Consistent with the anti-viral role of IFN-I, HIV-1 replication was significantly up-regulated in pDC-depleted mice. Interestingly, the cell death induced by the highly pathogenic HIV-1 isolate was severely reduced in pDC-depleted mice. During chronic HIV-1 infection, depletion of pDC also severely reduced the induction of IFN-I and ISGs, associated with elevated HIV-1 replication. Surprisingly, HIV-1 induced depletion of human immune cells including T cells in lymphoid organs, but not the blood, was reduced in spite of the increased viral replication. The increased cell number in lymphoid organs was associated with a reduced level of HIV-induced cell death in human leukocytes including CD4 T cells. We conclude that pDC play opposing roles in suppressing HIV-1 replication and in promoting HIV-1 induced immunopathogenesis. These findings suggest that pDC-depletion and IFN-I blockade will provide novel strategies for treating those HIV-1 immune non-responsive patients with persistent immune activation despite effective anti-retrovirus treatment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Potential role for HIV-specific CD38-/HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells in viral suppression and cytotoxicity in HIV controllers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101920. [PMID: 25000587 PMCID: PMC4084978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV controllers (HIC) are rare HIV-1-infected patients who exhibit spontaneous viral control. HIC have high frequency of CD38−/HLA-DR+ HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Here we examined the role of this subset in HIC status. Materials and Methods We compared CD38−/HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells with the classical CD38+/HLA-DR+ activated phenotype in terms of 1) their activation status, reflected by CD69, CD25, CD71, CD40 and Ki67 expression, 2) functional parameters: Bcl-2 expression, proliferative capacity, and IFN-γ and IL-2 production, and 3) cytotoxic activity. We also investigated how this particular profile is generated. Results Compared to CD38+/HLA-DR+ cells, CD38−/HLA-DR+ cells exhibited lower expression of several activation markers, better survival capacity (Bcl-2 MFI, 367 [134–462] vs 638 [307–747], P = 0.001), higher frequency of polyfunctional cells (15% [7%–33%] vs 21% [16%–43%], P = 0.0003), greater proliferative capacity (0-fold [0–2] vs 3-fold [2]–[11], P = 0.007), and higher cytotoxicity in vitro (7% [3%–11%] vs 13% [6%–22%], P = 0.02). The CD38−/HLA-DR+ profile was preferentially generated in response to low viral antigen concentrations. Conclusions These data highlight the role of CD38−/HLA-DR+ HIV-specific CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity in HIC status and provide insights into the mechanism by which they are generated. Induction of this protective CD8+ subset may be important for vaccine strategies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jacquelin B, Petitjean G, Kunkel D, Liovat AS, Jochems SP, Rogers KA, Ploquin MJ, Madec Y, Barré-Sinoussi F, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Lebon P, Le Grand R, Villinger F, Müller-Trutwin M. Innate immune responses and rapid control of inflammation in African green monkeys treated or not with interferon-alpha during primary SIVagm infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004241. [PMID: 24991927 PMCID: PMC4081777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation (IA) is considered as the driving force of CD4+ T cell depletion and AIDS. Fundamental clues in the mechanisms that regulate IA could lie in natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys (AGMs). Here we investigated the role of innate immune cells and IFN-α in the control of IA in AGMs. AGMs displayed significant NK cell activation upon SIVagm infection, which was correlated with the levels of IFN-α. Moreover, we detected cytotoxic NK cells in lymph nodes during the early acute phase of SIVagm infection. Both plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell (pDC and mDC) homing receptors were increased, but the maturation of mDCs, in particular of CD16+ mDCs, was more important than that of pDCs. Monitoring of 15 cytokines showed that those, which are known to be increased early in HIV-1/SIVmac pathogenic infections, such as IL-15, IFN-α, MCP-1 and CXCL10/IP-10, were significantly increased in AGMs as well. In contrast, cytokines generally induced in the later stage of acute pathogenic infection, such as IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α, were less or not increased, suggesting an early control of IA. We then treated AGMs daily with high doses of IFN-α from day 9 to 24 post-infection. No impact was observed on the activation or maturation profiles of mDCs, pDCs and NK cells. There was also no major difference in T cell activation or interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression profiles and no sign of disease progression. Thus, even after administration of high levels of IFN-α during acute infection, AGMs were still able to control IA, showing that IA control is independent of IFN-α levels. This suggests that the sustained ISG expression and IA in HIV/SIVmac infections involves non-IFN-α products. Chronic inflammation is considered as directly involved in AIDS pathogenesis. The role of IFN-α as a driving force of chronic inflammation is under debate. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), avoid chronic inflammation. We show for the first time that NK cells are strongly activated during acute SIVagm infection. This further demonstrates that AGMs mount a strong early innate immune response. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs and pDCs) homed to lymph nodes; however mDCs showed a stronger maturation profile than pDCs. Monitoring of cytokine profiles in plasma suggests that the control of inflammation in AGMs is starting earlier than previously considered, weeks before the end of the acute infection. We tested whether the capacity to control inflammation depends on the levels of IFN-α produced. When treated with high doses of IFN-α during acute SIVagm infection, AGMs did not show increase of immune activation or signs of disease progression. Our study provides evidence that the control of inflammation in SIVagm infection is not the consequence of weaker IFN-α levels. These data indicate that the sustained interferon-stimulated gene induction and chronic inflammation in HIV/SIVmac infections is driven by factors other than IFN-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Petitjean
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Liovat
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Simon P. Jochems
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mickaël J. Ploquin
- Institut Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Lebon
- Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital & Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, DSV, iMETI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - François Villinger
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Attenuation of pathogenic immune responses during infection with human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) by the tetracycline derivative minocycline. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94375. [PMID: 24732038 PMCID: PMC3986096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV immune pathogenesis is postulated to involve two major mechanisms: 1) chronic innate immune responses that drive T cell activation and apoptosis and 2) induction of immune regulators that suppress T cell function and proliferation. Both arms are elevated chronically in lymphoid tissues of non-natural hosts, which ultimately develop AIDS. However, these mechanisms are not elevated chronically in natural hosts of SIV infection that avert immune pathogenesis despite similarly high viral loads. In this study we investigated whether minocycline could modulate these pathogenic antiviral responses in non-natural hosts of HIV and SIV. We found that minocycline attenuated in vitro induction of type I interferon (IFN) and the IFN-stimulated genes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and PBMCs exposed to aldrithiol-2 inactivated HIV or infectious influenza virus. Activation-induced TRAIL and expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in isolated CD4+ T cells were also reduced by minocycline. Translation of these in vitro findings to in vivo effects, however, were mixed as minocycline significantly reduced markers of activation and activation-induced cell death (CD25, Fas, caspase-3) but did not affect expression of IFNβ or the IFN-stimulated genes IDO1, FasL, or Mx in the spleens of chronically SIV-infected pigtailed macaques. TRAIL expression, reflecting the mixed effects of minocycline on activation and type I IFN stimuli, was reduced by half, but this change was not significant. These results show that minocycline administered after infection may protect against aspects of activation-induced cell death during HIV/SIV immune disease, but that in vitro effects of minocycline on type I IFN responses are not recapitulated in a rapid progressor model in vivo.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bruel T, Dupuy S, Démoulins T, Rogez-Kreuz C, Dutrieux J, Corneau A, Cosma A, Cheynier R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Vaslin B. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell dynamics tune interferon-alfa production in SIV-infected cynomolgus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003915. [PMID: 24497833 PMCID: PMC3907389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-I production is a characteristic of HIV/SIV primary infections. However, acute IFN-I plasma concentrations rapidly decline thereafter. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are key players in this production but primary infection is associated with decreased responsiveness of pDC to TLR 7 and 9 triggering. IFNα production during primary SIV infection contrasts with increased pDC death, renewal and dysfunction. We investigated the contribution of pDC dynamics to both acute IFNα production and the rapid return of IFNα concentrations to pre-infection levels during acute-to-chronic transition. Nine cynomolgus macaques were infected with SIVmac251 and IFNα-producing cells were quantified and characterized. The plasma IFN-I peak was temporally associated with the presence of IFNα(+) pDC in tissues but IFN-I production was not detectable during the acute-to-chronic transition despite persistent immune activation. No IFNα(+) cells other than pDC were detected by intracellular staining. Blood-pDC and peripheral lymph node-pDC both lost IFNα(-) production ability in parallel. In blood, this phenomenon correlated with an increase in the counts of Ki67(+)-pDC precursors with no IFNα production ability. In tissues, it was associated with increase of both activated pDC and KI67(+)-pDC precursors, none of these being IFNα(+) in vivo. Our findings also indicate that activation/death-driven pDC renewal rapidly blunts acute IFNα production in vivo: pDC sub-populations with no IFNα-production ability rapidly increase and shrinkage of IFNα production thus involves both early pDC exhaustion, and increase of pDC precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Démoulins
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Corneau
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Estaquier J, Zaunders J, Laforge M. HIV integrase and the swan song of the CD4 T cells? Retrovirology 2013; 10:149. [PMID: 24321528 PMCID: PMC4029360 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell apoptosis represents one pathophysiological mechanism associated with AIDS. Herein, we discuss the recent report published by A. Cooper et al. in Nature (June 2013) regarding HIV viral DNA integration-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lehmann C, Jung N, Förster K, Koch N, Leifeld L, Fischer J, Mauss S, Drebber U, Steffen HM, Romerio F, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P. Longitudinal analysis of distribution and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood and gut mucosa of HIV infected patients. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:940-9. [PMID: 24259523 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with excessive production of interferon alpha (IFNα) represents one of the hallmarks of immune activation during chronic phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A number of studies have shown that disruption of mucosal integrity in the gut is a cause of persistent immune activation. However, little is known about the role that pDCs play in this process, and our current understanding comes from the simian immunodeficiency virus macaque model. Thus, in the present study we sought to investigate the frequency and function of pDCs in peripheral blood and gut samples from HIV-infected individuals before and 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We show that circulating pDCs were depleted in ART-naive HIV+ patients, and upregulated the gut-homing receptor CD103 compared with uninfected controls. By converse, pDCs accumulated in the terminal ileum of ART-naive HIV individuals compared with controls. Baseline levels of IFNα production and markers of immune activation in gut samples of ART-naive HIV subjects were elevated. All these parameters declined after 6 months of ART. Our results suggest that in chronic HIV infection, pDCs migrate from peripheral blood to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue, where they may contribute to immune activation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bosinger SE, Johnson ZP, Folkner KA, Patel N, Hashempour T, Jochems SP, del Rio Estrada PM, Paiardini M, Lin R, Vanderford TH, Hiscott J, Silvestri G. Intact type I Interferon production and IRF7 function in sooty mangabeys. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003597. [PMID: 24009514 PMCID: PMC3757038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pathogenic HIV/SIV infections of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), natural SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) is typically non-pathogenic despite high viremia. Several studies suggested that low immune activation and relative resistance of CD4+ central memory T-cells from virus infection are mechanisms that protect SMs from AIDS. In 2008 it was reported that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) of SMs exhibit attenuated interferon-alpha (IFN-α) responses to TLR7/9 ligands in vitro, and that species-specific amino acid substitutions in SM Interferon Regulatory Factor-7 (IRF7) are responsible for this observation. Based on these findings, these authors proposed that "muted" IFN-α responses are responsible for the benign nature of SIV infection in SMs. However, other studies indicated that acutely SIV-infected SMs show robust IFN-α responses and marked upregulation of Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). To investigate this apparent disparity, we first examined the role of the reported IRF7 amino acid substitutions in SMs. To this end, we sequenced all IRF7 exons in 16 breeders, and exons displaying variability (exons 2,3,5,6,7,8) in the remainder of the colony (177 animals). We found that the reported Ser-Gly substitution at position 191 was a sequencing error, and that several of the remaining substitutions represent only minor alleles. In addition, functional assays using recombinant SM IRF7 showed no defect in its ability to translocate in the nucleus and drive transcription from an IFN-α promoter. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation of SM peripheral blood mononuclear cells with either the TLR7 agonist CL097 or SIV(mac239) induced an 500-800-fold induction of IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA, and levels of IFN-α production by pDCs similar to those of RMs or humans. These data establish that IFN-α and IRF7 signaling in SMs are largely intact, with differences with RMs that are minor and unlikely to play any role in the AIDS resistance of SIV-infected SMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Bosinger
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Non-Human Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary P. Johnson
- Non-Human Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Biology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Folkner
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nirav Patel
- Non-Human Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tayebeh Hashempour
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon P. Jochems
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Perla M. del Rio Estrada
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Hiscott
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou Y, Bao R, Haigwood NL, Persidsky Y, Ho WZ. SIV infection of rhesus macaques of Chinese origin: a suitable model for HIV infection in humans. Retrovirology 2013; 10:89. [PMID: 23947613 PMCID: PMC3765527 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) has been widely used as a well-established nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV/AIDS research. However, there have been a growing number of studies using Chinese RM to evaluate immunopathogenesis of SIV infection. In this paper, we have for the first time reviewed and discussed the major publications related to SIV or SHIV infection of Chinese RM in the past decades. We have compared the differences in the pathogenesis of SIV infection between Chinese RM and Indian RM with regard to viral infection, immunological response, and host genetic background. Given AIDS is a disease that affects humans of diverse origins, it is of importance to study animals with different geographical background. Therefore, to examine and compare results obtained from RM models of Indian and Chinese origins should lead to further validation and improvement of these animal models for HIV/AIDS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- The Center for Animal Experiment/ ABSL-III Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P,R, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. SIV infection of rhesus macaques differentially impacts mononuclear phagocyte responses to virus-derived TLR agonists. J Med Primatol 2013; 42:247-53. [PMID: 23905748 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the ability of innate mononuclear phagocytes to function when responding to the invading pathogen has yet to be determined. METHODS We generated single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligonucleotides from the infecting strain of virus and utilized them to stimulate mononuclear phagocytes from blood and lymph nodes of naïve and SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. RESULTS Soon after infection and continuing through to chronic disease, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), monocytes, and macrophages from SIV-infected macaques were less able to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to virus-derived toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. In contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) became hyper-responsive during acute and stable chronic infection. CONCLUSIONS Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages may not instigate continued immune activation by recognizing the single-stranded RNA from SIV as they are left dysfunctional after infection. Conversely, mDC functionality may be beneficial as their hyper-responsiveness is related to slowed disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kader M, Smith AP, Guiducci C, Wonderlich ER, Normolle D, Watkins SC, Barrat FJ, Barratt-Boyes SM. Blocking TLR7- and TLR9-mediated IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells does not diminish immune activation in early SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003530. [PMID: 23935491 PMCID: PMC3723633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent production of type I interferon (IFN) by activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) is a leading model to explain chronic immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but direct evidence for this is lacking. We used a dual antagonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 to selectively inhibit responses of pDC but not other mononuclear phagocytes to viral RNA prior to and for 8 weeks following pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques. We show that pDC are major but not exclusive producers of IFN-α that rapidly become unresponsive to virus stimulation following SIV infection, whereas myeloid DC gain the capacity to produce IFN-α, albeit at low levels. pDC mediate a marked but transient IFN-α response in lymph nodes during the acute phase that is blocked by administration of TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist without impacting pDC recruitment. TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not impact virus load or the acute IFN-α response in plasma and had minimal effect on expression of IFN-stimulated genes in both blood and lymph node. TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not prevent activation of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood or lymph node but led to significant increases in proliferation of both subsets in blood following SIV infection. Our findings reveal that virus-mediated activation of pDC through TLR7 and TLR9 contributes to substantial but transient IFN-α production following pathogenic SIV infection. However, the data indicate that pDC activation and IFN-α production are unlikely to be major factors in driving immune activation in early infection. Based on these findings therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking pDC function and IFN-α production may not reduce HIV-associated immunopathology. A persistent type I interferon (IFN) response is thought to be important in driving immune activation and progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) produce copious amounts of type I IFN upon virus exposure through engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 and thus may be central players in the etiology of immune activation. We used a dual antagonist of TLR7 and TLR9 to selectively block the response of pDC but not other mononuclear phagocytes prior to and for 8 weeks following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques. We show that pDC are major, but not exclusive, producers of IFN-α that mediate a marked but transient IFN-α response in lymph nodes in the acute phase of infection. TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist prevented this IFN-α production without suppressing pDC recruitment. Nevertheless, TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not impact expression of IFN-stimulated genes or decrease the activation of T cells, the hallmarks of immune activation. The findings indicate that TLR7 and TLR9-driven activation of pDC is unlikely to be a major contributor to immune activation in the early stages of immunodeficiency virus infections and suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting pDC and IFN-α production may not reduce HIV-associated immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamuda Kader
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cristiana Guiducci
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Franck J. Barrat
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV-infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti-retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4(+) T-cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T-cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to 'show AIDS the door', and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mothé BR, Southwood S, Sidney J, English AM, Wriston A, Hoof I, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Sette A. Peptide-binding motifs associated with MHC molecules common in Chinese rhesus macaques are analogous to those of human HLA supertypes and include HLA-B27-like alleles. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:371-86. [PMID: 23417323 PMCID: PMC3633659 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese rhesus macaques are of particular interest in simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) research as these animals have prolonged kinetics of disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), compared to their Indian counterparts, suggesting that they may be a better model for HIV. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism(s) accounting for these kinetics remains unclear. The study of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their MHC/peptide-binding motifs, provides valuable information for measuring cellular immune responses and deciphering outcomes of infection and vaccine efficacy. In this study, we have provided detailed characterization of six prevalent Chinese rhesus macaque MHC class I alleles, yielding a combined phenotypic frequency of 29 %. The peptide-binding specificity of two of these alleles, Mamu-A2*01:02 and Mamu-B*010:01, as well as the previously characterized allele Mamu-B*003:01 (and Indian rhesus Mamu-B*003:01), was found to be analogous to that of alleles in the HLA-B27 supertype family. Specific alleles in the HLA-B27 supertype family, including HLA-B*27:05, have been associated with long-term nonprogression to AIDS in humans. All six alleles characterized in the present study were found to have specificities analogous to HLA supertype alleles. These data contribute to the concept that Chinese rhesus macaque MHC immunogenetics is more similar to HLA than their Indian rhesus macaque counterparts and thereby warrants further studies to decipher the role of these alleles in the context of SIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Mothé
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wonderlich ER, Wijewardana V, Liu X, Barratt-Boyes SM. Virus-encoded TLR ligands reveal divergent functional responses of mononuclear phagocytes in pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2188-98. [PMID: 23338235 PMCID: PMC3577972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis or control of HIV infection is unclear. In this study, we monitored the dynamics and function of dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes/macrophages in rhesus macaques acutely infected with pathogenic SIVmac251 with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). SIV infection was associated with monocyte mobilization and recruitment of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and macrophages to lymph nodes, which did not occur with ART treatment. SIVmac251 single-stranded RNA encoded several uridine-rich sequences that were potent TLR7/8 ligands in mononuclear phagocytes of naive animals, stimulating myeloid DC (mDC) and monocytes to produce TNF-α and pDC and macrophages to produce both TNF-α and IFN-α. Following SIV infection, pDC and monocytes/macrophages rapidly became hyporesponsive to stimulation with SIV-encoded TLR ligands and influenza virus, a condition that was reversed by ART. The loss of pDC and macrophage function was associated with a profound but transient block in the capacity of lymph node cells to secrete IFN-α upon stimulation. In contrast to pDC and monocytes/macrophages, mDC increased TNF-α production in response to stimulation following acute infection. Moreover, SIV-infected rhesus macaques with stable infection had increased mDC responsiveness to SIV-encoded TLR ligands and influenza virus at set point, whereas animals that progressed rapidly to AIDS had reduced mDC responsiveness. These findings indicate that SIV encodes immunostimulatory TLR ligands and that pDC, mDC, and monocytes/macrophages respond to these ligands differently as a function of SIV infection. The data also suggest that increased responsiveness of mDC to stimulation following SIV infection may be beneficial to the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liovat AS, Rey-Cuillé MA, Lécuroux C, Jacquelin B, Girault I, Petitjean G, Zitoun Y, Venet A, Barré-Sinoussi F, Lebon P, Meyer L, Sinet M, Müller-Trutwin M. Acute plasma biomarkers of T cell activation set-point levels and of disease progression in HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46143. [PMID: 23056251 PMCID: PMC3462744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation levels, viral load and CD4(+) T cell counts at early stages of HIV-1 infection are predictive of the rate of progression towards AIDS. We evaluated whether the inflammatory profile during primary HIV-1 infection is predictive of the virological and immunological set-points and of disease progression. We quantified 28 plasma proteins during acute and post-acute HIV-1 infection in individuals with known disease progression profiles. Forty-six untreated patients, enrolled during primary HIV-1 infection, were categorized into rapid progressors, progressors and slow progressors according to their spontaneous progression profile over 42 months of follow-up. Already during primary infection, rapid progressors showed a higher number of increased plasma proteins than progressors or slow progressors. The plasma levels of TGF-β1 and IL-18 in primary HIV-1 infection were both positively associated with T cell activation level at set-point (6 months after acute infection) and together able to predict 74% of the T cell activation variation at set-point. Plasma IP-10 was positively and negatively associated with, respectively, T cell activation and CD4(+) T cell counts at set-point and capable to predict 30% of the CD4(+) T cell count variation at set-point. Moreover, plasma IP-10 levels during primary infection were predictive of rapid progression. In primary infection, IP-10 was an even better predictor of rapid disease progression than viremia or CD4(+) T cell levels at this time point. The superior predictive capacity of IP-10 was confirmed in an independent group of 88 HIV-1 infected individuals. Altogether, this study shows that the inflammatory profile in primary HIV-1 infection is associated with T cell activation levels and CD4(+) T cell counts at set-point. Plasma IP-10 levels were of strong predictive value for rapid disease progression. The data suggest IP-10 being an earlier marker of disease progression than CD4(+) T cell counts or viremia levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Liovat
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rey-Cuillé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lécuroux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Régulation de la réponse immune: infection VIH-1 et auto-immunité, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Girault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Régulation de la réponse immune: infection VIH-1 et auto-immunité, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gaël Petitjean
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Zitoun
- INSERM U1018, Service d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alain Venet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Régulation de la réponse immune: infection VIH-1 et auto-immunité, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Pierre Lebon
- Hôpital Cochin-Saint-Vincent de Paul & Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Service d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Martine Sinet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Régulation de la réponse immune: infection VIH-1 et auto-immunité, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In recent years, the technology of constructing chimeric mice with humanized immune systems has markedly improved. Multiple lineages of human immune cells develop in immunodeficient mice that have been transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells. More importantly, these mice mount functional humoral and cellular immune responses upon immunization or microbial infection. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) can establish an infection in humanized mice, resulting in CD4(+) T-cell depletion and an accompanying nonspecific immune activation, which mimics the immunopathology in HIV-1-infected human patients. This makes humanized mice an optimal model for studying the mechanisms of HIV-1 immunopathogenesis and for developing novel immune-based therapies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Generalized immune activation and innate immune responses in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:411-8. [PMID: 21743324 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283499cf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic immune activation is a key factor driving the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. During pathogenic HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections, innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses contribute to chronic immune activation. In contrast, nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural hosts such as sooty mangabeys and African green monkeys (AGMs) are characterized by low immune activation despite similarly high viremia. This review focuses on the role of innate immune responses in SIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have examined the role of innate immune responses to SIV as potential drivers of immune activation. The key result of these studies is that both pathogenic SIV infection of macaques and nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural hosts are associated with strong innate immune responses to the virus, high production of type I interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, SIV-infected sooty mangabeys and AGMs (but not SIV-infected macaques) rapidly downmodulate the interferon response within 4-6 weeks of infection, thus resulting in a state of limited immune activation during chronic infection. SUMMARY Studies in nonhuman primates suggest that chronic innate/interferon responses may contribute to AIDS pathogenesis. Further, the ability of natural host species to resolve innate immune responses after infection provides a novel avenue for potential immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
41
|
Dissecting the role of dendritic cells in simian immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. Immunol Res 2011; 50:228-34. [PMID: 21717075 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with the loss of the two principal types of dendritic cell (DC), myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), but the mechanism of this loss and its relationship to AIDS pathogenesis remain ill-defined. The nonhuman primate is a powerful model to dissect this response for several reasons. Both DC subsets have been well characterized in nonhuman primates and shown to have strikingly similar phenotypic and functional characteristics to their counterparts in the human. Moreover, decline of mDC and pDC occurs in rhesus macaques with end-stage simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the model of HIV infection in humans. In this brief review, we discuss what is known about DC subsets in pathogenic and nonpathogenic nonhuman primate models of HIV infection and highlight the advances and controversies that currently exist in the field.
Collapse
|
42
|
Barratt-Boyes SM, Wijewardana V. A divergent myeloid dendritic cell response at virus set-point predicts disease outcome in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:206-13. [PMID: 21718317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism for loss of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from the circulation in HIV-infected individuals and its relationship to disease progression is not understood. METHODS A longitudinal analysis of the mDC response in blood and lymph nodes during the first 12 weeks of infection was performed in a cohort of SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques with different disease outcomes. RESULTS Monkeys that rapidly progressed to disease or had long-term stable infection had significant losses or increases, respectively, in blood mDCs that were inversely correlated with virus load at set-point. The loss of mDCs from progressor animals was associated with evidence of an increase in CCR7/CCL19-dependent mDC recruitment to lymph nodes and an increase in mDC apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS mDC recruitment to and death within inflamed lymph nodes may contribute to disease progression in SIV infection, whereas mobilization without increased recruitment to lymph nodes may promote disease control.
Collapse
|
43
|
Laforge M, Campillo-Gimenez L, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Hurtrel B, Corbeil J, Zaunders J, Elbim C, Estaquier J. HIV/SIV infection primes monocytes and dendritic cells for apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002087. [PMID: 21731488 PMCID: PMC3121878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subversion or exacerbation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) death modulates host/pathogen equilibrium. We demonstrated during in vitro differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that HIV sensitizes the cells to undergo apoptosis in response to TRAIL and FasL, respectively. In addition, we found that HIV-1 increased the levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak molecules and decreased the levels of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and FLIP proteins. To assess the relevance of these observations in the context of an experimental model of HIV infection, we investigated the death of APC during pathogenic SIV-infection in rhesus macaques (RMs). We demonstrated increased apoptosis, during the acute phase, of both peripheral blood DCs and monocytes (CD14+) from SIV+RMs, associated with a dysregulation in the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules. Caspase-inhibitor and death receptors antagonists prevented apoptosis of APCs from SIV+RMs. Furthermore, increased levels of FasL in the sera of pathogenic SIV+RMs were detected, compared to non-pathogenic SIV infection of African green monkey. We suggest that inappropriate apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells may contribute to dysregulation of cellular immunity early in the process of HIV/SIV infection. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical for both innate and adaptive immunity. They have a profound impact on the hosts' ability to combat microbes. Dysfunction and premature death by apoptosis of APCs may contribute to an abnormal immune response unable to clear pathogens. Circulating blood monocytes exhibit developmental plasticity, with the capability of differentiating into either macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), and they represent important cellular targets for HIV-1. We report that HIV infection renders monocytes/macrophages and DCs in vitro more prone to undergo apoptosis and this heightened susceptibility is associated with changes in the expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules. Our results show that during the acute phase of SIV-infection of rhesus macaques, monocytes and DCs are more prone to die by apoptosis. They express lower levels of Mcl-1 and FLIP proteins, two anti-apoptotic molecules, but higher expression of the active form of Bax and Bak, the gatekeepers of the mitochondria, major sensor of the apoptotic machinery. Because the early events are important in the pathogenesis of this disease, early death of APCs should play a major role leading to the defective immune response. Strategies aimed at preventing death of APCs could be beneficial in helping the immune response to fight HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
| | - John Zaunders
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Carole Elbim
- INSERM U955, Faculté Créteil Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM U955, Faculté Créteil Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Efficient infection, activation, and impairment of pDCs in the BM and peripheral lymphoid organs during early HIV-1 infection in humanized rag2⁻/⁻γ C⁻/⁻ mice in vivo. Blood 2011; 117:6184-92. [PMID: 21505190 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis, the precise mechanism of interaction between pDCs and HIV-1 in vivo is not clear. The conflicting reports in HIV-1-infected patients highlight the importance of studying the interaction between HIV-1 and pDCs in relevant in vivo models. The rag2/γC double knockout (DKO) mouse supports reconstitution of a functional human immune system in central and peripheral lymphoid organs. We report here that functional pDCs were developed in the BM and peripheral lymphoid organs in humanized DKO (DKO-hu) mice. We show that pDCs from both BM and spleen were activated and productively infected during early HIV infection. The activation level of pDCs correlated with that of CD4⁺ T-cell activation and apoptosis. Although CD4⁺ T cells were preferentially depleted, pDCs were maintained but functionally impaired in the BM and spleen of HIV-infected DKO-hu mice. We conclude that HIV-1 can efficiently infect, activate, and impair pDCs in the BM and spleen, in correlation with CD4⁺ T-cell depletion. The humanized mouse will serve as a relevant model to investigate the development and function of pDCs and their role during HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo.
Collapse
|
45
|
Minang JT, Trivett MT, Barsov EV, Del Prete GQ, Trubey CM, Thomas JA, Gorelick RJ, Piatak M, Ott DE, Ohlen C. TCR triggering transcriptionally downregulates CCR5 expression on rhesus macaque CD4(+) T-cells with no measurable effect on susceptibility to SIV infection. Virology 2011; 409:132-40. [PMID: 21035160 PMCID: PMC3001627 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies using transformed human cell lines suggest that most SIV strains use CCR5 as co-receptor. Our analysis of primary rhesus macaque CD4(+) T-cell clones revealed marked differences in susceptibility to SIV(mac)239 infection. We investigated whether different levels of CCR5 expression account for clonal differences in SIV(mac)239 susceptibility. Macaque CD4(+) T-cells showed significant CCR5 downregulation 1-2days following CD3 mAb stimulation, which gradually recovered at resting state, 7-10days after activation. Exposure of clones to SIV(mac)239 during their CCR5(low) or CCR5(high) expression states revealed differences in SIV susceptibility independent of surface CCR5 levels. Furthermore, a CCR5 antagonist similarly reduced SIV(mac)239 infection of clones during their CCR5(low) or CCR5(high) expression states. Our data suggest a model where i) very low levels of CCR5 are sufficient for efficient SIV infection, ii) CCR5 levels above this threshold do not enhance infection, and iii) low level infection can occur in the absence of CCR5.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Minang
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Matthew T. Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Charles M. Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - James A. Thomas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - David E. Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mir KD, Gasper MA, Sundaravaradan V, Sodora DL. SIV infection in natural hosts: resolution of immune activation during the acute-to-chronic transition phase. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:14-24. [PMID: 20951225 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SIV-infected natural hosts do not progress to clinical AIDS yet display high viral replication and an acute immunologic response similar to pathogenic SIV/HIV infections. During chronic SIV infection, natural hosts suppress their immune activation, whereas pathogenic hosts display a highly activated immune state. Here, we review natural host SIV infections with an emphasis on specific immune cells and their contribution to the transition from the acute-to-chronic phases of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran D Mir
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Borrow P, Shattock RJ, Vyakarnam A. Innate immunity against HIV: a priority target for HIV prevention research. Retrovirology 2010; 7:84. [PMID: 20937128 PMCID: PMC2964587 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances and current gaps in understanding of innate immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and identifies key scientific priorities to enable application of this knowledge to the development of novel prevention strategies (vaccines and microbicides). It builds on productive discussion and new data arising out of a workshop on innate immunity against HIV held at the European Commission in Brussels, together with recent observations from the literature. Increasing evidence suggests that innate responses are key determinants of the outcome of HIV infection, influencing critical events in the earliest stages of infection including the efficiency of mucosal HIV transmission, establishment of initial foci of infection and local virus replication/spread as well as virus dissemination, the ensuing acute burst of viral replication, and the persisting viral load established. They also impact on the subsequent level of ongoing viral replication and rate of disease progression. Modulation of innate immunity thus has the potential to constitute a powerful effector strategy to complement traditional approaches to HIV prophylaxis and therapy. Importantly, there is increasing evidence to suggest that many arms of the innate response play both protective and pathogenic roles in HIV infection. Consequently, understanding the contributions made by components of the host innate response to HIV acquisition/spread versus control is a critical pre-requisite for the employment of innate immunity in vaccine or microbicide design, so that appropriate responses can be targeted for up- or down-modulation. There is also an important need to understand the mechanisms via which innate responses are triggered and mediate their activity, and to define the structure-function relationships of individual innate factors, so that they can be selectively exploited or inhibited. Finally, strategies for achieving modulation of innate functions need to be developed and subjected to rigorous testing to ensure that they achieve the desired level of protection without stimulation of immunopathological effects. Priority areas are identified where there are opportunities to accelerate the translation of recent gains in understanding of innate immunity into the design of improved or novel vaccine and microbicide strategies against HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG. Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:524-9. [PMID: 20598938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs) to enhance their entry, spread, survival and transmission. This review summarises recently published work identifying how viruses alter the expression of receptors, antiviral molecules, disrupt signalling pathways, subvert trafficking pathways and even affect DC function via interactions with second or third cell types. Different viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes viruses may have widely divergent and even opposite effects on DC function, determined by the need for transfer to a primary target cell, replication within the DC or various immunoevasive mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang L, Meissner E, Chen J, Su L. Current humanized mouse models for studying human immunology and HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:195-203. [PMID: 20596827 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A robust animal model for "hypothesis-testing/mechanistic" research in human immunology and immuno-pathology should meet the following criteria. First, it has well-studied hemato-lymphoid organs and target cells similar to those of humans. Second, the human pathogens establish infection and lead to relevant diseases. Third, it is genetically inbred and can be manipulated via genetic, immunological and pharmacological means. Many human-tropic pathogens such as HIV-1 fail to infect murine cells due to the blocks at multiple steps of their life cycle. The mouse with a reconstituted human immune system and other human target organs is a good candidate. A number of human-mouse chimeric models with human immune cells have been developed in the past 20 years, but most with only limited success due to the selective engraftment of xeno-reactive human T cells in hu-PBL-SCID mice or the lack of significant human immune responses in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse. This review summarizes the current understanding of HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis in human patients and in SIV-infected primate models. It also reviews the recent progress in the development of humanized mouse models with a functional human immune system, especially the recent progress in the immunodeficient mice that carry a defective gammaC gene. NOD/SCID/gammaC(-/-) (NOG or NSG) or the Rag2(-/-)gammaC(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice, which lack NK as well as T and B cells (NTB-null mice), have been used to reconstitute a functional human immune system in central and peripheral lymphoid organs with human CD34(+) HSC. These NTB-hu HSC humanized models have been used to investigate HIV-1 infection, immuno-pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Such models, with further improvements, will contribute to study human immunology, human-tropic pathogens as well as human stem cell biology in the tissue development and function in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiGuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Jacobs ES. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV infection: striking a delicate balance. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:609-20. [PMID: 20145197 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
pDC are the most potent IFN-alpha-producing cells in the body and serve as a vital link between innate and adaptive immunity. Deficiencies in pDC function were among the earliest observations of immune dysfunction in HIV-1 infection. Herein, we review the status of pDC in individuals with HIV-1 infection and the potential role of these cells in pathogenesis. We begin by reviewing the basic properties of pDC and then discuss the compromise in circulating pDC numbers and function in early and viremic HIV-1 infection and mechanisms that might account for their depletion in HIV-infected patients. In addition, we review the evidence that chronic production of IFN-alpha, probably through the chronic activation of pDC, is central to the immune activation that is so detrimental in HIV infection. Finally, we discuss the importance of balance in pDC numbers and function and the potential value of using absolute pDC counts and function as a biomarker, along with CD4(+) cell counts and VL in HIV-1-infected patients.
Collapse
|