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Xiao H, Hu H, Guo Y, Li J, Zeng WB, Luo MH, Wang M, Hu Z. Efficient Strategy for Synthesizing Vector-Free and Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Type 1 Viruses. ACS Synth Biol 2024. [PMID: 39358309 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthesizing viral genomes plays an important role in fundamental virology research and in the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a large DNA virus widely used in oncolytic virotherapy. Although de novo synthesis of the HSV-1 genome has been previously reported, the synthetic procedure is still far from efficient, and the synthesized genome contains a vector sequence that may affect its replication and application. In the present study, we developed an efficient vector-free strategy for synthesis and rescue of synthetic HSV-1. In contrast to the conventional method of transfecting mammalian cells with a completely synthesized genome containing a vector, overlapping HSV-1 fragments synthesized by transformation-associated recombination (TAR) in yeast were linearized and cotransfected into mammalian cells to rescue the synthetic virus. Using this strategy, a synthetic virus, F-Syn, comprising the complete genome of the HSV-1 F strain, was generated. The growth curve and electron microscopy of F-Syn confirmed that its replication dynamics and morphogenesis are similar to those of the parental virus. In addition, by combining TAR with in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 editing, an oncolytic virus, F-Syn-O, with deleted viral genes ICP6, ICP34.5, and ICP47 was generated. The antitumor effect of F-Syn-O was tested in vitro. F-Syn-O established a successful infection and induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in various human tumor cell lines. These strategies will facilitate convenient and systemic manipulation of HSV-1 genomes and could be further applied to the design and construction of oncolytic herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hengrui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yijia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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2
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Geng R, Yin D, Liu Y, Lv H, Zhou X, Bao C, Gong L, Shao H, Qian K, Chen H, Qin A. Punicalagin Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus Replication by Targeting Early Viral Stages and Modulating Inflammatory Pathways. Vet Sci 2024; 11:440. [PMID: 39330819 PMCID: PMC11435760 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), has resulted in significant losses in the global pig industry. Considering the absence of effective vaccines, developing drugs against ASFV may be a crucial strategy for its prevention and control in the future. In this study, punicalagin, a polyphenolic substance extracted from pomegranate peel, was found to significantly inhibit ASFV replication in MA-104, PK-15, WSL, and 3D4/21 cells by screening an antiviral compound library containing 536 compounds. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that punicalagin acted on early viral replication stages, impinging on viral attachment and internalization. Meanwhile, punicalagin could directly inactivate the virus according to virucidal assay. RT-qPCR and Western blot results indicated that punicalagin modulated the NF-κB/STAT3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators induced by ASFV. In conclusion, this study reveals the anti-ASFV activity of punicalagin and the mechanism of action, which may have great potential for developing effective drugs against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chunhui Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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3
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Hull MA, Pritchard SM, Nicola AV. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Envelope Glycoprotein C Shields Glycoprotein D to Protect Virions from Entry-Blocking Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.20.608756. [PMID: 39229192 PMCID: PMC11370450 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.20.608756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gD interaction with the host cell receptor nectin-1 triggers the membrane fusion cascade during viral entry. Potent neutralizing antibodies to gD prevent receptor-binding or prevent gD interaction with gH/gL critical for fusion. HSV has many strategies to evade host immune responses. We investigated the ability of virion envelope gC to protect envelope gD from antibody neutralization. HSV-1 lacking gC was more sensitive to neutralization by anti-gD monoclonal antibodies than a wild type rescuant virus. gD in the HSV-1 gC-null viral envelope had enhanced reactivity to anti-gD antibodies compared to wild type. HSV-1 ΔgC binding to the nectin-1 receptor was more readily inhibited by a neutralizing anti-gD monoclonal antibody. HSV-1 ΔgC was also more sensitive to inhibition by soluble nectin-1 receptor. The viral membrane protein composition of HSV-1 ΔgC was equivalent to that of wild type, suggesting that the lack of gC is responsible for the increased reactivity of gD-specific antibodies and the consequent increased susceptibility to neutralization by those antibodies. Together, the results suggest that gC in the HSV-1 envelope shields both receptor-binding domains and gH/gL-interacting domains of gD from neutralizing antibodies, facilitating HSV cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna A Hull
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Pritchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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4
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Zhu Y, Gasbarri M, Zebret S, Pawar S, Mathez G, Diderich J, Valencia-Camargo AD, Russenberger D, Wang H, Silva PH, Dela Cruz JAB, Wei L, Cagno V, Münz C, Speck RF, Desmecht D, Stellacci F. Benzene with Alkyl Chains Is a Universal Scaffold for Multivalent Virucidal Antivirals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1012-1021. [PMID: 38799657 PMCID: PMC11117723 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Most viruses start their invasion by binding to glycoproteins' moieties on the cell surface (heparan sulfate proteoglycans [HSPG] or sialic acid [SA]). Antivirals mimicking these moieties multivalently are known as broad-spectrum multivalent entry inhibitors (MEI). Due to their reversible mechanism, efficacy is lost when concentrations fall below an inhibitory threshold. To overcome this limitation, we modify MEIs with hydrophobic arms rendering the inhibitory mechanism irreversible, i.e., preventing the efficacy loss upon dilution. However, all our HSPG-mimicking MEIs only showed reversible inhibition against HSPG-binding SARS-CoV-2. Here, we present a systematic investigation of a series of small molecules, all containing a core and multiple hydrophobic arms terminated with HSPG-mimicking moieties. We identify the ones that have irreversible inhibition against all viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and discuss their design principles. We show efficacy in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 in a Syrian hamster model through both intranasal instillation and aerosol inhalation in a therapeutic setting (12 h postinfection). We also show the utility of the presented design rules in producing SA-mimicking MEIs with irreversible inhibition against SA-binding influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Soumaila Zebret
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sujeet Pawar
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Mathez
- Institute
of Microbiology, University Hospital of
Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switerland
| | - Jacob Diderich
- Faculty
of
Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alma Delia Valencia-Camargo
- Institute
of Experimental Immunology, University of
Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doris Russenberger
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heyun Wang
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Henrique
Jacob Silva
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jay-ar B. Dela Cruz
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lixia Wei
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute
of Microbiology, University Hospital of
Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute
of Experimental Immunology, University of
Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F. Speck
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Faculty
of
Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute
of Materials, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Santos I, Silva M, Grácio M, Pedroso L, Lima A. Milk Antiviral Proteins and Derived Peptides against Zoonoses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1842. [PMID: 38339120 PMCID: PMC10855762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is renowned for its nutritional richness but also serves as a remarkable reservoir of bioactive compounds, particularly milk proteins and their derived peptides. Recent studies have showcased several robust antiviral activities of these proteins, evidencing promising potential within zoonotic viral diseases. While several publications focus on milk's bioactivities, antiviral peptides remain largely neglected in reviews. This knowledge is critical for identifying novel research directions and analyzing potential nutraceuticals within the One Health context. Our review aims to gather the existing scientific information on milk-derived antiviral proteins and peptides against several zoonotic viral diseases, and their possible mechanisms. Overall, in-depth research has increasingly revealed them as a promising and novel strategy against viruses, principally for those constituting a plausible pandemic threat. The underlying mechanisms of the bioactivity of milk's proteins include inhibiting viral entry and attachment to the host cells, blocking replication, or even viral inactivation via peptide-membrane interactions. Their marked versatility and effectiveness stand out compared to other antiviral peptides and can support future research and development in the post-COVID-19 era. Overall, our review helps to emphasize the importance of potentially effective milk-derived peptides, and their significance for veterinary and human medicines, along with the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Madalena Grácio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Laurentina Pedroso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Ali I, Chemen ME, Piccini LE, Mukherjee S, Jana S, Damonte EB, Ray B, Garcia CC, Ray S. Chemically modified galactans of Grateloupia indica: From production to in vitro antiviral activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128824. [PMID: 38103665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have an affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces, which is a determinant for virus entry. Herein, several sulfated galactans that mimic the active domain of the entry receptor were employed to prevent HSV infection. They were produced from Grateloupia indica using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (ClSO3H.Py)/N,N-dimethylformamide reagent (fraction G-402), SO3.Py/DMF reagent (G-403), or by aqueous extraction (G-401). These galactans contained varied molecular masses (33-55 kDa), and sulfate contents (12-20 %), and have different antiviral activities. Especially, the galactan (G-402) generated by using ClSO3H.Py/DMF, a novel reagent, exhibited the highest level of antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.36 μg/mL) compared to G-403 (EC50 = 15.6 μg/mL) and G-401 (EC50 = 17.9 μg/mL). This most active sulfated galactan possessed a linear chain containing β-(1 → 3)- and α-(1 → 4)-linked Galp units with sulfate group at the O-2/4/6 and O-2/3/6 positions, respectively. The HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains were specifically inhibited by this novel 33 ± 15 kDa galactan, which also blocked the virus from entering the host cell. These results highlight the significant potential of this sulfated galactan for antiviral research and drug development. Additionally, the reagent used for the effective conversion of galactan hydroxy groups to sulfate during extraction may also be useful for the chemical transformation of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Mathias E Chemen
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luana E Piccini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Cybele C Garcia
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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7
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TOMIOKA Y, TAKEDA K, OZAKI K, INOUE H, YAMAMOTO S, TAKEUCHI T, ONO E. Single amino acid mutation of nectin-1 provides remarkable resistance against lethal pseudorabies virus infection in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:120-127. [PMID: 38030279 PMCID: PMC10849851 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach to genetically engineered resistance to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection was examined by using a mouse model with defined point mutation in primary receptor for alphaherpesviruses, nectin-1, by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. It has become clear that phenylalanine at position 129 of nectin-1 is important for binding to viral glycoprotein D (gD), and mutation of phenylalanine 129 to alanine (F129A) prevents nectin-1 binding to gD and virus entry in vitro. Here, to assess the antiviral potential of the single amino acid mutation of nectin-1, F129A, in vivo, we generated genome-edited mutant mouse lines; F129A and 135 knockout (KO). The latter, 135 KO used as a nectin-1 knockout line for comparison, expresses a carboxy-terminal deleted polypeptide consisting of 135 amino acids without phenylalanine 129. In the challenge with 10 LD50 PRV via intranasal route, perfect protection of disease onset was induced by expression of the mutation of nectin-1, F129A (survival rate: 100% in F129A and 135 KO versus 0% in wild type mice). Neither viral DNA/antigens nor pathological changes were detected in F129A, suggesting that viral entry was prevented at the primary site in natural infection. In the challenge with 50 LD50 PRV, lower but still strong protective effect against disease onset was observed (survival rate: 57% in F129A and 75% in 135 KO versus 0% in wild type mice). The present results indicate that single amino acid mutation of nectin-1 F129A provides significant resistance against lethal pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko TOMIOKA
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keiko TAKEDA
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinuyo OZAKI
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi INOUE
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayo YAMAMOTO
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi TAKEUCHI
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Etsuro ONO
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Dwivedi M, Parmar MD, Mukherjee D, Yadava A, Yadav H, Saini NP. Biochemistry, Mechanistic Intricacies, and Therapeutic Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides: An Alternative to Traditional Antibiotics. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:6110-6139. [PMID: 37818561 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673268458230926105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens becomes a major obstacle to treating human diseases. Antibiotics and antivirals are in the application for a long time but now these drugs are not much effective anymore against disease-causing drugresistant microbes and gradually it is becoming a serious complication worldwide. The development of new antibiotics cannot be a stable solution to treat drug-resistant strains due to their evolving nature and escaping antibiotics. At this stage, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may provide us with novel therapeutic leads against drug-resistant pathogens. Structurally, antimicrobial peptides are mostly α-helical peptide molecules with amphiphilic properties that carry the positive charge (cationic) and belong to host defense peptides. These positively charged AMPs can interact with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes and may cause the alteration in electrochemical potential on bacterial cell membranes and consequently lead to the death of microbial cells. In the present study, we will elaborate on the implication of AMPs in the treatment of various diseases along with their specific structural and functional properties. This review will provide information which assists in the development of new synthetic peptide analogues to natural AMPs. These analogues will eliminate the limitations of natural AMPs like toxicity and severe hemolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Meet Dineshbhai Parmar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Anuradha Yadava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Hitendra Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Nandini Pankaj Saini
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226028, India
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10
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Zhou W, Hong J, Han J, Cai F, Tang Q, Yu Q, Li G, Ma S, Liu X, Huo S, Chen K, Zhu F. Silkworm glycosaminoglycans bind to Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and facilitate its entry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127352. [PMID: 37838120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Interacting with cell surface attachment factors or receptors is the first step for virus infection. Glycans cover a thick layer on eukaryotic cells and are potential targets of various viruses. Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (BmNPV) is a baculovirus that causes huge economic loss to the sericulture industry but the mechanism of infection is unclear. Looking for potential host receptors for the virus is an important task. In this study, we investigated the role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modifications, including heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), during BmNPV infection. Enzymatic removal of cell surface HS and CS effectively inhibited BmNPV infection and replication. Exogenous HS and CS can directly bind to BmNPV virion in solution and act as neutralizers for viral infection. Furthermore, the expression of enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis was upregulated in the BmNPV susceptible silkworm after virus administration, but down-regulated in the resistant strain after virus treatment, suggesting that BmNPV was able to utilize host cell machinery to promote the biosynthesis of GAGs. This study demonstrated HS and CS as important attachment factors that facilitate the viral entry process, and targeting HS and CS can be an effective means of inhibiting BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jindie Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinying Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fuchuan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qi Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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11
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Feng J, Nie C, Xie E, Thongrom B, Reiter-Scherer V, Block S, Herrmann A, Quaas E, Sieben C, Haag R. Sulfated Polyglycerol-Modified Hydrogels for Binding HSV-1 and RSV. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37903283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide on the surface of mammalian cells and in the extracellular matrix and has been found to be important for virus binding and infection. In this work, we designed synthetic hydrogels with viral binding and deactivation activities through the postfunctionalization of an HS-mimicking polyelectrolyte and alkyl chains. Three polyglycerol-based hydrogels were prepared as substrates and postfunctionalized by sulfated linear polyglycerol (lPGS) via thiol-ene click reaction. The viral binding properties were studied using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The effect of hydrogel types and molecular weight (Mw) of conjugated lPGS on viral binding properties was also assessed, and promising binding activities were observed in all lPGS-functionalized samples. Further coupling of 11 carbons long alkyl chains to the hydrogel revealed virucidal properties caused by destruction of the viral envelope, as shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enyu Xie
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Boonya Thongrom
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Reiter-Scherer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 23a,14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Quaas
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sieben
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Subedi S, Nag N, Shukla H, Padhi AK, Tripathi T. Comprehensive analysis of liquid-liquid phase separation propensities of HSV-1 proteins and their interaction with host factors. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37796176 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of virus proteins plays a crucial role in their life cycle. It promotes the formation of viral replication organelles, concentrating viral components for efficient replication and facilitates the assembly of viral particles. LLPS has emerged as a crucial process in the replication and assembly of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Recent studies have identified several HSV-1 proteins involved in LLPS, including the myristylated tegument protein UL11 and infected cell protein 4; however, a complete proteome-level understanding of the LLPS-prone HSV-1 proteins is not available. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the HSV-1 proteome and explore the potential of its proteins to undergo LLPS. By integrating sequence analysis, prediction algorithms and an array of tools and servers, we identified 10 HSV-1 proteins that exhibit high LLPS potential. By analysing the amino acid sequences of the LLPS-prone proteins, we identified specific sequence motifs and enriched amino acid residues commonly found in LLPS-prone regions. Our findings reveal a diverse range of LLPS-prone proteins within the HSV-1, which are involved in critical viral processes such as replication, transcriptional regulation and assembly of viral particles. This suggests that LLPS might play a crucial role in facilitating the formation of specialized viral replication compartments and the assembly of HSV-1 virion. The identification of LLPS-prone proteins in HSV-1 opens up new avenues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis. Our work provides valuable insights into the LLPS landscape of HSV-1, highlighting potential targets for further experimental validation and enhancing our understanding of viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Subedi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Niharika Nag
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Aditya K Padhi
- Laboratory for Computational Biology & Biomolecular Design, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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13
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de Lima LF, Ferreira AL, Awasthi S, Torres MD, Friedman HM, Cohen GH, de Araujo WR, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Rapid and accurate detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 using a low-cost electrochemical biosensor. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101513. [PMID: 38239491 PMCID: PMC10795591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, which is almost exclusively sexually transmitted, causes genital herpes. Although this lifelong and incurable infection is extremely widespread, currently there is no readily available diagnostic device that accurately detects HSV-2 antigens to a satisfactory degree. Here, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical device that detects HSV-2 antigens within 9 min and costs just $1 (USD) to manufacture. The electrochemical biosensor is biofunctionalized with the human cellular receptor nectin-1 and detects the glycoprotein gD2, which is present within the HSV-2 viral envelope. The performance of the device is tested in a guinea pig model that mimics human biofluids, yielding 88.9% sensitivity, 100.0% specificity, and 95.0% accuracy under these conditions, with a limit of detection of 0.019 fg mL-1 for gD2 protein and 0.057 PFU mL-1 for titered viral samples. Importantly, no cross-reactions with other viruses were detected, indicating the adequate robustness and selectivity of the sensor. Our low-cost technology could facilitate more frequent testing for HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F. de Lima
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - André L. Ferreira
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo D.T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William R. de Araujo
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lead contact
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14
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Guo X, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Guo Y. Attachment, Entry, and Intracellular Trafficking of Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1870. [PMID: 37766277 PMCID: PMC10534341 DOI: 10.3390/v15091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with an envelope, is a member of the Pestivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. CSFV causes a severe and highly contagious disease in pigs and is prevalent worldwide, threatening the pig farming industry. The detailed mechanisms of the CSFV life cycle have been reported, but are still limited. Some receptors and attachment factors of CSFV, including heparan sulfate (HS), laminin receptor (LamR), complement regulatory protein (CD46), MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK), disintegrin, and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), were identified. After attachment, CSFV internalizes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and/or caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis (CavME). After internalization, CSFV moves to early and late endosomes before uncoating. During this period, intracellular trafficking of CSFV relies on components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and Rab proteins in the endosome dynamics, with a dependence on the cytoskeleton network. This review summarizes the data on the mechanisms of CSFV attachment, internalization pathways, and intracellular trafficking, and provides a general view of the early events in the CSFV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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15
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Li M, Pedersen LC, Xu D. Targeting heparan sulfate-protein interactions with oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1194293. [PMID: 37275960 PMCID: PMC10235622 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1194293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs) are structurally diverse extracellular and membrane attached proteins that interact with HS under normal physiological conditions. Interactions with HS offer an additional level of control over the localization and function of HSBPs, which enables them to behave in a more refined manner. Because all cell signaling events start at the cell membrane, and cell-cell communication relies on translocation of soluble factors across the extracellular matrix, HS occupies an apical position in cellular signal transduction by interacting with hundreds of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, receptors and adhesion molecules. These extracellular and membrane proteins can play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. For most HS-binding proteins, the interaction with HS represents an essential element in regulating their normal physiological functions. Such dependence on HS suggests that manipulating HS-protein interactions could be explored as a therapeutic strategy to selectively antagonize/activate HS-binding proteins. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the diverse nature of HS-HSBP interactions, and the latest advancements in targeting the HS-binding site of HSBPs using structurally-defined HS oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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16
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Pushparaj SSC, Sivanesan I. Anti-COVID-19 Credentials of Chitosan Composites and Derivatives: Future Scope? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:665. [PMID: 37107027 PMCID: PMC10135369 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives and composites are the next generation polymers for biomedical applications. With their humble origins from the second most abundant naturally available polymer chitin, chitosan is currently one of the most promising polymer systems, with wide biological applications. This current review gives a bird's eye view of the antimicrobial applications of chitosan composites and derivatives. The antiviral activity and the mechanisms behind the inhibitory activity of these components have been reviewed. Specifically, the anti-COVID-19 aspects of chitosan composites and their derivatives have been compiled from the existing scattered reports and presented. Defeating COVID-19 is the battle of this century, and the chitosan derivative-based combat strategies naturally become very attractive. The challenges ahead and future recommendations have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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17
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Gallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the Replication of Pseudorabies Virus via Suppressing the Entry and Release Stages in Its Replication Cycle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030189. [PMID: 36977228 PMCID: PMC10059259 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus is a widespread swine pathogen that has caused significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Due to the emergence of PRV variant strains in recent years, vaccines cannot provide complete protection against the infection of PRV. Therefore, the research on antiviral compounds is of great importance for PRV treatment. In this study, an EGFP-labeled PRV was used to screen anti-PRV compounds from 86 natural product extracts. Gallocatechin gallate was found to efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.41 μM. In addition, it was found that gallocatechin gallate was unable to directly inactivate PRV and had no effect on the attachment stage of PRV. However, it was found that gallocatechin gallate significantly suppressed the viral entry stage. Furthermore, it was found that the release stage of PRV was also significantly suppressed by gallocatechin gallate. Together, this study found that gallocatechin gallate could efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV by suppressing the entry and release stages of PRV, which will contribute to the development of a new therapeutic strategy against PRV infection.
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18
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Aksenova AY, Likhachev IV, Grishin SY, Galzitskaya OV. The Increased Amyloidogenicity of Spike RBD and pH-Dependent Binding to ACE2 May Contribute to the Transmissibility and Pathogenic Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron as Suggested by In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13502. [PMID: 36362302 PMCID: PMC9655063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly evolving pathogen that has caused a global pandemic characterized by several consecutive waves. Based on epidemiological and NGS data, many different variants of SARS-CoV-2 were described and characterized since the original variant emerged in Wuhan in 2019. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 variants differ in transmissibility and pathogenicity in the human population, although the molecular basis for this difference is still debatable. A significant role is attributed to amino acid changes in the binding surface of the Spike protein to the ACE2 receptor, which may facilitate virus entry into the cell or contribute to immune evasion. We modeled in silico the interaction between Spike RBDs of Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants and ACE2 at different pHs (pH 5 and pH 7) and showed that the strength of this interaction was higher for the Omicron BA.1 RBD compared to Wuhan-Hu-1 or Delta RBDs and that the effect was more profound at pH 5. This finding is strikingly related to the increased ability of Omicron variants to spread in the population. We also noted that during its spread in the population, SARS-CoV-2 evolved to a more charged, basic composition. We hypothesize that the more basic surface of the Omicron variant may facilitate its spread in the upper respiratory tract but not in the lower respiratory tract, where pH estimates are different. We calculated the amyloidogenic properties of Spike RBDs in different SARS-CoV-2 variants and found eight amyloidogenic regions in the Spike RBDs for each of the variants predicted by the FoldAmyloid program. Although all eight regions were almost identical in the Wuhan to Gamma variants, two of them were significantly longer in both Omicron variants, making the Omicron RBD more amyloidogenic. We discuss how the increased predicted amyloidogenicity of the Omicron variants RBDs may be important for protein stability, influence its interaction with ACE2 and contribute to immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Aksenova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Likhachev
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS, The Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Sergei Y. Grishin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Oxana V. Galzitskaya
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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19
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Ye N, Wang B, Feng W, Tang D, Zeng Z. PRRS virus receptors and an alternative pathway for viral invasion. Virus Res 2022; 320:198885. [PMID: 35948131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a highly restricted cell tropism, which is closely related to the specific receptors associated with PRRSV infection. At least nine cellular molecules have been identified as putative receptors for PRRSV, including CD163, a cysteine-rich scavenger receptor. With the participation of the CD163 receptor and other cofactors, PRRSV invades cells via low pH-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, PRRSV utilizes viral apoptotic mimicry to infect cells though macropinocytosis as an alternative pathway. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the studies on receptors and pathways that play an important role in PRRSV invasion, and simultaneously explore the use of specific antibodies, small molecules, and blockers targeting receptor-ligand interactions, as a potential strategy for controlling PRRSV infection. Novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV could be developed by identifying the interaction between receptors and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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20
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Sahin G, Akbal-Dagistan O, Culha M, Erturk A, Basarir NS, Sancar S, Yildiz-Pekoz A. Antivirals and the Potential Benefits of Orally Inhaled Drug Administration in COVID-19 Treatment. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2652-2661. [PMID: 35691607 PMCID: PMC9181835 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been on the agenda of humanity for more than 2 years. In the meantime, the pandemic has caused economic shutdowns, halt of daily lives and global mobility, overcrowding of the healthcare systems, panic, and worse, more than 6 million deaths. Today, there is still no specific therapy for COVID-19. Research focuses on repurposing of antiviral drugs that are licensed or currently in the research phase, with a known systemic safety profile. However, local safety profile should also be evaluated depending on the new indication, administration route and dosage form. Additionally, various vaccines have been developed. But the causative virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has undergone multiple variations, too. The premise that vaccines may suffice to eradicate new and all variants is unreliable, as they are based on earlier versions of the virus. Therefore, a specific medication therapy for COVID-19 is crucial and needed in order to prevent severe complications of the disease. Even though there is no specific drug that inhibits the replication of the disease-causing virus, among the current treatment options, systemic antivirals are the most medically appropriate. As SARS-CoV-2 directly targets the lungs and initiates lung damage, treating COVID-19 with inhalants can offer many advantages over the enteral/parenteral administration. Inhaled drug delivery provides higher drug concentration, specifically in the pulmonary system. This enables the reduction of systemic side effects and produces a rapid clinical response. In this article, the most frequently (systemically) used antiviral compounds are reviewed including Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Molnupiravir, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Umifenovir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Heparin. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to provide insight into the potential inhaled use of these antiviral drugs and the current studies on inhalation therapy for COVID-19 was presented. A brief evaluation was also made on the use of inhaler devices in the treatment of COVID-19. Inhaled antivirals paired with suitable inhaler devices should be considered for COVID-19 treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokben Sahin
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey; Trakya University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Akbal-Dagistan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey
| | - Meltem Culha
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey
| | - Aybige Erturk
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey; Istinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey
| | - Nur Sena Basarir
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey
| | - Serap Sancar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Turkey
| | - Ayca Yildiz-Pekoz
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Turkey.
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21
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Hu H, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wan H, Yin Z, Li L, Liang X, Zhao X, Yin L, Ye G, Zou YF, Tang H, Jia R, Chen Y, Zhou H, Song X. Myricetin inhibits pseudorabies virus infection through direct inactivation and activating host antiviral defense. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:985108. [PMID: 36187970 PMCID: PMC9520584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.985108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin, a polyhydroxyflavone compound, is one of the main ingredients of various human foods and therefore also known as dietary flavonoids. Due to the continuous emergence of resistant strains of herpesviruses, novel control measures are required. In the present study, myricetin exhibited potent antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model organism of herpesvirus. The suppression rate could reach up to 96.4% at a concentration of 500 μM in cells, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 42.69 μM. Moreover, the inhibitory activity was not attenuated by the increased amount of infective dose, and a significant reduction of intracellular PRV virions was observed by indirect immunofluorescence. A mode of action study indicated that myricetin could directly inactivate the virus in vitro, leading to inhibition of viral adsorption, penetration and replication in cells. In addition to direct killing effect, myricetin could also activate host antiviral defense through regulation of apoptosis-related gene expressions (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax), NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and cytokine gene expressions (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, c-Jun, STAT1, c-Fos, and c-Myc). In PRV-infected mouse model, myricetin could enhance the survival rate by 40% at 5 days post infection, and viral loads in kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and brain were significantly decreased. The pathological changes caused by PRV infection were improved by myricetin treatment. The gene expressions of inflammatory factors (MCP-1, G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and apoptotic factors (Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, and Bax) were regulated by myricetin in PRV-infected mice. The present findings suggest that myricetin can effectively inhibit PRV infection and become a candidate for development of new anti-herpesvirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhou,
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Xu Song,
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22
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Ramos-Martínez IE, Ramos-Martínez E, Segura-Velázquez RÁ, Saavedra-Montañez M, Cervantes-Torres JB, Cerbón M, Papy-Garcia D, Zenteno E, Sánchez-Betancourt JI. Heparan Sulfate and Sialic Acid in Viral Attachment: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179842. [PMID: 36077240 PMCID: PMC9456526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids and heparan sulfates make up the outermost part of the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix. Both structures are characterized by being negatively charged, serving as receptors for various pathogens, and are highly expressed in the respiratory and digestive tracts. Numerous viruses use heparan sulfates as receptors to infect cells; in this group are HSV, HPV, and SARS-CoV-2. Other viruses require the cell to express sialic acids, as is the case in influenza A viruses and adenoviruses. This review aims to present, in a general way, the participation of glycoconjugates in viral entry, and therapeutic strategies focused on inhibiting the interaction between the virus and the glycoconjugates. Interestingly, there are few studies that suggest the participation of both glycoconjugates in the viruses addressed here. Considering the biological redundancy that exists between heparan sulfates and sialic acids, we propose that it is important to jointly evaluate and design strategies that contemplate inhibiting the interactions of both glycoconjugates. This approach will allow identifying new receptors and lead to a deeper understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Emmanuel Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - René Álvaro Segura-Velázquez
- Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Manuel Saavedra-Montañez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jacquelynne Brenda Cervantes-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth ant Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Ivan Sánchez-Betancourt
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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24
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Gianopulos KA, Komala Sari T, Weed DJ, Pritchard SM, Nicola AV. Conformational Changes in Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein C. J Virol 2022; 96:e0016322. [PMID: 35913218 PMCID: PMC9400475 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00163-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Low endosomal pH facilitates herpesvirus entry in a cell-specific manner. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes significant morbidity and death in humans worldwide. HSV-1 enters cells by low-pH and neutral-pH pathways. Low-pH-induced conformational changes in the HSV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) may mediate membrane fusion during viral entry. HSV-1 gC, a 511-amino acid, type I integral membrane glycoprotein, mediates HSV-1 attachment to host cell surface glycosaminoglycans, but this interaction is not essential for viral entry. We previously demonstrated that gC regulates low-pH viral entry independent of its known role in cell attachment. Low-pH-triggered conformational changes in gB occur at a lower pH when gC is absent, suggesting that gC positively regulates gB conformational changes. Here, we demonstrate that mildly acidic pH triggers conformational changes in gC itself. Low-pH treatment of virions induced antigenic changes in distinct gC epitopes, and those changes were reversible. One of these gC epitopes is recognized by a monoclonal antibody that binds to a linear sequence that includes residues within gC amino acids 33 to 123. This antibody inhibited low-pH entry of HSV, suggesting that its gC N-terminal epitope is particularly important. We propose that gC plays a critical role in HSV entry through a low-pH endocytosis pathway, which is a major entry route in human epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that cause lifelong latent infections and are characterized by multiple entry pathways. The HSV envelope gC regulates HSV entry by a low-pH entry route. The fusion protein gB undergoes pH-triggered conformational changes that are facilitated by gC. Here, we report that gC itself undergoes a conformational change at low pH. A monoclonal antibody to gC that binds to a region that undergoes pH-induced changes also selectively inhibits HSV low-pH entry, corroborating the importance of gC in the low-pH entry pathway. This study illustrates the complex role of endosomal pH during HSV entry and provides novel insights into the functions of gC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Gianopulos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Tri Komala Sari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Darin J. Weed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Pritchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony V. Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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25
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Abidine Y, Liu L, Wallén O, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Bally M. Cellular Chondroitin Sulfate and the Mucin-like Domain of Viral Glycoprotein C Promote Diffusion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 While Heparan Sulfate Restricts Mobility. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081836. [PMID: 36016458 PMCID: PMC9412521 DOI: 10.3390/v14081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of viruses at the cell membrane is essential to reach a suitable entry site and initiate subsequent internalization. Although many viruses take advantage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to bind to the cell surface, little is known about the dynamics of the virus–GAG interactions. Here, single-particle tracking of the initial interaction of individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions reveals a heterogeneous diffusive behavior, regulated by cell-surface GAGs with two main diffusion types: confined and normal free. This study reports that different GAGs can have competing influences in mediating diffusion on the cells used here: chondroitin sulfate (CS) enhances free diffusion but hinders virus attachment to cell surfaces, while heparan sulfate (HS) promotes virus confinement and increases entry efficiency. In addition, the role that the viral mucin-like domains (MLD) of the HSV-1 glycoprotein C plays in facilitating the diffusion of the virus and accelerating virus penetration into cells is demonstrated. Together, our results shed new light on the mechanisms of GAG-regulated virus diffusion at the cell surface for optimal internalization. These findings may be extendable to other GAG-binding viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abidine
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Wallén
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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26
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Kines RC, Schiller JT. Harnessing Human Papillomavirus' Natural Tropism to Target Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:1656. [PMID: 36016277 PMCID: PMC9413966 DOI: 10.3390/v14081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses established as the primary etiological agent for the development of cervical cancer. Decades of research have elucidated HPV's primary attachment factor to be heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Importantly, wounding and exposure of the epithelial basement membrane was found to be pivotal for efficient attachment and infection of HPV in vivo. Sulfation patterns on HSPG's become modified at the site of wounds as they serve an important role promoting tissue healing, cell proliferation and neovascularization and it is these modifications recognized by HPV. Analogous HSPG modification patterns can be found on tumor cells as they too require the aforementioned processes to grow and metastasize. Although targeting tumor associated HSPG is not a novel concept, the use of HPV to target and treat tumors has only been realized in recent years. The work herein describes how decades of basic HPV research has culminated in the rational design of an HPV-based virus-like infrared light activated dye conjugate for the treatment of choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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27
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The green tea catechin EGCG provides proof-of-concept for a pan-coronavirus attachment inhibitor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12899. [PMID: 35902713 PMCID: PMC9330937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emphasized the serious threat to human health posed by emerging coronaviruses. Effective broadly-acting antiviral countermeasures are urgently needed to prepare for future emerging CoVs, as vaccine development is not compatible with a rapid response to a newly emerging virus. The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has broad-spectrum antiviral activity, although its mechanisms against coronavirus (CoV) infection have remained unclear. Here, we show that EGCG prevents human and murine CoV infection and blocks the entry of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with spike proteins from bat or highly pathogenic CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, in lung epithelial cells. Mechanistically, EGCG treatment reduces CoV attachment to target cell surfaces by interfering with attachment to cell-surface glycans. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a required attachment factor for SARS-CoV-2 and are shown here to be important in endemic HCoV-OC43 infection. We show that EGCG can compete with heparin, a heparan sulfate analog, for virion binding. Our results highlight heparan sulfate as a conserved cell attachment factor for CoVs, and demonstrate the potential for the development of pan-coronavirus attachment inhibitors, which may be useful to protect against future emerging CoVs.
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28
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Genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors reveals PAPSS1 contributes to heparan sulfate synthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:694. [PMID: 35854076 PMCID: PMC9296583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes various diseases in humans, ranging from common mucocutaneous lesions to severe life-threatening encephalitis. However, our understanding of the interaction between HSV-1 and human host factors remains incomplete. Here, to identify the host factors for HSV-1 infection, we performed a human genome-wide CRISPR screen using near-haploid HAP1 cells, in which gene knockout (KO) could be efficiently achieved. Along with several already known host factors, we identified 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) as a host factor for HSV-1 infection. The KO of PAPSS1 in HAP1 cells reduced heparan sulfate (HepS) expression, consequently diminishing the binding of HSV-1 and several other HepS-dependent viruses (such as HSV-2, hepatitis B virus, and a human seasonal coronavirus). Hence, our findings provide further insights into the host factor requirements for HSV-1 infection and HepS biosynthesis. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors using near-haploid HAP1 cells revealed PAPSS1 as an essential factor for heparan sulfate biosynthesis and HSV-1 infection, and identified several other host factors also involved in both processes.
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29
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Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19, has become a persistent global health threat. Individuals who are symptomatic for COVID‐19 frequently exhibit respiratory illness, which is often accompanied by neurological symptoms of anosmia and fatigue. Mounting clinical data also indicate that many COVID‐19 patients display long‐term neurological disorders postinfection such as cognitive decline, which emphasizes the need to further elucidate the effects of COVID‐19 on the central nervous system. In this review article, we summarize an emerging body of literature describing the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on central nervous system (CNS) health and highlight important areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Natale
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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30
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Mollel JT, Said JS, Masalu RJ, Hannoun C, Mbunde MVN, Nondo RSO, Bergström T, Trybala E. Anti-respiratory syncytial virus and anti-herpes simplex virus activity of six Tanzanian medicinal plants with extended studies of Erythrina abyssinica stem bark. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115204. [PMID: 35304278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Except for few highly pathogenic viruses, no antiviral drug has been approved for treatment of viral infections in humans. Plant extracts, selected based on their ethno-medical use, represent an important source of compounds for the development of novel candidate antiviral drugs. This especially concerns plants with ethnomedical records on their use in treatment of viral infections. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify and document medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) for treatment of respiratory infections and muco-cutaneous lesions in order to study their antiviral activity including identification of active components and elucidation of mode of antiviral activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethno-medical survey was performed in the Kagera region of Tanzania. The THPs were asked for plants used for treatment of signs and symptoms of respiratory infections and watery muco-cutaneous blisters in oral and genital regions. The plants identified were successively extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and the extracts assayed for anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), anti-herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and anti-human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV-2) activity in cultured cells. Antiviral components were separated by ethanol precipitation and CL-6B chromatography, and the mode of antiviral activity elucidated by the time-of-addition assay and selection for the virus variants resistant to antiviral plant extract. RESULTS THPs identified fifteen plants used for treatment of respiratory infections and muco-cutaneous blisters. The water extract, but not n-hexane or ethyl acetate extracts, of six of these plants including Erythrina abyssinica stem bark, inhibited infectivity of two glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses i.e., RSV and HSV-2 but not the sialic acid binding HPIV-2. An activity-guided separation revealed that antiviral component(s) of water extract of E. abyssinica could be precipitated with ethanol. This sample potently and selectively inhibited RSV and HSV-2 infectivity in cultured cells with IC50 values of 2.1 μg/ml (selectivity index >476) and 0.14 μg/ml (selectivity index >7143) respectively. The sample exhibited inhibitory effect on the virus attachment to and entry into the cells by directly targeting the viral particles. Indeed, 10 consecutive virus passages in HEp-2 cells in the presence of this extract selected for a resistant RSV variant lacking the attachment, viral membrane-associated, G protein due to a stop codon at amino acid residue 33 (Leu33stop). Fractionation of the E. abyssinica extract on a CL-6B column revealed that anti-RSV and HSV-2 activity correlated with carbohydrate content. The most pronounced antiviral activity was associated with a carbohydrate containing ingredient of molecular mass of <5 kDa, which may polymerize to antiviral composites of up to 410 kDa. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the water extract of six medicinal plants showed anti-RSV and anti-HSV-2 activities. Extended studies of the stem bark of E. abyssinica identified antiviral components that potently and selectively inhibited infectivity of free RSV and HSV-2 particles, a feature of importance in topical treatment of these infections. This observation confirms ethno-medical information concerning the use of E. abyssinica extract for treatment of respiratory infections and herpetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson T Mollel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Joanna S Said
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Rose J Masalu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mourice V N Mbunde
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Ramadhani S O Nondo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
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31
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Ali N, Khan R, AlAsmari AF, Kumar V. In silico investigations of heparin binding to SARS-CoV-2 variants with a focus at the RBD/ACE2 interface. Process Biochem 2022; 115:70-79. [PMID: 35194375 PMCID: PMC8849831 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increased infectivity and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 new variants were contributed largely by increase binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) domain of the Spike (S) protein to its cellular receptor ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2). Several studies have indicated that heparin and its derivatives interact to SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD and inhibits the binding of ACE2 which blocks the viral invasion. However, it is largely unclear how these SARS-CoV-2 variants affects ACE2 binding in the presence of heparin. Herein, using the molecular docking and interaction energy analysis, we showed that N501Y, L452R-E484Q, and E484K mutations bind strongly with heparin in the range of - 7.4 to - 8.0 kcal/mol. The triple mutations, K417N-E484K-N501Y, and K417T-E484K-N501Y displayed weaker binding affinity to heparin (-6.6 kcal/mol). Further, we showed that most of the RBD mutations increased the binding affinity of ACE2 in the absence of heparin, with the maximum increase observed for N501Y (-13.7 kcal/mol). Also, in the presence of heparin, ACE2 binds strongly to the mutant RBD as compared to WT RBD. The strong RBD/ACE2 interaction was observed in case of triple variants (-11.3 kcal/mol) whereas, N501Y showed weakest binding of RBD/ACE2 in the presence of heparin (-9.2 kcal/mol). The strong binding of ACE2 to RBD-heparin complex in these variants will leads to strong inhibition of their entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O.Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abdullah F. AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O.Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida UP 201303, India,Corresponding author
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32
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Spear PG. Opportunities, Technology, and the Joy of Discovery. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:1-17. [PMID: 35363539 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-012840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
My grandparents were immigrants. My paternal grandfather was illiterate. Yet my parents were able to complete college and to become teachers. I had a conventional upbringing in a small town in Florida, graduating from high school in 1960. I was fortunate enough to graduate cum laude from Florida State University and to earn other credentials leading to faculty positions at outstanding institutions of higher education: the University of Chicago and Northwestern University. At a time when women were rarely the leaders of research groups, I was able to establish a well-funded research program and to make contributions to our understanding of viral entry into cells. My best research was done after I became confident enough to seek productive interactions with collaborators. I am grateful for the collaborators and collaborations that moved our field forward and for my trainees who have gone on to successes in many different careers. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Spear
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is the prototypic arenavirus and has been utilized for decades as a model to understand the host immune response against viral infection. LCMV infection can lead to fatal meningitis in immunocompromised people and can lead to congenital birth defects and spontaneous abortion if acquired during pregnancy. Using a genetic screen, we uncover host factors involved in LCMV entry that were previously unknown and are candidate therapeutic targets to combat LCMV infection. This study expands our understanding of the entry pathway of LCMV, revealing that its glycoprotein switches from utilizing the known receptor α-DG and heparan sulfate at the plasma membrane to binding the lysosomal mucin CD164 at pH levels found in endolysosomal compartments, facilitating membrane fusion. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a rodent-borne zoonotic arenavirus that causes congenital abnormalities and can be fatal for transplant recipients. Using a genome-wide loss-of-function screen, we identify host factors required for LCMV entry into cells. We identify the lysosomal mucin CD164, glycosylation factors, the heparan sulfate biosynthesis machinery, and the known receptor alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Biochemical analysis revealed that the LCMV glycoprotein binds CD164 at acidic pH and requires a sialylated glycan at residue N104. We demonstrate that LCMV entry proceeds by the virus switching binding from heparan sulfate or α-DG at the plasma membrane to CD164 prior to membrane fusion, thus identifying additional potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Ling J, Li J, Khan A, Lundkvist Å, Li JP. Is heparan sulfate a target for inhibition of RNA virus infection? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C605-C613. [PMID: 35196165 PMCID: PMC8977144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus, regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a co-factor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS-mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Kulkarni R, Wiemer EAC, Chang W. Role of Lipid Rafts in Pathogen-Host Interaction - A Mini Review. Front Immunol 2022; 12:815020. [PMID: 35126371 PMCID: PMC8810822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.815020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, also known as microdomains, are important components of cell membranes and are enriched in cholesterol, glycophospholipids and receptors. They are involved in various essential cellular processes, including endocytosis, exocytosis and cellular signaling. Receptors are concentrated at lipid rafts, through which cellular signaling can be transmitted. Pathogens exploit these signaling mechanisms to enter cells, proliferate and egress. However, lipid rafts also play an important role in initiating antimicrobial responses by sensing pathogens via clustered pathogen-sensing receptors and triggering downstream signaling events such as programmed cell death or cytokine production for pathogen clearance. In this review, we discuss how both host and pathogens use lipid rafts and associated proteins in an arms race to survive. Special attention is given to the involvement of the major vault protein, the main constituent of a ribonucleoprotein complex, which is enriched in lipid rafts upon infection with vaccinia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kulkarni
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Rakesh Kulkarni, ; Wen Chang,
| | - Erik A. C. Wiemer
- Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Rakesh Kulkarni, ; Wen Chang,
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36
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Hong B, Sahu U, Mullarkey MP, Kaur B. Replication and Spread of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Solid Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010118. [PMID: 35062322 PMCID: PMC8778098 DOI: 10.3390/v14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a highly promising treatment for solid tumors. Intense research and development efforts have led to first-in-class approval for an oHSV for melanoma, but barriers to this promising therapy still exist that limit efficacy. The process of infection, replication and transmission of oHSV in solid tumors is key to obtaining a good lytic destruction of infected cancer cells to kill tumor cells and release tumor antigens that can prime anti-tumor efficacy. Intracellular tumor cell signaling and tumor stromal cells present multiple barriers that resist oHSV activity. Here, we provide a review focused on oncolytic HSV and the essential viral genes that allow for virus replication and spread in order to gain insight into how manipulation of these pathways can be exploited to potentiate oHSV infection and replication among tumor cells.
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37
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Ray B, Ali I, Jana S, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Ray S, Schütz M, Marschall M. Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 35062238 PMCID: PMC8781365 DOI: 10.3390/v14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure-activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Throughout the viral life cycle, interplays between cellular host factors and virus determine the infectious capacity of the virus. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a great threat to human life and health. Extensive studies identified a number of host proviral and antiviral factors for SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and cellular factors during virus entry and replication. Our review will highlight the future direction of study on the infection and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, as well as novel therapeutic strategies and effective antiviral targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
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39
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Rice SA. Release of HSV-1 Cell-Free Virions: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Likely Role in Human-Human Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122395. [PMID: 34960664 PMCID: PMC8704881 DOI: 10.3390/v13122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1, or HSV-1, is a widespread human pathogen that replicates in epithelial cells of the body surface and then establishes latent infection in peripheral neurons. When HSV-1 replicates, viral progeny must be efficiently released to spread infection to new target cells. Viral spread occurs via two major routes. In cell-cell spread, progeny virions are delivered directly to cellular junctions, where they infect adjacent cells. In cell-free release, progeny virions are released into the extracellular milieu, potentially allowing the infection of distant cells. Cell-cell spread of HSV-1 has been well studied and is known to be important for in vivo infection and pathogenesis. In contrast, HSV-1 cell-free release has received less attention, and its significance to viral biology is unclear. Here, I review the mechanisms and regulation of HSV-1 cell-free virion release. Based on knowledge accrued in other herpesviral systems, I argue that HSV-1 cell-free release is likely to be tightly regulated in vivo. Specifically, I hypothesize that this process is generally suppressed as the virus replicates within the body, but activated to high levels at sites of viral reactivation, such as the oral mucosa and skin, in order to promote efficient transmission of HSV-1 to new human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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40
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Goradel NH, Alizadeh A, Hosseinzadeh S, Taghipour M, Ghesmati Z, Arashkia A, Negahdari B. Oncolytic virotherapy as promising immunotherapy against cancer: mechanisms of resistance to oncolytic viruses. Future Oncol 2021; 18:245-259. [PMID: 34821517 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has currently emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Although the history of using viruses goes back to the early 20th century, the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 increased interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs). OVs are multifaceted biotherapeutic agents because they replicate in and kill tumor cells and augment immune responses by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from lysed cells. Despite promising results, some limitations hinder the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. The delivery challenges and the upregulation of checkpoints following oncolytic virotherapy also mediate resistance to OVs by diminishing immune responses. Furthermore, the localization of receptors of viruses in the tight junctions, interferon responses, and the aberrant expression of genes involved in the cell cycle of the virus, including their infection and replication, reduce the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we present different mechanisms of resistance to OVs and strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Alizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mitra Taghipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Early Effects of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Therapy with Soft-Mist Inhaler for COVID-19-Induced Hypoxemia: A Phase IIb Trial. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111768. [PMID: 34834183 PMCID: PMC8618458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, the lungs are incapable of filling with sufficient air, leading to hypoxemia that results in high mortality among hospitalized patients. In clinical trials, low-molecular-weight heparin was administered via a specially designed soft-mist inhaler device in an investigator initiated, single-center, open-label, phase-IIb clinical trial. Patients with evidently worse clinical presentations were classed as the “Device Group”; 40 patients were given low-molecular-weight heparin via a soft mist inhaler at a dose of 4000 IU per administration, twice a day. The Control Group, also made up of 40 patients, received the standard therapy. The predetermined severity of hypoxemia and the peripheral oxygen saturation of patients were measured on the 1st and 10th days of treatment. The improvement was particularly striking in cases of severe hypoxemia. In the 10-day treatment, low-molecular-weight heparin was shown to significantly improve breathing capability when delivered via a soft-mist inhaler.
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42
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Modak C, Jha A, Sharma N, Kumar A. Chitosan derivatives: A suggestive evaluation for novel inhibitor discovery against wild type and variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:492-512. [PMID: 34324908 PMCID: PMC8313795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With increasing global cases and mortality rates due to COVID-19 infection, finding effective therapeutic interventions has become a top priority. Marine resources are not explored much and to be taken into consideration for exploring antiviral potential. Chitosan (carbohydrate polymer) is one such bioactive glycan found ubiquitously in marine organisms. The presence of reactive amine/hydroxyl groups, with low toxicity/allergenicity, compels us to explore it against SARS-CoV-2. We have screened a library of chitosan derivatives by site-specific docking at not only spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of wild type SARS-CoV-2 but also on RBD of B.1.1.7 (UK) and P.1 (Brazil) SARS-CoV-2 variants. The obtained result was very interesting and ranks N-benzyl-O-acetyl-chitosan, Imino-chitosan, Sulfated-chitosan oligosaccharides derivatives as a potent antiviral candidate due to its high binding affinity of the ligands (-6.0 to -6.6 kcal/mol) with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and they critically interacting with amino acid residues Tyr 449, Asn 501, Tyr 501, Gln 493, Gln 498 and some other site-specific residues associated with higher transmissibility and severe infection. Further ADMET analysis was done and found significant for exploration of the future therapeutic potential of these three ligands. The obtained results are highly encouraging in support for consideration and exploration in further clinical studies of these chitosan derivatives as anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Modak
- Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anubhuti Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nivya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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43
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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44
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Karasneh GA, Kapoor D, Bellamkonda N, Patil CD, Shukla D. Protease, Growth Factor, and Heparanase-Mediated Syndecan-1 Shedding Leads to Enhanced HSV-1 Egress. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091748. [PMID: 34578329 DOI: 10.3390/v13091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are considered important for the entry of many different viruses. Previously, we demonstrated that heparanase (HPSE), the host enzyme responsible for cleaving HS chains, is upregulated by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. Higher levels of HPSE accelerate HS removal from the cell surface, facilitating viral release from infected cells. Here, we study the effects of overexpressing HPSE on viral entry, cell-to-cell fusion, plaque formation, and viral egress. We provide new information that higher levels of HPSE reduce syncytial plaque formation while promoting egress and extracellular release of the virions. We also found that transiently enhanced expression of HPSE did not affect HSV-1 entry into host cells or HSV-1-induced cell-to-cell fusion, suggesting that HPSE activation is tightly regulated and facilitates extracellular release of the maturing virions. We demonstrate that an HSPG-shedding agonist, PMA; a protease, thrombin; and a growth factor, EGF as well as bacterially produced recombinant heparinases resulted in enhanced HSV-1 release from HeLa and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Our findings here underscore the significance of syndecan-1 functions in the HSV-1 lifecycle, provide evidence that the shedding of syndecan-1 ectodomain is another way HPSE works to facilitate HSV-1 release, and add new evidence on the significance of various HSPG shedding agonists in HSV-1 release from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadah A Karasneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Navya Bellamkonda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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45
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Amendum PC, Khan S, Yamaguchi S, Kobayashi H, Ago Y, Suzuki Y, Celik B, Rintz E, Hossain J, Xiao W, Tomatsu S. Glycosaminoglycans as Biomarkers for Mucopolysaccharidoses and Other Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1563. [PMID: 34573906 PMCID: PMC8468223 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in proteoglycans, which play critical physiological roles in various tissues. They are known to be elevated in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of rare inherited metabolic diseases in which the lysosomal enzyme required to break down one or more GAG is deficient. In a previous study, we found elevation of GAGs in a subset of patients without MPS. In the current study, we aim to investigate serum GAG levels in patients with conditions beyond MPS. In our investigated samples, the largest group of patients had a clinical diagnosis of viral or non-viral encephalopathy. Clinical diagnoses and conditions also included epilepsy, fatty acid metabolism disorders, respiratory and renal disorders, liver disorders, hypoglycemia, developmental disorders, hyperCKemia, myopathy, acidosis, and vomiting disorders. While there was no conclusive evidence across all ages for any disease, serum GAG levels were elevated in patients with encephalopathy and some patients with other conditions. These preliminary findings suggest that serum GAGs are potential biomarkers in MPS and other disorders. In conclusion, we propose that GAGs elevated in blood can be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases in childhood; however, further designed experiments with larger sample sizes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C. Amendum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (P.C.A.); (B.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Yasuhiko Ago
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Medical Education Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Betul Celik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (P.C.A.); (B.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Jobayer Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Wendi Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (P.C.A.); (B.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (S.K.); (E.R.); (J.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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46
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Sharma N, Modak C, Singh PK, Kumar R, Khatri D, Singh SB. Underscoring the immense potential of chitosan in fighting a wide spectrum of viruses: A plausible molecule against SARS-CoV-2? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:33-44. [PMID: 33607132 PMCID: PMC7885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a deacetylated polycationic polysaccharide derived from chitin. It is structurally constituted of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine where acetyl groups are randomly distributed across the polymer. The parameters of deacetylation and depolymerization process greatly influence various physico-chemical properties of chitosan and thus, offer a great degree of manipulation to synthesize chitosan of interest for various industrial and biomedical applications. Chitosan and its various derivatives have been a potential molecule of investigation in the area of anti-microbials especially anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and antiviral. The current review predominantly highlights and discusses about the antiviral activities of chitosan and its various substituted derivatives against a wide spectrum of human, animal, plants and bacteriophage viruses. The extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect antiviral efficacy of chitosan have also been talked about. With the rapid unfolding of COVID-19 pandemic across the globe, we look for chitosan as a plausible potent antiviral molecule for fighting this disease. Through this review, we present enough literature data supporting role of chitosan against different strains of SARS viruses and also chitosan targeting CD147 receptors, a novel route for invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. We speculate the possibility of using chitosan as potential molecule against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandrima Modak
- Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), PILANI, Pilani campus, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmender Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Trybala E, Peerboom N, Adamiak B, Krzyzowska M, Liljeqvist JÅ, Bally M, Bergström T. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Mucin-Like Glycoprotein mgG Promotes Virus Release from the Surface of Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050887. [PMID: 34065826 PMCID: PMC8150390 DOI: 10.3390/v13050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of virus components to liberation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) progeny virions from the surface of infected cells is poorly understood. We report that the HSV-2 mutant deficient in the expression of a mucin-like membrane-associated glycoprotein G (mgG) exhibited defect in the release of progeny virions from infected cells manifested by ~2 orders of magnitude decreased amount of infectious virus in a culture medium as compared to native HSV-2. Electron microscopy revealed that the mgG deficient virions were produced in infected cells and present at the cell surface. These virions could be forcibly liberated to a nearly native HSV-2 level by the treatment of cells with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimicking oligosaccharides. Comparative assessment of the interaction of mutant and native virions with surface-immobilized chondroitin sulfate GAG chains revealed that while the mutant virions associated with GAGs ~fourfold more extensively, the lateral mobility of bound virions was much poorer than that of native virions. These data indicate that the mgG of HSV-2 balances the virus interaction with GAG chains, a feature critical to prevent trapping of the progeny virions at the surface of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Beata Adamiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Su CM, Rowland RRR, Yoo D. Recent Advances in PRRS Virus Receptors and the Targeting of Receptor-Ligand for Control. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040354. [PMID: 33916997 PMCID: PMC8067724 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular receptors play a critical role in viral infection. At least seven cellular molecules have been identified as putative viral entry mediators for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Accumulating data indicate that among these candidates, CD163, a cysteine-rich scavenger receptor on macrophages, is the major receptor for PRRSV. This review discusses the recent advances and understanding of the entry of PRRSV into cells, viral pathogenesis in CD163 gene-edited swine, and CD163 as a potential target of receptor–ligand for the control of PRRS.
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49
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Koganti R, Memon A, Shukla D. Emerging Roles of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:283-294. [PMID: 33851373 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan present in nearly all mammalian tissues. Heparan sulfate moieties are attached to the cell surface via heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) which are composed of a protein core bound to multiple heparan sulfate chains. HSPGs contribute to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix and participate in cell signaling by releasing bound cytokines and chemokines once cleaved by an enzyme, heparanase. HSPGs are often exploited by viruses during infection, particularly during attachment and egress. Loss or inhibition of HSPGs initially during infection can yield significant decreases in viral entry and infectivity. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPGs in the lifecycle of multiple viruses, including herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, human papillomavirus, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abdullah Memon
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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50
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Sinha A, Singh AK, Kadni TS, Mullick J, Sahu A. Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020208. [PMID: 33573085 PMCID: PMC7912105 DOI: 10.3390/v13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sinha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Trupti Satish Kadni
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Polio Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India;
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8083; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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