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Yu J, Wen Z, Hu W, Chen M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang G, Wang Z, Wang D, Zhai SL, Wei WK, Li T, Liao M. Influenza D virus infection in China, 2022-2023. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343907. [PMID: 38738553 PMCID: PMC11097708 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) plays an important role in the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Its potential for the zoonotic transmission is of particular concern. In China, IDV has previously been identified in agricultural animals by molecular surveys with no live virus isolates reported. In this study, live IDVs were successfully isolated from cattle in China, which prompted us to further investigate the national prevalence, antigenic property, and infection biology of the virus. IDV RNA was detected in 11.1% (51/460) of cattle throughout the country in 2022-2023. Moreover, we conducted the first IDV serosurveillance in China, revealing a high seroprevalence (91.4%, 393/430) of IDV in cattle during the 2022-2023 winter season. Notably, all the 16 provinces from which cattle originated possessed seropositive animals, and 3 of them displayed the 100% IDV-seropositivity rate. In contrast, a very low seroprevalence of IDV was observed in pigs (3%, 3/100) and goats (1%, 1/100) during the same period of investigation. Furthermore, besides D/Yama2019 lineage-like IDVs, we discovered the D/660 lineage-like IDV in Chinese cattle, which has not been detected to date in Asia. Finally, the Chinese IDVs replicated robustly in diverse cell lines but less efficiently in the swine cell line. Considering the nationwide distribution, high seroprevalence, and appreciably genetic diversity, further studies are required to fully evaluate the risk of Chinese IDVs for both animal and human health in China, which can be evidently facilitated by IDV isolates reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanke Hu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Chen
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Guangdong Animal Disease Control Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shao-lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-kang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Uprety T, Yu J, Nogales A, Naveed A, Yu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Bowman AS, Martinez-Sobrido L, Parrish CR, Melikyan GB, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus utilizes both 9- O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic and 9- O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acids as functional entry receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0004224. [PMID: 38376198 PMCID: PMC10949506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac). Bovines produce both Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac, while humans are genetically unable to synthesize Neu5Gc9Ac. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalyzed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. To characterize the role of Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac in IDV infection and determine which form of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids drives IDV entry, we took advantage of a CASD1 knockout (KO) MDCK cell line and carried out feeding experiments using synthetic 9-O-acetyl sialic acids in combination with the single-round and multi-round IDV infection assays. The data from our studies show that (i) CASD1 KO cells are resistant to IDV infection and lack of IDV binding to the cell surface is responsible for the failure of IDV replication; (ii) feeding CASD1 KO cells with Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac resulted in a dose-dependent rescue of IDV infectivity; and (iii) diverse IDVs replicated robustly in CASD1 KO cells fed with either Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac at a level similar to that in wild-type cells with a functional CASD1. These data demonstrate that IDV can utilize Neu5,9Ac2- or non-human Neu5Gc9Ac-containing glycan receptor for infection. Our findings provide evidence that IDV has acquired the ability to infect and transmit among agricultural animals that are enriched in Neu5Gc9Ac, in addition to posing a zoonotic risk to humans expressing only Neu5,9Ac2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (IDV) has emerged as a multiple-species-infecting pathogen with bovines as a primary reservoir. Little is known about the functional receptor that drives IDV entry and promotes its cross-species spillover potential among different hosts. Here, we demonstrated that IDV binds exclusively to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and non-human 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) and utilizes both for entry and infection. This ability in effective engagement of both 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as functional receptors for infection provides an evolutionary advantage to IDV for expanding its host range. This finding also indicates that IDV has the potential to emerge in humans because Neu5,9Ac2 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including lung. Thus, results of our study highlight a need for continued surveillance of IDV in humans, as well as for further investigation of its biology and cross-species transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CSIC. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Colin R. Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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3
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Probst L, Laloli L, Licheri MF, Licheri M, Gultom M, Holwerda M, V’kovski P, Dijkman R. Generation and Characterization of an Influenza D Reporter Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2444. [PMID: 38140686 PMCID: PMC10747006 DOI: 10.3390/v15122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) can infect various livestock animals, such as cattle, swine, and small ruminants, and was shown to have zoonotic potential. Therefore, it is important to identify viral factors involved in the broad host tropism and identify potential antiviral compounds that can inhibit IDV infection. Recombinant reporter viruses provide powerful tools for studying viral infections and antiviral drug discovery. Here we present the generation of a fluorescent reporter IDV using our previously established reverse genetic system for IDV. The mNeonGreen (mNG) fluorescent reporter gene was incorporated into the IDV non-structural gene segment as a fusion protein with the viral NS1 or NS2 proteins, or as a separate protein flanked by two autoproteolytic cleavage sites. We demonstrate that only recombinant reporter viruses expressing mNG as an additional separate protein or as an N-terminal fusion protein with NS1 could be rescued, albeit attenuated, compared to the parental reverse genetic clone. Serial passaging experiments demonstrated that the mNG gene is stably integrated for up to three passages, after which internal deletions accumulate. We conducted a proof-of-principle antiviral screening with the established fluorescent reporter viruses and identified two compounds influencing IDV infection. These results demonstrate that the newly established recombinant IDV reporter virus can be applied for antiviral drug discovery and monitoring viral replication, adding a new molecular tool for investigating IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Probst
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manon Flore Licheri
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Licheri
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mitra Gultom
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Microscope Imaging Center, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Kwasnik M, Rola J, Rozek W. Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:2433. [PMID: 38140674 PMCID: PMC10748149 DOI: 10.3390/v15122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Rozek
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
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5
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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Epidemiological, serological, and genetic evidence of influenza D virus infection in humans: Is it a justifiable cause for concern? Virulence 2023; 14:2150443. [PMID: 36411274 PMCID: PMC9817117 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA,CONTACT Hinh Ly
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6
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Sreenivasan CC, Liu R, Gao R, Guo Y, Hause BM, Thomas M, Naveed A, Clement T, Rausch D, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Druce J, Zhao M, Kaushik RS, Li Q, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Influenza C and D Viruses Demonstrated a Differential Respiratory Tissue Tropism in a Comparative Pathogenesis Study in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0035623. [PMID: 37199648 PMCID: PMC10308911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. Despite the ubiquitous infection landscape of ICV in humans, little is known about its replication and pathobiology in animals. The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. Intranasal inoculation of both viruses did not cause clinical signs, however, the infected animals shed virus in nasal washes. The huICV replicated in the nasal turbinates, soft palate, and trachea but not in the lungs while swIDV replicated in all four tissues. A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. Seroconversion occurred late in the huICV group at 14 dpi, while swIDV-infected animals seroconverted at 7 dpi. Guinea pigs infected with huICV exhibited mild to moderate inflammatory changes in the epithelium of the soft palate and trachea, along with mucosal damage and multifocal alveolitis in the lungs. In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. Further, the antivirals against influenza A and B viruses are ineffective against ICV which mandates the need to study the pathobiological aspects of this virus. Here we demonstrated that the respiratory tract of guinea pigs possesses specific viral receptors for ICV. We also compared the replication kinetics and pathogenesis of huICV and swIDV, as these viruses share 50% sequence identity. The tissue tropism and pathology associated with huICV in guinea pigs are analogous to the mild respiratory disease caused by ICV in humans, thereby demonstrating the suitability of guinea pigs to study ICV. Our comparative analysis revealed that huICV and swIDV replicated differentially in the guinea pigs suggesting that the type-specific genetic differences can result in the disparity of the viral shedding and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Dana Rausch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Julian Druce
- Virology Section, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaoyun Zhao
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ishida H, Murakami S, Kamiki H, Matsugo H, Katayama M, Sekine W, Ohira K, Takenaka-Uema A, Horimoto T. Generation of a recombinant temperature-sensitive influenza D virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3806. [PMID: 36882459 PMCID: PMC9992382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. For developing a candidate vaccine virus against IDV, we sought to produce a temperature-sensitive strain, similar to the live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccine strain available against the influenza A virus (IAV). To this end, we produced a recombinant IDV (designated rD/OK-AL) strain by introducing mutations responsible for the adaptation of the IAV vaccine strain to cold conditions and conferring sensitivity to high temperatures into PB2 and PB1 proteins using reverse genetics. The rD/OK-AL strain grew efficiently at 33 °C but did not grow at 37 °C in the cell culture, indicating its high-temperature sensitivity. In mice, rD/OK-AL was attenuated following intranasal inoculation. It mediated the production of high levels of antibodies against IDV in the serum. When the rD/OK-AL-inoculated mice were challenged with the wild-type virus, the virus was not detected in respiratory organs after the challenge, indicating complete protection against IDV. These results imply that the rD/OK-AL might be a potential candidate for the development of live attenuated vaccines for IDV that can be used to control BRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroho Ishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Kamiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Matsugo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misa Katayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sekine
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Robinson E, Schulein C, Jacobson BT, Jones K, Sago J, Huber V, Jutila M, Bimczok D, Rynda-Apple A. Pathophysiology of Influenza D Virus Infection in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs with or without Prior Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Exposure. Viruses 2022; 14:1422. [PMID: 35891403 PMCID: PMC9321583 DOI: 10.3390/v14071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial pneumonias occur frequently in cattle, swine, and sheep, resulting in major economic losses. Individual pathogens comprising these complex infections may be mild on their own but can instead exhibit synergism or increase host susceptibility. Two examples of such pathogens, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) and influenza D viruses (IDVs), naturally infect domestic sheep. In sheep, the role of M. ovipneumoniae in chronic nonprogressive pneumonia is well-established, but the pathogenesis of IDV infection has not previously been studied. We utilized a specific-pathogen-free sheep flock to study the clinical response to IDV infection in naïve vs. M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs. Lambs were inoculated intranasally with M. ovipneumoniae or mock infection, followed after four weeks by infection with IDV. Pathogen shedding was tracked, and immunological responses were evaluated by measuring acute phase response and IDV-neutralizing antibody titers. While lamb health statuses remained subclinical, M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs had significantly elevated body temperatures during IDV infection compared to M. ovipneumoniae-naïve, IDV-infected lambs. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between prior M. ovipneumoniae burden, early-infection IDV shedding, and IDV-neutralizing antibody response. Our findings suggest that IDV infection may not induce clinical symptoms in domestic sheep, but previous M. ovipneumoniae exposure may promote mild IDV-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Clyde Schulein
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - B. Tegner Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Kerri Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Jonathon Sago
- Montana State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1911 West Lincoln Street, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA;
| | - Victor Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
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Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051036. [PMID: 35632777 PMCID: PMC9147167 DOI: 10.3390/v14051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The newest type of influenza virus, influenza D virus (IDV), was isolated in 2011. IDV circulates in several animal species worldwide, causing mild respiratory illness in its natural hosts. Importantly, IDV does not cause clinical disease in humans and does not spread easily from person to person. Here, we review what is known about the host–pathogen interactions that may limit IDV illness. We focus on early immune interactions between the virus and infected host cells in our summary of what is known about IDV pathogenesis. This work establishes a foundation for future research into IDV infection and immunity in mammalian hosts.
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Time-Dependent Proinflammatory Responses Shape Virus Interference during Coinfections of Influenza A Virus and Influenza D Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020224. [PMID: 35215819 PMCID: PMC8878573 DOI: 10.3390/v14020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) are enzootic in pigs. IAV causes approximately 100% morbidity with low mortality, whereas IDV leads to only mild respiratory diseases in pigs. In this study, we performed a series of coinfection experiments in vitro and in vivo to understand how IAV and IDV interact and cause pathogenesis during coinfection. The results showed that IAV inhibited IDV replication when infecting swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs) with IAV 24 or 48 h prior to IDV inoculation and that IDV suppressed IAV replication when IDV preceded IAV inoculation by 48 h. Virus interference was not identified during simultaneous IAV/IDV infections or with 6 h between the two viral infections, regardless of their order. The interference pattern at 24 and 48 h correlated with proinflammatory responses induced by the first infection, which, for IDV, was slower than for IAV by about 24 h. The viruses did not interfere with each other if both infected the cells before proinflammatory responses were induced. Coinfection in pigs further demonstrated that IAV interfered with both viral shedding and virus replication of IDV, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Clinically, coinfection of IDV and IAV did not show significant enhancement of disease pathogenesis, compared with the pigs infected with IAV alone. In summary, this study suggests that interference during coinfection of IAV and IDV is primarily due to the proinflammatory response; therefore, it is dependent on the time between infections and the order of infection. This study facilitates our understanding of virus epidemiology and pathogenesis associated with IAV and IDV coinfection.
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Enhanced Pathogenesis Caused by Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis Coinfection in Calves: a Disease Severity Linked with Overexpression of IFN-γ as a Key Player of the Enhanced Innate Immune Response in Lungs. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0169021. [PMID: 34937196 PMCID: PMC8694133 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01690-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major disease of young cattle whose etiology lies in complex interactions between pathogens and environmental and host factors. Despite a high frequency of codetection of respiratory pathogens in BRD, data on the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis associated with viral and bacterial interactions are still limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of a coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. Naive calves were infected by aerosol with a French IDV strain and an M. bovis strain. The combined infection shortened the incubation period, worsened the disease, and led to more severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to these parameters in calves infected with only one pathogen. In addition, IDV promoted colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by M. bovis and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) gene was shown to be the gene most statistically overexpressed after coinfection at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and at least until 7 dpi, which correlated with the high level of lymphocytes in the LRT. Downregulation of the PACE4 and TMPRSS2 endoprotease genes was also highlighted, being a possible reason for the faster clearance of IDV in the lungs of coinfected animals. Taken together, our coinfection model with two respiratory pathogens that when present alone induce moderate clinical signs of disease was shown to increase the severity of the disease in young cattle and a strong transcriptomic innate immune response in the LRT, especially for IFN-γ. IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity. In this study, we showed that coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis increased the severity of the respiratory disease in calves in comparison with IDV or M. bovis infection. IDV promoted M. bovis colonization of the lower respiratory tract and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The IFN-γ gene in particular was highly overexpressed after coinfection, correlated with the disease severity, immune response, and white cell recruitment in the lungs. In conclusion, we showed that IDV facilitates coinfections within the BRD complex by modulating the local innate immune response, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in severe respiratory diseases.
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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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13
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Targeting Antigens for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060973. [PMID: 34073996 PMCID: PMC8225176 DOI: 10.3390/v13060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses. Herein, we review current strategies and perspectives regarding the use of antigens, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and internal proteins, for universal influenza vaccine development.
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Abstract
From its initial isolation in the USA in 2011 to the present, influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in cattle and swine populations worldwide. IDV has exceptional thermal and acid stability and a broad host range. The virus utilizes cattle as its natural reservoir and amplification host with periodic spillover to other mammalian species, including swine. IDV infection can cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses in cattle and has been implicated as a contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Bovine and swine IDV outbreaks continue to increase globally, and there is increasing evidence indicating that IDV may have the potential to infect humans. This review discusses recent advances in IDV biology and epidemiology, and summarizes our current understanding of IDV pathogenesis and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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15
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Bhattarai S, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Isolation and development of bovine primary respiratory cells as model to study influenza D virus infection. Virology 2021; 559:89-99. [PMID: 33862336 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel type of influenza virus that infects and causes respiratory illness in bovines. Lack of host-specific in vitro model that can recapitulate morphology and physiology of in vivo airway epithelial cells has impeded the study of IDV infection. Here, we established and characterized bovine primary respiratory epithelial cells from nasal turbinate, soft palate, and trachea of the same calf. All three cell types showed characteristics peculiar of epithelial cells, polarized into apical-basolateral membrane, and formed tight junctions. Furthermore, these cells expressed both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids with α-2,3 linkage being more abundant. IDV strains replicated to high titers in these cells, while influenza A and B viruses exhibited moderate to low titers, with influenza C virus replication not detected. These findings suggest that bovine primary airway epithelial cells can be utilized to model infection biology and pathophysiology of IDV and other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Saegerman C, Bianchini J, Snoeck CJ, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Zohari S, Ducatez MF. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3349-3359. [PMID: 33249766 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified and characterized in 2011. Considering the virus' zoonotic potential, its genome nature (segmented RNA virus), its worldwide circulation in livestock and its role in bovine respiratory disease, an increased interest is given to IDV. However, few data are available on drivers of emergence of IDV. We first listed fifty possible drivers of emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine. As recently carried out for COVID-19 in pets (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2020), a scoring system was developed per driver and scientific experts (N = 28) were elicited to (a) allocate a score to each driver, (b) weight the drivers' scores within each domain and (c) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver, and drivers were ranked in decreasing order. Drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine in Europe were grouped using a regression tree analysis. Finally, the robustness of the expert elicitation was verified. Eight drivers were ranked with the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of IDV: current species specificity of the causing agent of the disease; influence of (il)legal movements of live animals (ruminants, swine) from neighbouring/European Union member states and from third countries for the disease to (re-)emerge in a given country; detection of emergence; current knowledge of the pathogen; vaccine availability; animal density; and transport vehicles of live animals. As there is still limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge and multi-criteria decision analysis, in addition to clustering and sensitivity analyses, are very important to prioritize future studies, starting from the top eight drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
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Liu R, Sheng Z, Huang C, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:154-161. [PMID: 32932215 PMCID: PMC7755673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has been found to circulate among cattle and swine populations worldwide. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased understanding of this novel influenza virus with bovines as a reservoir. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of epidemiology and host range of IDV followed by discussion of infection biology and animal model development for IDV. Finally, we review progress towards understanding of the pathogenesis and host response of IDV as well as developing preventive vaccines for IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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Saegerman C, Salem E, Ait Lbacha H, Alali S, Zouagui Z, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Formal estimation of the seropositivity cut-off of the hemagglutination inhibition assay in field diagnosis of influenza D virus in cattle and estimation of the associated true prevalence in Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1392-1399. [PMID: 32815301 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was discovered less than ten years ago. Increased interest in this virus is due to its nature (RNA virus with high mutation rate), its worldwide circulation in livestock species, its probable role in bovine respiratory disease and its zoonotic potential. Until currently, the establishment of positivity cut-off of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was not formalized in field conditions for the detection of antibodies directed against IDV in cattle (i.e. the proposed reservoir). In this study, the positivity cut-off of the HI assays was formally established (titre = 10) using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. This information was used to estimate the sensitivity (68.04 to 73.20%) and the specificity (94.17 to 96.12%) of two different HI assays (HI1 and HI2 , with two different IDV antigens) relatively to virus micro-neutralization test (VNT) as reference test. Based on the above characteristics, the true prevalence of IDV was then estimated in Morocco using a stochastic approach. Irrespective of the HI assays used, the estimation of the true prevalence was statistically equivalent (between 48.44% and 48.73%). In addition, the Spearman rank correlation between HI titres and VNT titres was statistically good (0.76 and 0.81 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively). The positive (0.82 and 0.79 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively) and the negative (0.86 and 0.85 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively) agreement indices between results of HI assays and VNT were good and similar. This study allowed for a formal establishment of a positivity cut-off in HI assays for the detection of antibodies directed against IDV. This information is of prime importance to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the test relatively to the VNT (i.e. the reference test). Using these characteristics, the true prevalence of IDV should be determined in a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | - Said Alali
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zaid Zouagui
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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Limited Cross-Protection Provided by Prior Infection Contributes to High Prevalence of Influenza D Viruses in Cattle. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00240-20. [PMID: 32611750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00240-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its detection in swine, influenza D virus (IDV) has been shown to be present in multiple animal hosts, and bovines have been identified as its natural reservoir. However, it remains unclear how IDVs emerge, evolve, spread, and maintain in bovine populations. Through multiple years of virological and serological surveillance in a single order-buyer cattle facility in Mississippi, we showed consistently high seroprevalence of IDVs in cattle and recovered a total of 32 IDV isolates from both healthy and sick animals, including those with antibodies against IDV. Genomic analyses of these isolates along with those isolated from other areas showed that active genetic reassortment occurred in IDV and that five reassortants were identified in the Mississippian facility. Two antigenic groups were identified through antigenic cartography analyses for these 32 isolates and representative IDVs from other areas. Remarkably, existing antibodies could not protect cattle from experimental reinfection with IDV. Additional phenotypic analyses demonstrated variations in growth dynamics and pathogenesis in mice between viruses independent of genomic constellation. In summary, this study suggests that, in addition to epidemiological factors, the ineffectiveness of preexisting immunity and cocirculation of a diverse viral genetic pool could facilitate its high prevalence in animal populations.IMPORTANCE Influenza D viruses (IDVs) are panzootic in multiple animal hosts, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Through multiple years of surveillance in the same order-buyer cattle facility, 32 IDV isolates were recovered from both healthy and sick animals, including those with evident antibodies against IDV. Active reassortment occurred in the cattle within this facility and in those across other areas, and multiple reassortants cocirculated in animals. These isolates are shown with a large extent of phenotypic diversity in replication efficiency and pathogenesis but little in antigenic properties. Animal experiments demonstrated that existing antibodies could not protect cattle from experimental reinfection with IDV. This study suggests that, in addition to epidemiological factors, limited protection from preexisting immunity against IDVs in cattle herds and cocirculation of a diverse viral genetic pool likely facilitate the high prevalence of IDVs in animal populations.
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Liu R, Sreenivasan C, Yu H, Sheng Z, Newkirk SJ, An W, Smith DF, Chen X, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus diverges from its related influenza C virus in the recognition of 9-O-acetylated N-acetyl- or N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid-containing glycan receptors. Virology 2020; 545:16-23. [PMID: 32174455 PMCID: PMC7174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other mammalian hosts. By using traditional hemagglutination assay coupled with sialoglycan microarray (SGM) platform and functional assays, we demonstrated that IDV is more efficient in recognizing both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) than influenza C virus (ICV), a ubiquitous human pathogen. ICV seems to strongly prefer Neu5,9Ac2 over Neu5Gc9Ac. Since Neu5Gc9Ac is different from Neu5,9Ac2 only by an additional oxygen in the group at the C5 position, our results reveal that the hydroxyl group in Neu5Gc9Ac plays a critical role in determining receptor binding specificity, which as a result may discriminate IDV from ICV in communicating with 9-O-acetylated SAs. These findings shall provide a framework for further investigation towards better understanding of how newly discovered multiple-species-infecting IDV exploits natural 9-O-acetylated SA variations to expand its host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Simon J Newkirk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Wenfeng An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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