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Moradimotlagh A, Chen S, Koohbor S, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Reiner N, Nandan D. Leishmania infection upregulates and engages host macrophage Argonaute 1, and system-wide proteomics reveals Argonaute 1-dependent host response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287539. [PMID: 38098491 PMCID: PMC10720368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of leishmaniasis in humans. It is becoming increasingly clear that several intracellular pathogens target host cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to promote their survival. Complexes of Argonaute proteins with small RNAs are core components of the RNAi. In this study, we investigated the potential role of host macrophage Argonautes in Leishmania pathogenesis. Using Western blot analysis of Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages, we show here that Leishmania infection selectively increased the abundance of host Argonaute 1 (Ago1). This increased abundance of Ago1 in infected cells also resulted in higher levels of Ago1 in active Ago-complexes, suggesting the preferred use of Ago1 in RNAi in Leishmania-infected cells. This analysis used a short trinucleotide repeat containing 6 (TNRC6)/glycine-tryptophan repeat protein (GW182) protein-derived peptide fused to Glutathione S-transferase as an affinity matrix to capture mature Ago-small RNAs complexes from the cytosol of non-infected and Leishmania-infected cells. Furthermore, Ago1 silencing significantly reduced intracellular survival of Leishmania, demonstrating that Ago1 is essential for Leishmania pathogenesis. To investigate the role of host Ago1 in Leishmania pathogenesis, a quantitative whole proteome approach was employed, which showed that expression of several previously reported Leishmania pathogenesis-related proteins was dependent on the level of macrophage Ago1. Together, these findings identify Ago1 as the preferred Argonaute of RNAi machinery in infected cells and a novel and essential virulence factor by proxy that promotes Leishmania survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Moradimotlagh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stella Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Koohbor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Reiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Devki Nandan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Alhadrami HA, El-Din ASGS, Hassan HM, Sayed AM, Alhadrami AH, Rateb ME, Naguib DM. Development and Evaluation of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Sinapic Acid with Improved Antiviral Efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2531. [PMID: 38004511 PMCID: PMC10674535 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNE) for sinapic acid (SA) to improve its solubility and antiviral activity. Optimal components for the SA-SNE formulation were selected, including Labrafil as the oil, Cremophor EL as the surfactant, and Transcutol as the co-surfactant. The formulation was optimized using surface response design, and the optimized SA-SNE formulation exhibited a small globule size of 83.6 nm, high solubility up to 127.1 ± 3.3, and a 100% transmittance. In vitro release studies demonstrated rapid and high SA release from the formulation. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed improved bioavailability by 2.43 times, and the optimized SA-SNE formulation exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The developed SA-SNE formulation can enhance SA's therapeutic efficacy by improving its solubility, bioavailability, and antiviral activity. Further in silico, modeling, and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD)-based studies revealed that SA could interact with and inhibit the viral main protease (Mpro). This research contributes to developing effective drug delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs like SA, opening new possibilities for their application via nebulization in SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani A Alhadrami
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S G Srag El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science & Technology, Gamasa City 35712, Egypt
| | - Hossam M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Albaraa H Alhadrami
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Demiana M Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
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3
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Lee M, Koma T, Iwasaki M, Urata S. [South American Hemorrhagic Fever viruses and the cutting edge of the vaccine and antiviral development]. Uirusu 2022; 72:7-18. [PMID: 37899233 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
South American Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by the Arenavirus, which belong to the Family Arenaviridae, genus mammarenavirus, infection at South America. South American Hemorrhagic Fever includes 1. Argentinian Hemorrhagic fever caused by Junin virus, 2. Brazilian hemorrhagic fever caused by Sabia virus, 3. Venezuelan Hemorrhagic fever caused by Guanarito virus, 4. Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever caused by Machupo virus, and 5. Unassigned hemorrhagic fever caused by Chapare virus. These viruses are classified in New World (NW) Arenavirus, which is different from Old World Arenavirus (ex. Lassa virus), based on phylogeny, serology, and geographic differences. In this review, the current knowledge of the biology and the development of the vaccines and antivirals of NW Arenaviruses which cause South American Hemorrhagic Fever will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meion Lee
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University
- Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
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4
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Brisse M, Huang Q, Rahman M, Di D, Liang Y, Ly H. RIG-I and MDA5 Protect Mice From Pichinde Virus Infection by Controlling Viral Replication and Regulating Immune Responses to the Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:801811. [PMID: 34925387 PMCID: PMC8677829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5 are major cytoplasmic innate-immune sensor proteins that recognize aberrant double-stranded RNAs generated during virus infection to activate type 1 interferon (IFN-I) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expressions to control virus infection. The roles of RIG-I and MDA5 in controlling replication of Pichinde virus (PICV), a mammarenavirus, in mice have not been examined. Here, we showed that MDA5 single knockout (SKO) and RIG-I/MDA5 double knockout (DKO) mice are highly susceptible to PICV infection as evidenced by their significant reduction in body weights during the course of the infection, validating the important roles of these innate-immune sensor proteins in controlling PICV infection. Compared to the wildtype mice, SKO and DKO mice infected with PICV had significantly higher virus titers and lower IFN-I expressions early in the infection but appeared to exhibit a late and heightened level of adaptive immune responses to clear the infection. When a recombinant rPICV mutant virus (rPICV-NPmut) that lacks the ability to suppress IFN-I was used to infect mice, as expected, there were heightened levels of IFN-I and ISG expressions in the wild-type mice, whereas infected SKO and DKO mice showed delayed mouse growth kinetics and relatively low, delayed, and transient levels of innate and adaptive immune responses to this viral infection. Taken together, our data suggest that PICV infection triggers activation of immune sensors that include but might not be necessarily limited to RIG-I and MDA5 to stimulate effective innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Da Di
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
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5
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Patra U, Müller S. A Tale of Usurpation and Subversion: SUMO-Dependent Integrity of Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies at the Crossroad of Infection and Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696234. [PMID: 34513832 PMCID: PMC8430037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are multi-protein assemblies representing distinct sub-nuclear structures. As phase-separated molecular condensates, PML NBs exhibit liquid droplet-like consistency. A key organizer of the assembly and dynamics of PML NBs is the ubiquitin-like SUMO modification system. SUMO is covalently attached to PML and other core components of PML NBs thereby exhibiting a glue-like function by providing multivalent interactions with proteins containing SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs). PML NBs serve as the catalytic center for nuclear SUMOylation and SUMO-SIM interactions are essential for protein assembly within these structures. Importantly, however, formation of SUMO chains on PML and other PML NB-associated proteins triggers ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation which coincide with disruption of these nuclear condensates. To date, a plethora of nuclear activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and DNA replication have been associated with PML NBs. Not surprisingly, therefore, SUMO-dependent PML NB integrity has been implicated in regulating many physiological processes including tumor suppression, metabolism, drug-resistance, development, cellular stemness, and anti-pathogen immune response. The interplay between PML NBs and viral infection is multifaceted. As a part of the cellular antiviral defense strategy, PML NB components are crucial restriction factors for many viruses and a mutual positive correlation has been found to exist between PML NBs and the interferon response. Viruses, in turn, have developed counterstrategies for disarming PML NB associated immune defense measures. On the other end of the spectrum, certain viruses are known to usurp specific PML NB components for successful replication and disruption of these sub-nuclear foci has recently been linked to the stimulation rather than curtailment of antiviral gene repertoire. Importantly, the ability of invading virions to manipulate the host SUMO modification machinery is essential for this interplay between PML NB integrity and viruses. Moreover, compelling evidence is emerging in favor of bacterial pathogens to negotiate with the SUMO system thereby modulating PML NB-directed intrinsic and innate immunity. In the current context, we will present an updated account of the dynamic intricacies between cellular PML NBs as the nuclear SUMO modification hotspots and immune regulatory mechanisms in response to viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Olschewski S, Thielebein A, Hoffmann C, Blake O, Müller J, Bockholt S, Pallasch E, Hinzmann J, Wurr S, Neddersen N, Rieger T, Günther S, Oestereich L. Validation of Inactivation Methods for Arenaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:968. [PMID: 34073735 PMCID: PMC8225210 DOI: 10.3390/v13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several of the human-pathogenic arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever and have to be handled under biosafety level 4 conditions, including Lassa virus. Rapid and safe inactivation of specimens containing these viruses is fundamental to enable downstream processing for diagnostics or research under lower biosafety conditions. We established a protocol to test the efficacy of inactivation methods using the low-pathogenic Morogoro arenavirus as surrogate for the related highly pathogenic viruses. As the validation of chemical inactivation methods in cell culture systems is difficult due to cell toxicity of commonly used chemicals, we employed filter devices to remove the chemical and concentrate the virus after inactivation and before inoculation into cell culture. Viral replication in the cells was monitored over 4 weeks by using indirect immunofluorescence and immunofocus assay. The performance of the protocol was verified using published inactivation methods including chemicals and heat. Ten additional methods to inactivate virus in infected cells or cell culture supernatant were validated and shown to reduce virus titers to undetectable levels. In summary, we provide a robust protocol for the validation of chemical and physical inactivation of arenaviruses in cell culture, which can be readily adapted to different inactivation methods and specimen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Olschewski
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Anke Thielebein
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Chris Hoffmann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Olivia Blake
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Jonas Müller
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabrina Bockholt
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Pallasch
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hinzmann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wurr
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neele Neddersen
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.O.); (A.T.); (C.H.); (O.B.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (E.P.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (N.N.); (T.R.); (S.G.)
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Anjum FR, Anam S, Abbas G, Mahmood MS, Rahman SU, Goraya MU, Abdullah RM, Luqman M, Ali A, Akram MK, Chaudhry TH. Type I IFNs: A Blessing in Disguise or Partner in Crime in MERS-CoV-, SARS-CoV-, and SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathology and Potential Use of Type I IFNs in Synergism with IFN- γ as a Novel Antiviral Approach Against COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:321-329. [PMID: 33181057 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the emergence of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has accelerated the research on host immune responses toward the coronaviruses. When there is no approved drug or vaccine to use against these culprits, host immunity is the major strategy to fight such infections. Type I interferons are an integral part of the host innate immune system and define one of the first lines of innate immune defense against viral infections. The in vitro antiviral role of type I IFNs against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) is well established. Moreover, the involvement of type I IFNs in disease pathology has also been reported. In this study, we have reviewed the protective and the immunopathogenic role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review will also enlighten the potential implications of type I IFNs for the treatment of COVID-19 when used in combination with IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidra Anam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | | | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Luqman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran Akram
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Zapata JC, Medina-Moreno S, Guzmán-Cardozo C, Salvato MS. Improving the Breadth of the Host's Immune Response to Lassa Virus. Pathogens 2018; 7:E84. [PMID: 30373278 PMCID: PMC6313495 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the global Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI) declared Lassa virus disease to be one of the world's foremost biothreats. In January 2018, World Health Organization experts met to address the Lassa biothreat. It was commonly recognized that the diversity of Lassa virus (LASV) isolated from West African patient samples was far greater than that of the Ebola isolates from the West African epidemic of 2013⁻2016. Thus, vaccines produced against Lassa virus disease face the added challenge that they must be broadly-protective against a wide variety of LASV. In this review, we discuss what is known about the immune response to Lassa infection. We also discuss the approaches used to make broadly-protective influenza vaccines and how they could be applied to developing broad vaccine coverage against LASV disease. Recent advances in AIDS research are also potentially applicable to the design of broadly-protective medical countermeasures against LASV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Camila Guzmán-Cardozo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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9
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Gural N, Mancio-Silva L, He J, Bhatia SN. Engineered Livers for Infectious Diseases. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:131-144. [PMID: 29322086 PMCID: PMC5756057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered liver systems come in a variety of platform models, from 2-dimensional cocultures of primary human hepatocytes and stem cell-derived progeny, to 3-dimensional organoids and humanized mice. Because of the species-specificity of many human hepatropic pathogens, these engineered systems have been essential tools for biologic discovery and therapeutic agent development in the context of liver-dependent infectious diseases. Although improvement of existing models is always beneficial, and the addition of a robust immune component is a particular need, at present, considerable progress has been made using this combination of research platforms. We highlight advances in the study of hepatitis B and C viruses and malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites, and underscore the importance of pairing the most appropriate model system and readout modality with the particular experimental question at hand, without always requiring a platform that recapitulates human physiology in its entirety.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- EBOV, Ebola virus
- Falciparum
- HBC, hepatitis C virus
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV
- HLC, hepatocyte-like cells
- Hepatotropic
- LASV, Lassa virus
- Liver
- Liver Models
- MPCC, micropatterned coculture system
- Malaria
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pathogen
- SACC, self-assembling coculture
- Vivax
- iHLC, induced pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatocyte-like cells
- in vitro
- in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Gural
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts,Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jiang He
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhD, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer, Research at MIT, Building 76, Room 473, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Bergeron É, Chakrabarti AK, Albariño CG, Flint M, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibition of Lassa Virus Infection through Aberrant GP1 Glycosylation. mBio 2016; 7:e01808-16. [PMID: 27999160 PMCID: PMC5181775 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01808-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) infection is a major public health concern due to high fatality rates and limited effective treatment. The interferon-stimulated gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC is involved in regulating cholesterol biosynthesis and has recently been identified as a potent antiviral targeting enveloped virus entry. Here, we show a previously unrecognized role of CH25H in inhibiting LASV glycoprotein glycosylation and the production of infectious virus. Overexpression of CH25H or treatment with 25HC decreased LASV G1 glycoprotein N-glycan maturation and reduced the production of infectious LASV. Depletion of endogenous CH25H using small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced the levels of fully glycosylated G1 and increased infectious LASV production. Finally, LASV particles produced from 25HC-treated cells were found to be less infectious, to incorporate aberrantly glycosylated GP1 species, and to be defective in binding alpha-dystroglycan, an attachment and entry receptor. Our findings identify a novel role for CH25H in controlling LASV propagation and indicate that manipulation of the expression of CH25H or the administration of 25HC may be a useful anti-LASV therapy. IMPORTANCE Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever in humans caused by Lassa virus (LASV). No vaccine for LASV is currently available. Treatment is limited to the administration of ribavirin, which is only effective when given early in the course of illness. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is a recently identified interferon-stimulated gene (ISG); it encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which inhibits several viruses. Here, we identify a novel antiviral mechanism of 25HC that is dependent on inhibiting the glycosylation of Lassa virus (LASV) glycoprotein and reducing the infectivity of LASV as a means of suppressing viral replication. Since N-linked glycosylation is a critical feature of other enveloped-virus glycoproteins, 25HC may be a broad inhibitor of virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ayan K Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lassa virus (LASV), the most prominent human pathogen of the Arenaviridae, is transmitted to humans from infected rodents and can cause Lassa Fever (LF). The sizeable disease burden in West Africa, numerous imported LF cases worldwide, and the possibility that LASV can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. There are no licensed LASV vaccines and the antiviral treatment is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. AREAS COVERED LASV vaccine development is hampered by high cost of biocontainment requirement, the absence of appropriate small animal models, genetic diversity of LASV species, and by high HIV-1 prevalence in LASV endemic areas. Over the past 15 years several vaccine platforms have been developed. Natural history of LASV and pathogenesis of the disease provide strong justification for replication-competent (RC) vaccine as one of the most feasible approaches to control LF. Development of LASV vaccine candidates based on reassortant, recombinant, and alphavirus replicon technologies is covered in this review. Expert commentary: Two lead RC vaccine candidates, reassortant ML29 and recombinant VSV/LASV, have been successfully tested in non-human primates and have been recommended by international vaccine experts for rapid clinical development. Both platforms have powerful molecular tools to further secure safety, improve immunogenicity, and cross-protection. These platforms are well positioned to design multivalent vaccines to protect against all LASV strains citculatrd in West Africa. The regulatory pathway of Candid #1, the first live-attenuated arenaviral vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic, will be a reasonable guideline for LASV vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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12
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Differential Inhibition of Macrophage Activation by Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus and Pichinde Virus Is Mediated by the Z Protein N-Terminal Domain. J Virol 2015; 89:12513-7. [PMID: 26423945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01674-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several arenavirus pathogens, such as Lassa and Junin viruses, inhibit macrophage activation, the molecular mechanism of which is unclear. We show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can also inhibit macrophage activation, in contrast to Pichinde and Tacaribe viruses, which are not known to naturally cause human diseases. Using a recombinant Pichinde virus system, we show that the LCMV Z N-terminal domain (NTD) mediates the inhibition of macrophage activation and immune functions.
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13
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In vitro and in vivo characterizations of pichinde viral nucleoprotein exoribonuclease functions. J Virol 2015; 89:6595-607. [PMID: 25878103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00009-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever diseases in humans, and there are limited preventative and therapeutic measures against these diseases. Previous structural and functional analyses of arenavirus nucleoproteins (NPs) revealed a conserved DEDDH exoribonuclease (RNase) domain that is important for type I interferon (IFN) suppression, but the biological roles of the NP RNase in viral replication and host immune suppression have not been well characterized. Infection of guinea pigs with Pichinde virus (PICV), a prototype arenavirus, can serve as a surrogate small animal model for arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. In this report, we show that mutation of each of the five RNase catalytic residues of PICV NP diminishes the IFN suppression activity and slightly reduces the viral RNA replication activity. Recombinant PICVs with RNase catalytic mutations can induce high levels of IFNs and barely grow in IFN-competent A549 cells, in sharp contrast to the wild-type (WT) virus, while in IFN-deficient Vero cells, both WT and mutant viruses can replicate at relatively high levels. Upon infection of guinea pigs, the RNase mutant viruses stimulate strong IFN responses, fail to replicate productively, and can become WT revertants. Serial passages of the RNase mutants in vitro can also generate WT revertants. Thus, the NP RNase function is essential for the innate immune suppression that allows the establishment of a productive early viral infection, and it may be partly involved in the process of viral RNA replication. IMPORTANCE Arenaviruses, such as Lassa, Lujo, and Machupo viruses, can cause severe and deadly hemorrhagic fever diseases in humans, and there are limited preventative and treatment options against these diseases. Development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs depends on a better mechanistic understanding of the conserved arenavirus proteins in viral infection. The nucleoprotein (NPs) of all arenaviruses carry a unique exoribonuclease (RNase) domain that has been shown to be critical for the suppression of type I interferons. However, the functional roles of the NP RNase in arenavirus replication and host immune suppression have not been characterized systematically. Using a prototype arenavirus, Pichinde virus (PICV), we characterized the viral growth and innate immune suppression of recombinant RNase-defective mutants in both cell culture and guinea pig models. Our study suggests that the NP RNase plays an essential role in the suppression of host innate immunity, and possibly in viral RNA replication, and that it can serve as a novel target for developing antiviral drugs against arenavirus pathogens.
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14
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Capobianchi MR, Uleri E, Caglioti C, Dolei A. Type I IFN family members: similarity, differences and interaction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:103-11. [PMID: 25466633 PMCID: PMC7108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are key cytokines with multifaceted antiviral and cell-modulatory properties. Three distinct types of IFN are recognized (I-III) based on structural features, receptor usage, cellular source and biological activities. The action of IFNs is mediated by a complex, partially overlapping, transcriptional program initiated by the interaction with specific receptors. Genetic diversity, with polymorphisms and mutations, can modulate the extent of IFN responses and the susceptibility to infections. Almost all viruses developed mechanisms to subvert the IFN response, involving both IFN induction and effector mechanisms. Interactions between IFN types may occur, for both antiviral and cell-modulatory effects, in a complex interplay, involving both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Interferon-associated diseases, not related to virus infections may occur, some of them frequently observed in IFN-treated patients. On the whole, IFNs are pleiotropic biologic response modifiers, that, upon activation of thousands genes, induce a broad spectrum of activities, regulating cell cycle, differentiation, plasma membrane molecules, release of mediators, etc., that can be relevant for cell proliferation, innate and adaptive immunity, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and other body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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15
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Zapata JC, Salvato MS. Genomic profiling of host responses to Lassa virus: therapeutic potential from primate to man. Future Virol 2015; 10:233-256. [PMID: 25844088 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus infection elicits distinctive changes in host gene expression and metabolism. We focus on changes in host gene expression that may be biomarkers that discriminate individual pathogens or may help to provide a prognosis for disease. In addition to assessing mRNA changes, functional studies are also needed to discriminate causes of disease from mechanisms of host resistance. Host responses that drive pathogenesis are likely to be targets for prevention or therapy. Host responses to Lassa or its related arenaviruses have been monitored in cell culture, in animal models of hemorrhagic fever, in Lassa-infected nonhuman primates and, to a limited extent, in infected human beings. Here, we describe results from those studies and discuss potential targets for reducing virus replication and mitigating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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The exonuclease domain of Lassa virus nucleoprotein is involved in antigen-presenting-cell-mediated NK cell responses. J Virol 2014; 88:13811-20. [PMID: 25253342 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01908-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lassa virus is an Old World Arenavirus which causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever in humans, mostly in West Africa. Lassa fever is an important public health problem, and a safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed. The infection causes immunosuppression, probably due to the absence of activation of antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), low type I interferon (IFN) production, and deficient NK cell function. However, a recombinant Lassa virus carrying D389A and G392A substitutions in the nucleoprotein that abolish the exonuclease activity and IFN activation loses its inhibitory activity and induces strong type I IFN production by dendritic cells and macrophages. We show here that during infection by this mutant Lassa virus, antigen-presenting cells trigger efficient human NK cell responses in vitro, including production of IFN-γ and cytotoxicity. NK cell activation involves close contact with both antigen-presenting cells and soluble factors. We report that infected dendritic cells and macrophages express the NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chains A and B and that they may produce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, and IL-18, all involved in NK cell functions. NK cell degranulation is significantly increased in cocultures, suggesting that NK cells seem to kill infected dendritic cells and macrophages. This work confirms the inhibitory function of Lassa virus nucleoprotein. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that Lassa virus nucleoprotein is involved in the inhibition of antigen-presenting cell-mediated NK cell responses. IMPORTANCE The pathogenesis and immune responses induced by Lassa virus are poorly known. Recently, an exonuclease domain contained in the viral nucleoprotein has been shown to be able to inhibit the type I IFN response by avoiding the recognition of viral RNA by cell sensors. Here, we studied the responses of NK cells to dendritic cells and macrophages infected with a recombinant Lassa virus in which the exonuclease functions have been abolished and demonstrated that NK cells are strongly activated and presented effective functions. These results show that the strategy developed by Lassa virus to evade innate immunity is also effective on NK cells, explaining the weak NK cell activation observed with the wild-type virus. By providing a better understanding of the interactions between Lassa virus and the host immune system, these results are important for the field of arenavirus biology and may be useful for a vaccine approach against Lassa fever.
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17
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Vu D, Shah T, Ansari J, Sakharkar P, Yasir Q, Naraghi R, Hutchinson I, Min D. Interferon-gamma gene polymorphism +874 A/T is associated with an increased risk of cytomegalovirus infection among Hispanic renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:724-32. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Vu
- Mendez National Institute of Transplantation; Los Angeles California USA
- Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California USA
- Transplant Research Institute; Los Angeles California USA
- St. Vincent Medical Center; Los Angeles California USA
| | - T. Shah
- Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California USA
- Transplant Research Institute; Los Angeles California USA
- St. Vincent Medical Center; Los Angeles California USA
- University of Southern California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. Ansari
- Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California USA
| | - P. Sakharkar
- Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy; Schaumburg Illinois USA
| | - Q. Yasir
- Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy; Schaumburg Illinois USA
| | - R. Naraghi
- Transplant Research Institute; Los Angeles California USA
- St. Vincent Medical Center; Los Angeles California USA
| | - I. Hutchinson
- Mendez National Institute of Transplantation; Los Angeles California USA
- University of Southern California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - D. Min
- Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California USA
- St. Vincent Medical Center; Los Angeles California USA
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18
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Huang C, Walker AG, Grant AM, Kolokoltsova OA, Yun NE, Seregin AV, Paessler S. Potent inhibition of Junín virus infection by interferon in murine cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2933. [PMID: 24901990 PMCID: PMC4046933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The new world arenavirus Junín virus (JUNV) is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a lethal human infectious disease. Adult laboratory mice are generally resistant to peripheral infection by JUNV. The mechanism underlying the mouse resistance to JUNV infection is largely unknown. We have reported that interferon receptor knockout mice succumb to JUNV infection, indicating the critical role of interferon in restricting JUNV infection in mice. Here we report that the pathogenic and vaccine strains of JUNV were highly sensitive to interferon in murine primary cells. Treatment with low concentrations of interferon abrogated viral NP protein expression in murine cells. The replication of both JUNVs was enhanced in IRF3/IRF7 deficient cells. In addition, the vaccine strain of JUNV displayed impaired growth in primary murine cells. Our data suggested a direct and potent role of host interferon response in restricting JUNV replication in mice. The defect in viral growth for vaccine JUNV might also partially explain its attenuation in mice. The new world arenavirus Junín virus (JUNV) is the causative agent of a lethal human infectious disease, Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Laboratory mice are used as models to study many viral diseases. However, adult laboratory mice are generally resistant to JUNV infection. Interferons are early immune regulatory molecules that induce potent anti-viral status in host cells and activate host immune cells to counteract virus infection. The activity of interferons relies on their cell surface receptors. We have previously reported that mutant mice with defect in interferon receptors succumbed to challenge with JUNV, highlighting the critical role of interferon in restricting JUNV infection in mice. Here we further study the basis of mouse resistance to JUNV infection and report that the replication of both pathogenic JUNV and its vaccine strains are highly sensitive to type I IFN treatment in mouse cells. However, both strains replicate efficiently in Africa green monkey-derived Vero cells and human cells when treated with high doses of interferon. Additionally, the vaccine strain replicates less efficiently in mouse cells compared with the pathogenic strain, which might partially explain its attenuation in mice. Our new findings help better understand the JUNV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aida G. Walker
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Grant
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Kolokoltsova
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nadezhda E. Yun
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexey V. Seregin
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Turrini F, Di Pietro A, Vicenzi E. Lentiviral Effector Pathways of TRIM Proteins. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:191-7. [PMID: 24611907 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human tripartite motif (TRIM) family, composed of more than 77 members, encompasses an emerging group of innate antiviral factors. Most TRIM proteins are characterized by being E3 ubiquitin ligases, but also engage in specific interactions with a variety of cellular and viral partners. They are involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton remodeling, intracellular trafficking, membrane repair, and oncogenesis. In regard to antiviral immunity, they restrict both retroviruses and lentiviruses as well as other DNA and RNA viruses. This review will focus on the TRIM members endowed with anti-retroviral and anti-lentiviral activities and, in particular, human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Turrini
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy
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20
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Abstract
This review highlights ten "hot topics" in current antiviral research: (i) new nucleoside derivatives (i.e., PSI-352938) showing high potential as a direct antiviral against hepatitis C virus (HCV); (ii) cyclopropavir, which should be further pursued for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections; (iii) North-methanocarbathymidine (N-MCT), with a N-locked conformation, showing promising activity against both α- and γ-herpesviruses; (iv) CMX001, an orally bioavailable prodrug of cidofovir with broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including polyoma, adeno, herpes, and pox; (v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but also inhibits the replication of other RNA viruses, particularly (-)RNA viruses such as arena, bunya, and hanta; (vi) newly emerging antiarenaviral compounds which should be more effective (and less toxic) than the ubiquitously used ribavirin; (vii) antipicornavirus agents in clinical development (pleconaril, BTA-798, and V-073); (viii) natural products receiving increased attention as potential antiviral drugs; (ix) antivirals such as U0126 targeted at specific cellular kinase pathways [i.e., mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)], showing activity against influenza and other viruses; and (x) two structurally unrelated compounds (i.e., LJ-001 and dUY11) with broad-spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Lukashevich IS. The search for animal models for Lassa fever vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:71-86. [PMID: 23256740 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the most prevalent arenavirus in West Africa and is responsible for several hundred thousand infections and thousands of deaths annually. The sizeable disease burden, numerous imported cases of Lassa fever (LF) and the possibility that LASV can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. Currently there is no licensed LF vaccine and research and devlopment is hampered by the high cost of nonhuman primate animal models and by biocontainment requirements (BSL-4). In addition, a successful LF vaccine has to induce a strong cell-mediated cross-protective immunity against different LASV lineages. All of these challenges will be addressed in this review in the context of available and novel animal models recently described for evaluation of LF vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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22
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Russier M, Reynard S, Tordo N, Baize S. NK cells are strongly activated by Lassa and Mopeia virus-infected human macrophages in vitro but do not mediate virus suppression. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1822-32. [PMID: 22585682 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) and Mopeia virus (MOPV) are closely related Arenaviruses. LASV causes hemorrhagic fever, whereas MOPV is not pathogenic. Both viruses display tropism for APCs such as DCs and macrophages. During viral infections, NK cells are involved in the clearance of infected cells and promote optimal immune responses by interacting with APCs. We used an in vitro model of human NK and APC coculture to study the role of NK cells and to characterize their interactions with APCs during LASV and MOPV infections. As expected, NK cells alone were neither infected nor activated by LASV and MOPV, and infected DCs did not activate NK cells. By contrast, LASV- and MOPV-infected macrophages activated NK cells, as shown by the upregulation of CD69, NKp30, and NKp44, the downregulation of CXCR3, and an increase in NK-cell proliferation. NK cells acquired enhanced cytotoxicity, as illustrated by the increase in granzyme B (GrzB) expression and killing of K562 targets, but did not produce IFN-γ. Contact between NK cells and infected macrophages and type I IFNs were essential for activation; however, NK cells could not kill infected cells and control infection. Overall, these findings show that MOPV- as well as pathogenic LASV-infected macrophages mediate NK-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Russier
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
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23
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Abstract
Lassa fever is a hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa and caused by Lassa virus, an Old World arenavirus. It may be fatal, but most patients recover from acute disease and some experience asymptomatic infection. The immune mechanisms associated with these different outcomes have not yet been fully elucidated, but considerable progress has recently been made, through the use of in vitro human models and nonhuman primates, the only relevant animal model that mimics the pathophysiology and immune responses induced in patients. We discuss here the roles of the various components of the innate and adaptive immune systems in Lassa virus infection and in the control of viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Russier
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
| | - Delphine Pannetier
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-Inserm, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +33-4-3728-2440; Fax: +33-4-3728-2441
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24
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Abstract
The innate response to infection by an Old World arenavirus is initiated and mediated by extracellular and intracellular receptors, and effector molecules. In response, the invading virus has evolved to inhibit these responses and create the best environment possible for replication and spread. Here, we will discuss both the host's response to infection with data from human infection and lessons learned from animal models, as well as the multitude of ways the virus combats the resulting immune response. Finally, we will highlight recent work identifying TLR2 as an innate sensor for arenaviruses and how the TLR2-dependent response differs depending on the pathogenicity of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hayes
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Arenaviruses have a bisegmented negative-strand RNA genome, which encodes four viral proteins: GP and NP by the S segment and L and Z by the L segment. These four viral proteins possess multiple functions in infection, replication and release of progeny viruses from infected cells. The small RING finger protein, Z protein is a matrix protein that plays a central role in viral assembly and budding. Although all arenaviruses encode Z protein, amino acid sequence alignment showed a huge variety among the species, especially at the C-terminus where the L-domain is located. Recent publications have demonstrated the interactions between viral protein and viral protein, and viral protein and host cellular protein, which facilitate transportation and assembly of viral components to sites of virus egress. This review presents a summary of current knowledge regarding arenavirus assembly and budding, in comparison with other enveloped viruses. We also refer to the restriction of arenavirus production by the antiviral cellular factor, Tetherin/BST-2.
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26
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Molecular diagnostics for lassa fever at Irrua specialist teaching hospital, Nigeria: lessons learnt from two years of laboratory operation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1839. [PMID: 23029594 PMCID: PMC3459880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. However, none of the hospitals in the endemic areas of Nigeria has the capacity to perform Lassa virus diagnostics. Case identification and management solely relies on non-specific clinical criteria. The Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH) in the central senatorial district of Edo State struggled with this challenge for many years. Methodology/Principal Findings A laboratory for molecular diagnosis of Lassa fever, complying with basic standards of diagnostic PCR facilities, was established at ISTH in 2008. During 2009 through 2010, samples of 1,650 suspected cases were processed, of which 198 (12%) tested positive by Lassa virus RT-PCR. No remarkable demographic differences were observed between PCR-positive and negative patients. The case fatality rate for Lassa fever was 31%. Nearly two thirds of confirmed cases attended the emergency departments of ISTH. The time window for therapeutic intervention was extremely short, as 50% of the fatal cases died within 2 days of hospitalization—often before ribavirin treatment could be commenced. Fatal Lassa fever cases were older (p = 0.005), had lower body temperature (p<0.0001), and had higher creatinine (p<0.0001) and blood urea levels (p<0.0001) than survivors. Lassa fever incidence in the hospital followed a seasonal pattern with a peak between November and March. Lassa virus sequences obtained from the patients originating from Edo State formed—within lineage II—a separate clade that could be further subdivided into three clusters. Conclusions/Significance Lassa fever case management was improved at a tertiary health institution in Nigeria through establishment of a laboratory for routine diagnostics of Lassa virus. Data collected in two years of operation demonstrate that Lassa fever is a serious public health problem in Edo State and reveal new insights into the disease in hospitalized patients. In the past, diagnostic testing for Lassa fever patients in Nigeria has been performed nearly exclusively outside of the country. Patients thus were managed on-site based on clinical suspicion alone, posing risks to patients and health care workers and exhausting resources. To tackle this problem, we established a diagnostic PCR laboratory directly at a referral hospital serving a Lassa fever endemic area in Nigeria. Long-term collaboration between partners in the North and the South was crucial to implement this project. Training of laboratory staff in the partner institutions and on-site, mobilization of local human and financial resources, good management of the laboratory, a basic quality management and control system, and a stable supply chain for consumables and reagents were among the key factors for success. The laboratory reliably delivered results in a short turnaround time, despite some problems due to PCR contamination. The service has improved patient and contact management including treatment with ribavirin and led to better protection of health care workers against hospital-acquired infections. The data provide new insights into disease progression and a basis for further optimization of case management including supportive treatment.
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Huang C, Kolokoltsova OA, Yun NE, Seregin AV, Poussard AL, Walker AG, Brasier AR, Zhao Y, Tian B, de la Torre JC, Paessler S. Junín virus infection activates the type I interferon pathway in a RIG-I-dependent manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1659. [PMID: 22629479 PMCID: PMC3358329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV), an arenavirus, is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an infectious human disease with 15-30% case fatality. The pathogenesis of AHF is still not well understood. Elevated levels of interferon and cytokines are reported in AHF patients, which might be correlated to the severity of the disease. However the innate immune response to JUNV infection has not been well evaluated. Previous studies have suggested that the virulent strain of JUNV does not induce IFN in human macrophages and monocytes, whereas the attenuated strain of JUNV was found to induce IFN response in murine macrophages via the TLR-2 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the interaction between JUNV and IFN pathway in human epithelial cells highly permissive to JUNV infection. We have determined the expression pattern of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and IFN-β at both mRNA and protein levels during JUNV infection. Our results clearly indicate that JUNV infection activates the type I IFN response. STAT1 phosphorylation, a downstream marker of activation of IFN signaling pathway, was readily detected in JUNV infected IFN-competent cells. Our studies also demonstrated for the first time that RIG-I was required for IFN production during JUNV infection. IFN activation was detected during infection by either the virulent or attenuated vaccine strain of JUNV. Curiously, both virus strains were relatively insensitive to human IFN treatment. Our studies collectively indicated that JUNV infection could induce host type I IFN response and provided new insights into the interaction between JUNV and host innate immune system, which might be important in future studies on vaccine development and antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Kolokoltsova
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nadezdha E. Yun
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexey V. Seregin
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Poussard
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aida G. Walker
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Pathogenic Old World arenaviruses inhibit TLR2/Mal-dependent proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. J Virol 2012; 86:7216-26. [PMID: 22532679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06508-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the prototype arenavirus, and Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), have extensive strain diversity and significant variations in pathogenicity for humans and experimental animals. The WE strain of LCMV (LCMV-WE), but not the Armstrong (Arm) strain, induces a fatal LF-like disease in rhesus macaques. We also demonstrated that LASV infection of human macrophages and endothelial cells resulted in reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we have shown that cells infected with LASV or with LCMV-WE suppressed Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent proinflammatory cytokine responses. The persisting isolate LCMV clone 13 (CL13) also failed to stimulate interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages. In contrast, nonpathogenic Mopeia virus, which is a genetic relative of LASV and LCMV-Arm induced robust responses that were TLR2/Mal dependent, required virus replication, and were enhanced by CD14. Superinfection experiments demonstrated that the WE strain of LCMV inhibited the Arm-mediated IL-8 response during the early stage of infection. In cells transfected with the NF-κB-luciferase reporter, infection with LCMV-Arm resulted in the induction of NF-κB, but cells infected with LCMV-WE and CL13 did not. These results suggest that pathogenic arenaviruses suppress NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory cytokine responses in infected cells.
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Gowen BB, Bray M. Progress in the experimental therapy of severe arenaviral infections. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1429-41. [PMID: 22122440 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses in the family Arenaviridae cause severe illness in humans. Lassa virus in West Africa and a number of agents in South America produce hemorrhagic fever in persons exposed to aerosolized excretions of the pathogens' rodent hosts. Because arenaviruses are not transmitted by arthropods, and person-to-person spread is rare, human infections occur singly and sporadically, and are usually not diagnosed until the patient is severely ill. Because the arenaviruses are naturally transmitted by the airborne route, they also pose a potential threat as aerosolized bioterror weapons. The broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin was shown to reduce mortality from Lassa fever, and has been tested against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, but it is not an approved treatment for either disease. Human immune convalescent plasma was proven to be effective for Argentine hemorrhagic fever in a controlled trial. New treatments are needed to block viral replication without causing toxicity and to prevent the increased vascular permeability that is responsible for hypotension and shock. In this paper, we review current developments in the experimental therapy of severe arenaviral infections, focusing on drugs that have been tested in animal models, and provide a perspective on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research & Department of Animal, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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TRIM Proteins and the Innate Immune Response to Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 770:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5398-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Lassa virus nucleoprotein mutants generated by reverse genetics induce a robust type I interferon response in human dendritic cells and macrophages. J Virol 2011; 85:12093-7. [PMID: 21880754 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV; Arenaviridae) is responsible for severe hemorrhagic fevers in Africa. LASV nucleoprotein (NP) plays important roles in regulating viral transcription and replication and in inhibiting type I interferon (IFN) production. The NP C-terminal domain contains a 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity involved in suppressing IFN induction. We have established a murine polymerase (Pol) I reverse genetics system for LASV, showing that residues D389 and G392 of NP were critical for LASV viability, while the D389A/G392A and D389T/392A double mutants were severely altered in the ability to suppress IFN in macrophages and dendritic cells. Assessing their attenuation in vivo may open new perspectives in vaccinology.
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Pannetier D, Reynard S, Russier M, Journeaux A, Tordo N, Deubel V, Baize S. Human dendritic cells infected with the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus induce stronger T-cell responses than those infected with Lassa virus. J Virol 2011; 85:8293-306. [PMID: 21632749 PMCID: PMC3147965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02120-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The events leading to death in severe cases of Lassa fever (LF) are unknown. Fatality seems to be linked to high viremia and immunosuppression, and cellular immunity, rather than neutralizing antibodies, appears to be essential for survival. We previously compared Lassa virus (LV) with its genetically close but nonpathogenic homolog Mopeia virus (MV), which was used to model nonfatal LF. We showed that strong and early activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) may play a crucial role in controlling infection. Here we developed an in vitro model of dendritic-cell (DC)-T-cell coculture in order to characterize human T-cell responses induced by MV- or LV-infected DCs. Our results show very different responses to infection with LV and MV. MV strongly and durably stimulated CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, showing early and high activation, a strong proliferative response, and acquisition of effector and memory phenotypes. Furthermore, robust and functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated. LV, however, induced only weak memory responses. Thus, this study allows an improved understanding of the pathogenesis and immune mechanisms involved in the control of human LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Pannetier
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Depletion of GTP pool is not the predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its antiviral effect on Lassa virus. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:89-93. [PMID: 21616094 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is the standard treatment for Lassa fever, though its mode of action is unknown. One possibility is depletion of the intracellular GTP pool via inhibition of the cellular enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). This study compared the anti-arenaviral effect of ribavirin with that of two other IMPDH inhibitors, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and 5-ethynyl-1-β-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR). All three compounds were able to inhibit Lassa virus replication by ≥2 log units in cell culture. Restoring the intracellular GTP pool by exogenous addition of guanosine reversed the inhibitory effects of MPA and EICAR, while ribavirin remained fully active. Analogous experiments performed with Zaire Ebola virus showed that IMPDH inhibitors are also active against this virus, although to a lesser extent than against Lassa virus. In conclusion, the experiments with MPA and EICAR indicate that replication of Lassa and Ebola virus is sensitive to depletion of the GTP pool mediated via inhibition of IMPDH. However, this is not the predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its in-vitro antiviral effect on Lassa virus.
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Charrel RN, Coutard B, Baronti C, Canard B, Nougairede A, Frangeul A, Morin B, Jamal S, Schmidt CL, Hilgenfeld R, Klempa B, de Lamballerie X. Arenaviruses and hantaviruses: from epidemiology and genomics to antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:102-14. [PMID: 21356244 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses and hantaviruses are segmented genome RNA viruses that are hosted by rodents. Due to their association with rodents, they are globally widespread and can infect humans via direct or indirect routes of transmission, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, despite their obvious and emerging importance as pathogens, there are currently no effective antiviral drugs (except ribavirin which proved effective against Lassa virus) with which to treat humans infected by any of these viruses. The EU-funded VIZIER project (Comparative Structural Genomics of Viral Enzymes Involved in Replication) was instigated with an ultimate view of contributing to the development of antiviral therapies for RNA viruses, including the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. This review highlights some of the major features of the arenaviruses and hantaviruses that have been investigated during recent years. After describing their classification and epidemiology, we review progress in understanding the genomics as well as the structure and function of replicative enzymes achieved under the VIZIER program and the development of new disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Geoffroy MC, Chelbi-Alix MK. Role of promyelocytic leukemia protein in host antiviral defense. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:145-58. [PMID: 21198351 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pathways have been implicated in the establishment of antiviral state in response to interferon (IFN), one of which implicates the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein. The PML gene has been discovered 20 years ago and has led to new insights into oncogenesis, apoptosis, cell senescence, and antiviral defense. PML is induced by IFN, leading to a marked increase of expression of PML isoforms and the number of PML nuclear bodies (NBs). PML is the organizer of the NBs that contains at least 2 permanent NB-associated proteins, the IFN-stimulated gene product Speckled protein of 100 kDa (Sp100) and death-associated dead protein (Daxx), as well as numerous other transient proteins recruited in these structures in response to different stimuli. Accumulating reports have implicated PML in host antiviral defense and revealed various strategies developed by viruses to disrupt PML NBs. This review will focus on the regulation of PML and the implication of PML NBs in conferring resistance to DNA and RNA viruses. The role of PML in mediating an IFN-induced antiviral state will also be discussed.
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Borrow P, Martínez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC. Inhibition of the type I interferon antiviral response during arenavirus infection. Viruses 2010; 2:2443-80. [PMID: 21994626 PMCID: PMC3185579 DOI: 10.3390/v2112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses merit interest both as tractable experimental model systems to study acute and persistent viral infections, and as clinically-important human pathogens. Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans. In addition, evidence indicates that the globally-distributed prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a human pathogen of clinical significance in congenital infections, and also poses a great danger to immunosuppressed individuals. Arenavirus persistence and pathogenesis are facilitated by their ability to overcome the host innate immune response. Mammalian hosts have developed both membrane toll-like receptors (TLR) and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), resulting in activation of the transcription factors IRF3 or IRF7, or both, which together with NF-κB and ATF-2/c-JUN induce production of type I interferon (IFN-I). IFN-I plays a key role in host anti-microbial defense by mediating direct antiviral effects via up-regulation of IFN-I stimulated genes (ISGs), activating dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells, and promoting the induction of adaptive responses. Accordingly, viruses have developed a plethora of strategies to disrupt the IFN-I mediated antiviral defenses of the host, and the viral gene products responsible for these disruptions are often major virulence determinants. IRF3- and IRF7-dependent induction of host innate immune responses is frequently targeted by viruses. Thus, the arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) was shown to inhibit the IFN-I response by interfering with the activation of IRF3. This NP anti-IFN activity, together with alterations in the number and function of DCs observed in mice chronically infected with LCMV, likely play an important role in LCMV persistence in its murine host. In this review we will discuss current knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which arenaviruses can subvert the host innate immune response and their implications for understanding HF arenaviral disease as well as arenavirus persistence in their natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Development of a new tacaribe arenavirus infection model and its use to explore antiviral activity of a novel aristeromycin analog. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20862280 PMCID: PMC2940843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of arenaviruses can cause a devastating viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndrome. They pose a public health threat as emerging viruses and because of their potential use as bioterror agents. All of the highly pathogenic New World arenaviruses (NWA) phylogenetically segregate into clade B and require maximum biosafety containment facilities for their study. Tacaribe virus (TCRV) is a nonpathogenic member of clade B that is closely related to the VHF arenaviruses at the amino acid level. Despite this relatedness, TCRV lacks the ability to antagonize the host interferon (IFN) response, which likely contributes to its inability to cause disease in animals other than newborn mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe a new mouse model based on TCRV challenge of AG129 IFN-α/β and -γ receptor-deficient mice. Titration of the virus by intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge of AG129 mice resulted in an LD50 of ∼100 fifty percent cell culture infectious doses. Virus replication was evident in the serum, liver, lung, spleen, and brain 4–8 days after inoculation. MY-24, an aristeromycin derivative active against TCRV in cell culture at 0.9 µM, administered i.p. once daily for 7 days, offered highly significant (P<0.001) protection against mortality in the AG129 mouse TCRV infection model, without appreciably reducing viral burden. In contrast, in a hamster model of arenaviral hemorrhagic fever based on challenge with clade A Pichinde arenavirus, MY-24 did not offer significant protection against mortality. Conclusions/Significance MY-24 is believed to act as an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, but our findings suggest that it may ameliorate disease by blunting the effects of the host response that play a role in disease pathogenesis. The new AG129 mouse TCRV infection model provides a safe and cost-effective means to conduct early-stage pre-clinical evaluations of candidate antiviral therapies that target clade B arenaviruses.
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Flatz L, Rieger T, Merkler D, Bergthaler A, Regen T, Schedensack M, Bestmann L, Verschoor A, Kreutzfeldt M, Brück W, Hanisch UK, Günther S, Pinschewer DD. T cell-dependence of Lassa fever pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000836. [PMID: 20360949 PMCID: PMC2847900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), is endemic in West Africa, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality. In spite of ongoing research efforts, LF pathogenesis and mechanisms of LASV immune control remain poorly understood. While normal laboratory mice are resistant to LASV, we report that mice expressing humanized instead of murine MHC class I (MHC-I) failed to control LASV infection and develop severe LF. Infection of MHC-I knockout mice confirmed a key role for MHC-I-restricted T cell responses in controlling LASV. Intriguingly we found that T cell depletion in LASV-infected HHD mice prevented disease, irrespective of high-level viremia. Widespread activation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, manifest through inducible NO synthase expression, and elevated IL-12p40 serum levels indicated a systemic inflammatory condition. The absence of extensive monocyte/macrophage activation in T cell-depleted mice suggested that T cell responses contribute to deleterious innate inflammatory reactions and LF pathogenesis. Our observations in mice indicate a dual role for T cells, not only protecting from LASV, but also enhancing LF pathogenesis. The possibility of T cell-driven enhancement and immunopathogenesis should be given consideration in future LF vaccine development. Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality in West Africa. Yet the mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood. Here we propose a concept whereby the body's immune defense either defeats LASV rapidly or, if unsuccessful, becomes an essential facilitator of disease. This latter paradoxical postulate stems from observations in genetically engineered (HHD) mice, which we found to be susceptible to LF. HHD mice differ from resistant wild type mice in that they have a humanized repertoire of T cells, a main component of the mammalian immune system. Counterintuitively, we could protect HHD mice against LF by experimentally removing their T cells. We further found that LF correlated with widespread activation of macrophages, which again depended on T cells. Similar to T cells, macrophages are important players in our body's defense system, but their inflammatory products are also candidate mediators of LF. Taken together, these findings suggest that LF may represent an inappropriate host response to infection. Specifically, our study demonstrates a two-faced role of T cell responses against LASV. Such detrimental aspects of immune defense need to be given consideration in future LF vaccine development, to avoid enhancement of disease in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Flatz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommy Regen
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Bestmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Unilabs Dr. Weber, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- W.H.O. Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Lambda interferon renders epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts resistant to viral infections. J Virol 2010; 84:5670-7. [PMID: 20335250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00272-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-infected cells secrete a broad range of interferons (IFN) which confer resistance to yet uninfected cells by triggering the synthesis of antiviral factors. The relative contributions of the various IFN subtypes to innate immunity against virus infections remain elusive. IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and other type I IFN molecules signal through a common, universally expressed cell surface receptor, whereas type III IFN (IFN-lambda) uses a distinct cell-type-specific receptor complex for signaling. Using mice lacking functional receptors for type I IFN, type III IFN, or both, we found that IFN-lambda plays an important role in the defense against several human pathogens that infect the respiratory tract, such as influenza A virus, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. These viruses were more pathogenic and replicated to higher titers in the lungs of mice lacking both IFN receptors than in mice with single IFN receptor defects. In contrast, Lassa fever virus, which infects via the respiratory tract but primarily replicates in the liver, was not influenced by the IFN-lambda receptor defect. Careful analysis revealed that expression of functional IFN-lambda receptor complexes in the lung and intestinal tract is restricted to epithelial cells and a few other, undefined cell types. Interestingly, we found that SARS coronavirus was present in feces from infected mice lacking receptors for both type I and type III IFN but not in those from mice lacking single receptors, supporting the view that IFN-lambda contributes to the control of viral infections in epithelial cells of both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
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Simian TRIM5alpha proteins reduce replication of herpes simplex virus. Virology 2010; 398:243-50. [PMID: 20060996 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkey TRIM5alpha proteins are known to block the replication of human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses in a species-specific fashion. In this report, we show that specific forms of simian TRIM5alpha proteins can restrict herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. To define the effect of TRIM5alpha on HSV replication, we examined HSV infection in HeLa cell lines that stably express simian and human orthologs of TRIM5alpha proteins. We demonstrated that several simian TRIM5alpha proteins can restrict HSV replication, with the TRIM5alpha protein of rhesus macaques showing the strongest inhibition of HSV infection. We also found that the level of the inhibition of virus replication was viral strain-specific. TRIM5alpha is likely to inhibit HSV at the early stage of infection; however, at later times of infection, the levels of TRIM5alpha are significantly decreased. Thus, some TRIM5alpha proteins exhibit antiviral effects that extend beyond retroviral infections, but HSV may be able to reduce this restriction by reducing TRIM5alpha levels during the later phases of virus replication. Our results also argue that TRIM5alpha is only part of the reduced level of HSV replication in rhesus macaques, which are known to be less susceptible to HSV infection than other primates.
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Li W, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang D, Zeng J, Chen X, Xu Y, Li K. Differential suppressive effect of promyelocytic leukemia protein on the replication of different subtypes/strains of influenza A virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Early and strong immune responses are associated with control of viral replication and recovery in lassa virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys. J Virol 2009; 83:5890-903. [PMID: 19297492 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01948-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus causes a hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. The pathogenesis and the immune responses associated with the disease are poorly understood, and no vaccine is available. We followed virological, pathological, and immunological markers associated with fatal and nonfatal Lassa virus infection of cynomolgus monkeys. The clinical picture was characterized by fever, weight loss, depression, and acute respiratory syndrome. Transient thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, infiltration of mononuclear cells, and alterations of the liver, lungs, and endothelia were observed. Survivors exhibited fewer lesions and a lower viral load than nonsurvivors. Although all animals developed strong humoral responses, antibodies appeared more rapidly in survivors and were directed against GP(1), GP(2), and NP. Type I interferons were detected early after infection in survivors but only during the terminal stages in fatalities. The mRNAs for CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL11 (I-TAC) were abundant in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph nodes from infected animals, but plasma interleukin-6 was detected only in fatalities. In survivors, high activated-monocyte counts were followed by a rise in the total number of circulating monocytes. Activated T lymphocytes circulated in survivors, whereas T-cell activation was low and delayed in fatalities. In vitro stimulation with inactivated Lassa virus induced activation of T lymphocytes from all infected monkeys, but only lymphocytes from survivors proliferated. Thus, early and strong immune responses and control of viral replication were associated with recovery, whereas fatal infection was characterized by major alterations of the blood formula and, in organs, weak immune responses and uncontrolled viral replication.
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Scott EP, Aronson JF. Cytokine patterns in a comparative model of arenavirus haemorrhagic fever in guinea pigs. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2569-2579. [PMID: 18796726 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus cause a spectrum of disease in humans ranging from mild febrile illness to lethal haemorrhagic fever. The contributions of innate immunity to protection or pathogenicity are unknown. We compared patterns of expression of cytokines of innate immunity in mild versus severe arenavirus disease using an established guinea pig model based on the macrophage-tropic arenavirus Pichinde virus (PICV). Cytokine transcripts were measured by using real-time RT-PCR in target organs and blood during mild infection (caused by PICV, P2 variant) and lethal haemorrhagic fever (caused by PICV, P18 variant). In the initial peritoneal target cells, virulent P18 infection was associated with significantly increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) mRNA levels relative to P2 infection. Peritoneal cells from P18-infected animals had decreased tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-8 (CXCL-8) and IL-12p40 transcripts relative to mock-infected animals. Late in infection, P18-infected peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) had decreased TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, CCL-5) cytokine transcripts relative to P2-infected PBL. We conclude that, in severe arenavirus disease, patterns of cytokine expression in the initially infected cells favour recruitment of additional target monocytes, while inhibiting some of their pro-inflammatory responses. Suppression rather than overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines accompanied the terminal shock in this model of arenavirus haemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Scott
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0747, USA
| | - Judith F Aronson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0747, USA
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44
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Tumor necrosis factor and interferon: cytokines in harmony. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:378-83. [PMID: 18595771 PMCID: PMC7108444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Individually, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the various interferons frequently display strong antiviral activities. Certain combinations of these cytokines, however, induce a synergistic antiviral state which is distinct from that induced by either one alone. This novel synergistic antiviral state likely occurs through several possible mechanisms, involves multiple signaling pathways, and inhibits a wider range of viruses than the individual cytokines alone. While underappreciated when first discovered, this synergistic phenomenon is proving to be of a much broader scope than initially thought. More work is needed to refine our understanding of this observation and its physiological implications for anti-pathogen responses.
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45
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McNeal MM, Stone SC, Basu M, Clements JD, Choi AHC, Ward RL. IFN-gamma is the only anti-rotavirus cytokine found after in vitro stimulation of memory CD4+ T cells from mice immunized with a chimeric VP6 protein. Viral Immunol 2008; 20:571-84. [PMID: 18158731 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the only lymphocytes required for protection of mice against rotavirus shedding after mucosal immunization with chimeric VP6 (MBP::VP6) and the adjuvant LT(R192G). One possible effector of protection is CD4+ T-cell cytokines. To determine if memory CD4+ T cells of immunized mice produce cytokines with direct anti-rotavirus activity, an in vitro infection model was developed using mouse CMT-93 cells and rhesus rotavirus (RRV). Spleen and lamina propria (LP) cells, as well as purified splenic CD4T cells obtained after intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with MBP::VP6/LT(R192G) released large quantities of two cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-gamma) into cell supernatants when stimulated with MBP::VP6. Production of these same cytokines is rapidly upregulated in intestinal lymphocytes after rotavirus inoculation of immunized mice. IL-17 pretreatment of CMT-93 cells had no effect on subsequent RRV replication, but IFN-gamma was the most potent inhibitor within a panel of nine cytokines tested. Supernatants obtained after in vitro stimulation of splenic CD4+ T cells of immunized mice had high levels of anti-RRV activity and their pretreatment with mAb against IFN-gamma caused essentially complete loss of activity. Thus, IFN-gamma was the only cytokine identified in stimulated CD4+ T cells from immunized mice that directly inhibited rotavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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46
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Li G, Duan T, Wu X, Tesh RB, Soong L, Xiao SY. Yellow fever virus infection in Syrian golden hamsters: relationship between cytokine expression and pathologic changes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:169-79. [PMID: 18784801 PMCID: PMC2480551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Infection of primates by yellow fever virus (YFV) often results in severe multi-organ failure with marked histologic abnormalities. However, the role of host's immune response, particularly innate immunity, in disease process is unclear. In this study, we used a well established hamster model of yellow fever to examine the dynamic changes of cytokine expression and histopathology in the liver, spleen, kidney, and heart during the course of YFV infection. We observed that the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha) in the liver were significantly reduced in the mid-stage of infection (8 days), but were elevated later (12 days). In contrast, IL-12p40 was elevated throughout the infection. The levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha were increased in the spleen, kidney, and heart throughout the study period. For regulatory cytokines, IL-10 was significantly increased, and TGF-beta was reduced in the liver, spleen and heart in both early and mid-stages of infection, but was elevated in the kidney during the entire course of infection. In view of the pathologic changes, the observed cytokine profiles suggest that YFV has immunosuppressive effects, which contribute to liver damage in the mid-stage of infection, followed by an immunopathogenic mechanism that leads to disease progression during the late-stages of infection. Our findings support the hypothesis that organ injury by YFV is probably due to a combination of multiple factors, including direct viral injury and host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tao Duan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Medicine, Zhong Nan Hospital, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shu-Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and ImmunityGalveston, TX 77555, USA
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47
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Khan SH, Goba A, Chu M, Roth C, Healing T, Marx A, Fair J, Guttieri MC, Ferro P, Imes T, Monagin C, Garry RF, Bausch DG. New opportunities for field research on the pathogenesis and treatment of Lassa fever. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:103-15. [PMID: 18241935 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike many viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), Lassa fever (LF) is not a rare disease that emerges only as sporadic cases or in outbreak form. Although surveillance is inadequate to determine the true incidence, up to 300,000 infections and 5000 deaths from LF are estimated to occur yearly. The highest incidence is in the "Mano River Union (MRU) countries" of Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. Although civil unrest in this region over the past two decades has impeded capacity building and research, new-found peace in recent years presents new opportunities. In 2004, the Mano River Union Lassa Fever Network (MRU LFN) was established to assist MRU countries in the development of national and regional surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of LF. Here, we review the present literature on treatment and pathogenesis of LF and outline priorities for future research in the field made possible by the improved research capacity of the MRU LFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Humarr Khan
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
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48
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Vieth S, Drosten C, Lenz O, Vincent M, Omilabu S, Hass M, Becker-Ziaja B, ter Meulen J, Nichol ST, Schmitz H, Günther S. RT-PCR assay for detection of Lassa virus and related Old World arenaviruses targeting the L gene. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:1253-64. [PMID: 17905372 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes an RT-PCR assay targeting the L RNA segment of arenaviruses. Conserved regions were identified in the polymerase domain of the L gene on the basis of published sequences for Lassa virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Pichinde virus and Tacaribe virus, as well as 15 novel sequences for Lassa virus, LCMV, Ippy virus, Mobala virus and Mopeia virus determined in this study. Using these regions as target sites, a PCR assay for detection of all known Old World arenaviruses was developed and optimized. The concentration that yields 95% positive results in a set of replicate tests (95% detection limit) was determined to be 4290 copies of Lassa virus L RNA per ml of serum, corresponding to 30 copies per reaction. The ability of the assay to detect various Old World arenaviruses was demonstrated with in vitro transcribed RNA, material from infected cell cultures and samples from patients with Lassa fever and monkeys with LCMV-associated callitrichid hepatitis. The L gene PCR assay may be applicable: (i) as a complementary diagnostic test for Lassa virus and LCMV; (ii) to identify unknown Old World arenaviruses suspected as aetiological agents of disease; and (iii) for screening of potential reservoir hosts for unknown Old World arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vieth
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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49
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Müller S, Geffers R, Günther S. Analysis of gene expression in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1568-1575. [PMID: 17412988 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Lassa fever is poorly understood. As the liver is a major target organ of Lassa virus, gene expression in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 cells, a differentiated human hepatoma cell line, was studied. Cellular mRNA levels were measured at the late phase of acute infection, when virtually all cells expressed large amounts of nucleoprotein, and virus RNA concentration had reached>10(8) copies (ml supernatant)-1. Two types of transcription array were used: cDNA-based macroarrays with a set of 3500 genes (Atlas Human 1.2 arrays; Clontech) and oligonucleotide-based microarrays covering 18,400 transcripts (Human Genome U133A array; Affymetrix). Data analysis was based on statistical frameworks controlling the false-discovery rate. Atlas array data were considered relevant if they could be verified by U133A array or real-time RT-PCR. According to these criteria, there was no evidence for true changes in gene expression. Considering the precision of the U133A array and the number of replicates tested, potential expression changes due to Lassa virus infection are probably smaller than twofold. To substantiate the array data, beta interferon (IFN-beta) gene expression was studied longitudinally in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 and FRhK-4 cells by using real-time RT-PCR. IFN-beta mRNA levels increased only twofold upon Lassa virus infection, although there was no evidence that the virus inhibited poly(I:C)-induced IFN-beta gene expression. In conclusion, Lassa virus interferes only minimally with gene expression in HuH-7 cells and poorly induces IFN-beta gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Müller
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Mucosal Immunity Group, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Everett RD, Chelbi-Alix MK. PML and PML nuclear bodies: implications in antiviral defence. Biochimie 2007; 89:819-30. [PMID: 17343971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an intracellular antiviral state is the defining activity of interferons (IFNs) as well as the property that permitted their discovery. Several pathways have been implicated in resistance to viral infection in IFN-treated cells, one of which implicates the ProMyelocytic Leukaemia (PML) protein and PML nuclear bodies (NBs, also known as ND10). PML NBs are dynamic intranuclear structures that require PML for their formation and which harbour numerous other transiently or permanently localised proteins. PML is expressed as a family of isoforms (PML I-VII) as a result of alternative splicing, most of which are found in the nucleus. IFN treatment directly induces transcription of the genes encoding both PML and Sp100, (another major component of PML NBs), resulting in higher levels of expression of these proteins and increases in both the size and number of PML NBs. These and other observations have encouraged the hypothesis that PML, PML NBs and a number of other constituents of these structures are involved in host antiviral defences. For example, exogenous expression of PML III or PML VI can impede infection by a number of RNA and DNA viruses, and certain viral proteins accumulate in PML NBs then cause their disruption by a variety of mechanisms. Although there are many other functions of PML NBs in a wide range of cellular pathways, there is accumulating evidence that they represent preferential targets for viral infections and that PML plays a role in the mechanism of the antiviral action of IFN. This article reviews the potential antiviral activities of PML NB constituent proteins, how RNA and DNA viruses overcome these defences, and the connections between these events and IFN pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Everett
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow, UK
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