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Carr CR, Crawford KHD, Murphy M, Galloway JG, Haddox HK, Matsen FA, Andersen KG, King NP, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antibody-escape potential of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex. Immunity 2024; 57:2061-2076.e11. [PMID: 39013466 PMCID: PMC11390330 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Lassa virus is estimated to cause thousands of human deaths per year, primarily due to spillovers from its natural host, Mastomys rodents. Efforts to create vaccines and antibody therapeutics must account for the evolutionary variability of the Lassa virus's glycoprotein complex (GPC), which mediates viral entry into cells and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. To map the evolutionary space accessible to GPC, we used pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how nearly all GPC amino-acid mutations affected cell entry and antibody neutralization. Our experiments defined functional constraints throughout GPC. We quantified how GPC mutations affected neutralization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. All antibodies tested were escaped by mutations that existed among natural Lassa virus lineages. Overall, our work describes a biosafety-level-2 method to elucidate the mutational space accessible to GPC and shows how prospective characterization of antigenic variation could aid the design of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Carr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H D Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jared G Galloway
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hugh K Haddox
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Peter AS, Hoffmann DS, Klier J, Lange CM, Moeller J, Most V, Wüst CK, Beining M, Gülesen S, Junker H, Brumme B, Schiffner T, Meiler J, Schoeder CT. Strategies of rational and structure-driven vaccine design for Arenaviruses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105626. [PMID: 38908736 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted the importance of pandemic preparedness for the prevention of future health crises. One virus family with high pandemic potential are Arenaviruses, which have been detected almost worldwide, particularly in Africa and the Americas. These viruses are highly understudied and many questions regarding their structure, replication and tropism remain unanswered, making the design of an efficacious and molecularly-defined vaccine challenging. We propose that structure-driven computational vaccine design will contribute to overcome these challenges. Computational methods for stabilization of viral glycoproteins or epitope focusing have made progress during the last decades and particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and have proven useful for rational vaccine design and the establishment of novel diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarize gaps in our understanding of Arenavirus molecular biology, highlight challenges in vaccine design and discuss how structure-driven and computationally informed strategies will aid in overcoming these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Sophia Peter
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter S Hoffmann
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Klier
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina M Lange
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Moeller
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence ScaDS.AI, Dresden/Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Most
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina K Wüst
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; Molecular Medicine Studies, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Beining
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; SECAI, School of Embedded Composite Artificial Intelligence, Dresden/Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sevilay Gülesen
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Junker
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birke Brumme
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; The Scripps Research Institute, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence ScaDS.AI, Dresden/Leipzig, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence ScaDS.AI, Dresden/Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Johnson DM, Khakhum N, Wang M, Warner NL, Jokinen JD, Comer JE, Lukashevich IS. Pathogenic and Apathogenic Strains of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Have Distinct Entry and Innate Immune Activation Pathways. Viruses 2024; 16:635. [PMID: 38675975 PMCID: PMC11053560 DOI: 10.3390/v16040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa virus (LASV) share many genetic and biological features including subtle differences between pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Despite remarkable genetic similarity, the viscerotropic WE strain of LCMV causes a fatal LASV fever-like hepatitis in non-human primates (NHPs) while the mouse-adapted Armstrong (ARM) strain of LCMV is deeply attenuated in NHPs and can vaccinate against LCMV-WE challenge. Here, we demonstrate that internalization of WE is more sensitive to the depletion of membrane cholesterol than ARM infection while ARM infection is more reliant on endosomal acidification. LCMV-ARM induces robust NF-κB and interferon response factor (IRF) activation while LCMV-WE seems to avoid early innate sensing and failed to induce strong NF-κB and IRF responses in dual-reporter monocyte and epithelial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling appears to play a critical role in NF-κB activation and the silencing of TLR-2 shuts down IL-6 production in ARM but not in WE-infected cells. Pathogenic LCMV-WE infection is poorly recognized in early endosomes and failed to induce TLR-2/Mal-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines. Following infection, Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) expression is diminished in LCMV-ARM- but not LCMV-WE-infected cells, which indicates it is likely involved in the LCMV-ARM NF-κB activation. By confocal microscopy, ARM and WE strains have similar intracellular trafficking although LCMV-ARM infection appears to coincide with greater co-localization of early endosome marker EEA1 with TLR-2. Both strains co-localize with Rab-7, a late endosome marker, but the interaction with LCMV-WE seems to be more prolonged. These findings suggest that LCMV-ARM's intracellular trafficking pathway may facilitate interaction with innate immune sensors, which promotes the induction of effective innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
- Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
| | - Nikole L. Warner
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA
| | - Jenny D. Jokinen
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
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4
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Bigotti MG, Klein K, Gan ES, Anastasina M, Andersson S, Vapalahti O, Katajisto P, Erdmann M, Davidson AD, Butcher SJ, Collinson I, Ooi EE, Balistreri G, Brancaccio A, Yamauchi Y. The α-dystroglycan N-terminus is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 and enveloped viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105837. [PMID: 38387750 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need to develop effective therapeutics in preparedness for further epidemics of virus infections that pose a significant threat to human health. As a natural compound antiviral candidate, we focused on α-dystroglycan, a highly glycosylated basement membrane protein that links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton. Here we show that the N-terminal fragment of α-dystroglycan (α-DGN), as produced in E. coli in the absence of post-translational modifications, blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture, human primary gut organoids and the lungs of transgenic mice expressing the human receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of α-DGN reduced SARS-CoV-2 lung titres and protected the mice from respiratory symptoms and death. Recombinant α-DGN also blocked infection of a wide range of enveloped viruses including the four Dengue virus serotypes, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, but not human adenovirus, a non-enveloped virus in vitro. This study establishes soluble recombinant α-DGN as a broad-band, natural compound candidate therapeutic against enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Bigotti
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Katja Klein
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Esther S Gan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Andersson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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5
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Katz M, Diskin R. The underlying mechanisms of arenaviral entry through matriglycan. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1371551. [PMID: 38516183 PMCID: PMC10955480 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1371551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Matriglycan, a recently characterized linear polysaccharide, is composed of alternating xylose and glucuronic acid subunits bound to the ubiquitously expressed protein α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Pathogenic arenaviruses, like the Lassa virus (LASV), hijack this long linear polysaccharide to gain cellular entry. Until recently, it was unclear through what mechanisms LASV engages its matriglycan receptor to initiate infection. Additionally, how matriglycan is synthesized onto α-DG by the Golgi-resident glycosyltransferase LARGE1 remained enigmatic. Recent structural data for LARGE1 and for the LASV spike complex informs us about the synthesis of matriglycan as well as its usage as an entry receptor by arenaviruses. In this review, we discuss structural insights into the system of matriglycan generation and eventual recognition by pathogenic viruses. We also highlight the unique usage of matriglycan as a high-affinity host receptor compared with other polysaccharides that decorate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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6
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Kotliar D, Raju S, Tabrizi S, Odia I, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Nair P, Phelan E, Tariyal R, Eromon PE, Mehta S, Robles-Sikisaka R, Siddle KJ, Stremlau M, Jalloh S, Gire SK, Winnicki S, Chak B, Schaffner SF, Pauthner M, Karlsson EK, Chapin SR, Kennedy SG, Branco LM, Kanneh L, Vitti JJ, Broodie N, Gladden-Young A, Omoniwa O, Jiang PP, Yozwiak N, Heuklom S, Moses LM, Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Rubins K, Kales S, Happi AN, Iruolagbe CO, Dic-Ijiewere M, Iraoyah K, Osazuwa OO, Okonkwo AK, Kunz S, McCormick JB, Khan SH, Honko AN, Lander ES, Oldstone MBA, Hensley L, Folarin OA, Okogbenin SA, Günther S, Ollila HM, Tewhey R, Okokhere PO, Schieffelin JS, Andersen KG, Reilly SK, Grant DS, Garry RF, Barnes KG, Happi CT, Sabeti PC. Genome-wide association study identifies human genetic variants associated with fatal outcome from Lassa fever. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:751-762. [PMID: 38326571 PMCID: PMC10914620 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Infection with Lassa virus (LASV) can cause Lassa fever, a haemorrhagic illness with an estimated fatality rate of 29.7%, but causes no or mild symptoms in many individuals. Here, to investigate whether human genetic variation underlies the heterogeneity of LASV infection, we carried out genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as well as seroprevalence surveys, human leukocyte antigen typing and high-throughput variant functional characterization assays. We analysed Lassa fever susceptibility and fatal outcomes in 533 cases of Lassa fever and 1,986 population controls recruited over a 7 year period in Nigeria and Sierra Leone. We detected genome-wide significant variant associations with Lassa fever fatal outcomes near GRM7 and LIF in the Nigerian cohort. We also show that a haplotype bearing signatures of positive selection and overlapping LARGE1, a required LASV entry factor, is associated with decreased risk of Lassa fever in the Nigerian cohort but not in the Sierra Leone cohort. Overall, we identified variants and genes that may impact the risk of severe Lassa fever, demonstrating how GWAS can provide insight into viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kotliar
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Siddharth Raju
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shervin Tabrizi
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Goba
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Parvathy Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Philomena E Eromon
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Samar Mehta
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Simbirie Jalloh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Sarah Winnicki
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bridget Chak
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genomics and Computational Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah R Chapin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharon G Kennedy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Joseph J Vitti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Broodie
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia and Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrianne Gladden-Young
- Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Yozwiak
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute, Mass General Brigham, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Heuklom
- San Francisco Community Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - George O Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Department of Community Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Kathleen Rubins
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Anise N Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Mercy Dic-Ijiewere
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Kelly Iraoyah
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Omoregie O Osazuwa
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | | | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - S Humarr Khan
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Anna N Honko
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- National Institutes of Health Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, MA, USA
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus A Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter O Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven K Reilly
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Donald S Grant
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Carr CR, Crawford KHD, Murphy M, Galloway JG, Haddox HK, Matsen FA, Andersen KG, King NP, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antigenic variability of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.579020. [PMID: 38370709 PMCID: PMC10871245 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.579020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Lassa virus is estimated to cause thousands of human deaths per year, primarily due to spillovers from its natural host, Mastomys rodents. Efforts to create vaccines and antibody therapeutics must account for the evolutionary variability of Lassa virus's glycoprotein complex (GPC), which mediates viral entry into cells and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. To map the evolutionary space accessible to GPC, we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how nearly all GPC amino-acid mutations affect cell entry and antibody neutralization. Our experiments define functional constraints throughout GPC. We quantify how GPC mutations affect neutralization by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and show that all antibodies are escaped by mutations that exist among natural Lassa virus lineages. Overall, our work describes a biosafety-level-2 method to elucidate the mutational space accessible to GPC and shows how prospective characterization of antigenic variation could aid design of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. Carr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H. D. Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jared G. Galloway
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hugh K. Haddox
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Lead contact
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8
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Li T, Zhang M, Lv P, Yang Y, Schmidt RR, Peng P. Synthesis of Core M3 Matriglycan Constituents via an Additive-Controlled 1,2- cis-Xylopyranosylation with O-Xylosyl Imidates as Donors. J Org Chem 2024; 89:804-809. [PMID: 38146924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A highly stereoselective strategy for 1,2-cis-xylopyranoside bond formation was established via a preactivation-based, additive-modulated trichloroacetimidate glycosidation strategy. The current protocol is mild, practical, and successful with various xylopyranosyl donors and glycosyl acceptors, including acceptors that are reported to be less reactive due to steric hindrance. The utility of this method was demonstrated with the facile assembly of matriglycan constituent tetra- and hexasaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Panpan Lv
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yue Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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9
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Gorzkiewicz M, Cramer J, Xu HC, Lang PA. The role of glycosylation patterns of viral glycoproteins and cell entry receptors in arenavirus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115196. [PMID: 37586116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that can be associated with rodent-transmitted diseases in humans. Their virions are composed of a nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer with glycoprotein (GP) spikes interacting with receptors on target cells. Both the GP and receptors are highly glycosylated, with glycosylation patterns being crucial for virus binding and cell entry, viral tropism, immune responses, or therapy strategies. These effects have been previously described for several different viruses. In case of arenaviruses, they remain insufficiently understood. Thus, it is important to determine the mechanisms of glycosylation of viral proteins and receptors responsible for infection, in order to fully understand the biology of arenaviruses. In this article, we have summarized and critically evaluated the available literature data on the glycosylation of mammarenavirus-associated proteins to facilitate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gorzkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jonathan Cramer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Moon-Walker A, Zhang Z, Zyla DS, Buck TK, Li H, Diaz Avalos R, Schendel SL, Hastie KM, Crotty S, Saphire EO. Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:403-411.e4. [PMID: 36990092 PMCID: PMC11090681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen that can be lethal in immunocompromised patients and can cause severe birth defects if acquired during pregnancy. The structure of the trimeric surface glycoprotein, essential for entry, vaccine design, and antibody neutralization, remains unknown. Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the LCMV surface glycoprotein (GP) in its trimeric pre-fusion assembly both alone and in complex with a rationally engineered monoclonal neutralizing antibody termed 18.5C-M28 (M28). Additionally, we show that passive administration of M28, either as a prophylactic or therapeutic, protects mice from LCMV clone 13 (LCMVcl13) challenge. Our study illuminates not only the overall structural organization of LCMV GP and the mechanism for its inhibition by M28 but also presents a promising therapeutic candidate to prevent severe or fatal disease in individuals who are at risk of infection by a virus that poses a threat worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI 63110, USA
| | - Zeli Zhang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dawid S Zyla
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tierra K Buck
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haoyang Li
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shane Crotty
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Reyes Ballista JM, Miazgowicz KL, Acciani MD, Jimenez AR, Belloli RS, Havranek KE, Brindley MA. Chikungunya virus entry and infectivity is primarily facilitated through cell line dependent attachment factors in mammalian and mosquito cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1085913. [PMID: 36743418 PMCID: PMC9895848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1085913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of the human disease chikungunya fever, characterized by debilitating acute and chronic arthralgia. No licensed vaccines or antivirals are currently available for CHIKV. Therefore, the prevention of attachment of viral particles to host cells is a potential intervention strategy. As an arbovirus, CHIKV infects a wide variety of cells in both its mammalian and mosquito host. This broad cell tropism might stem from CHIKV's ability to bind to a variety of entry factors in the host cell including phosphatidylserine receptors (PSRs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and the proteinaceous receptor Mxra8, among others. In this study, we aimed to determine the relevance of each attachment factor during CHIKV entry into a panel of mammalian and mosquito cells. Our data suggest that the importance of particular binding factors during CHIKV infection is highly cell line dependent. Entry into mammalian Vero cells was mediated through attachment to PSRs, mainly T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1 (TIM-1). Conversely, CHIKV infection into HAP1 and NIH3T3 was predominantly mediated by heparan sulfate (HS) and Mxra8, respectively. Entry into mosquito cells was independent of PSRs, HS, and Mxra8. Although entry into mosquito cells remains unclear, our data denotes the importance of careful evaluation of reagents used to identify receptor use in invertebrate cells. While PSRs, GAGs, and Mxra8 all enhance entry in a cell line dependent manner, none of these factors are necessary for CHIKV entry, suggesting additional host factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mary Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kerri L. Miazgowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marissa D. Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ariana R. Jimenez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ryan S. Belloli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Katherine E. Havranek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Mammarenavirus Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:265-303. [PMID: 36592249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic. Current knowledge about the biology of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and antennaviruses is very limited and their zoonotic potential is unknown. In contrast, some mammarenaviruses are associated with zoonotic events that pose a threat to human health. This review will focus on mammarenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. Some mammarenaviruses including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are excellent experimental model systems for the investigation of acute and persistent viral infections, whereas others including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa fever (LF) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), respectively, are important human pathogens. Mammarenaviruses were thought to have high degree of intra-and inter-species amino acid sequence identities, but recent evidence has revealed a high degree of mammarenavirus genetic diversity in the field. Moreover, closely related mammarenavirus can display dramatic phenotypic differences in vivo. These findings support a role of genetic variability in mammarenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review the molecular biology of mammarenaviruses, phylogeny, and evolution, as well as the quasispecies dynamics of mammarenavirus populations and their biological implications.
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13
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Exploring the In situ pairing of human galectins toward synthetic O-mannosylated core M1 glycopeptides of α-dystroglycan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17800. [PMID: 36274065 PMCID: PMC9588787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG), which constitutes a part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, connects the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. The matriglycans presented by the extracellular α-DG serve as a contact point with extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) containing laminin G-like domains, providing cellular stability. However, it remains unknown whether core M1 (GlcNAcβ1-2Man) structures can serve as ligands among the various O-Mannosylated glycans. Therefore, based on the presence of N-acetylLactosamine (LacNAc) in this glycan following the core extension, the binding interactions with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins were explored. To elucidate this process, the interaction between galectin (Gal)-1, -3, -4 and -9 with α-DG fragment 372TRGAIIQTPTLGPIQPTRV390 core M1-based glycopeptide library were profiled, using glycan microarray and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The binding of galectins was revealed irrespective of its modular architecture, adding galectins to the list of possible binding partners of α-DG core M1 glycoconjugates by cis-binding (via peptide- and carbohydrate-protein interactions), which can be abrogated by α2,3-sialylation of the LacNAc units. The LacNAc-terminated α-DG glycopeptide interact simultaneously with both the S- and F-faces of Gal-1, thereby inducing oligomerization. Furthermore, Gal-1 can trans-bridge α-DG core M1 structures and laminins, which proposed a possible mechanism by which Gal-1 ameliorates muscular dystrophies; however, this proposal warrants further investigation.
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14
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Genome-Wide Knockout Screen Identifies Human Sialomucin CD164 as an Essential Entry Factor for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. mBio 2022; 13:e0020522. [PMID: 35502904 PMCID: PMC9239079 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a well-studied mammarenavirus that can be fatal in congenital infections. However, our understanding of LCMV and its interactions with human host factors remains incomplete. Here, host determinants affecting LCMV infection were investigated through a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in A549 cells, a human lung adenocarcinoma line. We identified and validated a variety of novel host factors that play a functional role in LCMV infection. Among these, knockout of the sialomucin CD164, a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein, was found to ablate infection with multiple LCMV strains but not other hemorrhagic mammarenaviruses in several cell types. Further characterization revealed a dependency of LCMV entry on the cysteine-rich domain of CD164, including an N-linked glycosylation site at residue 104 in that region. Given the documented role of LCMV with respect to transplacental human infections, CD164 expression was investigated in human placental tissue and placental cell lines. CD164 was found to be highly expressed in the cytotrophoblast cells, an initial contact site for pathogens within the placenta, and LCMV infection in placental cells was effectively blocked using a monoclonal antibody specific to the cysteine-rich domain of CD164. Together, this study identifies novel factors associated with LCMV infection of human tissues and highlights the importance of CD164, a sialomucin that previously had not been associated with viral infection. IMPORTANCE Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a human-pathogenic mammarenavirus that can be fatal in congenital infections. Although frequently used in the study of persistent infections in the field of immunology, aspects of this virus's life cycle remain incomplete. For example, while viral entry has been shown to depend on a cell adhesion molecule, DAG1, genetic knockout of this gene allows for residual viral infection, implying that additional receptors can mediate cell entry. The significance of our study is the identification of host factors important for successful infection, including the sialomucin CD164, which had not been previously associated with viral infection. We demonstrated that CD164 is essential for LCMV entry into human cells and can serve as a possible therapeutic target for treatment of congenital infection.
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15
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Enriquez AS, Buck TK, Li H, Norris MJ, Moon-Walker A, Zandonatti MA, Harkins SS, Robinson JE, Branco LM, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Hastie KM. Delineating the mechanism of anti-Lassa virus GPC-A neutralizing antibodies. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110841. [PMID: 35613585 PMCID: PMC9258627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the etiologic agent of Lassa Fever, a hemorrhagic disease that is endemic to West Africa. During LASV infection, LASV glycoprotein (GP) engages with multiple host receptors for cell entry. Neutralizing antibodies against GP are rare and principally target quaternary epitopes displayed only on the metastable, pre-fusion conformation of GP. Currently, the structural features of the neutralizing GPC-A antibody competition group are understudied. Structures of two GPC-A antibodies presented here demonstrate that they bind the side of the pre-fusion GP trimer, bridging the GP1 and GP2 subunits. Complementary biochemical analyses indicate that antibody 25.10C, which is broadly specific, neutralizes by inhibiting binding of the endosomal receptor LAMP1 and also by blocking membrane fusion. The other GPC-A antibody, 36.1F, which is lineage-specific, prevents LAMP1 association only. These data illuminate a site of vulnerability on LASV GP and will guide efforts to elicit broadly reactive therapeutics and vaccines. Enriquez et al. present two structures of GPC-A antibody Fab fragments bound to Lassa virus glycoprotein. Complementary biochemical analyses illuminate mechanistic differences between pan-Lassa 25.10C and lineage-specific 36.1F. 25.10C inhibits two steps of Lassa virus infection, LAMP1 binding and membrane fusion, while 36.1F only blocks LAMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tierra K Buck
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Haoyang Li
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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16
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Pennington H, Lee J. Lassa virus glycoprotein complex review: insights into its unique fusion machinery. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20211930. [PMID: 35088070 PMCID: PMC8844875 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), an arenavirus endemic to West Africa, causes Lassa fever-a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Entry of LASV into the host cell is mediated by the glycoprotein complex (GPC), which is the only protein located on the viral surface and comprises three subunits: glycoprotein 1 (GP1), glycoprotein 2 (GP2), and a stable signal peptide (SSP). The LASV GPC is a class one viral fusion protein, akin to those found in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, Ebola virus (EBOV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These viruses are enveloped and utilize membrane fusion to deliver their genetic material to the host cell. Like other class one fusion proteins, LASV-mediated membrane fusion occurs through an orchestrated sequence of conformational changes in its GPC. The receptor-binding subunit, GP1, first engages with a host cell receptor then undergoes a unique receptor switch upon delivery to the late endosome. The acidic pH and change in receptor result in the dissociation of GP1, exposing the fusion subunit, GP2, such that fusion can occur. These events ultimately lead to the formation of a fusion pore so that the LASV genetic material is released into the host cell. Interestingly, the mature GPC retains its SSP as a third subunit-a feature that is unique to arenaviruses. Additionally, the fusion domain contains two separate fusion peptides, instead of a standard singular fusion peptide. Here, we give a comprehensive review of the LASV GPC components and their unusual features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie N. Pennington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematics, and Natural Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20740, U.S.A
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematics, and Natural Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20740, U.S.A
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17
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Katz M, Weinstein J, Eilon-Ashkenazy M, Gehring K, Cohen-Dvashi H, Elad N, Fleishman SJ, Diskin R. Structure and receptor recognition by the Lassa virus spike complex. Nature 2022; 603:174-179. [PMID: 35173332 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a human pathogen, causing substantial morbidity and mortality1,2. Similar to other Arenaviridae, it presents a class-I spike complex on its surface that facilitates cell entry. The virus's cellular receptor is matriglycan, a linear carbohydrate that is present on α-dystroglycan3,4, but the molecular mechanism that LASV uses to recognize this glycan is unknown. In addition, LASV and other arenaviruses have a unique signal peptide that forms an integral and functionally important part of the mature spike5-8; yet the structure, function and topology of the signal peptide in the membrane remain uncertain9-11. Here we solve the structure of a complete native LASV spike complex, finding that the signal peptide crosses the membrane once and that its amino terminus is located in the extracellular region. Together with a double-sided domain-switching mechanism, the signal peptide helps to stabilize the spike complex in its native conformation. This structure reveals that the LASV spike complex is preloaded with matriglycan, suggesting the mechanism of binding and rationalizing receptor recognition by α-dystroglycan-tropic arenaviruses. This discovery further informs us about the mechanism of viral egress and may facilitate the rational design of novel therapeutics that exploit this binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Katz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Weinstein
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Eilon-Ashkenazy
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katrin Gehring
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Elad
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Iwasaki M. [Molecular basis for the multiplication of negative-strand RNA viruses: basic research and potential applications in vaccine development]. Uirusu 2022; 72:67-78. [PMID: 37899232 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses achieve their efficient reproduction by utilizing their limited components (nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins) and host cell machineries. A detailed understanding of virus-virus and virus-host interactions will lead to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis and the development of novel medical countermeasures. We elucidated the details of several such interactions and their roles in the multiplication of negative-strand RNA viruses, measles virus, and Lassa virus. These discoveries were harnessed to develop a novel genetic approach for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates with a well-defined molecular mechanism of attenuation. This article describes our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Volland A, Lohmüller M, Heilmann E, Kimpel J, Herzog S, von Laer D. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as alternative receptors for low affinity LCMV variants. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009996. [PMID: 34648606 PMCID: PMC8547738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Old World Arenaviruses primarily utilize α-dystroglycan (α-DAG1) as a cellular receptor for infection. Mutations within the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) reduce or abrogate the binding affinity to α-DAG1 and thus influence viral persistence, kinetics, and cell tropism. The observation that α-DAG1 deficient cells are still highly susceptible to low affinity variants, suggests the use of an alternative receptor(s). In this study, we used a genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 knockout screen in DAG1 deficient 293T cells to identify host factors involved in α-DAG1-independent LCMV infection. By challenging cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), pseudotyped with the GP of LCMV WE HPI (VSV-GP), we identified the heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis pathway as an important host factor for low affinity LCMV infection. These results were confirmed by a genetic approach targeting EXTL3, a key factor in the HS biosynthesis pathway, as well as by enzymatic and chemical methods. Interestingly, a single point mutation within GP1 (S153F or Y155H) of WE HPI is sufficient for the switch from DAG1 to HS binding. Furthermore, we established a simple and reliable virus-binding assay, using directly labelled VSV-GP by intramolecular fusion of VSV-P and mWasabi, demonstrating the importance of HS for virus attachment but not entry in Burkitt lymphoma cells after reconstitution of HS expression. Collectively, our study highlights the essential role of HS for low affinity LCMV infection in contrast to their high affinity counterparts. Residual LCMV infection in double knockouts indicate the use of (a) still unknown entry receptor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Volland
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Heilmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
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20
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Joseph S, Campbell KP. Lassa Fever Virus Binds Matriglycan-A Polymer of Alternating Xylose and Glucuronate-On α-Dystroglycan. Viruses 2021; 13:1679. [PMID: 34578260 PMCID: PMC8473316 DOI: 10.3390/v13091679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever virus (LASV) can cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fevers for which there are currently no vaccines or targeted treatments. The late Prof. Stefan Kunz, along with others, showed that the high-affinity host receptor for LASV, and other Old World and clade-C New World mammarenaviruses, is matriglycan-a linear repeating disaccharide of alternating xylose and glucuronic acid that is polymerized uniquely on α-dystroglycan by like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (LARGE1). Although α-dystroglycan is ubiquitously expressed, LASV preferentially infects vascular endothelia and professional phagocytic cells, which suggests that viral entry requires additional cell-specific factors. In this review, we highlight the work of Stefan Kunz detailing the molecular mechanism of LASV binding and discuss the requirements of receptors, such as tyrosine kinases, for internalization through apoptotic mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P. Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Neurology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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21
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The Origins and Future of Sentinel: An Early-Warning System for Pandemic Preemption and Response. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081605. [PMID: 34452470 PMCID: PMC8402630 DOI: 10.3390/v13081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating a signal of adaptive evolution in humans at the gene LARGE, we encountered an intriguing finding by Dr. Stefan Kunz that the gene plays a critical role in Lassa virus binding and entry. This led us to pursue field work to test our hypothesis that natural selection acting on LARGE-detected in the Yoruba population of Nigeria-conferred resistance to Lassa Fever in some West African populations. As we delved further, we conjectured that the "emerging" nature of recently discovered diseases like Lassa fever is related to a newfound capacity for detection, rather than a novel viral presence, and that humans have in fact been exposed to the viruses that cause such diseases for much longer than previously suspected. Dr. Stefan Kunz's critical efforts not only laid the groundwork for this discovery, but also inspired and catalyzed a series of events that birthed Sentinel, an ambitious and large-scale pandemic prevention effort in West Africa. Sentinel aims to detect and characterize deadly pathogens before they spread across the globe, through implementation of its three fundamental pillars: Detect, Connect, and Empower. More specifically, Sentinel is designed to detect known and novel infections rapidly, connect and share information in real time to identify emerging threats, and empower the public health community to improve pandemic preparedness and response anywhere in the world. We are proud to dedicate this work to Stefan Kunz, and eagerly invite new collaborators, experts, and others to join us in our efforts.
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22
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Azim KF, Lasker T, Akter R, Hia MM, Bhuiyan OF, Hasan M, Hossain MN. Combination of highly antigenic nucleoproteins to inaugurate a cross-reactive next generation vaccine candidate against Arenaviridae family. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07022. [PMID: 34041391 PMCID: PMC8144012 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviral infections often result lethal hemorrhagic fevers, affecting primarily in African and South American regions. To date, there is no FDA-approved licensed vaccine against arenaviruses and treatments have been limited to supportive therapy. Hence, the study was employed to design a highly immunogenic cross-reactive vaccine against Arenaviridae family using reverse vaccinology approach. The whole proteome of Lassa virus (LASV), Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Lujo virus and Guanarito virus were retrieved and assessed to determine the most antigenic viral proteins. Both T-cell and B-cell epitopes were predicted and screened based on transmembrane topology, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and molecular docking analysis. The final constructs were designed using different adjuvants, top epitopes, PADRE sequence and respective linkers and were assessed for the efficacy, safety, stability and molecular cloning purposes. The proposed epitopes were highly conserved (84%–100%) and showed greater cumulative population coverage. Moreover, T cell epitope GWPYIGSRS was conserved in Junin virus (Argentine mammarenavirus) and Sabia virus (Brazilian mammarenavirus), while B cell epitope NLLYKICLSG was conserved in Machupo virus (Bolivian mammarenavirus) and Sabia virus, indicating the possibility of final vaccine construct to confer a broad range immunity in the host. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine with different MHC molecules and human immune receptors were biologically significant. The vaccine-receptor (V1-TLR3) complex showed minimal deformability at molecular level and was compatible for cloning into pET28a(+) vector of E. coli strain K12. The study could be helpful in developing vaccine to combat arenaviral infections in the future. However, further in vitro and in vivo trials using model animals are highly recommended for the experimental validation of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Faizul Azim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tahera Lasker
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Rahima Akter
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mantasha Mahmud Hia
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Omar Faruk Bhuiyan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Hossain
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
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23
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Special Issue "Arenaviruses 2020". Viruses 2021; 13:v13040703. [PMID: 33919632 PMCID: PMC8074128 DOI: 10.3390/v13040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne arenaviruses have been traditionally predominantly associated with certain muroid species from Mastomys/Praomys genera (African arenaviruses) or with species that belong to murid subfamily Cricetidae (New World arenaviruses) [...].
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24
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Lay Mendoza MF, Acciani MD, Levit CN, Santa Maria C, Brindley MA. Monitoring Viral Entry in Real-Time Using a Luciferase Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Producing SARS-CoV-2, EBOV, LASV, CHIKV, and VSV Glycoproteins. Viruses 2020; 12:E1457. [PMID: 33348746 PMCID: PMC7766484 DOI: 10.3390/v12121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral entry is the first stage in the virus replication cycle and, for enveloped viruses, is mediated by virally encoded glycoproteins. Viral glycoproteins have different receptor affinities and triggering mechanisms. We employed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a BSL-2 enveloped virus that can incorporate non-native glycoproteins, to examine the entry efficiencies of diverse viral glycoproteins. To compare the glycoprotein-mediated entry efficiencies of VSV glycoprotein (G), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S), Ebola (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP), Lassa (LASV) GP, and Chikungunya (CHIKV) envelope (E) protein, we produced recombinant VSV (rVSV) viruses that produce the five glycoproteins. The rVSV virions encoded a nano luciferase (NLucP) reporter gene fused to a destabilization domain (PEST), which we used in combination with the live-cell substrate EndurazineTM to monitor viral entry kinetics in real time. Our data indicate that rVSV particles with glycoproteins that require more post-internalization priming typically demonstrate delayed entry in comparison to VSV G. In addition to determining the time required for each virus to complete entry, we also used our system to evaluate viral cell surface receptor preferences, monitor fusion, and elucidate endocytosis mechanisms. This system can be rapidly employed to examine diverse viral glycoproteins and their entry requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Lay Mendoza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.F.L.M.); (M.D.A.); (C.N.L.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Marissa Danielle Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.F.L.M.); (M.D.A.); (C.N.L.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Courtney Nina Levit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.F.L.M.); (M.D.A.); (C.N.L.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Christopher Santa Maria
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.F.L.M.); (M.D.A.); (C.N.L.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.F.L.M.); (M.D.A.); (C.N.L.); (C.S.M.)
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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The Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Lassa Virus Cell Entry. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080857. [PMID: 32781509 PMCID: PMC7472032 DOI: 10.3390/v12080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Old World mammarenavirus Lassa (LASV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality and morbidity in humans in endemic regions. The development of effective strategies to combat LASV infections is of high priority, given the lack of a licensed vaccine and restriction on available treatment to off-label use of ribavirin. A better understanding of the fundamental aspects of the virus's life cycle would help to improve the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Host cell entry and restriction factors represent major barriers for emerging viruses and are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. In addition to the LASV main receptor, the extracellular matrix molecule dystroglycan (DG), the phosphatidylserine-binding receptors of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin receptor (TIM) families are potential alternative receptors of LASV infection. Therefore, the relative contributions of candidate receptors to LASV entry into a particular human cell type are a complex function of receptor expression and functional DG availability. Here, we describe the role of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Axl and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), in the presence and absence of glycosylated DG for LASV entry. We found that both RTKs participated in the macropinocytosis-related LASV entry and, regardless of the presence or absence of functional DG, their inhibition resulted in a significant antiviral effect.
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26
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Klitting R, Mehta SB, Oguzie JU, Oluniyi PE, Pauthner MG, Siddle KJ, Andersen KG, Happi CT, Sabeti PC. Lassa Virus Genetics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32418034 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a pattern repeated across a range of ecological niches, arenaviruses have evolved a compact four-gene genome to orchestrate a complex life cycle in a narrow range of susceptible hosts. A number of mammalian arenaviruses cross-infect humans, often causing a life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever. Among this group of geographically bound zoonoses, Lassa virus has evolved a unique niche that leads to significant and sustained human morbidity and mortality. As a biosafety level 4 pathogen, direct study of the pathogenesis of Lassa virus is limited by the sparse availability, high operating costs, and technical restrictions of the high-level biocontainment laboratories required for safe experimentation. In this chapter, we introduce the relationship between genome structure and the life cycle of Lassa virus and outline reverse genetic approaches used to probe and describe functional elements of the Lassa virus genome. We then review the tools used to obtain viral genomic sequences used for phylogeny and molecular diagnostics, before shifting to a population perspective to assess the contributions of phylogenetic analysis in understanding the evolution and ecology of Lassa virus in West Africa. We finally consider the future outlook and clinical applications for genetic study of Lassa virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samar B Mehta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith U Oguzie
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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27
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Sheikh MO, Venzke D, Anderson ME, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Glushka JN, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Moremen KW, Campbell KP, Wells L. HNK-1 sulfotransferase modulates α-dystroglycan glycosylation by 3-O-sulfation of glucuronic acid on matriglycan. Glycobiology 2020; 30:817-829. [PMID: 32149355 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes required for proper O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan are causal for congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies and abnormal brain development in mammals. Previously, we and others further elucidated the functional O-mannose glycan structure that is terminated by matriglycan, [(-GlcA-β3-Xyl-α3-)n]. This repeating disaccharide serves as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that HNK-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST/carbohydrate sulfotransferase) sulfates terminal glucuronyl residues of matriglycan at the 3-hydroxyl and prevents further matriglycan polymerization by the LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. While α-dystroglycan isolated from mouse heart and kidney is susceptible to exoglycosidase digestion of matriglycan, the functional, lower molecular weight α-dystroglycan detected in brain, where HNK-1ST expression is elevated, is resistant. Removal of the sulfate cap by a sulfatase facilitated dual-glycosidase digestion. Our data strongly support a tissue specific mechanism in which HNK-1ST regulates polymer length by competing with LARGE for the 3-position on the nonreducing GlcA of matriglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Venzke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Takako Yoshida-Moriguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John N Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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28
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Cai Y, Ye C, Cheng B, Nogales A, Iwasaki M, Yu S, Cooper K, Liu DX, Hart R, Adams R, Brady T, Postnikova EN, Kurtz J, St Claire M, Kuhn JH, de la Torre JC, Martínez-Sobrido L. A Lassa Fever Live-Attenuated Vaccine Based on Codon Deoptimization of the Viral Glycoprotein Gene. mBio 2020; 11:e00039-20. [PMID: 32098811 PMCID: PMC7042690 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00039-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is endemic in Western Africa and is estimated to infect hundreds of thousands of individuals annually. A considerable number of these infections result in Lassa fever (LF), which is associated with significant morbidity and a case-fatality rate as high as 69% among hospitalized confirmed patients. U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved LF vaccines are not available. Current antiviral treatment is limited to off-label use of a nucleoside analogue, ribavirin, that is only partially effective and associated with significant side effects. We generated and characterized a recombinant LASV expressing a codon-deoptimized (CD) glycoprotein precursor gene (GPC), rLASV-GPC/CD. Comparison of growth kinetics and peak titers showed that rLASV-GPC/CD is slightly attenuated in cell culture compared to wild-type (WT) recombinant LASV (rLASV-WT). However, rLASV-GPC/CD is highly attenuated in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs, as reflected by the absence of detectable clinical signs in animals inoculated with rLASV-GPC/CD. Importantly, a single subcutaneous dose of rLASV-GPC/CD provides complete protection against an otherwise lethal exposure to LASV. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a CD approach for developing a safe and effective LASV live-attenuated vaccine candidate. Moreover, rLASV-GPC/CD might provide investigators with a tool to safely study LASV outside maximum (biosafety level 4) containment, which could accelerate the elucidation of basic aspects of the molecular and cell biology of LASV and the development of novel LASV medical countermeasures.IMPORTANCE Lassa virus (LASV) infects several hundred thousand people in Western Africa, resulting in many lethal Lassa fever (LF) cases. Licensed LF vaccines are not available, and anti-LF therapy is limited to off-label use of the nucleoside analog ribavirin with uncertain efficacy. We describe the generation of a novel live-attenuated LASV vaccine candidate. This vaccine candidate is based on mutating wild-type (WT) LASV in a key region of the viral genome, the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene. These mutations do not change the encoded GPC but interfere with its production in host cells. This mutated LASV (rLASV-GPC/CD) behaves like WT LASV (rLASV-WT) in cell culture, but in contrast to rLASV-WT, does not cause disease in inoculated guinea pigs. Guinea pigs immunized with rLASV-GPC/CD were protected against an otherwise lethal exposure to WT LASV. Our results support the testing of this candidate vaccine in nonhuman primate models ofLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Benson Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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29
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Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Poirier JT, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions: Structural Insights For Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2019; 8:39-56. [PMID: 31754615 PMCID: PMC6825474 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in oncolytic virotherapy commend a special attention to developing new strategies for targeting cancer cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Modifications of the viral envelope or coat proteins serve as a logical mean of repurposing viruses for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss how detailed structural knowledge of the interactions between OVs and their natural receptors provide valuable insights into tumor specificity of some viruses and re-targeting of alternate receptors for broad tumor tropism or improved tumor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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van Tol W, van Scherpenzeel M, Alsady M, Riemersma M, Hermans E, Kragt E, Tasca G, Kamsteeg EJ, Pennings M, van Beusekom E, Vermeulen JR, van Bokhoven H, Voermans NC, Willemsen MA, Ashikov A, Lefeber DJ. Cytidine Diphosphate-Ribitol Analysis for Diagnostics and Treatment Monitoring of Cytidine Diphosphate-l-Ribitol Pyrophosphorylase A Muscular Dystrophy. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1295-1306. [PMID: 31375477 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.305391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many muscular dystrophies currently remain untreatable. Recently, dietary ribitol has been suggested as a treatment for cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-l-ribitol pyrophosphorylase A (CRPPA, ISPD), fukutin (FKTN), and fukutin-related protein (FKRP) myopathy, by raising CDP-ribitol concentrations. Thus, to facilitate fast diagnosis, treatment development, and treatment monitoring, sensitive detection of CDP-ribitol is required. METHODS An LC-MS method was optimized for CDP-ribitol in human and mice cells and tissues. RESULTS CDP-ribitol, the product of CRPPA, was detected in all major human and mouse tissues. Moreover, CDP-ribitol concentrations were reduced in fibroblasts and skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with CRPPA myopathy, showing that CDP-ribitol could serve as a diagnostic marker to identify patients with CRPPA with severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and mild limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) phenotypes. A screen for potentially therapeutic monosaccharides revealed that ribose, in addition to ribitol, restored CDP-ribitol concentrations and the associated O-glycosylation defect of α-dystroglycan. As the effect occurred in a mutation-dependent manner, we established a CDP-ribitol blood test to facilitate diagnosis and predict individualized treatment response. Ex vivo incubation of blood cells with ribose or ribitol restored CDP-ribitol concentrations in a patient with CRPPA LGMD. CONCLUSIONS Sensitive detection of CDP-ribitol with LC-MS allows fast diagnosis of patients with severe and mild CRPPA myopathy. Ribose offers a readily testable dietary therapy for CRPPA myopathy, with possible applicability for patients with FKRP and FKTN myopathy. Evaluation of CDP-ribitol in blood is a promising tool for the evaluation and monitoring of dietary therapies for CRPPA myopathy in a patient-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walinka van Tol
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Alsady
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Moniek Riemersma
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Else Kragt
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje Pennings
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; .,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Shulman A, Katz M, Cohen-Dvashi H, Greenblatt HM, Levy Y, Diskin R. Variations in Core Packing of GP2 from Old World Mammarenaviruses in their Post-Fusion Conformations Affect Membrane-Fusion Efficiencies. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2095-2111. [PMID: 31004664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a notorious human pathogen in West Africa. Its class I trimeric spike complex displays a distinct architecture, and its cell entry mechanism involves unique attributes not shared by other related viruses. We determined the crystal structure of the GP2 fusion glycoprotein from the spike complex of LASV (GP2LASV) in its post-fusion conformation. GP2LASV adopts a canonical helical bundle configuration similarly to other viruses in its family. The core packing of GP2LASV, however, is more organized compared to GP2 from other viruses reducing the formation of internal hydrophobic cavities. We demonstrate a link between the formation of such unfavorable hydrophobic cavities and the efficiencies of membrane fusion and cell entry. Our study suggests that LASV has evolved a more efficient membrane fusogen compared to other viruses from its family by optimizing the post-fusion configuration of its GP2 module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Shulman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Katz
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harry M Greenblatt
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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32
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Abstract
Recognition of cellular receptors allows emerging viruses to break species barriers and is an important determinant for their disease potential. Many virus receptors have complex tissue-specific interactomes, and preexisting protein-protein interactions may influence their function. Combining shotgun proteomics with a biochemical approach, we characterize the molecular composition of the functional receptor complexes used by the highly pathogenic Lassa virus (LASV) to invade susceptible human cells. We show that the specific composition of the receptor complexes affects productive entry of the virus, providing proof-of-concept. In uninfected cells, these functional receptor complexes undergo dynamic turnover involving an endocytic pathway that shares some characteristics with viral entry. However, steady-state receptor uptake and virus endocytosis critically differ in kinetics and underlying signaling, indicating that the pathogen can manipulate the receptor complex according to its needs. Our study highlights a remarkable complexity of LASV-receptor interaction and identifies possible targets for therapeutic antiviral intervention. Recognition of functional receptors by viruses is a key determinant for their host range, tissue tropism, and disease potential. The highly pathogenic Lassa virus (LASV) currently represents one of the most important emerging pathogens. The major cellular receptor for LASV in human cells is the ubiquitously expressed and evolutionary highly conserved extracellular matrix receptor dystroglycan (DG). In the host, DG interacts with many cellular proteins in a tissue-specific manner. The resulting distinct supramolecular complexes likely represent the functional units for viral entry, and preexisting protein-protein interactions may critically influence DG’s function in productive viral entry. Using an unbiased shotgun proteomic approach, we define the largely unknown molecular composition of DG complexes present in highly susceptible epithelial cells that represent important targets for LASV during viral transmission. We further show that the specific composition of cellular DG complexes can affect DG’s function in receptor-mediated endocytosis of the virus. Under steady-state conditions, epithelial DG complexes underwent rapid turnover via an endocytic pathway that shared some characteristics with DG-mediated LASV entry. However, compared to steady-state uptake of DG, LASV entry via DG occurred faster and critically depended on additional signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and the downstream effector p21-activating kinase. In sum, we show that the specific molecular composition of DG complexes in susceptible cells is a determinant for productive virus entry and that the pathogen can manipulate the existing DG-linked endocytic pathway. This highlights another level of complexity of virus-receptor interaction and provides possible cellular targets for therapeutic antiviral intervention.
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33
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Brisse ME, Ly H. Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Arenaviruses: Lethal Pathogens and Potent Immune Suppressors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 30918506 PMCID: PMC6424867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers (HF) resulting from pathogenic arenaviral infections have traditionally been neglected as tropical diseases primarily affecting African and South American regions. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines for arenaviruses, and treatments have been limited to supportive therapy and use of non-specific nucleoside analogs, such as Ribavirin. Outbreaks of arenaviral infections have been limited to certain geographic areas that are endemic but known cases of exportation of arenaviruses from endemic regions and socioeconomic challenges for local control of rodent reservoirs raise serious concerns about the potential for larger outbreaks in the future. This review synthesizes current knowledge about arenaviral evolution, ecology, transmission patterns, life cycle, modulation of host immunity, disease pathogenesis, as well as discusses recent development of preventative and therapeutic pursuits against this group of deadly viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insight into differential transmission of two begomoviruses by a whitefly. Virol J 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30857562 PMCID: PMC6413443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses in the genus Begomovirus (Family Geminiviridae) include many important economic plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. In general, different begomoviruses may be acquired and transmitted by the same whitefly species with different efficiencies. For example, the species Mediterranean (MED) in this whitefly species complex transmits tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) at a higher efficiency than papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV). However, the proteomic responses of whitefly to the infection of different begomoviruses remain largely unknown. Methods We used iTRAQ-based proteomics coupled with RT-qPCR to investigate and compare responses of the MED whitefly to the infection of TYLCV and PaLCuCNV. Results Totally, 259, 395 and 74 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected, PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected, and TYLCV-infected vs. PaLCuCNV-infected whiteflies, respectively. These proteins appear associated with catabolic process, metabolic process, transport, defense response, cell cycle, and receptor. The comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected and PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected shared some similar DEPs, indicating possible involvement of laminin subunit alpha, dystroglycan, integrin alpha-PS2 and cuticle proteins in viral transport as well as the role of putative defense proteins 3 and PITH in anti-viral response. However, 20S proteasome subunits associated with regulation of virus degradation and accumulation were up-regulated in PaLCuCNV-infected but not in TYLCV-infected whiteflies, which may be related to the constraints of PaLCuCNV accumulation in MED. Conclusions These findings provide valuable clues for unravelling the roles of some whitefly proteins in begomovirus transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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35
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Thompson AJ, de Vries RP, Paulson JC. Virus recognition of glycan receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:117-129. [PMID: 30849709 PMCID: PMC6476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of viruses to cell-surface receptors is the initial step in infection. Many mammalian viruses have evolved to recognize receptors that are glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids. Although glycans are a ubiquitous component of mammalian cells, the types of terminal structures expressed vary among different cell-types and tissues, and even between comparable cells and tissues from different species, frequently leading to specific tissue and species tropisms as a direct consequence of glycan receptor recognition. Covering the majority of known virus families, this review provides an overview of mammalian viruses that use glycans as receptors, and their roles in determining in host recognition and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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36
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Loureiro ME, D'Antuono A, López N. Virus⁻Host Interactions Involved in Lassa Virus Entry and Genome Replication. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010017. [PMID: 30699976 PMCID: PMC6470645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever, a human hemorrhagic disease associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, particularly prevalent in West Africa. Over the past few years, a significant amount of novel information has been provided on cellular factors that are determinant elements playing a role in arenavirus multiplication. In this review, we focus on host proteins that intersect with the initial steps of the LASV replication cycle: virus entry and genome replication. A better understanding of relevant virus⁻host interactions essential for sustaining these critical steps may help to identify possible targets for the rational design of novel therapeutic approaches against LASV and other arenaviruses that cause severe human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Loureiro
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET-SENASA, Av Sir Alexander Fleming 1653, Martínez, Provincia de Buenos Aires B1640CSI, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra D'Antuono
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET-SENASA, Av Sir Alexander Fleming 1653, Martínez, Provincia de Buenos Aires B1640CSI, Argentina.
| | - Nora López
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET-SENASA, Av Sir Alexander Fleming 1653, Martínez, Provincia de Buenos Aires B1640CSI, Argentina.
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37
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Cataldi MP, Lu P, Blaeser A, Lu QL. Ribitol restores functionally glycosylated α-dystroglycan and improves muscle function in dystrophic FKRP-mutant mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3448. [PMID: 30150693 PMCID: PMC6110760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
O-mannosylated α-dystroglycan (α-DG) serves as receptors for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and signaling. Hypoglycosylation of α-DG is involved in cancer progression and underlies dystroglycanopathy with aberrant neuronal development. Here we report that ribitol, a pentose alcohol with previously unknown function in mammalian cells, partially restores functional O-mannosylation of α-DG (F-α-DG) in the dystroglycanopathy model containing a P448L mutation in fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene, which is clinically associated with severe congenital muscular dystrophy. Oral administration of ribitol increases levels of ribitol-5-phosphate and CDP-ribitol and restores therapeutic levels of F-α-DG in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Furthermore, ribitol, given before and after the onset of disease phenotype, reduces skeletal muscle pathology, significantly decreases cardiac fibrosis and improves skeletal and respiratory functions in the FKRP mutant mice. Ribitol treatment presents a new class, low risk, and easy to administer experimental therapy to restore F-α-DG in FKRP-related muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P Cataldi
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
| | - Peijuan Lu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
| | - Anthony Blaeser
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
| | - Qi Long Lu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA.
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38
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TIM-1 Mediates Dystroglycan-Independent Entry of Lassa Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00093-18. [PMID: 29875238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00093-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is an Old World arenavirus responsible for hundreds of thousands of infections in West Africa every year. LASV entry into a variety of cell types is mediated by interactions with glycosyltransferase LARGE-modified O-linked glycans present on the ubiquitous receptor α-dystroglycan (αDG). However, cells lacking αDG are permissive to LASV infection, suggesting that alternative receptors exist. Previous studies demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-binding receptors Axl and Tyro3 along with C-type lectin receptors mediate αDG-independent entry. Here, we demonstrate that another PtdSer receptor, TIM-1, mediates LASV glycoprotein (GP)-pseudotyped virion entry into αDG-knocked-out HEK 293T and wild-type (WT) Vero cells, which express αDG lacking appropriate glycosylation. To investigate the mechanism by which TIM-1 mediates enhancement of entry, we demonstrate that mutagenesis of the TIM-1 IgV domain PtdSer-binding pocket abrogated transduction. Furthermore, the human TIM-1 IgV domain-binding monoclonal antibody ARD5 blocked transduction of pseudovirions bearing LASV GP in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, as we showed previously for other viruses that use TIM-1 for entry, a chimeric TIM-1 protein that substitutes the proline-rich region (PRR) from murine leukemia virus envelope (Env) for the mucin-like domain served as a competent receptor. These studies provide evidence that, in the absence of a functional αDG, TIM-1 mediates the entry of LASV pseudoviral particles through interactions of virions with the IgV PtdSer-binding pocket of TIM-1.IMPORTANCE PtdSer receptors, such as TIM-1, are emerging as critical entry factors for many enveloped viruses. Most recently, hepatitis C virus and Zika virus have been added to a growing list. PtdSer receptors engage with enveloped viruses through the binding of PtdSer embedded in the viral envelope, defining them as GP-independent receptors. This GP-independent entry mechanism should effectively mediate the entry of all enveloped viruses, yet LASV GP-pseudotyped viruses were previously found to be unresponsive to PtdSer receptor enhancement in HEK 293T cells. Here, we demonstrate that LASV pseudovirions can utilize the PtdSer receptor TIM-1 but only in the absence of appropriately glycosylated α-dystroglycan (αDG), the high-affinity cell surface receptor for LASV. Our studies shed light on LASV receptor utilization and explain why previous studies performed with α-DG-expressing cells did not find that LASV pseudovirions utilize PtdSer receptors for virus uptake.
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Fedeli C, Moreno H, Kunz S. Novel Insights into Cell Entry of Emerging Human Pathogenic Arenaviruses. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1839-1852. [PMID: 29705070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by emerging RNA viruses of the Arenavirus family are among the most devastating human diseases. Climate change, global trade, and increasing urbanization promote the emergence and re-emergence of these human pathogenic viruses. Emerging pathogenic arenaviruses are of zoonotic origin and reservoir-to-human transmission is crucial for spillover into human populations. Host cell attachment and entry are the first and most fundamental steps of every virus infection and represent major barriers for zoonotic transmission. During host cell invasion, viruses critically depend on cellular factors, including receptors, co-receptors, and regulatory proteins of endocytosis. An in-depth understanding of the complex interaction of a virus with cellular factors implicated in host cell entry is therefore crucial to predict the risk of zoonotic transmission, define the tissue tropism, and assess disease potential. Over the past years, investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying host cell invasion of human pathogenic arenaviruses uncovered remarkable viral strategies and provided novel insights into viral adaptation and virus-host co-evolution that will be covered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedeli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Moreno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
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Fedeli C, Torriani G, Galan-Navarro C, Moraz ML, Moreno H, Gerold G, Kunz S. Axl Can Serve as Entry Factor for Lassa Virus Depending on the Functional Glycosylation of Dystroglycan. J Virol 2018; 92:e01613-17. [PMID: 29237830 PMCID: PMC5809728 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal infection with the highly pathogenic Lassa virus (LASV) is characterized by extensive viral dissemination, indicating broad tissue tropism. The major cellular receptor for LASV is the highly conserved extracellular matrix receptor dystroglycan (DG). Binding of LASV depends on DG's tissue-specific posttranslational modification with the unusual O-linked polysaccharide matriglycan. Interestingly, functional glycosylation of DG does not always correlate with viral tropism observed in vivo The broadly expressed phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors Axl and Tyro3 were recently identified as alternative LASV receptor candidates. However, their role in LASV entry is not entirely understood. Here, we examine LASV receptor candidates in primary human cells and found coexpression of Axl with differentially glycosylated DG. To study LASV receptor use in the context of productive arenavirus infection, we employed recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus expressing LASV glycoprotein (rLCMV-LASV GP) as a validated biosafety level 2 (BSL2) model. We confirm and extend previous work showing that Axl can contribute to LASV entry in the absence of functional DG using "apoptotic mimicry" in a way similar to that of other enveloped viruses. We further show that Axl-dependent LASV entry requires receptor activation and involves a pathway resembling macropinocytosis. Axl-mediated LASV entry is facilitated by heparan sulfate and critically depends on the late endosomal protein LAMP-1 as an intracellular entry factor. In endothelial cells expressing low levels of functional DG, both receptors are engaged by the virus and can contribute to productive entry. In sum, we characterize the role of Axl in LASV entry and provide a rationale for targeting Axl in antiviral therapy.IMPORTANCE The highly pathogenic arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) represents a serious public health problem in Africa. Although the principal LASV receptor, dystroglycan (DG), is ubiquitously expressed, virus binding critically depends on DG's posttranslational modification, which does not always correlate with tissue tropism. The broadly expressed phosphatidylserine receptor Axl was recently identified as an alternative LASV receptor candidate, but its role in LASV entry is unclear. Here, we investigate the exact role of Axl in LASV entry as a function of DG's posttranslational modification. We found that in the absence of functional DG, Axl can mediate LASV entry via apoptotic mimicry. Productive entry requires virus-induced receptor activation, involves macropinocytosis, and critically depends on LAMP-1. In endothelial cells that express low levels of glycosylated DG, both receptors can promote LASV entry. In sum, our study defines the roles of Axl in LASV entry and provides a rationale for targeting Axl in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedeli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Galan-Navarro
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Hector Moreno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Abstract
Host cell entry is the first and most fundamental step of every virus infection and represents a major barrier for zoonotic transmission and viral emergence. Targeting viral entry appears further as a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention. Several cellular receptors have been identified for Lassa virus, including dystroglycan, TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, and C-type lectins. Upon receptor binding, LASV enters the host cell via a largely unknown clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytotic pathway that delivers the virus to late endosomes, where fusion occurs after engagement of a second, intracellular receptor, the late endosomal/lysosomal resident protein LAMP1. Here, we describe a series of experimental approaches to investigate LASV cell entry and to test candidate inhibitors for their action at this early and decisive step of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pasquato
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Herrador Fernandez
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sheikh MO, Halmo SM, Wells L. Recent advancements in understanding mammalian O-mannosylation. Glycobiology 2017; 27:806-819. [PMID: 28810660 PMCID: PMC6082599 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of select proteins by O-linked mannose (O-mannose or O-man) is a conserved modification from yeast to humans and has been shown to be necessary for proper development and growth. The most well studied O-mannosylated mammalian protein is α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Hypoglycosylation of α-DG results in varying severities of congenital muscular dystrophies, cancer progression and metastasis, and inhibited entry and infection of certain arenaviruses. Defects in the gene products responsible for post-translational modification of α-DG, primarily glycosyltransferases, are the basis for these diseases. The multitude of clinical phenotypes resulting from defective O-mannosylation highlights the biomedical significance of this unique modification. Elucidation of the various O-mannose biosynthetic pathways is imperative to understanding a broad range of human diseases and for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries delineating the various enzymes, structures and functions associated with O-mannose-initiated glycoproteins. Additionally, we discuss current gaps in our knowledge of mammalian O-mannosylation, discuss the evolution of this pathway, and illustrate the utility and limitations of model systems to study functions of O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie M Halmo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Iwasaki M, Sharma SM, Marro BS, de la Torre JC. Resistance of human plasmacytoid dendritic CAL-1 cells to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is caused by restricted virus cell entry, which is overcome by contact of CAL-1 cells with LCMV-infected cells. Virology 2017; 511:106-113. [PMID: 28843812 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a main source of type I interferon in response to viral infection, are an early cell target during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, which has been associated with the LCMV's ability to establish chronic infections. Human blood-derived pDCs have been reported to be refractory to ex vivo LCMV infection. In the present study we show that human pDC CAL-1 cells are refractory to infection with cell-free LCMV, but highly susceptible to infection with recombinant LCMVs carrying the surface glycoprotein of VSV, indicating that LCMV infection of CAL-1 cells is restricted at the cell entry step. Co-culture of uninfected CAL-1 cells with LCMV-infected HEK293 cells enabled LCMV to infect CAL-1 cells. This cell-to-cell spread required direct cell-cell contact and did not involve exosome pathway. Our findings indicate the presence of a novel entry pathway utilized by LCMV to infect pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siddhartha M Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brett S Marro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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44
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Hastie KM, Zandonatti MA, Kleinfelter LM, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Chandran K, Branco LM, Robinson JE, Garry RF, Saphire EO. Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of Lassa virus. Science 2017; 356:923-928. [PMID: 28572385 PMCID: PMC6007842 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The arenavirus Lassa causes severe hemorrhagic fever and a significant disease burden in West Africa every year. The glycoprotein, GPC, is the sole antigen expressed on the viral surface and the critical target for antibody-mediated neutralization. Here we present the crystal structure of the trimeric, prefusion ectodomain of Lassa GP bound to a neutralizing antibody from a human survivor at 3.2-angstrom resolution. The antibody extensively anchors two monomers together at the base of the trimer, and biochemical analysis suggests that it neutralizes by inhibiting conformational changes required for entry. This work illuminates pH-driven conformational changes in both receptor-binding and fusion subunits of Lassa virus, illustrates the unique assembly of the arenavirus glycoprotein spike, and provides a much-needed template for vaccine design against these threats to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hastie
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Viral entry represents the first step of every viral infection and is a determinant for the host range and disease potential of a virus. Here, we review the latest developments on cell entry of the highly pathogenic Old World arenavirus Lassa virus, providing novel insights into the complex virus-host cell interaction of this important human pathogen. We will cover new discoveries on the molecular mechanisms of receptor recognition, endocytosis, and the use of late endosomal entry factors.
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46
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Pharmacogenomic implications of the evolutionary history of infectious diseases in Africa. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:112-120. [PMID: 27779243 PMCID: PMC5380847 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the common birthplace of all human populations, modern humans have lived longer on the African continent than in any other geographical region of the world. This long history, along with the evolutionary need to adapt to environmental challenges such as exposure to infectious agents, has led to greater genetic variation in Africans. The vast genetic variation in Africans also extends to genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of pharmaceuticals. Ongoing cataloging of these clinically relevant variants reveals huge allele-frequency differences within and between African populations. Here, we examine Africa's large burden of infectious disease, discuss key examples of known genetic variation modulating disease risk, and provide examples of clinically relevant variants critical for establishing dosing guidelines. We propose that a more systematic characterization of the genetic diversity of African ancestry populations is required if the current benefits of precision medicine are to be extended to these populations.
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47
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Rotimi CN, Tekola-Ayele F, Baker JL, Shriner D. The African diaspora: history, adaptation and health. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 41:77-84. [PMID: 27644073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to the New World. Advances in genomics are providing novel insights into the history and health of Africans and the diasporan populations. Recent examples reviewed here include the unraveling of substantial hunter-gatherer and 'Eurasian' admixtures across sub-Saharan Africa, expanding our understanding of ancestral African genetics; the global ubiquity of mixed ancestry; the revealing of African ancestry in Latin Americans that likely derived from the slave trade; and understanding of the ancestral backgrounds of APOL1 and LPL found to influence kidney disease and lipid levels, respectively, providing specific insights into disease etiology and health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Baker
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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48
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Wang S, Xiao G. Structure-function relationship of the mammarenavirus envelope glycoprotein. Virol Sin 2016; 31:380-394. [PMID: 27562602 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses, including lethal pathogens such as Lassa virus and Junín virus, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Entry is a key step for virus infection, which starts with binding of the envelope glycoprotein (GP) to receptors on target cells and subsequent fusion of the virus with target cell membranes. The GP precursor is synthesized as a polypeptide, and maturation occurs by two cleavage events, yielding a tripartite GP complex (GPC) formed by a stable signal peptide (SSP), GP1 and GP2. The unique retained SSP interacts with GP2 and plays essential roles in virion maturation and infectivity. GP1 is responsible for binding to the cell receptor, and GP2 is a class I fusion protein. The native structure of the tripartite GPC is unknown. GPC is critical for the receptor binding, membrane fusion and neutralization antibody recognition. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlining the structure-function relationship of the three subunits is the key for understanding their function and can facilitate novel avenues for combating virus infections. This review summarizes the basic aspects and recent research of the structure-function relationship of the three subunits. We discuss the structural basis of the receptor-binding domain in GP1, the interaction between SSP and GP2 and its role in virion maturation and membrane fusion, as well as the mechanism by which glycosylation stabilizes the GPC structure and facilitates immune evasion. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these aspects will contribute to the development of novel vaccines and treatment strategies against mammarenaviruses infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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49
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Lassa Virus Cell Entry via Dystroglycan Involves an Unusual Pathway of Macropinocytosis. J Virol 2016; 90:6412-6429. [PMID: 27147735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00257-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathogenic Old World arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with a high rate of mortality in humans. Several LASV receptors, including dystroglycan (DG), TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, and C-type lectins, have been identified, suggesting complex receptor use. Upon receptor binding, LASV enters the host cell via an unknown clathrin- and dynamin-independent pathway that delivers the virus to late endosomes, where fusion occurs. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying LASV endocytosis in human cells in the context of productive arenavirus infection, using recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) expressing the LASV glycoprotein (rLCMV-LASVGP). We found that rLCMV-LASVGP entered human epithelial cells via DG using a macropinocytosis-related pathway independently of alternative receptors. Dystroglycan-mediated entry of rLCMV-LASVGP required sodium hydrogen exchangers, actin, and the GTPase Cdc42 and its downstream targets, p21-activating kinase-1 (PAK1) and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-Wasp). Unlike other viruses that enter cells via macropinocytosis, rLCMV-LASVGP entry did not induce overt changes in cellular morphology and hardly affected actin dynamics or fluid uptake. Screening of kinase inhibitors identified protein kinase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and the receptor tyrosine kinase human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) to be regulators of rLCMV-LASVGP entry. The HGFR inhibitor EMD 1214063, a candidate anticancer drug, showed antiviral activity against rLCMV-LASVGP at the level of entry. When combined with ribavirin, which is currently used to treat human arenavirus infection, EMD 1214063 showed additive antiviral effects. In sum, our study reveals that DG can link LASV to an unusual pathway of macropinocytosis that causes only minimal perturbation of the host cell and identifies cellular kinases to be possible novel targets for therapeutic intervention. IMPORTANCE Lassa virus (LASV) causes several hundred thousand infections per year in Western Africa, with the mortality rate among hospitalized patients being high. The current lack of a vaccine and the limited therapeutic options at hand make the development of new drugs against LASV a high priority. In the present study, we uncover that LASV entry into human cells via its major receptor, dystroglycan, involves an unusual pathway of macropinocytosis and define a set of cellular factors implicated in the regulation of LASV entry. A screen of kinase inhibitors revealed HGFR to be a possible candidate target for antiviral drugs against LASV. An HGFR candidate inhibitor currently being evaluated for cancer treatment showed potent antiviral activity and additive drug effects with ribavirin, which is used in the clinic to treat human LASV infection. In sum, our study reveals novel fundamental aspects of the LASV-host cell interaction and highlights a possible candidate drug target for therapeutic intervention.
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50
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Gerin I, Ury B, Breloy I, Bouchet-Seraphin C, Bolsée J, Halbout M, Graff J, Vertommen D, Muccioli GG, Seta N, Cuisset JM, Dabaj I, Quijano-Roy S, Grahn A, Van Schaftingen E, Bommer GT. ISPD produces CDP-ribitol used by FKTN and FKRP to transfer ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11534. [PMID: 27194101 PMCID: PMC4873967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes required for the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan lead to muscle and brain diseases known as dystroglycanopathies. However, the precise structure and biogenesis of the assembled glycan are not completely understood. Here we report that three enzymes mutated in dystroglycanopathies can collaborate to attach ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Specifically, we demonstrate that isoprenoid synthase domain-containing protein (ISPD) synthesizes CDP-ribitol, present in muscle, and that both recombinant fukutin (FKTN) and fukutin-related protein (FKRP) can transfer a ribitol phosphate group from CDP-ribitol to α-dystroglycan. We also show that ISPD and FKTN are essential for the incorporation of ribitol into α-dystroglycan in HEK293 cells. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan in fibroblasts from patients with hypomorphic ISPD mutations is reduced. We observe that in some cases glycosylation can be partially restored by addition of ribitol to the culture medium, suggesting that dietary supplementation with ribitol should be evaluated as a therapy for patients with ISPD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gerin
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Ury
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Breloy
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Céline Bouchet-Seraphin
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bolsée
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathias Halbout
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Graff
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Seta
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Hôpital Roger-Salengro, Service de neuropédiatrie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHRU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ivana Dabaj
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, F-92380 Garches, France.,Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ - INSERM, F-78180 Montigny, France
| | - Ammi Grahn
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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