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Setlhare B, Letsoalo M, Nkabinde SA, Nkabinde M, Mzobe G, Mtshali A, Parveen S, Ngcobo S, Invernizzi L, Maharaj V, Ngcobo M, Gqaleni N. An in vitro study to elucidate the effects of product Nkabinde on immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1308913. [PMID: 38533263 PMCID: PMC10963514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1308913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A significant number of the South African population still rely on traditional medicines (TM) as their primary healthcare due to their belief in their holistic healing and immune-boosting properties. However, little to no scientific data is available on the effects of most TM products on cytokine and cellular biomarkers of the immune response. Here, we evaluated the impact of traditional medicine [Product Nkabinde (PN)] in inducing cellular and cytokine biomarkers of inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight healthy volunteers. Methods: PN was supplied by a local Traditional Health Practitioner (THP). The IC50 (half maximum concentration) of the standardized extract on isolated PBMCs was established using the cell viability assay over 24 h of incubation. Luminex and flow cytometry assays were used to measure cytokine and cellular levels in PBMCs stimulated with PN and/or PHA over 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Results: The IC50 concentration of PN in treated PBMCs was established at 325.3 μg/mL. In the cellular activation assay, the percentages of CD38-HLA-DR + on total CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in PBMCs stimulated with PN compared to unstimulated controls after 24 h (p = 0.008). PN significantly induced the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.041); proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.003), TNF-α (p < 0.0001); and chemokine MIP-1β (p = 0.046) compared to the unstimulated control after 24 h. At 48 h incubation, the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.034) and TNF-α (p = 0.011) were significantly induced following treatment with PN. Conclusion: We conclude that the PN possesses in vitro immunomodulatory properties that may influence immune and inflammatory responses. More studies using PN are needed to further understand key parameters mediating induction, expression, and regulation of the immune response in the context of pathogen-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Setlhare
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marothi Letsoalo
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphathimandla Authority Nkabinde
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Magugu Nkabinde
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gugulethu Mzobe
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Mtshali
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sobia Parveen
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samukelisiwe Ngcobo
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Luke Invernizzi
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mlungisi Ngcobo
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nceba Gqaleni
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Jasinska AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. CCR5 as a Coreceptor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses: A Prototypic Love-Hate Affair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835994. [PMID: 35154162 PMCID: PMC8829453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5, a chemokine receptor central for orchestrating lymphocyte/cell migration to the sites of inflammation and to the immunosurveillance, is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of health conditions, including inflammatory diseases, viral infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases. CCR5 is also the primary coreceptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), supporting its entry into CD4+ T lymphocytes upon transmission and in the early stages of infection in humans. A natural loss-of-function mutation CCR5-Δ32, preventing the mutated protein expression on the cell surface, renders homozygous carriers of the null allele resistant to HIV-1 infection. This phenomenon was leveraged in the development of therapies and cure strategies for AIDS. Meanwhile, over 40 African nonhuman primate species are long-term hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an ancestral family of viruses that give rise to the pandemic CCR5 (R5)-tropic HIV-1. Many natural hosts typically do not progress to immunodeficiency upon the SIV infection. They have developed various strategies to minimize the SIV-related pathogenesis and disease progression, including an array of mechanisms employing modulation of the CCR5 receptor activity: (i) deletion mutations abrogating the CCR5 surface expression and conferring resistance to infection in null homozygotes; (ii) downregulation of CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells, particularly memory cells and cells at the mucosal sites, preventing SIV from infecting and killing cells important for the maintenance of immune homeostasis, (iii) delayed onset of CCR5 expression on the CD4+ T cells during ontogenetic development that protects the offspring from vertical transmission of the virus. These host adaptations, aimed at lowering the availability of target CCR5+ CD4+ T cells through CCR5 downregulation, were countered by SIV, which evolved to alter the entry coreceptor usage toward infecting different CD4+ T-cell subpopulations that support viral replication yet without disruption of host immune homeostasis. These natural strategies against SIV/HIV-1 infection, involving control of CCR5 function, inspired therapeutic approaches against HIV-1 disease, employing CCR5 coreceptor blocking as well as gene editing and silencing of CCR5. Given the pleiotropic role of CCR5 in health beyond immune disease, the precision as well as costs and benefits of such interventions needs to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Jasinska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Eye on Primates, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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3
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Lange J, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Buggert M. Human mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:389-397. [PMID: 34743182 PMCID: PMC8571012 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are fundamental to maintain immune surveillance of the human body. During the past decade, it has become apparent that non-recirculating resident memory T cells (TRMs) form a first line memory response in tissues to tackle re-infections. The fact that TRMs are essential for local immunity highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population against tumors and infections. However, similar to other immune subsets, TRMs are heterogenous and may form distinct effector populations with unique functions at diverse tissue sites. Further insight into the mechanisms of how TRM function and respond to pathogens and malignancies at different mucosal sites will help to shape future vaccine and immunotherapeutic approaches. Here, we review the current understanding of TRM function and biology at four major mucosal sites: gastrointestinal tract, lung, head and neck, as well as female reproductive tract. We also summarize our current knowledge of how TRM targets invading pathogens and developing tumor cells at these mucosal sites and contemplate how TRMs may be exploited to protect from infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lange
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Schnittman SR, Hunt PW. Clinical consequences of asymptomatic cytomegalovirus in treated human immunodeficency virus infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:168-176. [PMID: 33833209 PMCID: PMC8238090 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART)-mediated viral suppression, people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) have increased morbidity and mortality. Immune activation and inflammation persist on ART and predict these complications. Over 90% of PWH have cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection, and CMV is considered a plausible contributor to this persistent immune activation. RECENT FINDINGS A detailed understanding of the link between CMV and multimorbidity is needed, particularly as research moves toward identifying potential targeted therapeutics to attenuate inflammation-mediated morbidity and mortality in treated HIV. We review the literature on the association between CMV and immune activation as well as multiple end-organ complications including cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolic disease, metabolic complications, gastrointestinal dysfunction, central nervous system involvement, birth sex-related differences, and the relation to the HIV reservoir. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing therapeutic efforts to target CMV. SUMMARY As CMV is a plausible driver of multiple comorbidities through persistent immune activation in treated HIV, future research is needed and planned to address its causal role as well as to test novel therapeutics in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Schnittman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Labarta-Bajo L, Nilsen SP, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Swafford A, Knight R, Turner JR, Zúñiga EI. Type I IFNs and CD8 T cells increase intestinal barrier permeability after chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152069. [PMID: 32880630 PMCID: PMC7953738 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier leakage constitutes a potential therapeutic target for many inflammatory diseases and represents a disease progression marker during chronic viral infections. However, the causes of altered gut barrier remain mostly unknown. Using murine infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we demonstrate that, in contrast to an acute viral strain, a persistent viral isolate leads to long-term viral replication in hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, but not epithelial cells (IECs), in the intestine. Viral persistence drove sustained intestinal epithelial barrier leakage, which was characterized by increased paracellular flux of small molecules and was associated with enhanced colitis susceptibility. Type I IFN signaling caused tight junction dysregulation in IECs, promoted gut microbiome shifts and enhanced intestinal CD8 T cell responses. Notably, both type I IFN receptor blockade and CD8 T cell depletion prevented infection-induced barrier leakage. Our study demonstrates that infection with a virus that persistently replicates in the intestinal mucosa increases epithelial barrier permeability and reveals type I IFNs and CD8 T cells as causative factors of intestinal leakage during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Nilsen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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6
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Mauser M, Kruger D, Pather S, Plani F. Compromised Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue is a Risk Factor for Postoperative Septic Complications in HIV-Seropositive Trauma Patients. World J Surg 2021; 45:1006-1013. [PMID: 33433725 PMCID: PMC7802609 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is an important part of the immune system and compromised in HIV treatment-naïve as well as in HIV-seropositive patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) due to HIV-induced changes. The influence of the impaired GALT on the postoperative complication rate after surgery for penetrating abdominal trauma has not been investigated and the hypothesis that the HIV-induced changes of the GALT contribute to septic complications postoperatively was tested. Material and methods This prospective study included patients who required a small bowel resection due to abdominal gunshot wounds. A bowel specimen was obtained in the index operation, and the T-lymphocytic quantity in the specimen was analyzed via immunohistochemistry to scrutinize whether these lymphocyte numbers had an impact on the postoperative outcome. Septic and postoperative complications were documented during the in-hospital course and the first month after discharge. Results In total, 62 patients were included in the study of which 38 patients were HIV-seronegative and 24 were HIV-seropositive. HIV-seropositive patients had a significantly lower quantity of CD4 + T cells in the GALT compared to the HIV-seronegative patients (p = 0.0001), which was also associated with a significantly higher rate of septic complications in the postoperative course. In the HIV-seropositive group, no significant differences were detected for T-lymphocytic quantity in the GALT between the HIV-treatment naïve and antiretroviral treatment groups. Conclusion The compromised GALT in HIV-seropositive patients may predispose these patients to postoperative septic complications. Antiretroviral therapy does not result in an adequate immune reconstitution in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mauser
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Johannesburg, Parktown, Gauteng South Africa
| | - Deirdré Kruger
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Johannesburg, Parktown, Gauteng South Africa
| | - Sugeshnee Pather
- National Health Laboratory Service, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, Gauteng South Africa
| | - Frank Plani
- Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, Gauteng South Africa
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7
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Everything in its right place: resident memory CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance of HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:93-99. [PMID: 30520744 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To introduce emerging concepts in tissue resident CD8 T cell immunosurveillance and their relevance to control HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS It is well appreciated that HIV preferentially infects and persists in CD4 T cells located in gut and in lymphoid tissue, yet the majority of known immunological correlates of HIV control are derived from peripheral blood. Instead, tissue-based immunological surveillance likely dictates the course of infection. Recent studies have established that nonrecirculating resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells can be found in virtually every human tissue. These cells bear a transcriptional profile of tissue retention and immediate effector function, suggesting a pivotal role in protective immunity. Resident memory CD8 T cells specific for HIV have been found in higher numbers in sites of HIV persistence (gut and lymph nodes), and are inversely associated with HIV viral titers. These findings, along with previous studies on tissue-derived cells now known to include resident memory cells, shed new light on the compartmentalization of the immune response against HIV and its correlates of protection. SUMMARY Resident memory CD8 T cells represent a critical unexplored component of immune surveillance in the setting of HIV infection. Understanding the induction, dynamics, and functional properties of HIV-specific resident memory T cells in relevant tissues will better inform efforts in the treatment, control, and potential cure of HIV infection.
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8
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Delayed gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue reconstitution in duodenum compared with rectum in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:2289-2298. [PMID: 31764094 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue at various sites along the gastrointestinal site. METHODOLOGY Peripheral blood and duodenal and rectal biopsies were obtained from 12 HIV to 33 treatment-naive HIV participants at baseline and after 9 months ART. Tissue was digested for immunophenotyping. Inflammatory, bacterial translocation and intestinal damage markers were measured in plasma. RESULTS Twenty-six HIV patients completed follow-up. The lowest reconstitution of CD4 T cells and the lowest CD4/CD8 ratio during ART compared with blood were observed in the duodenum with the rectum being either intermediate or approaching blood levels. Regulatory T cells were in higher proportions in the duodenum than the rectum and neither declined significantly during ART. Several correlations with biomarkers of microbial translocation were observed including increases in lipoteichoic acid levels, which reflects Gram-positive bacterial translocation, correlated with increases in %CD4 T cells in the duodenum (Rho 0.773, P = 0.033), and with decreases in duodenal regulatory T-cell populations (Rho -0.40, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION HIV-mediated immunological disruption is greater in the duodenum than rectum and blood before and during ART. Small intestine damage may represent a unique environment for T-cell depletion, which might be attenuated by interaction with Gram-positive bacteria.
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Wang X, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Xu H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8 + T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation. FASEB J 2019; 33:8905-8912. [PMID: 31034775 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an essential role in HIV pathogenesis as the major coreceptor on CD4+ T cells used by HIV, yet the function of CCR5 on CD8 T cells is not well understood. Furthermore, the immunologic effects of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc (MVC), despite approval for clinical use, have not yet been well evaluated for their potential effects on cytotoxic T-cell responses. In this study, we characterized the development and function of CCR5+CD8+ T cells in rhesus macaques with or without Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. We also investigated the effects of the CCR5 antagonist MVC on functional CCR5+CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. The data show that CCR5+CD8+ T cells have an effector memory phenotype and increase with age in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues as a heterogeneous population of polyfunctional CD8 T cells. In addition, CCR5 is highly expressed on SIV gag-specific (CM9+) CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques, yet CCR5+CD8+ T cells are significantly reduced in mucosal lymphoid tissues with disease progression. Furthermore, in vitro MVC treatment reduced activation and cytokine secretion of CD8+ T cells via a CCR5-independent pathway. These findings suggest that surface CCR5 protein plays an important role in differentiation and activation of CD8+ T cells. Although MVC may be helpful in reducing chronic inflammation and activation, it may also inhibit virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Thus optimal use of CCR5 antagonists either alone or in combination with other drugs should be defined by further investigation.-Wang, X., Russell-Lodrigue, K. E., Ratterree, M. S., Veazey, R. S., Xu, H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
As our understanding of mucosal immunity increases, it is becoming clear that the host response to HIV-1 is more complex and nuanced than originally believed. The mucosal landscape is populated with a variety of specialized cell types whose functions include combating infectious agents while preserving commensal microbiota, maintaining barrier integrity, and ensuring immune homeostasis. Advances in multiparameter flow cytometry, gene expression analysis and bioinformatics have allowed more detailed characterization of these cell types and their roles in host defense than was previously possible. This review provides an overview of existing literature on immunity to HIV-1 and SIVmac in mucosal tissues of the female reproductive tract and the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on major effector cell populations and briefly summarizing new information on tissue resident memory T cells, Treg, Th17, Th22 and innate lymphocytes (ILC), subsets that have been studied primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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11
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The effect of probiotics on inflammatory biomarkers: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:633-649. [PMID: 30854594 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to systematically review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults. METHODS Relevant papers published up to March 2018 were searched up through PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, using following suitable keywords. Clinical trials that examined the effect of probiotic supplementation on inflammation in adults were included. RESULTS Overall, 42 randomized clinical trials (1138 participants in intervention and 1120 participants in control groups) were included. Combining findings from included studies, we found a significant reduction in serum hs-CRP [standardized mean difference (SMD) - 0.46; 95% CI - 0.73, - 0.19], TNF-a (- 0.21; - 0.34, - 0.08), IL-6 (- 0.37; - 0.51, - 0.24), IL-12 (- 0.47; - 0.67, - 0.27), and IL-4 concentrations (- 0.48; - 0.76, - 0.20) after probiotic supplementation. Pooling effect sizes from 11 studies with 12 effect sizes, a significant increase in IL-10 concentrations was seen (0.21; 0.04, 0.38). We failed to find a significant effect of probiotic supplementation on serum IL-1B (- 0.17; - 0.37, 0.02), IL-8 (- 0.01; - 0.30, 0.28), and IFN-g (- 0.08; - 0.31, 0.15) and IL-17 concentrations (0.06; - 0.34, 0.46). CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including, hs-CRP, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-4, but it did not influence IL-1B, IL-8, IFN-g, and IL-17 concentrations. A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10, as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation.
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12
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Kiniry BE, Li S, Ganesh A, Hunt PW, Somsouk M, Skinner PJ, Deeks SG, Shacklett BL. Detection of HIV-1-specific gastrointestinal tissue resident CD8 + T-cells in chronic infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:909-920. [PMID: 29139476 PMCID: PMC5953759 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells are non-recirculating, long-lived cells housed in tissues that can confer protection against mucosal pathogens. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a mucosal pathogen and the gastrointestinal tract is an important site of viral pathogenesis and transmission. Thus, CD8+ TRM cells may be an important effector subset for controlling HIV-1 in mucosal tissues. This study sought to determine the abundance, phenotype, and functionality of CD8+ TRM cells in the context of chronic HIV-1 infection. We found that the majority of rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells were CD69+CD103+S1PR1- and T-betLowEomesoderminNeg, indicative of a tissue-residency phenotype similar to that described in murine models. HIV-1-specific CD8+ TRM responses appeared strongest in individuals naturally controlling HIV-1 infection. Two CD8+ TRM subsets, distinguished by CD103 expression intensity, were identified. CD103Low CD8+ TRM primarily displayed a transitional memory phenotype and contained HIV-1-specific cells and cells expressing high levels of Eomesodermin, whereas CD103High CD8+ TRM primarily displayed an effector memory phenotype and were EomesoderminNeg. These findings suggest a large fraction of CD8+ T-cells housed in the human rectosigmoid mucosa are tissue-resident and that TRM contribute to the anti-HIV-1 immune response. Further exploration of CD8+ TRM will inform development of anti-HIV-1 immune-based therapies and vaccines targeted to the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna E. Kiniry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Shengbin Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Anupama Ganesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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13
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Abstract
Abnormal immune activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially of memory and effector phenotypes, take place during HIV-1 infection, and these abnormal features persist during administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for CD8+ T-cell expansion remain poorly characterized. In this article, we review the literature addressing features of CD8+ T-cell immune pathology and present an integrated view on the mechanisms leading to abnormal CD8+ T-cell expansion during HIV-1 infection. The expression of molecules important for directing the homing of CD8+ T cells between the circulation and lymphoid tissues, in particular CCR5 and CXCR3, is increased in CD8+ T cells in circulation and in inflamed tissues during HIV-1 infection; these disturbances in the homing capacity of CD8+ T cells have been linked to increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The production of IL-15, a cytokine responsible for physiological proliferation of CD8+ T cells, is increased in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection as result of microbial translocation and severe inflammation. IL-15, and additional inflammatory cytokines, may lead to deregulated proliferation of CD8+ T cells and explain the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in circulation. The decreased capacity of CD8+ T cells to localize to gut-associated lymphoid tissue also contributes to the accumulation of these cells in blood. Control of inflammation, through ART administration during primary HIV-1 infection or therapies aimed at controlling inflammation during HIV-1 infection, is pivotal to prevent abnormal expansion of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Peripheral and central immune cell reservoirs in tissues from asymptomatic cats chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175327. [PMID: 28384338 PMCID: PMC5383277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats results in life-long viral persistence and progressive immunopathology. We have previously described a cohort of experimentally infected cats demonstrating a progressive decline of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell over six years in the face of apparent peripheral viral latency. More recently we reported findings from this same cohort that revealed popliteal lymph node tissue as sites for ongoing viral replication suggesting that tissue reservoirs are important in FIV immunopathogenesis during the late asymptomatic phase of infection. Results reported herein characterize important tissue reservoirs of active viral replication during the late asymptomatic phase by examining biopsied specimens of spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and intestine from FIV-infected and uninfected control cats. Peripheral blood collected coincident with harvest of tissues demonstrated severe CD4+ T-cell depletion, undetectable plasma viral gag RNA and rarely detectable peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated viral RNA (vRNA) by real-time PCR. However, vRNA was detectable in all three tissue sites from three of four FIV-infected cats despite the absence of detectable vRNA in plasma. A novel in situ hybridization assay identified B cell lymphoid follicular domains as microanatomical foci of ongoing FIV replication. Additionally, we demonstrated that CD4+ leukocyte depletion in tissues, and CD4+ and CD21+ leukocytes as important cellular reservoirs of ongoing replication. These findings revealed that tissue reservoirs support foci of ongoing viral replication, in spite of highly restricted viral replication in blood. Lentiviral eradication strategies will need address tissue viral reservoirs.
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Bonney EA, Howard A, Krebs K, Begin K, Veilleux K, Gokina NI. Impact of Immune Deficiency on Remodeling of Maternal Resistance Vasculature 4 Weeks Postpartum in Mice. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:514-525. [PMID: 27899739 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116678691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy manifests changes in the vascular and immune systems that persist postpartum (PP), have important implications for future pregnancies, and may modify responses to cardiovascular stress in late life. The association between immune and vascular function and the generation or progression of cardiovascular disease beg the question of whether altered immunity modifies pregnancy-induced changes in the vasculature. Our objective was to compare changes in the function and remodeling of systemic resistance vessels 4 weeks PP in normal C57BL/6 (B6), and immunodeficient mice recombinase 1-deficient/B6 ( Rag1-/-). Immune deficiency did not change the responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) and phenylephrine at baseline but decreased arterial distensibility and increased stiffness PP. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells into Rag1-/- mice decreased the response to ACh while increasing distensibility and wall thickness. When compared to PP Rag1-/-, vessels from PP CD4-deficient mice, which have B cells and CD8 T cells, but no CD4 cells, show increased distensibility and decreased responsiveness to ACh in a pattern similar to that seen in Rag1-/- given CD8 T cells prior to mating. These studies suggest a key role for T cell, particularly CD8 T cell, associated factors in the PP remodeling of maternal resistance vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ann Howard
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kendall Krebs
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelly Begin
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Veilleux
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Natalia I Gokina
- 1 Division of Reproductive Science Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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16
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Moylan DC, Goepfert PA, Kempf MC, Saag MS, Richter HE, Mestecky J, Sabbaj S. Diminished CD103 (αEβ7) Expression on Resident T Cells from the Female Genital Tract of HIV-Positive Women. Pathog Immun 2017; 1:371-387. [PMID: 28164171 PMCID: PMC5288734 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v1i2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tissue resident memory T cells (TrM) provide an enhanced response against infection at mucosal surfaces, yet their function has not been extensively studied in humans, including the female genital tract (FGT). Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied TrM cells, defined as CD62L-CCR7-CD103+CD69+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosa-derived T cells from healthy and HIV-positive women. Results: We demonstrate that TrM are present in the FGT of healthy and HIV-positive women. The expression of the mucosal retention receptor, CD103, from HIV-positive women was reduced compared to healthy women and was lowest in women with CD4 counts < 500 cells/mm3. Furthermore, CD103 expression on mucosa-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with antigen-specific IFN-γ production by mucosal CD4+ T cells and was inversely correlated with T-bet from CD8+CD103+ mucosa-derived T cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that CD4+ T cells, known to be impaired during HIV-1 infection and necessary for the expression of CD103 in murine models, may play a role in the expression of CD103 on resident T cells from the human FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Moylan
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- School of Nursing and Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael S Saag
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Holly E Richter
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Ganesh A, Lemongello D, Lee E, Peterson J, McLaughlin BE, Ferre AL, Gillespie GM, Fuchs D, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Price RW, Spudich SS, Shacklett BL. Immune Activation and HIV-Specific CD8(+) T Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV Controllers and Noncontrollers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:791-800. [PMID: 27019338 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an important target of HIV, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can provide a window into host-virus interactions within the CNS. The goal of this study was to determine whether HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells are present in CSF of HIV controllers (HC), who maintain low to undetectable plasma viremia without antiretroviral therapy (ART). CSF and blood were sampled from 11 HC, defined based on plasma viral load (VL) consistently below 2,000 copies/ml without ART. These included nine elite controllers (EC, plasma VL <40 copies/ml) and two viremic controllers (VC, VL 40-2,000 copies/ml). All controllers had CSF VL <40 copies/ml. Three comparison groups were also sampled: six HIV noncontrollers (NC, VL >10,000 copies/ml, no ART); seven individuals with viremia suppressed due to ART (Tx, VL <40 copies/ml); and nine HIV-negative controls. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in CSF and blood were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess expression of CCR5, activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR, and memory/effector markers CD45RA and CCR7. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were quantified by major histocompatibility complex class I multimer staining. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected ex vivo at similar frequencies in CSF of HC and noncontrollers; the highest frequencies were in individuals with CD4 counts below 500 cells/μl. The majority of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in CSF were effector memory cells expressing CCR5. Detection of these cells in CSF suggests active surveillance of the CNS compartment by HIV-specific T cells, including in individuals with long-term control of HIV infection in the absence of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ganesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Donna Lemongello
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Evelyn Lee
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Julia Peterson
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bridget E. McLaughlin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - April L. Ferre
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Geraldine M. Gillespie
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard W. Price
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Serena S. Spudich
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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18
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Cassol E, Rossouw T, Malfeld S, Mahasha P, Slavik T, Seebregts C, Bond R, du Plessis J, Janssen C, Roskams T, Nevens F, Alfano M, Poli G, van der Merwe SW. CD14(+) macrophages that accumulate in the colon of African AIDS patients express pro-inflammatory cytokines and are responsive to lipopolysaccharide. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:430. [PMID: 26475133 PMCID: PMC4609115 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal macrophages are key regulators of inflammatory responses to the gut microbiome and play a central role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and epithelial integrity. However, little is known about the role of these cells in HIV infection, a disease fuelled by intestinal inflammation, a loss of epithelial barrier function and increased microbial translocation (MT). Methods Phenotypic and functional characterization of intestinal macrophages was performed for 23 African AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea and/or weight loss and 11 HIV-negative Africans with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIDS patients were treated with cotrimoxazole for the prevention of opportunistic infections (OIs). Macrophage phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and immuno-histochemistry (IHC); production of proinflammatory mediators by IHC and Qiagen PCR Arrays; in vitro secretion of cytokines by the Bio-Plex Suspension Array System. Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman’s correlation and Wilcoxon matched-pair tests. Results between groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-test and the Mann–Whitney U tests. Results None of the study participants had evidence of enteric co-infections as assessed by stool analysis and histology. Compared to healthy HIV-negative controls, the colon of AIDS patients was highly inflamed with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-18), chemokines (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2 and chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand (CXCL)10) and transcription factors (TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)6 and T-box (TXB)21). IHC revealed significant co-localization of TNF-α and IL-1β with CD68+ cells. As in IBD, HIV was associated with a marked increase in macrophages expressing innate response receptors including CD14, the co-receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The frequency of CD14+ macrophages correlated positively with plasma LPS, a marker of MT. Total unfractionated mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC) isolated from the colon of AIDS patients, but not MMC depleted of CD14+ cells, secreted increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines ex vivo in response to LPS. Conclusions Intestinal macrophages, in the absence of overt OIs, play an important role in driving persistent inflammation in HIV patients with late-stage disease and diarrhea. These results suggest intensified treatment strategies that target inflammatory processes in intestinal macrophages may be highly beneficial in restoring the epithelial barrier and limiting MT in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edana Cassol
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 5433 Herzberg Laboratories, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Theresa Rossouw
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Susan Malfeld
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Phetole Mahasha
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tomas Slavik
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Pretoria and Ampath Pathology Laboratories, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Chris Seebregts
- Jembi Health Systems NPC, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Robert Bond
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Johannie du Plessis
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Carl Janssen
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Hepatology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Massimo Alfano
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Present Address: Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Schalk W van der Merwe
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Chanzu N, Ondondo B. Induction of Potent and Long-Lived Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in the Genitorectal Mucosa Could be the Critical Determinant of HIV Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:202. [PMID: 24847327 PMCID: PMC4021115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV prevention has indeed progressed in leaps and bounds, but with major limitations of the current prevention and treatment options, the world remains desperate for an HIV vaccine. Sadly, this continues to be elusive, because more than 30 years since its discovery there is no licensed HIV vaccine. Research aiming to define immunological biomarkers to accurately predict vaccine efficacy have focused mainly on systemic immune responses, and as such, studies defining correlates of protection in the genitorectal mucosa, the primary target site for HIV entry and seeding are sparse. Clearly, difficulties in sampling and analysis of mucosal specimens, as well as their limited size have been a major deterrent in characterizing the type (mucosal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, or CTL), threshold (magnitude, depth, and breadth) and viral inhibitory capacity of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa, where they are needed to immediately block HIV acquisition and arrest subsequent virus dissemination. Nevertheless, a few studies document the existence of HIV-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa of HIV-infected aviremic and viremic controllers, as well as in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals with natural resistance to HIV-1. Some of these responses strongly correlate with protection from HIV acquisition and/or disease progression, thus providing significant clues of the ideal components of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In this study, we provide an overview of the key features of protective immune responses found in HEPS, elite and viremic controllers, and discuss how these can be achieved through mucosal immunization. Inevitably, HIV vaccine development research will have to consider strategies that elicit potent antibody and cellular immune responses within the genitorectal mucosa or induction of systemic immune cells with an inherent potential to home and persist at mucosal sites of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chanzu
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ondondo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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20
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Shanmugasundaram U, Critchfield JW, Pannell J, Perry J, Giudice LC, Smith-McCune K, Greenblatt RM, Shacklett BL. Phenotype and functionality of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the upper reproductive tract of healthy premenopausal women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:95-108. [PMID: 24313954 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The goal of this study was to investigate the phenotype and functional responsiveness of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells in the upper reproductive tract of healthy premenopausal women. The lower reproductive tract is frequently studied as a site of sexually transmitted infections; however, the upper reproductive tract may also be a portal of entry and dissemination for pathogens, including HIV-1. METHOD OF STUDY Endometrial biopsy, endocervical curettage, cytobrush, and blood were collected during mid-luteal phase from 23 healthy women. T-cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS As compared with their counterparts in blood, endometrial and endocervical T-cells had enhanced CCR5 expression, and were enriched for activated, effector memory cells. Endometrial T-cells were more responsive to polyclonal stimuli, producing a broad range of cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the responsiveness of endometrial T-cells to stimulation, and reveal their activated phenotype. These findings also suggest susceptibility of the upper reproductive tract to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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A vaccine against CCR5 protects a subset of macaques upon intravaginal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251. J Virol 2013; 88:2011-24. [PMID: 24307581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02447-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we have developed vaccines targeting CCR5, a self-protein critically involved in HIV replication and pathogenesis. By displaying peptides derived from CCR5 at high density on the surface of virus-like particles, we can efficiently induce high-titer IgG antibodies against this self-molecule. Here, we investigated whether prophylactic immunization of rhesus macaques with a particle-based vaccine targeting two regions of macaque CCR5 could prevent or suppress vaginal infection with highly virulent SIVmac251. Twelve macaques were vaccinated with a bacteriophage Qß-based vaccine targeting macaque CCR5 (Qß.CCR5). Six control animals were immunized with the Qß platform alone. All animals immunized with Qß.CCR5 developed high-titer anti-CCR5 antibody responses. Macaques were vaginally challenged with a high dose of SIVmac251. The mean peak viral RNA levels in the vaccinated groups were 30-fold lower than in the control group (10(6.8) versus 10(8.3) copies/ml plasma). Three of the 12 vaccinated macaques dramatically suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication: peak viral loads were low (10(3) to 10(4) RNA copies/ml), and SIV RNA became undetectable from 6 weeks onward. No viral RNA or DNA could be detected in colon and lymph node biopsy specimens collected 13 months after challenge. In vivo depletion of CD8(+) cells failed to induce a viral rebound. However, once anti-CCR5 antibody responses had waned, the 3 animals became infected after intravaginal and/or intravenous rechallenge. In conclusion, vaccination against CCR5 was associated with dramatic suppression of virus replication in a subset (25%) of macaques. These data support further research of vaccination against CCR5 to combat HIV infection.
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Lehmann C, Jung N, Förster K, Koch N, Leifeld L, Fischer J, Mauss S, Drebber U, Steffen HM, Romerio F, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P. Longitudinal analysis of distribution and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood and gut mucosa of HIV infected patients. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:940-9. [PMID: 24259523 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with excessive production of interferon alpha (IFNα) represents one of the hallmarks of immune activation during chronic phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A number of studies have shown that disruption of mucosal integrity in the gut is a cause of persistent immune activation. However, little is known about the role that pDCs play in this process, and our current understanding comes from the simian immunodeficiency virus macaque model. Thus, in the present study we sought to investigate the frequency and function of pDCs in peripheral blood and gut samples from HIV-infected individuals before and 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We show that circulating pDCs were depleted in ART-naive HIV+ patients, and upregulated the gut-homing receptor CD103 compared with uninfected controls. By converse, pDCs accumulated in the terminal ileum of ART-naive HIV individuals compared with controls. Baseline levels of IFNα production and markers of immune activation in gut samples of ART-naive HIV subjects were elevated. All these parameters declined after 6 months of ART. Our results suggest that in chronic HIV infection, pDCs migrate from peripheral blood to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue, where they may contribute to immune activation.
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Slyker J, Farquhar C, Atkinson C, Ásbjörnsdóttir K, Roxby A, Drake A, Kiarie J, Wald A, Boeckh M, Richardson B, Odem-Davis K, John-Stewart G, Emery V. Compartmentalized cytomegalovirus replication and transmission in the setting of maternal HIV-1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:564-72. [PMID: 24192386 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with adverse outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed infants. Determinants of vertical CMV transmission in the setting of maternal HIV-1 infection are not well-defined. METHODS CMV and HIV-1 levels were measured in plasma, cervical secretions, and breast milk of 147 HIV-1-infected women to define correlates of maternal CMV replication and infant CMV acquisition. RESULTS Although few women had detectable CMV in plasma (4.8%), the majority had detectable CMV DNA in cervical secretions (66%) and breast milk (99%). There was a strong association between cervical CMV detection during pregnancy and later breast milk levels (β = 0.47; P = .005). Plasma HIV-1 level and CD4 counts were associated with CMV in the cervix and breast milk. However HIV-1 levels within the cervix and breast milk were not associated with CMV within these compartments. Maternal breast milk CMV levels (hazard ratio [HR], 1.4; P = .003) and maternal CD4 < 450 cells/mm(3) (HR, 1.8; P = .008) were independently associated with infant CMV acquisition; each log10 increase in breast milk CMV was associated with a 40% increase in infant infection. The breast milk CMV level required to attain a 50% probability of CMV transmission increased with higher maternal CD4 counts, increasing from 3.55 log10 CMV DNA copies/mL at a CD4 count of 350 cells/mm(3) to 5.50 log10 CMV DNA copies/mL at a CD4 count of 1000 cells/mm(3). CONCLUSIONS Breast milk CMV levels and maternal CD4 count are major determinants of CMV transmission in the setting of maternal HIV-1. Maternal immune reconstitution or lowering breast milk CMV levels may reduce vertical CMV transmission.
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Brenchley JM. Mucosal immunity in human and simian immunodeficiency lentivirus infections. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:657-65. [PMID: 23549448 PMCID: PMC4154146 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that distinct pathological phenomenon occurs within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of progressively simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques and HIV-infected humans compared with other anatomical sites. Massive loss of GI tract lamina propria CD4 T cells, alteration in the profile of lymphocytic cytokine production, changes in the landscape of GI tract antigen-presenting cells, and variations to the structural barrier of the GI tract are hallmarks of progressive HIV/SIV infections. The pathology within the GI tract results in translocation of microbial products from the lumen of the intestine into peripheral circulation. These translocated microbial products directly stimulate the immune system and exacerbate immune activation and, thus, disease progression. Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) does not restore completely the immunological abnormalities within the GI tract. This incomplete restoration within the GI tract may contribute to the increased mortality observed within HIV-infected individuals treated for decades with cART. Novel therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing GI tract anatomy and physiology may improve the prognosis of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Brenchley
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Lab of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Genovese L, Nebuloni M, Alfano M. Cell-Mediated Immunity in Elite Controllers Naturally Controlling HIV Viral Load. Front Immunol 2013; 4:86. [PMID: 23577012 PMCID: PMC3620550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by high viral load, depletion of immune cells, and immunodeficiency, ultimately leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome phase and the occurrence of opportunistic infections and diseases. Since the discovery of HIV in the early 1980s a naturally selected population of infected individuals has been emerged in the last years, characterized by being infected for many years, with viremia constantly below detectable level and poor depletion of immune cells. These individuals are classified as “elite controllers (EC) or suppressors” and do not develop disease in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy. Unveiling host factors and immune responses responsible for the elite status will likely provide clues for the design of therapeutic vaccines and functional cures. Scope of this review was to examine and discuss differences of the cell-mediated immune responses between HIV+ individuals with disease progression and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Genovese
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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Human immunodeficiency virus and the gastrointestinal immune system: does highly active antiretroviral therapy restore gut immunity? Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:596-604. [PMID: 22929559 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While only partial immune reconstitution in gut-associated lymphoid tissue typically occurs following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, near-complete immune reconstitution has occasionally been described. This review highlights findings from studies examining the effects of HAART and the timing of its initiation on gastrointestinal (GI) CD4+ T-cell recovery. Its effects on specific CD4+ T-cell subtypes, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and immunoglobulins are also described. Finally, the ability of HAART to restore the intestinal epithelial barrier and lymphatic tissue architecture and reduce microbial translocation is addressed. Determining whether HAART has the ability to prevent permanent GI immune damage when commenced in acute HIV infection has implications for the optimal timing of HAART initiation.
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Gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue immune reconstitution in a randomized clinical trial of raltegravir versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. AIDS 2012; 26:1625-34. [PMID: 22820612 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283546595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine immune restoration in duodenal tissue and correlates of reduction of immune activation in chronic HIV-infected patients randomized to different treatment regimens. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing raltegravir to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen, both with fixed-dose tenofovir difumerate/emtricitabine. METHODS Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive volunteers underwent upper endoscopy for duodenal biopsies before and after 9 months of therapy. Tissue was paraffin-embedded for immunohistochemistry or digested into single-cell suspensions for flow cytometry of lymphocyte subsets and activation phenotype. Plasma-soluble CD14 levels were measured as a surrogate for bacterial translocation. RESULTS Sixteen HIV-positive and seven control individuals completed study procedures. Small increases in duodenal lamina propria CD4 T-cell numbers were observed, especially when viewed relative to populations in control volunteers, with no differences between treatment arms. The increase in CD4 T-cell percentage was due largely to declines in CD8 T-cell numbers, which were disproportionately increased compared to peripheral blood and controls. Patients randomized to the raltegravir arm had consistent declines in both sCD14 levels and CD8 T-cell numbers in the duodenal tissue lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS This first RCT of lymphocyte population restoration in duodenal tissue demonstrates more modest increases in CD4 T-cell numbers during the first 9 months of therapy than when considering CD3/CD4 percentages only. Although reduced after 9 months of ART, disproportional increased CD8 populations persist in duodenal gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Local rather than systemic antigenic stimulation appears to be driving expanded CD8 T lymphocytes in GALT. Factors other than viral-induced CD8 expansion may be contributing to this local immunologic response.
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Van Rompay KKA, Trott KA, Jayashankar K, Geng Y, LaBranche CC, Johnson JA, Landucci G, Lipscomb J, Tarara RP, Canfield DR, Heneine W, Forthal DN, Montefiori D, Abel K. Prolonged tenofovir treatment of macaques infected with K65R reverse transcriptase mutants of SIV results in the development of antiviral immune responses that control virus replication after drug withdrawal. Retrovirology 2012; 9:57. [PMID: 22805180 PMCID: PMC3419085 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that while prolonged tenofovir monotherapy of macaques infected with virulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) resulted invariably in the emergence of viral mutants with reduced in vitro drug susceptibility and a K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase, some animals controlled virus replication for years. Transient CD8+ cell depletion or short-term tenofovir interruption within 1 to 5 years of treatment demonstrated that a combination of CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses and continued tenofovir therapy was required for sustained suppression of viremia. We report here follow-up data on 5 such animals that received tenofovir for 8 to 14 years. RESULTS Although one animal had a gradual increase in viremia from 3 years onwards, the other 4 tenofovir-treated animals maintained undetectable viremia with occasional viral blips (≤ 300 RNA copies/ml plasma). When tenofovir was withdrawn after 8 to 10 years from three animals with undetectable viremia, the pattern of occasional episodes of low viremia (≤ 3600 RNA/ml plasma) continued throughout the 10-month follow-up period. These animals had low virus levels in lymphoid tissues, and evidence of multiple SIV-specific immune responses. CONCLUSION Under certain conditions (i.e., prolonged antiviral therapy initiated early after infection; viral mutants with reduced drug susceptibility) a virus-host balance characterized by strong immunologic control of virus replication can be achieved. Although further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications, these observations provide hope for a functional cure of HIV infection via immunotherapeutic strategies that boost antiviral immunity and reduce the need for continuous antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristin A Trott
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kartika Jayashankar
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongzhi Geng
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan Lipscomb
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Ross P Tarara
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Don R Canfield
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Kristina Abel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Compared to subcutaneous tenofovir, oral tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate administration preferentially concentrates the drug into gut-associated lymphoid cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4980-4. [PMID: 22777046 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01095-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare tissue-based pharmacokinetics and efficacy of oral tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF) versus subcutaneous tenofovir (TFV), macaques were treated for 2 weeks starting 1 week after simian immunodeficiency virus inoculation. Despite lower plasma TFV levels in the oral TDF arm, similar TFV diphosphate levels and antiviral activities were measured in lymphoid cells of most tissues. In intestinal tissues, however, oral TDF resulted in higher active drug levels, associated with lower virus levels and better immune preservation.
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The colocalization potential of HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells is mediated by integrin β7 but not CCR6 and regulated by retinoic acid. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32964. [PMID: 22470433 PMCID: PMC3314661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are major targets for HIV-1 infection. Recruitment of excess effector CD8+ T-cells in the proximity of target cells is critical for the control of viral replication. Here, we investigated the colocalization potential of HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells into the GALT and explored the role of retinoic acid (RA) in regulating this process in a cohort of HIV-infected subjects with slow disease progression. The expression of the gut-homing molecules integrin β7, CCR6, and CXCR3 was identified as a “signature” for HIV-specific but not CMV-specific CD4+ T-cells thus providing a new explanation for their enhanced permissiveness to infection in vivo. HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells also expressed high levels of integrin β7 and CXCR3; however CCR6 was detected at superior levels on HIV-specific CD4+versus CD8+ T-cells. All trans RA (ATRA) upregulated the expression of integrin β7 but not CCR6 on HIV-specific T-cells. Together, these results suggest that HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells may colocalize in excess with CD4+ T-cells into the GALT via integrin β7 and CXCR3, but not via CCR6. Considering our previous findings that CCR6+CD4+ T-cells are major cellular targets for HIV-DNA integration in vivo, a limited ability of CD8+ T-cells to migrate in the vicinity of CCR6+CD4+ T-cells may facilitate HIV replication and dissemination at mucosal sites.
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Increased frequency of regulatory T cells accompanies increased immune activation in rectal mucosae of HIV-positive noncontrollers. J Virol 2011; 85:11422-34. [PMID: 21880771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05608-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a major site of HIV replication and CD4(+) T cell depletion. Furthermore, microbial translocation facilitated by mucosal damage likely contributes to the generalized immune activation observed in HIV infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg) help maintain homeostasis and suppress harmful immune activation during infection; however, in the case of persistent viral infections such as HIV, their role is less clear. Although a number of studies have examined Treg in blood during chronic infection, few have explored Treg in the gastrointestinal mucosa. For this study, paired blood and rectal biopsy samples were obtained from 12 HIV noncontrollers (viral load of >10,000 copies/ml plasma), 10 HIV controllers (viral load of <500 copies/ml plasma for more than 5 years), and 12 HIV seronegative control subjects. Noncontrollers had significantly higher percentages of Treg in rectal mononuclear cells (RMNC), but not in blood, compared to seronegative subjects (P = 0.001) or HIV controllers (P = 0.002). Mucosal Treg positively correlated with viral load (P = 0.01) and expression of immune activation markers by CD4(+) (P = 0.01) and CD8(+) (P = 0.07) T cells. Suppression assays indicated that mucosal and peripheral Treg of noncontrollers and controllers maintained their capacity to suppress non-Treg proliferation to a similar extent as Treg from seronegative subjects. Together, these findings reveal that rather than experiencing depletion, mucosal Treg frequency is enhanced during chronic HIV infection and is positively correlated with viral load and immune activation. Moreover, mucosal Treg maintain their suppressive ability during chronic HIV infection, potentially contributing to diminished HIV-specific T cell responses and viral persistence.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The phenomenon of long-term nonprogression in HIV infection has been recognized for some time, and the ability of rare individuals, designated 'elite controllers', to control HIV in the absence of therapy is the focus of numerous ongoing studies. This review focuses on studies of HIV-specific immune responses in mucosal tissues as a potential correlate of immune control, with an emphasis on recently published work. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have implicated a role for elements localized to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 in the immune control of HIV infection. In parallel, functional studies have strongly implicated MHC class I-restricted, CD8+ T-cell responses as a major contributor to elite control. In addition, the localization of HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with respect to the major sites of virus replication in the body may be critical in determining clinical outcome. SUMMARY Recent findings suggest that MHC class I-restricted, CD8+ T cells are a major component of immune control in 'elite controllers'. In addition, the presence of these effector cells at or near critical viral reservoirs, such as mucosal tissues, may be critical in determining their effectiveness at limiting viral replication and dissemination.
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Kiravu A, Gumbi P, Mkhize NN, Olivier A, Denny L, Passmore JA. Evaluation of CD103 (αEβ7) integrin expression by CD8 T cells in blood as a surrogate marker to predict cervical T cell responses in the female genital tract during HIV infection. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:143-51. [PMID: 21778119 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal homing receptors expressed by blood T cells may be useful surrogates for measuring mucosal T cell immune responses at the site of HIV transmission. Here, we investigated whether HIV-specific responses by T cells expressing the mucosal integrin receptor CD103 in blood reliably predicted corresponding HIV-specific responses at the cervix. The frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing CD103 in blood correlated significantly with the number of CD103+CD8+ T cells from the cervix suggesting that CD103 was involved in trafficking of T cells from blood to the cervical mucosa. TGF-β concentrations in plasma were significantly associated with the frequency of CD103 expression by blood but not cervical CD8 T cells. The majority of Gag-responsive CD8 T cells were CD103+ in both blood and at the cervix. Despite this, the magnitude of Gag-specific IFN-γ responses by CD103+CD8+ T cells in blood did not predict similar Gag-specific responses at the cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agano Kiravu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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The HIV-1-specific protein Casp8p41 induces death of infected cells through Bax/Bak. J Virol 2011; 85:7965-75. [PMID: 21653671 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02515-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Casp8p41, a novel protein generated when HIV-1 protease cleaves caspase 8, independently causes NF-κB activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cell death. Here we investigate the mechanism by which Casp8p41 induces cell death. Immunogold staining and electron microscopy demonstrate that Casp8p41 localizes to mitochondria of activated primary CD4 T cells, suggesting mitochondrial involvement. Therefore, we assessed the dependency of Casp8p41-induced death on Bax/Bak and caspase 9. In wild-type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, Casp8p41 causes rapid mitochondrial depolarization (P < 0.001), yet Casp8p41 expression in Bax/Bak double-knockout (DKO) MEF cells does not. Similarly, caspase 9-deficient T cells (JMR cells), which express Casp8p41, undergo minimal cell death, whereas reconstituting these cells with caspase 9 (F9 cells) restores Casp8p41 cytotoxicity (P < 0.01). The infection of caspase 9-deficient cells with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) HIV-1 reporter virus results in cell death in 32% of infected GFP-positive cells, while the restoration of caspase 9 expression in these cells restores infected-cell killing to 68% (P < 0.05), with similar levels of viral replication between infections. Our data demonstrate that Casp8p41 requires Bax/Bak to induce mitochondrial depolarization, which leads to caspase 9 activation following either Casp8p41 expression or HIV-1 infection. This understanding allows the design of strategies to interrupt this form of death of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Fousteri G, Dave A, Juntti T, Morin B, McClure M, Von Herrath M. Minimal effect of CD103 expression on the control of a chronic antiviral immune response. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:285-94. [PMID: 20565292 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired antiviral CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses are often associated with chronic viral infections. Cell-intrinsic as well as cell-extrinsic mechanisms are thought to dampen such responses, for example programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) expression on T cells, and interleukin (IL)-10 production primarily by dendritic cells (DCs), have been shown to support viral persistence by suppressing immune responses. Here we demonstrate that CD103, an alpha E integrin necessary for T-cell homing and retention in the gut and other epithelia expressed by the majority of naïve CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and some DC subsets, is unnecessary for controlling T-cell responses during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV cl13) infection. T-cell analysis following viral infection showed that the primary as well as the memory CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses among CD103-sufficient and CD103-deficient mice were identical. In addition, no rescue of cytokine production by virus-specific T cells or alterations in viral titers in the absence of intrinsic CD103 expression was observed. Interestingly, CD103 levels on the effector CD8(+) T cells became reduced soon after virus infection, with a small proportion of cells co-expressing PD-1 and CD103. In contrast, although no substantial differences in the frequency and number of the CD4(+)CD25(+) cell population were seen, CD103 expression increased significantly over time in this population, correlating with viral persistence. Thus, a lack of CD103 expression does not affect functional impairment of effector T-cell responses during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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36
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Immunodominant HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are common to blood and gastrointestinal mucosa, and Gag-specific responses dominate in rectal mucosa of HIV controllers. J Virol 2010; 84:10354-65. [PMID: 20668079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that polyfunctional mucosal CD8(+) T-cell responses may be a correlate of protection in HIV controllers. Mucosal T-cell breadth and/or specificity may also contribute to defining protective responses. In this study, rectal CD8(+) T-cell responses to HIV Gag, Env, and Nef were mapped at the peptide level in four subject groups: elite controllers (n = 16; viral load [VL], <75 copies/ml), viremic controllers (n = 14; VL, 75 to 2,000 copies/ml), noncontrollers (n = 14; VL, >10,000 copies/ml), and antiretroviral-drug-treated subjects (n = 8; VL, <75 copies/ml). In all subject groups, immunodominant CD8(+) T-cell responses were generally shared by blood and mucosa, although there were exceptions. In HIV controllers, responses to HLA-B27- and HLA-B57-restricted epitopes were common to both tissues, and their magnitude (in spot-forming cells [SFC] per million) was significantly greater than those of responses restricted by other alleles. Furthermore, peptides recognized by T cells in both blood and rectal mucosa, termed "concordant," elicited higher median numbers of SFC than discordant responses. In magnitude as well as breadth, HIV Gag-specific responses, particularly those targeting p24 and p7, dominated in controllers. Responses in noncontrollers were more evenly distributed among epitopes in Gag, Env, and Nef. Viremic controllers showed significantly broader mucosal Gag-specific responses than other groups. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that (i) Gag-specific responses dominate in mucosal tissues of HIV controllers; (ii) there is extensive overlap between CD8(+) T cells in blood and mucosal tissues, with responses to immunodominant epitopes generally shared by both sites; and (iii) mucosal T-cell response breadth alone cannot account for immune control.
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Greene JM, Lhost JJ, Burwitz BJ, Budde ML, Macnair CE, Weiker MK, Gostick E, Friedrich TC, Broman KW, Price DA, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH. Extralymphoid CD8+ T cells resident in tissue from simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239{Delta}nef-vaccinated macaques suppress SIVmac239 replication ex vivo. J Virol 2010; 84:3362-72. [PMID: 20089651 PMCID: PMC2838091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02028-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239Deltanef is the most successful vaccine product tested to date in macaques. However, the mechanisms that explain the efficacy of this vaccine remain largely unknown. We utilized an ex vivo viral suppression assay to assess the quality of the immune response in SIVmac239Deltanef-immunized animals. Using major histocompatibility complex-matched Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we did not detect SIV-specific functional immune responses in the blood by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot assay at select time points; however, we found that lung CD8(+) T cells, unlike blood CD8(+) T cells, effectively suppress virus replication by up to 80%. These results suggest that SIVmac239Deltanef may be an effective vaccine because it elicits functional immunity at mucosal sites. Moreover, these results underscore the limitations of relying on immunological measurements from peripheral blood lymphocytes in studies of protective immunity to HIV/SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J. Lhost
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa L. Budde
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin E. Macnair
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Madelyn K. Weiker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gostick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Shelby L. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin 53715, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent literature in the field of mucosal immunology as it applies to HIV transmission and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Pertinent recent findings include elucidation of the role of mucosal antigen-presenting cells and retinoic acid in imprinting a gut-homing phenotype on antigen-specific T and B cells, and the identification of Th17 and T regulatory cells as key modulators of the balance between tolerance and inflammation in mucosal tissues. SUMMARY Mucosal surfaces of the body serve as the major portal of entry for HIV. These tissues also house a majority of the body's lymphocytes, including the CD4 T-cells that are the major cellular target for HIV infection. Elucidating mucosal immune responses is critical to our understanding of the host-pathogen relationship for two reasons: first, mucosal barriers are defended by a range of innate and adaptive defenses that might be exploited to develop effective vaccines or microbicides; second, adaptive immune responses in mucosal lymphoid tissues might serve to limit viral replication, decreasing the host's viral burden as well as reducing the likelihood of sexual transmission to a naïve host.
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Immunogenicity of viral vector, prime-boost SIV vaccine regimens in infant rhesus macaques: attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) recombinant SIV vaccines compared to live-attenuated SIV. Vaccine 2009; 28:1481-92. [PMID: 19995539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a previously developed infant macaque model mimicking HIV infection by breast-feeding, we demonstrated that intramuscular immunization with recombinant poxvirus vaccines expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) structural proteins provided partial protection against infection following oral inoculation with virulent SIV. In an attempt to further increase systemic but also local antiviral immune responses at the site of viral entry, we tested the immunogenicity of different orally administered, replicating vaccines. One group of newborn macaques received an oral prime immunization with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing SIVmac239 gag, pol and env (VSV-SIVgpe), followed 2 weeks later by an intramuscular boost immunization with MVA-SIV. Another group received two immunizations with live-attenuated SIVmac1A11, administered each time both orally and intravenously. Control animals received mock immunizations or non-SIV VSV and MVA control vectors. Analysis of SIV-specific immune responses in blood and lymphoid tissues at 4 weeks of age demonstrated that both vaccine regimens induced systemic antibody responses and both systemic and local cell-mediated immune responses. The safety and immunogenicity of the VSV-SIVgpe+MVA-SIV immunization regimen described in this report provide the scientific incentive to explore the efficacy of this vaccine regimen against virulent SIV exposure in the infant macaque model.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the body serve as the major portal of entry for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These tissues also house a majority of the body's lymphocytes, including the CD4(+) T cells that are the major cellular target for HIV infection. Mucosal surfaces are defended by innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, including secreted antibodies and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL). CTL in mucosal lymphoid tissues may serve to limit viral replication, decreasing the host's viral burden as well as reducing the likelihood of sexual transmission to a naïve host. This review summarizes recent literature on HIV-specific T-cell responses in mucosal tissues, with an emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Shacklett BL, Critchfield JW, Lemongello D. Isolating mucosal lymphocytes from biopsy tissue for cellular immunology assays. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 485:347-56. [PMID: 19020836 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-170-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts serve as major portals of HIV-1 transmission, and recent literature has highlighted the important role of these tissues in pathogenesis. However, our understanding of human mucosal T-cell responses remains limited. We have previously reported methods for isolating, culturing and analyzing mucosal T-lymphocytes obtained from gastrointestinal biopsy tissue. This method of acquiring tissue is minimally invasive and well accepted by patients, and allows sampling of sites that would not otherwise be accessible without surgical intervention. This chapter summarizes the approach currently in use in our laboratory to isolate and study CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from rectal biopsies obtained through flexible sigmoidoscopy. These methods are also applicable, with minor modifications, to small tissue samples obtained from other lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, and Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Mucosal immune responses to HIV-1 in elite controllers: a potential correlate of immune control. Blood 2008; 113:3978-89. [PMID: 19109229 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-182709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists a unique group of persons who are able to durably control HIV in the absence of therapy. The mechanisms of control in these persons remain poorly defined. In this study, we examined CD8(+) T-cell responses in blood and rectal mucosa from 17 "elite controllers" (viral load < 75 copies/mL), 11 "viremic controllers" (75-2000 copies/mL), 14 noncontrollers (> 10,000 copies/mL), and 10 antiretroviral-treated persons (< 75 copies/mL). Production of interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, and CD107a by CD8(+) T cells in response to HIV-1 Gag stimulation was measured using flow cytometry. Our hypothesis was that "polyfunctional" T cells producing multiple antiviral factors would be most abundant in mucosal tissues of HIV controllers. Mucosal CD8(+) T-cell responses were significantly stronger and more complex in controllers than in antiretroviral-suppressed persons (P = .0004). The frequency of 4-function responses in rectal mucosa was higher in controllers than in noncontrollers and patients on therapy (P < .0001). Mucosal responses in controllers were frequently stronger and more complex than blood responses. These findings demonstrate that many controllers mount strong, complex HIV-specific T-cell responses in rectal mucosa. These responses may play an important role in mucosal immune surveillance, as suggested by their relative enrichment among persons who control HIV in the absence of therapy.
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Ficarra M, Ibana JSA, Poretta C, Ma L, Myers L, Taylor SN, Greene S, Smith B, Hagensee M, Martin DH, Quayle AJ. A distinct cellular profile is seen in the human endocervix during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:415-25. [PMID: 18798835 PMCID: PMC2574558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The endocervix is a major target of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, but little is known about the immune repertoire in this tissue, or its response to these common bacteria. METHOD OF STUDY Using a cytobrush, we isolated cells from the endocervix of 20 women during C. trachomatis infection, and post-antibiotic treatment. Endocervical swabs and blood were taken in parallel. Endocervical cells were enumerated, and endocervical and blood T cells immunophenotyped. Chlamydia trachomatis was genotyped by sequence analysis of the OmpA gene, and quantified by culture. RESULTS Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes were D, E, F and Ia, and infectious burden varied considerably. Endocervical T cell and neutrophil numbers were highly elevated during infection, with both CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets accumulating. Regardless of the presence or absence of infection, the endocervical cell infiltrate was dominated by effector memory T cells, and the numbers of CCR5 and CD103 expressing T cells was significantly higher than in the blood. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) expression by endocervical T cells was significantly increased during infection. CONCLUSION The human endocervix exhibits a distinct cellular response to C. trachomatis infection that can be longitudinally evaluated by cytobrush sampling. Infecting organisms can be sampled and analyzed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Ficarra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Joyce S. A. Ibana
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Constance Poretta
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Leann Myers
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Sheila Greene
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Michael Hagensee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - David H. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Alison J. Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans , Louisiana 70112, USA
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Critchfield JW, Young DH, Hayes TL, Braun JV, Garcia JC, Pollard RB, Shacklett BL. Magnitude and complexity of rectal mucosa HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during chronic infection reflect clinical status. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3577. [PMID: 18974782 PMCID: PMC2570490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal mucosa displays robust virus replication and pronounced CD4+ T-cell loss during acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The ability of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells to modulate disease course has prompted intensive study, yet the significance of virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in mucosal sites remains unclear. Methods and Findings We evaluated five distinct effector functions of HIVgag-specific CD8+ T-cells in rectal mucosa and blood, individually and in combination, in relationship to clinical status and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In subjects not on ART, the percentage of rectal Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells capable of 3, 4 or 5 simultaneous effector functions was significantly related to blood CD4 count and inversely related to plasma viral load (PVL) (p<0.05). Polyfunctional rectal CD8+ T-cells expressed higher levels of MIP-1β and CD107a on a per cell basis than mono- or bifunctional cells. The production of TNFα, IFN-γ, and CD107a by Gag-specific rectal CD8+ T-cells each correlated inversely (p<0.05) with PVL, and MIP-1β expression revealed a similar trend. CD107a and IFN-γ production were positively related to blood CD4 count (p<0.05), with MIP-1β showing a similar trend. IL-2 production by rectal CD8+ T-cells was highly variable and generally low, and showed no relationship to viral load or blood CD4 count. Conclusions The polyfunctionality of rectal Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells appears to be related to blood CD4 count and inversely related to PVL. The extent to which these associations reflect causality remains to be determined; nevertheless, our data suggest a potentially important role for mucosal T-cells in limiting virus replication during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. William Critchfield
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Delandy H. Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Timothy L. Hayes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Jerome V. Braun
- Department of Statistics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Juan C. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Pollard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Willberg CB, McConnell JJ, Eriksson EM, Bragg LA, York VA, Liegler TJ, Hecht FM, Grant RM, Nixon DF. Immunity to HIV-1 is influenced by continued natural exposure to exogenous virus. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000185. [PMID: 18949024 PMCID: PMC2562513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected sexual intercourse between individuals who are both infected with HIV-1 can lead to exposure to their partner's virus, and potentially to super-infection. However, the immunological consequences of continued exposure to HIV-1 by individuals already infected, has to our knowledge never been reported. We measured T cell responses in 49 HIV-1 infected individuals who were on antiretroviral therapy with suppressed viral loads. All the individuals were in a long-term sexual partnership with another HIV-1 infected individual, who was either also on HAART and suppressing their viral loads, or viremic (>9000 copies/ml). T cell responses to HIV-1 epitopes were measured directly ex-vivo by the IFN-γ enzyme linked immuno-spot assay and by cytokine flow cytometry. Sexual exposure data was generated from questionnaires given to both individuals within each partnership. Individuals who continued to have regular sexual contact with a HIV-1 infected viremic partner had significantly higher frequencies of HIV-1-specific T cell responses, compared to individuals with aviremic partners. Strikingly, the magnitude of the HIV-1-specific T cell response correlated strongly with the level and route of exposure. Responses consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Longitudinally, decreases in exposure were mirrored by a lower T cell response. However, no evidence for systemic super-infection was found in any of the individuals. Continued sexual exposure to exogenous HIV-1 was associated with increased HIV-1-specific T cell responses, in the absence of systemic super-infection, and correlated with the level and type of exposure. Serosorting, the practice of seeking to engage in unprotected sexual activities only with partners who are of the same HIV-1 status, is a growing trend. Unprotected sexual intercourse between two HIV-1 infected individuals can lead to consequences such as HIV-1 super-infection. However, continued exposure to HIV-1 may also have an important influence on the immune response. Here, we explored this influence in a cohort of HIV-1 infected individuals who were in long-term partnerships with other HIV-1 infected individuals. We found that individuals, who regularly engaged in unprotected receptive sexual intercourse with an HIV-1 infected viremic partner, displayed higher T cell responses to HIV proteins compared to those who were not regularly exposed to a viremic partner. None of the individuals within this study showed evidence of systemic super-infection. Exposure had limited impact on general activation or poly-functionality. These results are clearly of importance for HIV-1 infected individuals who chose to engage in unprotected sexual activity with other HIV-1 infected individuals. These data also reveal a more general mechanism that occurs in infectious diseases: immune responses to chronic viruses are influenced not only by the virus within the host, but also by exposure to the virus from without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Willberg
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, Asher AI, Cervasi B, Asher TE, Scheinberg P, Price DA, Hage CA, Kholi LM, Khoruts A, Frank I, Else J, Schacker T, Silvestri G, Douek DC. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood 2008; 112:2826-35. [PMID: 18664624 PMCID: PMC2556618 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-159301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV infection is characterized by massive loss of CD4 T cells from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Th17 cells are critical in the defense against microbes, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Here we analyzed Th17 cells in the blood, GI tract, and broncheoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected and uninfected humans, and SIV-infected and uninfected sooty mangabeys. We found that (1) human Th17 cells are specific for extracellular bacterial and fungal antigens, but not common viral antigens; (2) Th17 cells are infected by HIV in vivo, but not preferentially so; (3) CD4 T cells in blood of HIV-infected patients are skewed away from a Th17 phenotype toward a Th1 phenotype with cellular maturation; (4) there is significant loss of Th17 cells in the GI tract of HIV-infected patients; (5) Th17 cells are not preferentially lost from the broncheoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected patients; and (6) SIV-infected sooty mangabeys maintain healthy frequencies of Th17 cells in the blood and GI tract. These observations further elucidate the immunodeficiency of HIV disease and may provide a mechanistic basis for the mucosal barrier breakdown that characterizes HIV infection. Finally, these data may help account for the nonprogressive nature of nonpathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Early and profound CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) may drive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) immunopathogenesis, and GALT immune reconstitution on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be suboptimal. Blood and sigmoid colon biopsies were collected from HAART-treated individuals with undetectable blood HIV RNA for > or =4 years and from uninfected controls. HIV proviral levels and T-cell phenotype/function were examined in both compartments. CD4+ T-cell reconstitution in the sigmoid, including CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5, exceeded that in blood and did not differ from uninfected controls. Sigmoid HIV proviral load was not correlated with CD4+ reconsitution, but was correlated with the degree of mucosal CD8+ T-cell immune activation. Colonic Gag-specific T-cell responses were common, but were not associated with proviral load or immune activation. In this select study population, long-term HAART was associated with complete CD4+ T-cell reconstitution in sigmoid colon. However, colonic immune activation may drive ongoing HIV replication.
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49
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Olegário JGP, Rossi RC, Salge AKM, Corrêa RRM, Teixeira VDPA, Castro ECDC. Immunological evaluation of vestibular folds in autopsies of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74:363-8. [PMID: 18661009 PMCID: PMC9442104 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)30569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response cells are decreased in patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. This alters the cell population in vestibular fold lymphoid follicles, leading to respiratory infections in these patients. Such infections are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. Aim to characterize lymphoid follicle cell populations in the vestibular folds of adults with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and associated or not respiratory infection. Materials and methods A retrospective study was made of 64 adult larynges harvested during routine autopsies. Anti-B cell, Anti-CD3, Anti-CD68 and Anti-follicular dendritic cell antibodies were used for immunological testing. Results 46 (71.87%) of the sample patients had the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In these patients, lymphoid follicle cellularity was lower compared to the control group. The cell number was decreased in patients with the Acquired Immunodefficiency Syndrome and associated respiratory tract infection. Conclusion We demonstrated in this study that vestibular fold lymphoid follicles were affected by viral infections, and may be considered as a reliable marker of immunodepression in these patients.
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Antiviral therapy during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection fails to prevent acute loss of CD4+ T cells in gut mucosa but enhances their rapid restoration through central memory T cells. J Virol 2008; 82:4016-27. [PMID: 18272585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02164-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is an early target of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and a site for severe CD4+ T-cell depletion. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective in suppressing HIV replication and restoring CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, restoration in GALT is delayed. The role of restored CD4+ T-cell help in GALT during ART and its impact on antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses have not been investigated. Using the SIV model, we investigated gut CD4+ T-cell restoration in infected macaques, initiating ART during either the primary stage (1 week postinfection), prior to acute CD4+ cell loss (PSI), or during the chronic stage at 10 weeks postinfection (CSI). ART led to viral suppression in GALT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PSI and CSI animals at comparable levels. CSI animals had incomplete CD4+ T-cell restoration in GALT. In PSI animals, ART did not prevent acute CD4+ T-cell loss by 2 weeks postinfection in GALT but supported rapid and complete CD4+ T-cell restoration thereafter. This correlated with an accumulation of central memory CD4+ T cells and better suppression of inflammation. Restoration of CD4+ T cells in GALT correlated with qualitative changes in SIV gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, with a dominance of interleukin-2-producing responses in PSI animals, while both CSI macaques and untreated SIV-infected controls were dominated by gamma interferon responses. Thus, central memory CD4+ T-cell levels and qualitative antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses, independent of viral suppression, were the immune correlates of gut mucosal immune restoration during ART.
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