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Vetter J, Lee M, Eichwald C. The Role of the Host Cytoskeleton in the Formation and Dynamics of Rotavirus Viroplasms. Viruses 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38793550 PMCID: PMC11125917 DOI: 10.3390/v16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replicates within viroplasms, membraneless electron-dense globular cytosolic inclusions with liquid-liquid phase properties. In these structures occur the virus transcription, replication, and packaging of the virus genome in newly assembled double-layered particles. The viroplasms are composed of virus proteins (NSP2, NSP5, NSP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP6), single- and double-stranded virus RNAs, and host components such as microtubules, perilipin-1, and chaperonins. The formation, coalescence, maintenance, and perinuclear localization of viroplasms rely on their association with the cytoskeleton. A stabilized microtubule network involving microtubules and kinesin Eg5 and dynein molecular motors is associated with NSP5, NSP2, and VP2, facilitating dynamic processes such as viroplasm coalescence and perinuclear localization. Key post-translation modifications, particularly phosphorylation events of RV proteins NSP5 and NSP2, play pivotal roles in orchestrating these interactions. Actin filaments also contribute, triggering the formation of the viroplasms through the association of soluble cytosolic VP4 with actin and the molecular motor myosin. This review explores the evolving understanding of RV replication, emphasizing the host requirements essential for viroplasm formation and highlighting their dynamic interplay within the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.V.); (M.L.)
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2
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Xie M, Chen K, Liu P, Wang X, Chen Y, Shang H, Hao Y, Gao P, He X, Xu X. Seroprevalence of five diarrhea-related pathogens in bovine herds of scattered households in Inner Mongolia, China between 2019 and 2022. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16013. [PMID: 37908414 PMCID: PMC10615030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine diarrhea is a multi-factorial disease and remains one of the biggest health problems in animal husbandry. The endemic trends of the main pathogens responsible for bovine diarrhea in Inner Mongolia have not been analyzed systematically before. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bovine diarrhea pathogens found in the scattered households of Inner Mongolia in China. Additionally, we assessed for differences in the prevalence of infection based on age and region, as well as determined local prevalence rates and the rates of mixed infections. Using a two-stage random sampling strategy, 3,050 serum samples were collected from 72 bovine herds in 11 leagues and cities in Inner Mongolia, and the positive rates of BVDV, BRV, BCoV, K99, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) antibodies in the samples were detected by ELISA to determine the epidemic trends and epidemic differences of the five pathogens in Inner Mongolia. The positive rates of antibodies based on serum samples were: BVDV, 18.79% (95% CI [17.44-20.22]); BRV, 12.39% (95% CI [11.27-13.61]); BCoV, 12.82% (95% CI [11.68-14.05]); K99, 13.80% (95% CI [12.62-15.07]); and M. paratuberculosis, 10.79% (95% CI [9.74-11.94]). The prevalence rates of BRV, BCoV and K99 at 0-2 months were significantly different from that at 2-6 months, 6-18 months and adult cattle (P < 0.05). The prevalence of BVDV and M. paratuberculosis was the highest in adult cattle, which was significantly different from that in other age groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious regional epidemiological differences among the five diseases were observed. There was a mixed infection of BRV+BCoV in each age stage, the highest mixed infection being BVDV+BRV+K99 at 0-2 months of age. Our results showed that the cattle of scattered households in the Inner Mongolia of China were endemicly infected with several important cattle pathogens. Most of the pathogens studied occurred between 0-2 months of age and were mixed infections, which greatly influences the health of the cattle and leads to economic loss. These findings are of practical significance for the future prevention and control of bovine diarrhea in the Inner Mongolia or other regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Xie
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kejia Chen
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - PingPing Liu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yexin Chen
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hewei Shang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanru Hao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Peiyuan Gao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiuling He
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key of Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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3
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Gebert JT, Scribano F, Engevik KA, Perry JL, Hyser JM. Gastrointestinal organoids in the study of viral infections. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G51-G59. [PMID: 36414538 PMCID: PMC9799139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most prevalent enteric pathogens. Although virologists historically relied on cell lines and animal models, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) continue to grow in popularity. HIOs are nontransformed, stem cell-derived, ex vivo cell cultures that maintain the cell type diversity of the intestinal epithelium. They offer higher throughput than standard animal models while more accurately mimicking the native tissue of infection than transformed cell lines. Here, we review recent literature that highlights virological advances facilitated by HIOs. We discuss the variations and limitations of HIOs, how HIOs have allowed for the cultivation of previously uncultivatable viruses, and how they have offered insight into tropism, entry, replication kinetics, and host-pathogen interactions. In each case, we discuss exemplary viruses and archetypal studies. We discuss how the speed and flexibility of HIO-based studies contributed to our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of HIOs and future directions to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesca Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob L Perry
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Ha S, Kang S, Park KM, Ku JY, Choi KS, Park J. Comparison of blood electrolyte and biochemical parameters between single infections of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic Hanwoo calves. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e85. [PMID: 36448432 PMCID: PMC9715380 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf's life. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum. METHODS A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92-7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. RESULTS Compared to C. parvum-infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin (p < 0.05). The C. parvum-infected calves (r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO3- than the rotavirus-infected calves (r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum-infected calves. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum. Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Ha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Ku
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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Pitsalidis C, van Niekerk D, Moysidou CM, Boys AJ, Withers A, Vallet R, Owens RM. Organic electronic transmembrane device for hosting and monitoring 3D cell cultures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4761. [PMID: 36112689 PMCID: PMC9481123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3D cell models have made strides in the past decades in response to failures of 2D cultures to translate targets during the drug discovery process. Here, we report on a novel multiwell plate bioelectronic platform, namely, the e-transmembrane, capable of supporting and monitoring complex 3D cell architectures. Scaffolds made of PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate] are microengineered to function as separating membranes for compartmentalized cell cultures, as well as electronic components for real-time in situ recordings of cell growth and function. Owing to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, the e-transmembrane allows generation of deep, stratified tissues within the porous bulk and cell polarization at the apico-basal domains. Impedance spectroscopy measurements carried out throughout the tissue growth identified signatures from different cellular systems and allowed extraction of critical functional parameters. This platform has the potential to become a universal tool for biologists for the next generation of high-throughput drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alexander J. Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Aimee Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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Brunauer M, Roch FF, Conrady B. Prevalence of Worldwide Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea Caused by Bovine Rotavirus in Combination with Bovine Coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium spp.: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041014. [PMID: 33916839 PMCID: PMC8066230 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enteropathogens such as bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Escherichia coli K99 (ETEC) and Cryptosporidium spp. (Crypto) are the most common causes of calf diarrhoea during the first 30 days of animal age. Three weighted-stratified random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate the worldwide prevalence of mixed infections of the causative agents (i.e., BRV-BCoV, BRV-ETEC, BRV-Crypto) and their potential influencing factors. The meta-analysis covered 41 studies (94 sub-studies) in 21 countries that determined the presence or absence of mixed infections in global calf populations. The highest worldwide estimated pooled prevalence was identified for BRV-Crypto (6.69%), followed by BRV-BCoV (2.84%), and BRV-ETEC (1.64%). The chance of detecting BCoV in calves with diarrhoea was 1.83 higher in the presence of BRV compared to calves without BRV, whereby an inhibition effect (odds ratio: 0.77) was determined between BRV and Crypto infections. The diagnostic methods were identified as a significant influencing factor in the detection of all considered mixed infections, while the other analysed factors differed in relation to their effect on prevalence. In contrast to BRV-BCoV, the prevalence of BRV-ETEC and BRV-Crypto mixed infections followed the course of individual ETEC and Crypto prevalence related to the age class of the sampled animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brunauer
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Beate Conrady
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (F.-F.R.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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7
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Panda S, Behera S, Alam MF, Syed GH. Endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondrial calcium homeostasis: The interplay with viruses. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:227-242. [PMID: 33775873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as secondary messengers in a plethora of cellular processes and play crucial role in cellular organelle function and homeostasis. The average resting concentration of Ca2+ is nearly 100 nM and in certain cells it can reach up to 1 µM. The high range of Ca2+ concentration across the plasma membrane and intracellular Ca2+ stores demands a well-coordinated maintenance of free Ca2+ via influx, efflux, buffering and storage. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondria depend on Ca2+ for their function and also serve as major players in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The ER-mitochondria interplay helps in orchestrating cellular calcium homeostasis to avoid any detrimental effect resulting from Ca2+ overload or depletion. Since Ca2+ plays a central role in many biological processes it is an essential component of the virus-host interactions. The large gradient across membranes enable the viruses to easily modulate this buffered environment to meet their needs. Viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to establish productive infection and evade the host immune defense. In this review we will detail the interplay between the viruses and cellular & ER-mitochondrial calcium signaling and the significance of these events on viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Suchismita Behera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mohd Faraz Alam
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Hai NM, Dung ND, Pho DC, Son VT, Hoan VN, Dan PT, The Anh BD, Giang LH, Hung PN. Immunogenicity, safety and reactogenicity of ROTAVAC® in healthy infants aged 6-8 weeks in Vietnam. Vaccine 2021; 39:1140-1147. [PMID: 33461837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ROTAVAC® is derived from human 116E rotavirus (RV) neonatal strain. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity, safety and reactogenicity of ROTAVAC® in Vietnam. METHOD We conducted a phase IV clinical trial in healthy infants aged 6-8 weeks using the complete regimen of ROTAVAC® with three doses. Serum anti-RV IgA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess the geometric mean concentration in infants who received the complete regimen of the vaccine. RESULTS A total of 360 participants were enrolled in this clinical trial. The mean age ± standard deviation at enrollment was 6.9 ± 0.6 weeks. The anti-RV IgA titer was 4.01 ± 3.74 mg/ml pre-vaccination and substantially increased to 29.27 ± 80.64 mg/ml post-vaccination. The value of logIgA significantly increased (p = 0.003) from 0.28 ± 0.79 to 1.03 ± 0.54. The proportion of participants with equal to and greater than 3-fold and 4-fold shifts in pre- to post-vaccination antibody titer (IgA) were 55.4% and 48.3%, respectively. No adverse events or serious adverse events were recorded immediately within 30 min after the administration of each dose. The most common adverse events within 14 days after each visit were fever, unusual crying and irritability. Other adverse events occurred at a low rate, and no case of intussusception was noted. CONCLUSIONS The complete regimen of ROTAVAC® demonstrated an immunological response with clinically acceptable safety profile. Post-completion of this study, ROTAVAC® is now a WHO-prequalified vaccine and available in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Hai
- Department of Assessment and Accreditation, Vietnam Military Medical University (VMMU), Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Dang Dung
- Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University (VMMU), Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Cong Pho
- Department of Infection Control, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Tung Son
- Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Ngoc Hoan
- Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Tan Dan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical Department, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Dang The Anh
- Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - La Huong Giang
- Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Ngoc Hung
- Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam; Department of Training, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam.
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Chang-Graham AL, Perry JL, Engevik MA, Engevik KA, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Danhof HA, Nelson JC, Kellen JS, Strtak AC, Sastri NP, Estes MK, Britton RA, Versalovic J, Hyser JM. Rotavirus induces intercellular calcium waves through ADP signaling. Science 2020; 370:370/6519/eabc3621. [PMID: 33214249 PMCID: PMC7957961 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrheal disease in children by broadly dysregulating intestinal homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of rotavirus-induced dysregulation remains unclear. We found that rotavirus-infected cells produce paracrine signals that manifested as intercellular calcium waves (ICWs), observed in cell lines and human intestinal enteroids. Rotavirus ICWs were caused by the release of extracellular adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) that activated P2Y1 purinergic receptors on neighboring cells. ICWs were blocked by P2Y1 antagonists or CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of the P2Y1 receptor. Blocking the ADP signal reduced rotavirus replication, inhibited rotavirus-induced serotonin release and fluid secretion, and reduced diarrhea severity in neonatal mice. Thus, rotavirus exploited paracrine purinergic signaling to generate ICWs that amplified the dysregulation of host cells and altered gastrointestinal physiology to cause diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Chang-Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Jacob L. Perry
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Francesca J. Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - J. Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joel C. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joseph S. Kellen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Alicia C. Strtak
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Narayan P. Sastri
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Corresponding author. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.H.
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10
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Velez G, Sun YJ, Khan S, Yang J, Herrmann J, Chemudupati T, MacLaren RE, Gakhar L, Wakatsuki S, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Structural Insights into the Unique Activation Mechanisms of a Non-classical Calpain and Its Disease-Causing Variants. Cell Rep 2020; 30:881-892.e5. [PMID: 31968260 PMCID: PMC7001764 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased calpain activity is linked to neuroinflammation including a heritable retinal disease caused by hyper-activating mutations in the calcium-activated calpain-5 (CAPN5) protease. Although structures for classical calpains are known, the structure of CAPN5, a non-classical calpain, remains undetermined. Here we report the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the human CAPN5 protease core (CAPN5-PC). Compared to classical calpains, CAPN5-PC requires high calcium concentrations for maximal activity. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment reveal that CAPN5-PC contains three elongated flexible loops compared to its classical counterparts. The presence of a disease-causing mutation (c.799G>A, p.Gly267Ser) on the unique PC2L2 loop reveals a function in this region for regulating enzymatic activity. This mechanism could be transferred to distant calpains, using synthetic calpain hybrids, suggesting an evolutionary mechanism for fine-tuning calpain function by modifying flexible loops. Further, the open (inactive) conformation of CAPN5-PC provides structural insight into CAPN5-specific residues that can guide inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Young Joo Sun
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Saif Khan
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, UK
| | - Jing Yang
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Herrmann
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Teja Chemudupati
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford EC1V 2PD, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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11
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Wang Q, Tang Y, Ke Q, Yin W, Zhang C, Guo Y, Guan J. Magnetic lanthanum-doped hydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds with endogenous stem cell-recruiting and immunomodulatory properties for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5280-5292. [PMID: 32441294 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic lanthanum hydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds can better repair bone defects through stem cell recruitment and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Yaqi Tang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
| | - Qinfei Ke
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Wenjing Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Yaping Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- China
| | - Junjie Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- China
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12
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Rotavirus Calcium Dysregulation Manifests as Dynamic Calcium Signaling in the Cytoplasm and Endoplasmic Reticulum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10822. [PMID: 31346185 PMCID: PMC6658527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many viruses, rotavirus (RV) dysregulates calcium homeostasis by elevating cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) and decreasing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores. While an overall, monophasic increase in [Ca2+]cyt during RV infection has been shown, the nature of the RV-induced aberrant calcium signals and how they manifest over time at the single-cell level have not been characterized. Thus, we generated cell lines and human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) stably expressing cytosolic and/or ER-targeted genetically-encoded calcium indicators to characterize calcium signaling throughout RV infection by time-lapse imaging. We found that RV induces highly dynamic [Ca2+]cyt signaling that manifest as hundreds of discrete [Ca2+]cyt spikes, which increase during peak infection. Knockdown of nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) attenuates the [Ca2+]cyt spikes, consistent with its role in dysregulating calcium homeostasis. RV-induced [Ca2+]cyt spikes were primarily from ER calcium release and were attenuated by inhibiting the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channel Orai1. RV-infected HIEs also exhibited prominent [Ca2+]cyt spikes that were attenuated by inhibiting SOCE, underlining the relevance of these [Ca2+]cyt spikes to gastrointestinal physiology and role of SOCE in RV pathophysiology. Thus, our discovery that RV increases [Ca2+]cyt by dynamic calcium signaling, establishes a new, paradigm-shifting understanding of the spatial and temporal complexity of virus-induced calcium signaling.
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13
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Ella R, Bobba R, Muralidhar S, Babji S, Vadrevu KM, Bhan MK. A Phase 4, multicentre, randomized, single-blind clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity of the live, attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccine (116E), ROTAVAC®, administered simultaneously with or without the buffering agent in healthy infants in India. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1791-1799. [PMID: 29543547 PMCID: PMC6067888 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1450709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programs. Some currently licensed oral rotavirus vaccines contain a buffering agent (either as part of a ready-to-use liquid formulation or added during reconstitution) to reduce possible degradation of the vaccine virus in the infant gut, which poses several programmatic challenges (the large dose volume or the reconstitution requirement) during vaccine administration. Because ROTAVAC®, a WHO prequalified vaccine, was derived from the 116E neonatal strain, we evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of ROTAVAC® without buffer and ROTAVAC® with buffer in a phase 4, multicentre, single-blind, randomized clinical trial in healthy infants in India. METHODS 900 infants, approximately 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, were assigned to 3 groups to receive ROTAVAC® (0.5 mL dose) orally: (i) 2.5 mL of citrate-bicarbonate buffer 5 minutes prior to administration of ROTAVAC® (Group I), (ii) ROTAVAC®, alone, without any buffer (Group II), or (iii) ROTAVAC®, mixed with buffer immediately before administration (Group III). Non-inferiority was compared among the groups for differences in serological responses (detected by serum anti-rotavirus IgA) and safety. RESULTS Geometric mean titers post vaccination at day 84 (28 days after dose 3) were 19.6 (95%CI: 17.0, 22.7), 20.7 (95%CI: 17.9, 24) and 19.2 (95%CI: 16.8, 22.1) for groups I, II and III respectively. Further, seroconversion rates and distribution of adverse events were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS Administration of ROTAVAC® at a 0.5 mL dose volume without buffering agent was shown to be well tolerated and immunogenic. Given the homologous nature of the strain, it is plausible that ROTAVAC® replicates well and confers immunity even without buffer administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Radhika Bobba
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjay Muralidhar
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Donnelly SK, Miskolci V, Garrastegui AM, Cox D, Hodgson L. Characterization of Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors for Rho-Family GTPases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1821:87-106. [PMID: 30062407 PMCID: PMC6104821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors are increasingly popular and useful tools for examining signaling pathways with high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells. Here, we show basic techniques used to characterize and to validate single-chain, genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors of the Rho GTPase-family proteins. Methods described here are generally applicable to other genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors by modifying the tested conditions to include additional/different regulators and inhibitors, as appropriate for the specific protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alice M Garrastegui
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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15
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Yin L, Menon R, Gupta R, Vaught L, Okunieff P, Vidyasagar S. Glucose enhances rotavirus enterotoxin-induced intestinal chloride secretion. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1093-1105. [PMID: 28488023 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in small children and is typically treated using glucose-containing oral rehydration solutions; however, glucose may have a detrimental impact on these patients, because it increases chloride secretion and presumably water loss. The rotavirus enterotoxin nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) directly inhibits glucose-mediated sodium absorption. We examined the effects of NSP4 and glucose on sodium and chloride transport in mouse small intestines and Caco-2 cells. Mouse small intestines and Caco-2 cells were incubated with NSP4114-135 in the presence/absence of glucose. Absorption and secretion of sodium and chloride, fluid movement, peak amplitude of intracellular calcium fluorescence, and expression of Ano1 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 were assessed. NHE3 activity increased, and chloride secretory activity decreased with age. Net chloride secretion increased, and net sodium absorption decreased in the intestines of 3-week-old mice compared to 8-week-old mice with NSP4. Glucose increased NSP4-stimulated chloride secretion. Glucose increased NSP4-stimulated increase in short-circuit current measurements (I sc) and net chloride secretion. Ano1 cells with siRNA knockdown showed a significant difference in I sc in the presence of NSP4 and glucose without a significant difference in peak calcium fluorescence intracellular when compared to non-silencing (N.S.) cells. The failure of glucose to stimulate significant sodium absorption was likely due to the inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-glucose cotransport by NSP4. Since glucose enhances intestinal chloride secretion and fails to increase sodium absorption in the presence of NSP4, glucose-based oral rehydration solutions may not be ideal for the management of rotaviral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rejeesh Menon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Reshu Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lauren Vaught
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sadasivan Vidyasagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer and Genomic Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd., Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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16
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Yuan J, Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Han X, Wei P, Feng L. The interaction of Rotavirus A pig/China/NMTL/2008/G9P[23] VP6 with cellular beta-actin is required for optimal RV replication and infectivity. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:111-121. [PMID: 27938672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
VP6 forms the intermediate layer of the rotavirus (RV) capsid, and it plays important roles after RV penetration and uncoating. These functions rely on its ability to interact with host cell proteins. To gain further insights into the role of VP6 in porcine RV (PoRV) infection, a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay was utilized to find unknown cellular factors that interact with VP6. In this study, beta-actin, tropomyosin 1, and 40S ribosomal protein S16 were identified as interaction partners of VP6 by mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation. The interaction with beta-actin was further studied. By immunoelectron microscopy, we observed VP6 proteins that labeled with colloidal gold localized on the actin microfilaments at the early stage of PoRV infection, we also found VP6 distributed in the ribosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus in the infected cells. Actin binding protein spin-down assays verified PoRV double-layered particles (DLPs) bound to F-actin in vitro, but didn't have actin polymerization enhancement activity. After a small interfering RNA (siACTB) was used to knock down beta-actin expression, PoRV VP6 expression and the infection rates of newly synthesized virions releasing into culture supernatants decreased dramatically. Our results confirm and extend previous reports indicating that the interaction between PoRV VP6 and beta-actin plays vital roles in the PoRV lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved a myriad of ion channels, transporters, and pumps to maintain and regulate transmembrane ion gradients. As intracellular parasites, viruses also have evolved ion channel proteins, called viroporins, which disrupt normal ionic homeostasis to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. The first viral ion channel (influenza M2 protein) was confirmed only 23 years ago, and since then studies on M2 and many other viroporins have shown they serve critical functions in virus entry, replication, morphogenesis, and immune evasion. As new candidate viroporins and viroporin-mediated functions are being discovered, we review the experimental criteria for viroporin identification and characterization to facilitate consistency within this field of research. Then we review recent studies on how the few Ca(2+)-conducting viroporins exploit host signaling pathways, including store-operated Ca(2+) entry, autophagy, and inflammasome activation. These viroporin-induced aberrant Ca(2+) signals cause pathophysiological changes resulting in diarrhea, vomiting, and proinflammatory diseases, making both the viroporin and host Ca(2+) signaling pathways potential therapeutic targets for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411;
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18
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Schroyen M, Eisley C, Koltes JE, Fritz-Waters E, Choi I, Plastow GS, Guan L, Stothard P, Bao H, Kommadath A, Reecy JM, Lunney JK, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM, Tuggle CK. Bioinformatic analyses in early host response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) reveals pathway differences between pigs with alternate genotypes for a major host response QTL. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:196. [PMID: 26951612 PMCID: PMC4782518 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A region on Sus scrofa chromosome 4 (SSC4) surrounding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker WUR10000125 (WUR) has been reported to be strongly associated with both weight gain and serum viremia in pigs after infection with PRRS virus (PRRSV). A proposed causal mutation in the guanylate binding protein 5 gene (GBP5) is predicted to truncate the encoded protein. To investigate transcriptional differences between WUR genotypes in early host response to PRRSV infection, an RNA-seq experiment was performed on globin depleted whole blood RNA collected on 0, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (dpi) from eight littermate pairs with one AB (favorable) and one AA (unfavorable) WUR genotype animal per litter. Results Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of transcripts that were differentially expressed (DE) between dpi across both genotypes revealed an inflammatory response for all dpi when compared to day 0. However, at the early time points of 4 and 7dpi, several GO terms had higher enrichment scores compared to later dpi, including inflammatory response (p < 10-7), specifically regulation of NFkappaB (p < 0.01), cytokine, and chemokine activity (p < 0.01). At 10 and 14dpi, GO term enrichment indicated a switch to DNA damage response, cell cycle checkpoints, and DNA replication. Few transcripts were DE between WUR genotypes on individual dpi or averaged over all dpi, and little enrichment of any GO term was found. However, there were differences in expression patterns over time between AA and AB animals, which was confirmed by genotype-specific expression patterns of several modules that were identified in weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA). Minor differences between AA and AB animals were observed in immune response and DNA damage response (p = 0.64 and p = 0.11, respectively), but a significant effect between genotypes pointed to a difference in ion transport/homeostasis and the participation of G-coupled protein receptors (p = 8e-4), which was reinforced by results from regulatory and phenotypic impact factor analyses between genotypes. Conclusion We propose these pathway differences between WUR genotypes are the result of the inability of the truncated GBP5 of the AA genotyped pigs to inhibit viral entry and replication as quickly as the intact GBP5 protein of the AB genotyped pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2547-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schroyen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Christopher Eisley
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, AFLS B106D, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Eric Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Igseo Choi
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Bldg.1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Hua Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Arun Kommadath
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Bldg.1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Robert R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K-231 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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20
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Sauvanet C, Wayt J, Pelaseyed T, Bretscher A. Structure, Regulation, and Functional Diversity of Microvilli on the Apical Domain of Epithelial Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:593-621. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sauvanet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Jessica Wayt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Thaher Pelaseyed
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Anthony Bretscher
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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21
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The effect of bovine rotavirus and its nonstructural protein 4 on ER stress-mediated apoptosis in HeLa and HT-29 cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3155-61. [PMID: 26427658 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays important roles in multiple cellular processes as well as cell survival and apoptosis. Perturbation of ER functions leads to ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary goal of this response is cell survival, but severe ER stress can trigger apoptosis signaling. In tumor cells, chronically activated UPR response provides tumor growth. So, apoptosis induced by the ER stress has been the target for anti-cancer therapy. In this in vitro study, we examined the apoptotic effect associated with ER stress of bovine rotavirus and its nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) alone in two cancer cell lines. The plasmid pcDNA3.1 encoding NSP4 protein of bovine rotavirus transfected with lipofectamine 2000 into the HeLa and HT-29 cells for protein production. MTT, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used to evaluate the cell viability, apoptosis, and expression level of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and activated caspase-4. In parallel, the apoptotic effect of the bovine rotavirus associated with ER stress in the infected cells was examined too. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of NSP4 protein on the cells were statistically significant compared to the control groups. However, Western blot showed that the expression of the NSP4 protein by recombinant plasmid did not lead to high expression of CHOP and activation of caspase-4. Interestingly, rotavirus not only induced significant apoptosis but also caused an increase in CHOP expression and caspase-4 activation in the infected cells compared to control. As a result, NSP4 protein and bovine rotavirus can be considered a potential novel bio-therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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22
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Yeom JS, Kim YS, Kim RB, Park JS, Seo JH, Park E, Lim JY, Park CH, Woo HO, Youn HS. Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus-associated seizures and a related possible mechanism. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:729-34. [PMID: 25117417 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814542944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether clinical features of rotavirus-associated seizures have been altered by rotavirus vaccination, we compared clinical and laboratory data of 2 groups of patients with rotavirus-associated seizures: pre- and post-vaccine introduction groups. The seizure characteristics differed significantly between the groups, with a lower incidence of fever at seizure onset, longer interval between the onset of gastroenteritis and seizures, and more frequent seizures in the postintroduction group. These characteristics may suggest that seizure susceptibility was increased in the postintroduction group. Based on the lower serum Cl(-) (102.1 ± 4.1 vs 98.2 ± 3.2 mg/dL; P < .01) and Ca(2+) levels (9.2 ± 0.4 vs 9.0 ± 0.3 mg/dL; P = .12) in the postintroduction group, we propose that a change in the subjects' susceptibility to the rotavirus enterotoxin may have played a role in increasing the seizure susceptibility in this group. Our results suggest that a rotavirus vaccination program may modulate the manifestations of rotavirus-associated seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sook Yeom
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Rock Bum Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Sook Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eunsil Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chan-Hoo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ok Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
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Bhowmick R, Banik G, Chanda S, Chattopadhyay S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotavirus infection induces G1 to S phase transition in MA104 cells via Ca⁺²/Calmodulin pathway. Virology 2014; 454-455:270-9. [PMID: 24725954 PMCID: PMC7111987 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses, obligate cellular parasites rely on host cellular functions and target the host cell cycle for their own benefit. In this study, effect of rotavirus infection on cell cycle machinery was explored. We found that rotavirus (RV) infection in MA104 cells induces the expression of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and down-regulates expression of CDK inhibitors, resulting in G1 to S phase transition. The rotavirus induced S phase accumulation was found to be concurrent with induction in expression of calmodulin and activation of CaMKI which is reported as inducer of G1-S phase transition. This cell cycle manipulation was found to be Ca(+2)/Calmodulin pathway dependent. The physiological relevance of G1 to S phase transition was established when viral gene expressions as well as viral titers were found to be increased in S phase synchronized cells and decreased in G0/G1 phase synchronized cells compared to unsynchronized cells during rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
| | - George Banik
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
| | - Shampa Chanda
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India.
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Yeom JS, Kim YS, Park JS, Seo JH, Park ES, Lim JY, Park CH, Woo HO, Youn HS. Role of Ca2+ homeostasis disruption in rotavirus-associated seizures. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:331-5. [PMID: 23271755 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812469052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection disturbs cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by triggering an increase in Ca(2+) permeation. A theoretical link between Ca(2+) dysregulation and seizures in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis has been suggested, but no prior studies have investigated this relationship. To test our hypothesis that patients with rotavirus-associated seizures have greater Ca(2+) homeostasis disruption than those without seizures, we compared clinical and laboratory data--including corrected total serum Ca(2+) levels--between the 2 groups. Age, gender, maximum body temperature, day of admission, levels of electrolytes except Ca(2+), blood pH, and urine ketone levels were not related to seizure occurrence. Significantly lower Ca(2+) levels were found among the seizure (+) group (9.22 ± 0.50 vs 9.66 ± 0.46 mg/dL, P = .01). Although Ca(2+) levels were within normal ranges and did not directly cause the seizures, our results provide preliminary evidence for a relationship between Ca(2+) homeostasis disruption and seizures in rotavirus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sook Yeom
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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25
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Nykky J, Vuento M, Gilbert L. Role of mitochondria in parvovirus pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86124. [PMID: 24465910 PMCID: PMC3897641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the mitochondria is crucial for the survival of the cell. Viruses are able to interfere with mitochondrial functions as they infect the host cell. Parvoviruses are known to induce apoptosis in infected cells, but the role of the mitochondria in parvovirus induced cytopathy is only partially known. Here we demonstrate with confocal and electron microscopy that canine parvovirus (CPV) associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane from the onset of infection. During viral entry a transient depolarization of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increase in ROS level was detected. Subsequently, mitochondrial homeostasis was normalized shortly, as detected by repolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and decrease of ROS. Indeed, activation of cell survival signalling through ERK1/2 cascade was observed early in CPV infected cells. At 12 hours post infection, concurrent with the expression of viral non-structural protein 1, damage to the mitochondrial structure and depolarization of its membrane were apparent. Results of this study provide additional insight of parvovirus pathology and also more general information of virus-mitochondria association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Nykky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Vuento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ball JM, Schroeder ME, Williams CV, Schroeder F, Parr RD. Mutational analysis of the rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxic domain that binds to caveolin-1. Virol J 2013; 10:336. [PMID: 24220211 PMCID: PMC3924327 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus (RV) nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) is the first described viral enterotoxin, which induces early secretory diarrhea in neonatal rodents. Our previous data show a direct interaction between RV NSP4 and the structural protein of caveolae, caveolin-1 (cav-1), in yeast and mammalian cells. The binding site of cav-1 mapped to the NSP4 amphipathic helix, and led us to examine which helical face was responsible for the interaction. Methods A panel of NSP4 mutants were prepared and tested for binding to cav-1 by yeast two hybrid and direct binding assays. The charged residues of the NSP4 amphipathic helix were changed to alanine (NSP446-175-ala6); and three residues in the hydrophobic face were altered to charged amino acids (NSP446-175-HydroMut). In total, twelve mutants of NSP4 were generated to define the cav-1 binding site. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the hydrophobic and charged faces of NSP4 were examined for structural changes by circular dichroism (CD) and diarrhea induction by a neonatal mouse study. Results Mutations of the hydrophilic face (NSP446-175-Ala6) bound cav-1 akin to wild type NSP4. In contrast, disruption of the hydrophobic face (NSP446-175-HydroMut) failed to bind cav-1. These data suggest NSP4 and cav-1 associate via a hydrophobic interaction. Analyses of mutant synthetic peptides in which the hydrophobic residues in the enterotoxic domain of NSP4 were altered suggested a critical hydrophobic residue. Both NSP4HydroMut112-140, that contains three charged amino acids (aa113, 124, 131) changed from the original hydrophobic residues and NSP4AlaAcidic112-140 that contained three alanine residues substituted for negatively charged (aa114, 125, 132) amino acids failed to induce diarrhea. Whereas peptides NSP4wild type 112−140 and NSP4AlaBasic112-140 that contained three alanine substituted for positively charged (aa115, 119, 133) amino acids, induced diarrhea. Conclusions These data show that the cav-1 binding domain is within the hydrophobic face of the NSP4 amphipathic helix. The integrity of the helical structure is important for both cav-1 binding and diarrhea induction implying a connection between NSP4 functional and binding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Ball
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.
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Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor STIM1 and store-operated calcium entry by rotavirus requires NSP4 viroporin activity. J Virol 2013; 87:13579-88. [PMID: 24109210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02629-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) induces dramatic changes in cellular calcium homeostasis. These include increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) permeability, resulting in decreased ER calcium stores and activation of plasma membrane (PM) calcium influx channels, ultimately causing a 2- to 4-fold elevation in cytoplasmic calcium. Elevated cytoplasmic calcium is absolutely required for virus replication, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for calcium influx remain poorly understood. NSP4 is an ER-localized viroporin, whose activity depletes ER calcium, which ultimately leads to calcium influx. We hypothesized that NSP4-mediated depletion of ER calcium activates store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through activation of the ER calcium sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). We established and used a stable yellow fluorescent protein-expressing STIM1 cell line (YFP-STIM1) as a biosensor to assess STIM1 activation (puncta formation) by rotavirus infection and NSP4 expression. We found that STIM1 is constitutively active in rotavirus-infected cells and that STIM1 puncta colocalize with the PM-localized Orai1 SOCE calcium channel. Expression of wild-type NSP4 activated STIM1, resulting in PM calcium influx, but an NSP4 viroporin mutant failed to induce STIM1 activation and did not activate the PM calcium entry pathway. Finally, knockdown of STIM1 significantly reduced rotavirus yield, indicating STIM1 plays a critical role in virus replication. These data demonstrate that while rotavirus may ultimately activate multiple calcium channels in the PM, calcium influx is predicated on NSP4 viroporin-mediated activation of STIM1 in the ER. This is the first report of viroporin-mediated activation of SOCE, reinforcing NSP4 as a robust model to understand dysregulation of calcium homeostasis during virus infections.
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González-Ochoa G, Menchaca GE, Hernández CE, Rodríguez C, Tamez RS, Contreras JF. Mutation distribution in the NSP4 protein in rotaviruses isolated from Mexican children with moderate to severe gastroenteritis. Viruses 2013; 5:792-805. [PMID: 23478638 PMCID: PMC3705296 DOI: 10.3390/v5030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The NSP4 protein is a multifunctional protein that plays a role in the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the rotavirus. Although NSP4 is considered an enterotoxin, the relationship between gastroenteritis severity and amino acid variations in NSP4 of the human rotavirus remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the sequence diversity of NSP4 and the severity of gastroenteritis of children with moderate to severe gastroenteritis. The rotavirus-infected children were hospitalized before the rotavirus vaccine program in Mexico. All children had diarrhea within 1-4 days, 44 (88%) were vomiting and 35 (70%) had fevers. The severity analysis showed that 13 (26%) cases had mild gastroenteritis, 23 (46%) moderate gastroenteritis and 14 (28%) severe. NSP4 phylogenetic analysis showed three clusters within the genotype E1. Sequence analysis revealed similar mutations inside each cluster, and an uncommon variation in residue 144 was found in five of the Mexican NSP4 sequences. Most of the amino acid variations were located in the VP4 and VP6 binding site domains, with no relationship to different grades of gastroenteritis. This finding indicates that severe gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus appears to be related to diverse viral or cellular factors instead of NSP4 activity as a unique pathogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe González-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, CP. 66451, Mexico.
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29
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Chattopadhyay S, Basak T, Nayak MK, Bhardwaj G, Mukherjee A, Bhowmick R, Sengupta S, Chakrabarti O, Chatterjee NS, Chawla-Sarkar M. Identification of cellular calcium binding protein calmodulin as a regulator of rotavirus A infection during comparative proteomic study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56655. [PMID: 23437200 PMCID: PMC3577757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) being the major diarrhoegenic virus causes around 527000 children death (<5years age) worldwide. In cellular environment, viruses constantly adapt and modulate to survive and replicate while the host cell also responds to combat the situation and this results in the differential regulation of cellular proteins. To identify the virus induced differential expression of proteins, 2D-DIGE (Two-dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis) based proteomics was used. For this, HT-29 cells were infected with RV strain SA11 for 0 hours, 3 hours and 9 hours post infection (hpi), differentially expressed spots were excised from the gel and identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. 2D-DIGE based proteomics study identified 32 differentially modulated proteins, of which 22 were unique. Some of these were validated in HT-29 cell line and in BALB/c mice model. One of the modulated cellular proteins, calmodulin (CaM) was found to directly interact with RV protein VP6 in the presence of Ca2+. Ca2+-CaM/VP6 interaction positively regulates RV propagation since both CaM inhibitor (W-7) and Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM) resulted in decreased viral titers. This study not only identifies differentially modulated cellular proteins upon infection with rotavirus in 2D-DIGE but also confirmed positive engagement of cellular Ca2+/CaM during viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Mukti Kant Nayak
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gourav Bhardwaj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Structural Genomics Section, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabendu S. Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zambrano JL, Sorondo O, Alcala A, Vizzi E, Diaz Y, Ruiz MC, Michelangeli F, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Rotavirus infection of cells in culture induces activation of RhoA and changes in the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47612. [PMID: 23082182 PMCID: PMC3474729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection induces an increase in [Ca2+]cyto, which in turn may affect the distribution of the cytoskeleton proteins in the infected cell. Changes in microfilaments, including the formation of stress fibers, were observed starting at 0.5 h.p.i. using fluorescent phalloidin. Western blot analysis indicated that RhoA is activated between 0.5 and 1 h.p.i. Neither the phosphorylation of RhoA nor the formation of stress fibers were observed in cells infected with virions pre-treated with an anti-VP5* non-neutralizing mAb, suggesting that RhoA activation is stimulated by the interaction of the virus with integrins forming the cell receptor complex. In addition, the structure of the tubulin cytoskeleton was also studied. Alterations of the microtubules were evident starting at 3 h.p.i. and by 7 h.p.i. when microtubules were markedly displaced toward the periphery of the cell cytoplasm. Loading of rotavirus-infected cells with either a Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA) or transfection with siRNAs to silence NSP4, reversed the changes observed in both the microfilaments and microtubules distribution, but not the appearance of stress fibers. These results indicate that alterations in the distribution of actin microfilaments are initiated early during infection by the activation of RhoA, and that latter changes in the Ca2+ homeostasis promoted by NSP4 during infection may be responsible for other alterations in the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Zambrano
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC. Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail: (JLZ); (JL)
| | - Orlando Sorondo
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC. Caracas, Venezuela
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana Alcala
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Esmeralda Vizzi
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yuleima Diaz
- University of Bergen Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Christine Ruiz
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CBB. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Fabian Michelangeli
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CBB. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan E. Ludert
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail: (JLZ); (JL)
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31
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Bhowmick R, Halder UC, Chattopadhyay S, Chanda S, Nandi S, Bagchi P, Nayak MK, Chakrabarti O, Kobayashi N, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotaviral enterotoxin nonstructural protein 4 targets mitochondria for activation of apoptosis during infection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35004-35020. [PMID: 22888003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.369595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved to encode multifunctional proteins to control the intricate cellular signaling pathways by using very few viral proteins. Rotavirus is known to express six nonstructural and six structural proteins. Among them, NSP4 is the enterotoxin, known to disrupt cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by translocating to endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we have observed translocation of NSP4 to mitochondria resulting in dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential during virus infection and NSP4 overexpression. Furthermore, transfection of the N- and C-terminal truncated NSP4 mutants followed by analyzing NSP4 localization by immunofluorescence microscopy identified the 61-83-amino acid region as the shortest mitochondrial targeting signal. NSP4 exerts its proapoptotic effect by interacting with mitochondrial proteins adenine nucleotide translocator and voltage-dependent anion channel, resulting in dissipation of mitochondrial potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and caspase activation. During early infection, apoptosis activation by NSP4 was inhibited by the activation of cellular survival pathways (PI3K/AKT), because PI3K inhibitor results in early induction of apoptosis. However, in the presence of both PI3K inhibitor and NSP4 siRNA, apoptosis was delayed suggesting that the early apoptotic signal is initiated by NSP4 expression. This proapoptotic function of NSP4 is balanced by another virus-encoded protein, NSP1, which is implicated in PI3K/AKT activation because overexpression of both NSP4 and NSP1 in cells resulted in reduced apoptosis compared with only NSP4-expressing cells. Overall, this study reports on the mechanism by which enterotoxin NSP4 exerts cytotoxicity and the mechanism by which virus counteracts it at the early stage for efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Umesh Chandra Halder
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shiladitya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shampa Chanda
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Parikshit Bagchi
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Mukti Kant Nayak
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Ballygunge, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Structural Genomics Section, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | | | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
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32
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Dissecting the Ca²⁺ entry pathways induced by rotavirus infection and NSP4-EGFP expression in Cos-7 cells. Virus Res 2012; 167:285-96. [PMID: 22634036 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection modifies Ca(2+) homeostasis provoking an increase in Ca(2+) permeation, cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyto)), total Ca(2+) pools and, a decrease of Ca(2+) response to agonists. These effects are mediated by NSP4. The mechanism by which NSP4 deranges Ca(2+) homeostasis is not yet known. It has been proposed that the increase in [Ca(2+)](cyto) is the result of Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, thereby activating store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). We studied the mechanisms involved in the changes of Ca(2+) permeability of the plasma membrane elicited by rotavirus infection and NSP4 expression in Cos-7 cells loaded with fura-2 or fluo-4, using inhibitors and activators of different pathways. Total depletion of ER Ca(2+) stores induced by thapsigargin or ATP was not able to elicit Ca(2+) entry in mock-infected cells to the level attained with infection or NSP4-EGFP expression. The pathway induced by NSP4-EGFP expression or infection shows properties shared by SOCE: it can be inactivated by high [Ca(2+)](cyto), is permeable to Mn(2+) and inhibited by La(3+) and the SOC inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). Contribution of the agonist-operated channels (AOCs) to Ca(2+) entry is small and not modified by infection. The plasma membrane permeability to Ca(2+) in rotavirus infected or NSP4-EGFP expressing cells is also blocked by KB-R7943, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), operating in its reverse mode. In conclusion, the expression of NSP4 in infected Cos-7 cells appears to activate the NCX in reverse mode and the SOCE pathway to induce increased Ca(2+) entry.
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Hagbom M, Istrate C, Engblom D, Karlsson T, Rodriguez-Diaz J, Buesa J, Taylor JA, Loitto VM, Magnusson KE, Ahlman H, Lundgren O, Svensson L. Rotavirus stimulates release of serotonin (5-HT) from human enterochromaffin cells and activates brain structures involved in nausea and vomiting. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002115. [PMID: 21779163 PMCID: PMC3136449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children. A virus-encoded enterotoxin, NSP4 is proposed to play a major role in causing RV diarrhoea but how RV can induce emesis, a hallmark of the illness, remains unresolved. In this study we have addressed the hypothesis that RV-induced secretion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) by enterochromaffin (EC) cells plays a key role in the emetic reflex during RV infection resulting in activation of vagal afferent nerves connected to nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema in the brain stem, structures associated with nausea and vomiting. Our experiments revealed that RV can infect and replicate in human EC tumor cells ex vivo and in vitro and are localized to both EC cells and infected enterocytes in the close vicinity of EC cells in the jejunum of infected mice. Purified NSP4, but not purified virus particles, evoked release of 5-HT within 60 minutes and increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a human midgut carcinoid EC cell line (GOT1) and ex vivo in human primary carcinoid EC cells concomitant with the release of 5-HT. Furthermore, NSP4 stimulated a modest production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), but not of cAMP. RV infection in mice induced Fos expression in the NTS, as seen in animals which vomit after administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The demonstration that RV can stimulate EC cells leads us to propose that RV disease includes participation of 5-HT, EC cells, the enteric nervous system and activation of vagal afferent nerves to brain structures associated with nausea and vomiting. This hypothesis is supported by treating vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Rotavirus (RV) can cause severe dehydration and is a leading cause of childhood deaths worldwide. While most deaths occur due to excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes through vomiting and diarrhoea, the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this life-threatening disease remain to be clarified. Our previous studies revealed that drugs that inhibit the function of the enteric nervous system can reduce symptoms of RV disease in mice. In this study we have addressed the hypothesis that RV infection triggers the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the intestine leading to activation of vagal afferent nerves connected to brain stem structures associated with vomiting. RV activated Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract of CNS, the main target for incoming fibers from the vagal nerve. Both secreted and recombinant forms of the viral enterotoxin (NSP4), increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and released 5-HT from EC cells. 5-HT induced diarrhoea in mice within 60 min, thereby supporting the role of 5-HT in RV disease. Our study provides novel insight into the complex interaction between RV, EC cells, 5-HT and nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claudia Istrate
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- Unidade de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Engblom
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thommie Karlsson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - John A. Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vesa-Matti Loitto
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karl-Eric Magnusson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlman
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ove Lundgren
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ousingsawat J, Mirza M, Tian Y, Roussa E, Schreiber R, Cook DI, Kunzelmann K. Rotavirus toxin NSP4 induces diarrhea by activation of TMEM16A and inhibition of Na+ absorption. Pflugers Arch 2011; 461:579-89. [PMID: 21399895 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is the most frequent cause for severe diarrhea in infants, killing more than 600,000 every year. The nonstructural protein NSP4 acts as a rotavirus enterotoxin, inducing secretory diarrhea without any structural organ damage. Electrolyte transport was assessed in the colonic epithelium from pups and adult mice using Ussing chamber recordings. Western blots and immunocytochemistry was performed in intestinal tissues from wild-type and TMEM16A knockout mice. Ion channel currents were recorded using patch clamp techniques. We show that the synthetic NSP4(114-135) peptide uses multiple pro-secretory pathways to induce diarrhea, by activating the recently identified Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel TMEM16A, and by inhibiting Na+ absorption by the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC and the Na+ /glucose cotransporter SGLT1. Activation of secretion and inhibition of Na+ absorption by NSP4(114-135), respectively, could be potently suppressed by wheat germ agglutinin which probably competes with NSP4(114-135) for binding to an unknown glycolipid receptor. The present paper gives a clue as to mechanisms of rotavirus-induced diarrhea and suggests wheat germ agglutinin as a simple and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular Ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. J Virol 2010; 84:3068-78. [PMID: 20053741 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) (A/crow/Kyoto/53/04 and A/chicken/Egypt/CL6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (DEF). In contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic AIVs (A/duck/HK/342/78 [H5N2], A/duck/HK/820/80 [H5N3], A/wigeon/Osaka/1/01 [H7N7], and A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/66 [H9N2]). Thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by H5N1-AIV infection. Caspase-dependent and -independent pathways contributed to the cytopathic effects. We further showed that, in the induction of apoptosis, the hemagglutinin of H5N1-AIV played a major role and its cleavage sequence was not critical. We also observed outer membrane permeabilization and loss of the transmembrane potential of the mitochondria of infected DEF, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction was caused by the H5N1-AIV infection. We then analyzed Ca(2+) dynamics in the infected cells and demonstrated an increase in the concentration of Ca(2+) in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](i)) and mitochondria ([Ca(2+)](m)) after H5N1-AIV infection. Regardless, gene expression important for regulating Ca(2+) efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum did not significantly change after H5N1-AIV infection. These results suggest that extracellular Ca(2+) may enter H5N1-AIV-infected cells. Indeed, EGTA, which chelates extracellular free Ca(2+), significantly reduced the [Ca(2+)](i), [Ca(2+)](m), and apoptosis induced by H5N1-AIV infection. In conclusion, we identified a novel mechanism for influenza A virus-mediated cell death, which involved the acceleration of extracellular Ca(2+) influx, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. These findings may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of H5N1-AIV in avian species as well as the impact of Ca(2+) homeostasis on influenza A virus infection.
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Greenberg HB, Estes MK. Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1939-51. [PMID: 19457420 PMCID: PMC3690811 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children worldwide; the enormous disease burden has focused efforts to develop vaccines and led to the discovery of novel mechanisms of gastrointestinal virus pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Two live-attenuated vaccines for gastroenteritis (Rotateq [Merck] and Rotarix) have been licensed in many countries. This review summarizes the latest data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and challenges to global vaccination. Recent insights into rotavirus pathogenesis also are discussed, including information on extraintestinal infection, viral antagonists of the interferon response, and the first described viral enterotoxin. Rotavirus-induced diarrhea now is considered to be a disease that can be prevented through vaccination, although there are many challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Molecular biology studies of rotavirus replication and pathogenesis have identified unique viral targets that might be useful in developing therapies for immunocompromised children with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B. Greenberg
- Senior Associate Dean for Research, Joseph D. Grant Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Bldg, Rm M-121
- 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, phone: 650-725-9722, fax: 650-725-7368
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Cullen Endowed Chair of Molecular and Human Virology, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine -GI, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030-3498, 713-798-3585, 713-798-3586 fax
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38
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Díaz Y, Chemello ME, Peña F, Aristimuño OC, Zambrano JL, Rojas H, Bartoli F, Salazar L, Chwetzoff S, Sapin C, Trugnan G, Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC. Expression of nonstructural rotavirus protein NSP4 mimics Ca2+ homeostasis changes induced by rotavirus infection in cultured cells. J Virol 2008; 82:11331-43. [PMID: 18787006 PMCID: PMC2573286 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00577-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection modifies Ca(2+) homeostasis, provoking an increase in Ca(2+) permeation, the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyto)), and total Ca(2+) pools and a decrease in Ca(2+) response to agonists. A glycosylated viral protein(s), NSP4 and/or VP7, may be responsible for these effects. HT29 or Cos-7 cells were infected by the SA11 clone 28 strain, in which VP7 is not glycosylated, or transiently transfected with plasmids coding for NSP4-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or NSP4. The permeability of the plasma membrane to Ca(2+) and the amount of Ca(2+) sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum released by carbachol or ATP were measured in fura-2-loaded cells at the single-cell level under a fluorescence microscope or in cell suspensions in a fluorimeter. Total cell Ca(2+) pools were evaluated as (45)Ca(2+) uptake. Infection with SA11 clone 28 induced an increase in Ca(2+) permeability and (45)Ca(2+) uptake similar to that found with the normally glycosylated SA11 strain. These effects were inhibited by tunicamycin, indicating that inhibition of glycosylation of a viral protein other than VP7 affects the changes of Ca(2+) homeostasis induced by infection. Expression of NSP4-EGFP or NSP4 in transfected cells induced the same changes observed with rotavirus infection, whereas the expression of EGFP or EGFP-VP4 showed the behavior of uninfected and untransfected cells. Increased (45)Ca(2+) uptake was also observed in cells expressing NSP4-EGFP or NSP4, as evidenced in rotavirus infection. These results indicate that glycosylated NSP4 is primarily responsible for altering the Ca(2+) homeostasis of infected cells through an initial increase of cell membrane permeability to Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuleima Díaz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
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Hulst M, Kerstens H, de Wit A, Smits M, van der Meulen J, Niewold T. Early transcriptional response in the jejunum of germ-free piglets after oral infection with virulent rotavirus. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1311-22. [PMID: 18523839 PMCID: PMC2441536 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Germ-free piglets were orally infected with virulent rotavirus to collect jejunal mucosal scrapings at 12 and 18 hours post infection (two piglets per time point). IFN-gamma mRNA expression was stimulated in the mucosa of all four infected piglets, indicating that they all responded to the rotavirus infection. RNA pools prepared from two infected piglets were used to compare whole mucosal gene expression at 12 and 18 hpi to expression in uninfected germ-free piglets (n = 3) using a porcine intestinal cDNA microarray. Microarray analysis identified 13 down-regulated and 17 up-regulated genes. Northern blot analysis of a selected group of genes confirmed the data of the microarray. Genes were functionally clustered in interferon-regulated genes, proliferation/differentiation genes, apoptosis genes, cytoskeleton genes, signal transduction genes, and enterocyte digestive, absorptive, and transport genes. Down-regulation of the transport gene cluster reflected in part the loss of rotavirus-infected enterocytes from the villous tips. Data mining suggested that several genes were regulated in lower- or mid-villus immature enterocytes and goblet cells, probably to support repair of the damaged epithelial cell layer at the villous tips. Furthermore, up-regulation was observed for IFN-γ induced guanylate binding protein 2, a protein that effectively inhibited VSV and EMCV replication in vitro (Arch Virol 150:1213–1220, 2005). This protein may play a role in the small intestine’s innate defense against enteric viruses like rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen University and Research Center, P. O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Silencing of rotavirus NSP4 or VP7 expression reduces alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis induced by infection of cultured cells. J Virol 2008; 82:5815-24. [PMID: 18400845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02719-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of cells in culture induces major changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis. These changes include increases in plasma membrane Ca(2+) permeability, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, and total cell Ca(2+) content and a reduction in the amount of Ca(2+) released from intracellular pools sensitive to agonists. Various lines of evidence suggest that the nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 and possibly the major outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 are responsible for these effects. In order to evaluate the functional roles of NSP4 and other rotavirus proteins in the changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis observed in infected cells, the expressions of NSP4, VP7, and VP4 were silenced using the short interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. The transfection of specific siRNAs resulted in a strong and specific reduction of the expression of NSP4, VP7, and VP4 and decreased the yield of new viral progeny by more than 90%. Using fura-2 loaded cells, we observed that knocking down the expression of NSP4 totally prevented the increase in Ca(2+) permeability of the plasma membrane and cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration measured in infected cells. A reduction in the levels of VP7 expression partially reduced the effect of infection on plasma membrane Ca(2+) permeability and Ca(2+) pools released by agonist (ATP). In addition, the increase of total Ca(2+) content (as measured by (45)Ca(2+) uptake) observed in infected cells was reduced to the levels in mock-infected cells when NSP4 and VP7 were silenced. Finally, when the expression of VP4 was silenced, none of the disturbances of Ca(2+) homeostasis caused by rotaviruses in infected cells were affected. These data altogether indicate that NSP4 is the main protein responsible for the changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis observed in rotavirus-infected cultured cells. Nevertheless, VP7 may contribute to these effects.
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Abstract
The rotavirus is the major cause of infantile gastroenteritis. The virus infects the mature enterocytes of the villus tip of the small intestine and induces a watery diarrhea. Diarrhea can occur in the absence of histological changes in the intestine, and, conversely, the histological changes can be asymptomatic. Rotavirus decreases the activities of digestive enzymes at the apical brush border membrane and inhibits Na+ -solute cotransport systems. Accumulation of carbohydrates in the intestinal lumen as well as malabsorption of nutrients and a concomitant inhibition of water absorption can lead to a malabsorptive component of diarrhea. Since the discovery of the NSP4 enterotoxin, several hypotheses have been proposed in favour of an additional secretion component in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Rotavirus induces a moderate net chloride secretion at the onset of the diarrhea. The mechanisms appear to different from those used by bacterial enterotoxin that cause pure secretory diarrhea. Rotavirus stimulated C1- reabsorption in villi, and failed to stimulate C1- secretion in crypt. Intestinal villi could secrete chloride as a result of rotavirus infection. The chloride secretory response is regulated by a dependant calcium signalling pathway induced by NSP4. The overall response is weak, suggesting that NSP4 may exert both secretory and subsequent antisecretory actions, hence limiting C1- secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorrot
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert Debré 82, Boulevard Sérurier 75019 Paris, France.
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42
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Belinda LWC, Wei WX, Hanh BTH, Lei LX, Bow H, Ling DJ. SARM: a novel Toll-like receptor adaptor, is functionally conserved from arthropod to human. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1732-42. [PMID: 17980913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sterile-alpha and Armadillo motif containing protein (SARM) was recently identified as the fifth member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor family. Whilst the Caenorhabditis elegans SARM homologue, TIR-1, is crucial for efficient immune responses against bacterial infections, human SARM was demonstrated to function as a specific inhibitor of TRIF-dependent TLR signaling. The opposing role of SARM in C. elegans and human is intriguing, prompting us to seek clarification on the enigmatic function of SARM in an ancient species which relies solely on innate immunity for survival. Here, we report the discovery of a primitive but functional SARM (CrSARM) in the immune defense of a "living fossil", the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. CrSARM shares numerous signature motifs and displays significant homology with vertebrate and invertebrate SARM homologues. CrSARM downregulates TRIF-dependent TLR signaling suggesting the conservation of SARM function from horseshoe crab to human. During infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CrSARM is rapidly upregulated within 3h and strongly repressed at 6h, coinciding with the timing of bacterial clearance, thus demonstrating its dynamic role in innate immunity. Furthermore, yeast-two-hybrid screening revealed several potential interaction partners of CrSARM implying the role of SARM in downregulating TLR signaling events. Altogether, our study shows that, although C. elegans SARM upregulates immune signaling, its disparate role as a suppressor of TLR signaling, specifically via TRIF and not MyD88, is well-conserved from horseshoe crab to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loh Wei-Ching Belinda
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Colbère-Garapin F, Martin-Latil S, Blondel B, Mousson L, Pelletier I, Autret A, François A, Niborski V, Grompone G, Catonnet G, van de Moer A. Prevention and treatment of enteric viral infections: possible benefits of probiotic bacteria. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1623-31. [PMID: 18023231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of the intestinal epithelium is briefly described, with the principal mechanisms involved in diarrhea. Human enteric viruses and probiotics are presented. We then review how probiotic bacteria could interfere with virus-induced pathology, we present our own view and describe specific interactions that would be valuable targets for future studies.
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44
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Beau I, Cotte-Laffitte J, Géniteau-Legendre M, Estes MK, Servin AL. An NSP4-dependant mechanism by which rotavirus impairs lactase enzymatic activity in brush border of human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2254-66. [PMID: 17506819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH, EC 3.2.1.23-62) is a brush border membrane (BBM)-associated enzyme in intestinal cells that hydrolyse lactose, the most important sugar in milk. Impairing in lactase activity during rotavirus infection has been described in diseased infants but the mechanism by which the functional lesion occurs remains unknown. We undertook a study to elucidate whether rotavirus impairs the lactase enzymatic activity in BBM of human enterocyte cells. In this study we use cultured human intestinal fully differentiated enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells to demonstrate how the lactase enzymatic activity at BBM is significantly decreased in rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV)-infected cells. We found that the decrease in enzyme activity is not dependent of the Ca(2+)- and cAMP-dependent signalling events triggered by the virus. The LPH biosynthesis, stability, and expression of the protein at the BBM of infected cells were not modified. We provide evidence that in RRV-infected cells the kinetic of lactase enzymatic activity present at the BBM was modified. Both BBM(control) and BBM(RRV) have identical K(m) values, but hydrolyse the substrate at different rates. Thus, the BBM(RRV) exhibits almost a 1.5-fold decreased V(max) than that of BBM(control) and is therefore enzymatically less active than the latter. Our study demonstrate conclusively that the impairment of lactase enzymatic activity at the BBM of the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells observed during rotavirus infection results from an inhibitory action of the secreted non-structural rotavirus protein NSP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beau
- INSERM, UMR 756, Signalisation et Physiopathologie des Cellules Epithéliales, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Beau I, Cotte-Laffitte J, Amsellem R, Servin AL. A protein kinase A-dependent mechanism by which rotavirus affects the distribution and mRNA level of the functional tight junction-associated protein, occludin, in human differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Virol 2007; 81:8579-86. [PMID: 17553883 PMCID: PMC1951370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00263-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that at the tight junctions (TJs) of Caco-2 cell monolayers, rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) infection induced the disappearance of occludin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the disappearance of occludin from the cell-cell boundaries without modifying the expression of the other TJ-associated proteins, ZO-1 and ZO-3. Western immunoblot analysis of RRV-infected cells showed a significant fall in the levels of the nonphosphorylated form of occludin in both Triton X-100-insoluble and Triton X-100-soluble fractions, without any change in the levels of the phosphorylated form of occludin. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCRs revealed that the level of transcription of the gene that encodes occludin was significantly reduced in RRV-infected cells. Treatment of RRV-infected cells with Rp-cyclic AMP and protein kinase A inhibitors H89 and KT5720 during the time course of the infection restored the distribution of occludin and a normal level of transcription of the gene that encodes occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM Unit 510, Châtenay-Malabry, France 92296
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46
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Martin-Latil S, Mousson L, Autret A, Colbère-Garapin F, Blondel B. Bax is activated during rotavirus-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. J Virol 2007; 81:4457-64. [PMID: 17301139 PMCID: PMC1900143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02344-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Mature enterocytes of the small intestine infected by rotavirus undergo apoptosis, and their replacement by less differentiated dividing cells probably leads to defective absorptive function of the intestinal epithelium, which, in turn, contributes to osmotic diarrhea and rotavirus pathogenesis. Here we show that infection of MA104 cells by the simian rhesus rotavirus strain RRV induced caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; all three phenomena are features of apoptosis. RRV induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, indicating that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was activated. RRV infection of MA104 cells activated Bax, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, as revealed by its conformational change. Most importantly, Bax-specific small interfering RNAs partially inhibited cytochrome c release in RRV-infected cells. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by rotavirus is Bax dependent. Apoptosis presumably leads to impaired intestinal functions, so our findings contribute to improving our understanding of rotavirus pathogenesis at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martin-Latil
- Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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47
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Berkova Z, Crawford SE, Blutt SE, Morris AP, Estes MK. Expression of rotavirus NSP4 alters the actin network organization through the actin remodeling protein cofilin. J Virol 2007; 81:3545-53. [PMID: 17229686 PMCID: PMC1866088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01080-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of infantile gastroenteritis with a multifactorial pathogenesis. As with many other pathogens, rotavirus infection and replication leads to rearrangement of the cytoskeleton with disorganization of cytoskeletal elements such as actin and cytokeratin through a calcium-dependent process that has not been fully characterized. The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, shown previously to elevate intracellular calcium levels when added exogenously as well as when expressed intracellularly, is a key player in intracellular calcium regulation during rotavirus infection. Here, we investigated the role NSP4 may play in actin rearrangement. Expression of NSP4 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (NSP4-EGFP), but not expression of EGFP alone, caused stabilization of long cellular projections in fully confluent HEK 293 cells. Cells expressing NSP4-EGFP for 24 h were also resistant to cell rounding induced by cytochalasin D. Quantification of filamentous actin (F-actin) content by using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and flow cytometry showed an elevated F-actin content in NSP4-EGFP-expressing and rotavirus-infected cells in comparison with that in nonexpressing and noninfected cells. Normalization of intracellular calcium levels prevented alterations of F-actin content. Observed changes in F-actin amounts correlated with the increased activation of the actin-remodeling protein cofilin. These calcium-dependent actin rearrangements induced by intracellular NSP4 expression may contribute to rotavirus pathogenesis by interfering with cellular processes dependent on subcortical actin remodeling, including ion transport and viral release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Berkova
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1200 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030-3404, USA
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48
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Lorrot M, Vasseur M. How do the rotavirus NSP4 and bacterial enterotoxins lead differently to diarrhea? Virol J 2007; 4:31. [PMID: 17376232 PMCID: PMC1839081 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the major cause of infantile gastroenteritis and each year causes 611,000 deaths worldwide. The virus infects the mature enterocytes of the villus tip of the small intestine and induces a watery diarrhea. Diarrhea can occur with no visible tissue damage and, conversely, the histological lesions can be asymptomatic. Rotavirus impairs activities of intestinal disaccharidases and Na+-solute symports coupled with water transport. Maldigestion of carbohydrates and their accumulation in the intestinal lumen as well as malabsorption of nutrients and a concomitant inhibition of water reabsorption can lead to a malabsorption component of diarrhea. Since the discovery of the NSP4 enterotoxin, diverse hypotheses have been proposed in favor of an additional secretion component in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Rotavirus induces a moderate net chloride secretion at the onset of diarrhea, but the mechanisms appear to be quite different from those used by bacterial enterotoxins that cause pure secretory diarrhea. Rotavirus failed to stimulate Cl- secretion in crypt, whereas it stimulated Cl- reabsorption in villi, questioning, therefore, the origin of net Cl- secretion. A solution to this riddle was that intestinal villi do in fact secrete chloride as a result of rotavirus infection. Also, the overall chloride secretory response is regulated by a phospholipase C-dependent calcium signaling pathway induced by NSP4. However, the overall response is weak, suggesting that NSP4 may exert both secretory and subsequent anti-secretory actions, as did carbachol, hence limiting Cl- secretion. All these characteristics provide the means to make the necessary functional distinction between viral NSP4 and bacterial enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathie Lorrot
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Paris, F-75019, France
| | - Monique Vasseur
- INSERM, UMR-S756, Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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49
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Iovane G, Pisanelli G, Pagnini U. Rotavirus diarrhoea in Buffaloes: epidemiology, pathogenesys and prophilaxis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lorrot M, Vasseur M. Rotavirus NSP4 114-135 peptide has no direct, specific effect on chloride transport in rabbit brush-border membrane. Virol J 2006; 3:94. [PMID: 17101044 PMCID: PMC1657008 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct effect of the rotavirus NSP4114-135 and Norovirus NV464-483 peptides on 36Cl uptake was studied by using villus cell brush border membrane (BBM) isolated from young rabbits. Both peptides inhibited the Cl-/H+ symport activity about equally and partially. The interaction involved one peptide-binding site per carrier unit. Whereas in vitro NSP4114-135 caused nonspecific inhibition of the Cl-/H+ symporter, the situation in vivo is different. Because rotavirus infection in young rabbits accelerated both Cl- influx and Cl- efflux rates across villi BBM without stimulating Cl- transport in crypt BBM, we conclude that the NSP4114-135 peptide, which causes diarrhea in young rodents, did not have any direct, specific effect on either intestinal absorption or secretion of chloride. The lack of direct effect of NSP4 on chloride transport strengthens the hypothesis that NSP4 would trigger signal transduction pathways to enhance net chloride secretion at the onset of rotavirus diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathie Lorrot
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Paris, F-75019, France
| | - Monique Vasseur
- INSERM, UMR 756, Université de Paris XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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