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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 38251342 PMCID: PMC10820042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for studying disease pathogenesis and to test the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and therapeutics. For most diseases, there is no single model that can recapitulate all features of the human condition, so it is vital to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this review is to describe popular comparative animal models, including mice, ferrets, hamsters, and non-human primates (NHPs), that are being used to study clinical and pathological changes caused by influenza A virus infection with the aim to aid in appropriate model selection for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (N.M.K.); (Y.L.)
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2
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Liang Y. Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza. Virulence 2023; 14:2223057. [PMID: 37339323 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic drift (mutation) and shift (reassortment of the segmented viral genome). New variants, strains, and subtypes have emerged frequently, causing epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic infections, despite currently available vaccines and antiviral drugs. In recent years, avian influenza viruses, such as H5 and H7 subtypes, have caused hundreds to thousands of zoonotic infections in humans with high case fatality rates. The likelihood of these animal influenza viruses acquiring airborne transmission in humans through viral evolution poses great concern for the next pandemic. Severe influenza viral disease is caused by both direct viral cytopathic effects and exacerbated host immune response against high viral loads. Studies have identified various mutations in viral genes that increase viral replication and transmission, alter tissue tropism or species specificity, and evade antivirals or pre-existing immunity. Significant progress has also been made in identifying and characterizing the host components that mediate antiviral responses, pro-viral functions, or immunopathogenesis following influenza viral infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on viral determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenicity, protective and immunopathogenic aspects of host innate and adaptive immune responses, and antiviral and pro-viral roles of host factors and cellular signalling pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral virulence factors and virus-host interactions is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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3
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Bacterial and viral rodent-borne infections on poultry farms. An attempt at a systematic review. J Vet Res 2023; 67:1-10. [PMID: 37008769 PMCID: PMC10062035 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Rodents are quite common at livestock production sites. Their adaptability, high reproductive capacity and omnivorousness make them apt to become a source of disease transmission to humans and animals. Rodents can serve as mechanical vectors or active shedders of many bacteria and viruses, and their transmission can occur through direct contact, or indirectly through contaminated food and water or by the arthropods which parasitise infected rodents. This review paper summarises how rodents spread infectious diseases in poultry production.
Material and Methods
The aim of this review was to use PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) principles to meta-analyse the available data on this topic. Three databases – PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus – and grey literature were searched for papers published from inception to July 2022 using the established keywords.
Results
An initial search identified 2,999 articles that met the criteria established by the keywords. This number remained after removing 597 articles that were repeated in some databases. The articles were searched for any mention of specific bacterial and viral pathogens.
Conclusion
The importance of rodents in the spread of bacterial diseases in poultry has been established, and the vast majority of such diseases involved Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus (MRSA), Pasteurella, Erysipelothrix or Yersinia infections. Rodents also play a role in the transmission of viruses such as avian influenza virus, avian paramyxovirus 1, avian gammacoronavirus or infectious bursal disease virus, but knowledge of these pathogens is very limited and requires further research to expand it.
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Zhu C, Zhang M, Fu W, He Y, Yang Y, Zhang L, Yuan S, Jiang L, Xu J, Zhang X. Comparison of H7N9 and H9N2 influenza infections in mouse model unravels the importance of early innate immune response in host protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941078. [PMID: 36034707 PMCID: PMC9414078 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection with influenza A virus is determined by a complex virus-host interaction. A new H7N9 virus of avian origin crossed the species barrier to infect humans, causing high mortality and emerged as a potential pandemic threat. The mechanisms underlying the virulence and pathogenicity of H7N9 virus remains elusive. H7N9 virus originated from a genetic assortment that involved the avian H9N2 virus, which was the donor of the six internal genes. Unlike the H7N9 virus, the H9N2 virus caused only mild phenotype in infected mice. In this study, we used the mouse infection model to dissect the difference in the host response between the H7N9 and H9N2 viruses. Through analyzing transcriptomics of infected lungs, we surprisingly found that the H9N2 infection elicited an earlier induction of innate immunity than H7N9 infection. This finding was further corroborated by an immunohistochemical study demonstrating earlier recruitment of macrophage to the H9N2-infected lung than the H7N9-infected lung, which could occur as early as 6 hours post infection. In contrast, H7N9 infection was characterized by a late, strong lung CD8+ T cell response that is more robust than H9N2 infection. The different pattern of immune response may underlie more severe lung pathology caused by H7N9 infection compared to H9N2 infection. Finally, we could show that co-infection of the H9N2 virus protected mice from the challenge of both H7N9 and PR8 viruses, thereby strengthening the importance of the induction of an early innate immunity in the host’s defense against influenza infection. Collectively, our study unraveled a previously unidentified difference in host response between H7N9 and H9N2 infection and shed new insight on how virus-host interaction shapes the in vivo outcome of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuisong Zhu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongquan He
- Human Disease Genes Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
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Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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Genetically and Antigenically Divergent Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses Exhibit Differential Replication and Transmission Phenotypes in Mammalian Models. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00451-20. [PMID: 32611751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, enzootic in poultry populations in Asia, are associated with fewer confirmed human infections but higher rates of seropositivity compared to A(H5) or A(H7) subtype viruses. Cocirculation of A(H5) and A(H7) viruses leads to the generation of reassortant viruses bearing A(H9N2) internal genes with markers of mammalian adaptation, warranting continued surveillance in both avian and human populations. Here, we describe active surveillance efforts in live poultry markets in Vietnam in 2018 and compare representative viruses to G1 and Y280 lineage viruses that have infected humans. Receptor binding properties, pH thresholds for HA activation, in vitro replication in human respiratory tract cells, and in vivo mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility were investigated. While A(H9N2) viruses from both poultry and humans exhibited features associated with mammalian adaptation, one human isolate from 2018, A/Anhui-Lujiang/39/2018, exhibited increased capacity for replication and transmission, demonstrating the pandemic potential of A(H9N2) viruses.IMPORTANCE A(H9N2) influenza viruses are widespread in poultry in many parts of the world and for over 20 years have sporadically jumped species barriers to cause human infection. As these viruses continue to diversify genetically and antigenically, it is critical to closely monitor viruses responsible for human infections, to ascertain if A(H9N2) viruses are acquiring properties that make them better suited to infect and spread among humans. In this study, we describe an active poultry surveillance system established in Vietnam to identify the scope of influenza viruses present in live bird markets and the threat they pose to human health. Assessment of a recent A(H9N2) virus isolated from an individual in China in 2018 is also reported, and it was found to exhibit properties of adaptation to humans and, importantly, it shows similarities to strains isolated from the live bird markets of Vietnam.
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A delicate balancing act: immunity and immunopathology in human H7N9 influenza virus infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:191-195. [PMID: 30888978 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A delicate balance exists between a protective and detrimental immune response to an invading viral pathogen. Here, we review the latest advancements in our understanding of immunity and immunopathology during H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) infections and its relevance to disease management and diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have highlighted the role of specific leukocytes in the pathogenesis of H7N9 IAV infections and potential diagnostic role that host cytokine profiles can play in forecasting disease severity. Furthermore, alterations in diet have emerged as a possible preventive measure for severe IAV infections. SUMMARY The recent emergence and continued evolution of H7N9 IAVs have emphasized the threat that these avian viruses pose to human health. Understanding the role of the host immune response in both disease protection and pathogenesis is an essential first step in the creation of novel therapeutic and preventive measures for H7N9 IAV infections.
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Song Y, Li W, Wu W, Liu Z, He Z, Chen Z, Zhao B, Wu S, Yang C, Qu X, Liao M, Jiao P. Phylogeny, Pathogenicity, Transmission, and Host Immune Responses of Four H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111048. [PMID: 31717638 PMCID: PMC6893672 DOI: 10.3390/v11111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H5Nx viruses have continuously emerged in the world, causing poultry industry losses and posing a potential public health risk. Here, we studied the phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and immune response of four H5N6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice, which were isolated from waterfowl between 2013 and 2014. Their HA genes belong to Clade 2.3.4.4, circulated in China since 2008. Their NA genes fall into N6-like/Eurasian sublineage. Their internal genes originated from different H5N1 viruses. The results suggested that the four H5N6 viruses were reassortants of the H5N1 and H6N6 viruses. They cause lethal infection with high transmission capability in chickens. They also cause mild to severe pathogenicity in mice and can spread to the brain through the blood–brain barrier. During the infection, the viruses result in the up-regulation of PRRs and cytokine in brains and lungs of chickens and mice. Our results suggested that the high viral loads of several organs may result in disease severity in chickens and mice; there were varying levels of cytokines induced by the H5N6 viruses with different pathogenicity in chickens and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Wenbo Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-020-85283309 (M.L. & P.J.)
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.H.); (Z.C.); (B.Z.); (S.W.); (X.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-020-85283309 (M.L. & P.J.)
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Guan W, Yang Z, Wu NC, Lee HHY, Li Y, Jiang W, Shen L, Wu DC, Chen R, Zhong N, Wilson IA, Peiris M, Mok CKP. Clinical Correlations of Transcriptional Profile in Patients Infected With Avian Influenza H7N9 Virus. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1238-1248. [PMID: 29846612 PMCID: PMC6129114 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses emerged in China in 2013 and caused zoonotic disease associated with a case-fatality ratio of over 30%. Transcriptional profiles in peripheral blood reflect host responses and can help to elucidate disease pathogenesis. Methods We correlated serial blood transcriptomic profiles of patients with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection and determined the biological significances from the analysis. Results We found that specific gene expression profiles in the blood were strongly correlated with the Pao 2/Fio 2 ratio and viral load in the lower respiratory tract. Cell cycle and leukocyte-related immunity were activated at the acute stage of the infection while T-cell functions and various metabolic processes were associated with the recovery phase of the illness. A transition from systemic innate to adaptive immunity was found. Conclusions We developed a novel approach for transcriptomic analysis to identify key host responses that were strongly correlated with specific clinical and virologic parameters in patients with H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology
| | - Horace H Y Lee
- Hong Kong University-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Yimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Douglas C Wu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Rongchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.,Hong Kong University-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Chris K P Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.,Hong Kong University-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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Human-Derived A/Guangdong/Th005/2017 (H7N9) Exhibits Extremely High Replication in the Lungs of Ferrets and Is Highly Pathogenic in Chickens. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060494. [PMID: 31146467 PMCID: PMC6630577 DOI: 10.3390/v11060494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After a series of studies on the pathogenicity of several H7N9 strains from 2013 to 2018, we wanted to dynamically track the pathogenicity of A/Guangdong/Th005/2017 in ferrets and poultry. The pathogenicity and transmissibility of Th005, especially the distribution and replication in tissues, were studied in ferrets. We also aimed to assess the level of Th005 pathogenicity in chickens. The results showed that the pathogenicity of Th005 was significantly increased in ferrets and chickens, especially compared with the Anhui strain. The replication of Th005 in the lung tissues of ferrets was 100-fold higher than that of the Anhui strain. Th005 pathogenicity reached an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) score of 3 in avian models. Continuously high titres of viruses could be detected in the cloacal cavity of chickens infected with Th005. Th005 remained highly pathogenic in mice and chickens after passaging in ferrets. High expression of both the α2,6- and α2,3-sialic acid residues in cells in vitro was beneficial to Th005 replication, which was enhanced compared to the Anhui strain. China needs to strengthen its surveillance of virulent influenza virus strains, such as Th005, which continues to increase in pathogenicity.
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Wang WH, Erazo EM, Ishcol MRC, Lin CY, Assavalapsakul W, Thitithanyanont A, Wang SF. Virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of novel H7N9 avian influenza A virus in humans: a systemic literature review. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519845488. [PMID: 31068040 PMCID: PMC7140199 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519845488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that H7N9 AIV is a novel reassortant strain with
pandemic potential. We conducted a systemic review regarding virus-induced
pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of H7N9 AIV infection in
humans. We followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, and
Google Scholar to identify relevant articles published between January 2013 and
December 2018. Pathogenesis data indicated that H7N9 AIV belongs to low
pathogenic avian influenza, which is mostly asymptomatic in avian species;
however, H7N9 induces high mortality in humans. Sporadic human infections have
recently been reported, caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
detected in poultry. H7N9 AIVs resistant to adamantine and oseltamivir cause
severe human infection by rapidly inducing progressive acute community-acquired
pneumonia, multiorgan dysfunction, and cytokine dysregulation; however,
mechanisms via which the virus induces severe syndromes remain unclear. An H7N9
AIV vaccine is lacking; designs under evaluation include synthesized peptide,
baculovirus-insect system, and virus-like particle vaccines. Molecular diagnosis
of H7N9 AIVs is suggested over conventional assays, for biosafety reasons.
Several advanced or modified diagnostic assays are under investigation and
development. We summarized virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and
current diagnostic assays in H7N9 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Esmeralda Merari Erazo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Max R Chang Ishcol
- Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Chih-Yen Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
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12
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Desheva YA, Leontieva GF, Kramskaya TA, Landgraf GO, Sychev IA, Rekstin AR, Suvorov AN. Factors of early protective action of live influenza vaccine combined with recombinant bacterial polypeptides against homologous and heterologous influenza infection. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01154. [PMID: 30839941 PMCID: PMC6365543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We are developing an associated vaccine based on live influenza vaccine (LAIV) and streptococcal recombinant peptides. The recombinant group B streptococcus (GBS) peptides P6 and ScaAB demonstrated a distinguished immunomodulating effect in THP-1 cells. The increase in IFN 1-alpha expression after ScaAB inoculation was similar to that against LAIV. We immunized mice intranasal using of A/H7N3 LAIV or/and ScaAB peptide. At day 5 after immunization, we detected serum IgM which reacted with non-vaccine influenza viruses. Associated vaccination of mice using LAIV and GBS peptide was the most effective against sub-lethal infection with A/H7N9 influenza virus and against lethal challenge with A/H1N1pdm virus at day 5 after immunization. Not only LAIV but also the ScaAB protected about 20% of the immunized animals against lethal challenge with A/H1N1pdm virus. The early protection was related to increasing type 1 interferons expression in the lungs. Our results in mice have shown that successful protection against homologous and heterologous influenza infections can be achieved soon after vaccination with either LAIV or LAIV in combination with GBS recombinant peptide. Presumably, such protection may be mediated by non-specific IgM antibodies and an increase in the expression of early cytokines in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Desheva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina F Leontieva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Kramskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Galina O Landgraf
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Sychev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey R Rekstin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Suvorov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov's Str., 12, 197376, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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13
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Wang L, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Sun L, Wu J, Li H, Liu F, Wang F, Yang C, Yang J, Leng Q, Zhang Q, Xu A, Shen L, Sun J, Wu D, Fang C, Lu H, Yan D, Ge B. PLCβ2 negatively regulates the inflammatory response to virus infection by inhibiting phosphoinositide-mediated activation of TAK1. Nat Commun 2019; 10:746. [PMID: 30765691 PMCID: PMC6375925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive or uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines caused by severe viral infections often results in host tissue injury or even death. Phospholipase C (PLC)s degrade phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) lipids and regulate multiple cellular events. Here, we report that PLCβ2 inhibits the virus-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by interacting with and inhibiting transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation. Mechanistically, PI(4,5)P2 lipids directly interact with TAK1 at W241 and N245, and promote its activation. Impairing of PI(4,5)P2's binding affinity or mutation of PIP2-binding sites on TAK1 abolish its activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PLCβ2-deficient mice exhibit increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and a higher frequency of death in response to virus infection, while the PLCβ2 activator, m-3M3FBS, protects mice from severe Coxsackie virus A 16 (CVA16) infection. Thus, our findings suggest that PLCβ2 negatively regulates virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting phosphoinositide-mediated activation of TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Juehui Wu
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Haohao Li
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfu Yang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Juhao Yang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Ajing Xu
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Caiyun Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dapeng Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Zhang J, Su R, Jian X, An H, Jiang R, Mok CKP. The D253N Mutation in the Polymerase Basic 2 Gene in Avian Influenza (H9N2) Virus Contributes to the Pathogenesis of the Virus in Mammalian Hosts. Virol Sin 2018; 33:531-537. [PMID: 30569291 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene of avian influenza viruses are important signatures for their adaptation to mammalian hosts. Various adaptive mutations have been identified around the 627 and nuclear localization sequence (NLS) domains of PB2 protein, and these mutations contribute to the replicative ability of avian influenza viruses. However, few studies have focused on adaptive mutations in other regions of PB2. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of the D253N mutation in PB2 in an H9N2 virus. This mutation was found to affect an amino acid residue in the middle domain of the PB2 protein. The virus with the D253N mutation showed higher polymerase activity and transiently increased viral replication in human cells. However, the mutant did not show significant differences in viral replication in the respiratory tract of mice upon infection. Our results supported that the D253N mutation in the middle domain of PB2, similar to mutations at the 627 and NLS domains, specifically contributed to the replication of avian influenza viruses in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Rong Su
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Hongliang An
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Ronbing Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China. .,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza continues to be a major public health concern. Antivirals play an important role in limiting the burden of disease and preventing infection and/or transmission. The developments of such agents are heavily dependent on pre-clinical evaluation where animal models are used to answer questions that cannot be easily addressed in human clinical trials. There are numerous animal models available to study the potential benefits of influenza antivirals but each animal model has its own pros and cons. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of using mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, cotton rats, golden hamsters and non-human primates to evaluate influenza therapeutics. Expert opinion: Animals used for evaluating influenza therapeutics differ in their susceptibility to influenza virus infection, their ability to display clinical signs of illness following viral infection and in their practical requirements such as housing. Therefore, defining the scientific question being asked and the data output required will assist in selecting the most appropriate animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin J Mifsud
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Celeste Mk Tai
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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16
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Orally Efficacious Broad-Spectrum Ribonucleoside Analog Inhibitor of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00766-18. [PMID: 29891600 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00766-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality resulting from influenza-like disease are a threat, especially for older adults. To improve case management, next-generation broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics that are efficacious against major drivers of influenza-like disease, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are urgently needed. Using a dual-pathogen high-throughput screening protocol for influenza A virus (IAV) and RSV inhibitors, we have identified N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) as a potent inhibitor of RSV, influenza B viruses, and IAVs of human, avian, and swine origins. Biochemical in vitro polymerase assays and viral RNA sequencing revealed that the ribonucleotide analog is incorporated into nascent viral RNAs in place of cytidine, increasing the frequency of viral mutagenesis. Viral passaging in cell culture in the presence of an inhibitor did not induce robust resistance. Pharmacokinetic profiling demonstrated dose-dependent oral bioavailability of 36 to 56%, sustained levels of the active 5'-triphosphate anabolite in primary human airway cells and mouse lung tissue, and good tolerability after extended dosing at 800 mg/kg of body weight/day. The compound was orally efficacious against RSV and both seasonal and highly pathogenic avian IAVs in mouse models, reducing lung virus loads and alleviating disease biomarkers. Oral dosing reduced IAV burdens in a guinea pig transmission model and suppressed virus spread to uninfected contact animals through direct transmission. Based on its broad-spectrum efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties, NHC is a promising candidate for future clinical development as a treatment option for influenza-like diseases.
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17
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Pan W, Xie H, Li X, Guan W, Chen P, Zhang B, Zhang M, Dong J, Wang Q, Li Z, Li S, Yang Z, Li C, Zhong N, Huang J, Chen L. Patient-derived avian influenza A (H5N6) virus is highly pathogenic in mice but can be effectively treated by anti-influenza polyclonal antibodies. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:107. [PMID: 29899428 PMCID: PMC6000000 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus has been circulating in poultry since 2013 and causes sporadic infections and fatalities in humans. Due to the re-occurrence and continuous evolution of this virus subtype, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenicity of the H5N6 virus and to identify effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. We established a mouse model to evaluate the virulence of H5N6 A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 (H5N6/GZ14), which was isolated from an infected patient. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with H5N6/GZ14 and monitored for morbidity, mortality, cytokine production, lung injury, viral replication, and viral dissemination to other organs. H5N6/GZ14 is highly pathogenic and can kill 50% of mice at a very low infectious dose of 5 plaque-forming units (pfu). Infection with H5N6/GZ14 showed rapid disease progression, viral replication to high titers in the lung, a strongly induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response, and severe lung injury. Moreover, infectious H5N6/GZ14 could be detected in the heart and brain of the infected mice. We also demonstrated that anti-influenza polyclonal antibodies generated by immunizing rhesus macaques could protect mice from lethal infection. Our results provide insights into the pathogenicity of the H5N6 human isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Health Quarantine Laboratory, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenda Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihai Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beiwu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mincong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Health Quarantine Laboratory, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jicheng Huang
- Health Quarantine Laboratory, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Jiao P, Song Y, Huang J, Xiang C, Cui J, Wu S, Qu N, Wang N, Ouyang G, Liao M. H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Is Efficiently Transmissible and Induces an Antibody Response in Chickens. Front Immunol 2018; 9:789. [PMID: 29706970 PMCID: PMC5908893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 viruses pose a threat to human health and they are no less harmful to the poultry industry than the H5N1 avian influenza viruses. However, the pathogenesis, transmissibility, and the host immune response of the H7N9 virus in chickens and mice remain unclear. In this study, we found that H7N9 viruses replicated in multiple organs of the chicken and viral shedding persisted up to 30 days postinoculation (DPI). The viruses were efficiently transmitted between chickens through direct contact. Notably, chickens infected with H7N9 had high antibody levels throughout the entire observation period and their antibody response lasted for 30 DPI. The expression levels of the pattern-recognition receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokines were found to be significantly upregulated in the brain using quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of TLR3, TLR7, MDA5, Mx, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α, and IFN-γ were also significantly different in the lungs of infected chickens. We found that the viruses isolated from these birds had low pathogenicity in mice, produced little weight loss and could only replicate in the lungs. Our findings suggested that the H7N9 viruses could replicate in chickens and mice and be efficiently transmitted between chickens, which presented a significant threat to human and poultry health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nianchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowen Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Xu YL, Tang HL, Peng HR, Zhao P, Qi ZT, Wang W. RIP3 deficiency ameliorates inflammatory response in mice infected with influenza H7N9 virus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27715-27724. [PMID: 28423682 PMCID: PMC5438603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus infection causes an acute, highly contagious respiratory illness that triggers cell death of infected cells and airway epithelial destruction. RIP3 is a key regulator of cell death responses to a growing number of viral and microbial agents. This study aimed to investigate the role of RIP3 in inflammation of influenza H7N9 virus infection. Here, RIP3 knock out (RIP3−/−) mice and littermate wild type mice were infected intranasally with influenza H7N9 virus (A/Fujian/S03/2015) to determine the contribution of RIP3 to the inflammatory response of influenza H7N9 virus infection. It was found that RIP3−/− mice infected with H7N9 virus showed higher survival and less weight loss, compared with wild type littermate mice. In addition, RIP3−/− mice had fewer regions of edema, infiltration with inflammatory cells, and alveolar collapses, and the secretions of IL-1β, IL-6, RANTES and MIP-1 in BALF were significantly decreased on days 3 and 7 p.i. when compared with WT mice. Moreover, caspase 1/IL1β signaling was found to be involved in RIP3 associated inflammation of influenza H7N9 virus, but not RIP3/MLKL dependent necrosis. In the conclusion, our results indicated that RIP3 deficiency can protect mice from the infection of influenza H7N9 virus by downregulating caspase 1/IL1β signaling, which provided evidence of the RIP3 involved necroptosis independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lin Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Ran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Syrian Hamster as an Animal Model for the Study of Human Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01693-17. [PMID: 29212926 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01693-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets and mice are frequently used as animal models for influenza research. However, ferrets are demanding in terms of housing space and handling, whereas mice are not naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza A or B viruses. Therefore, prior adaptation of human viruses is required for their use in mice. In addition, there are no mouse-adapted variants of the recent H3N2 viruses, because these viruses do not replicate well in mice. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of Syrian hamsters to influenza viruses with a view to using the hamster model as an alternative to the mouse model. We found that hamsters are sensitive to influenza viruses, including the recent H3N2 viruses, without adaptation. Although the hamsters did not show weight loss or clinical signs of H3N2 virus infection, we observed pathogenic effects in the respiratory tracts of the infected animals. All of the H3N2 viruses tested replicated in the respiratory organs of the hamsters, and some of them were detected in the nasal washes of infected animals. Moreover, a 2009 pandemic (pdm09) virus and a seasonal H1N1 virus, as well as one of the two H3N2 viruses, but not a type B virus, were transmissible by the airborne route in these hamsters. Hamsters thus have the potential to be a small-animal model for the study of influenza virus infection, including studies of the pathogenicity of H3N2 viruses and other strains, as well as for use in H1N1 virus transmission studies.IMPORTANCE We found that Syrian hamsters are susceptible to human influenza viruses, including the recent H3N2 viruses, without adaptation. We also found that a pdm09 virus and a seasonal H1N1 virus, as well as one of the H3N2 viruses, but not a type B virus tested, are transmitted by the airborne route in these hamsters. Syrian hamsters thus have the potential to be used as a small-animal model for the study of human influenza viruses.
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21
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Research progress in human infection with avian influenza H7N9 virus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1299-1306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Zhou J, Guo X, Fang D, Yu Y, Si L, Wang Y, Zeng G, Yan H, Wu J, Ke C, Jiang L. Avian Influenza A (H7N9) viruses isolated from patients with mild and fatal infection differ in pathogenicity and induction of cytokines. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:402-409. [PMID: 28826765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, a novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus strain has continued to circulate within poultry and causing human disease. Influenza A (H7N9) virus results in two types of infection: mild and severe. The different results of clinical findings may be related with host susceptibility and characteristics of the virus itself. In order to investigate potential pathogenesis of Influenza A (H7N9) virus, we performed pathogenecity and cytokines analysis of two isolates, A/Guangdong/6/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-6) from a patient with a mild infection, and A/Guangdong/7/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-7) from a patient with a fatal infection. We found that GD-7 replicated to higher levels than GD-6 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lung tissues, and mice. Furthermore, GD-7 infection resulted in more severe lung damage in mice lung tissues than GD-6 infection. GD-7 elicited higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) than GD-6 did. In conclusion, GD-7 was more pathogenic and induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than GD-6 did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Teaching Center of Biology Experiment, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Danyun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yufeng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lulu Si
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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23
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The H7N9 influenza A virus infection results in lethal inflammation in the mammalian host via the NLRP3-caspase-1 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7625. [PMID: 28790324 PMCID: PMC5548739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian origin influenza A virus (IAV) H7N9 has caused a considerable number of human infections associated with high rates of death since its emergence in 2013. As a vital component of the host innate immune system, the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a critical role against H1N1 viral infection. However, the function of NLRP3 inflammasome in host immunological responses to the lethal H7N9 virus is still obscure. Here, we demonstrated that mice deficient for NLRP3 inflammasome components, including NLRP3, caspase-1, and Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), were less susceptible to H7N9 viral challenge than wild type (WT) controls. Inflammasome deficiency in these animals led to significantly milder mortality and less pulmonary inflammation compared with WT mice. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor deficient mice also exhibited a higher survival rate than WT controls. Thus, our study reveals that the NLRP3 inflammasome is deleterious for the host during H7N9 infection in mice, which is due to an overwhelming inflammatory response via caspase-1 activation and associated IL-1 signal. Therefore, fine-tuning the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome or IL-1 signaling may be beneficial for the host to control H7N9 associated lethal pathogenesis.
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Su S, Gu M, Liu D, Cui J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Liu X. Epidemiology, Evolution, and Pathogenesis of H7N9 Influenza Viruses in Five Epidemic Waves since 2013 in China. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:713-728. [PMID: 28734617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza viruses were first isolated in 2013 and continue to cause human infections. H7N9 infections represent an ongoing public health threat that has resulted in 1344 cases with 511 deaths as of April 9, 2017. This highlights the continued threat posed by the current poultry trade and live poultry market system in China. Until now, there have been five H7N9 influenza epidemic waves in China; however, the steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 viruses observed in the fifth wave, beginning in October 2016, the spread into western provinces, and the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 influenza outbreaks in chickens and infection in humans have caused domestic and international concern. In this review, we summarize and compare the different waves of H7N9 regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, evolution, and characteristic features, and speculate on factors behind the recent increase in the number of human cases and sudden outbreaks in chickens. The continuous evolution of the virus poses a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry, and thus it is imperative to strengthen prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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25
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Desheva YA, Leontieva GF, Kramskaya TA, Smolonogina TA, Grabovskaya KB, Landgraf GO, Karev VE, Suvorov AN, Rudenko LG. Prevention of Influenza A(H7N9) and Bacterial Infections in Mice Using Intranasal Immunization With Live Influenza Vaccine and the Group B Streptococcus Recombinant Polypeptides. Virology (Auckl) 2017; 8:1178122X17710949. [PMID: 28615930 PMCID: PMC5462492 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x17710949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the protective effect of combined vaccination based on live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and group B streptococcus (GBS) recombinant polypeptides against potential pandemic H7N9 influenza infection followed by GBS burden. Mice were intranasally immunized using 107 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of H7N3 LAIV, the mix of the 4 GBS peptides (group B streptococcus vaccine [GBSV]), or combined LAIV + GBSV vaccine. The LAIV raised serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against H7N9 in higher titers than against H7N3. Combined vaccination provided advantageous protection against infections with A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9)CDC-RG influenza and serotype II GBS. Combined vaccine significantly improved bacterial clearance from the lungs after infection compared with other vaccine groups. The smallest lung lesions due to combined LAIV + GBSV vaccination were associated with a prevalence of lung interferon-γ messenger RNA expression. Thus, combined viral and bacterial intranasal immunization using H7N3 LAIV and recombinant bacterial polypeptides induced balanced adaptive immune response, providing protection against potential pandemic influenza H7N9 and bacterial complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Desheva
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina F Leontieva
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Kramskaya
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Smolonogina
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kornelia B Grabovskaya
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina O Landgraf
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim E Karev
- Laboratory of Pathomorphology, Children's Scientific and Clinical Center of Infectious Diseases Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Suvorov
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa G Rudenko
- Virology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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26
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The PB2 mutation with lysine at 627 enhances the pathogenicity of avian influenza (H7N9) virus which belongs to a non-zoonotic lineage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2352. [PMID: 28539661 PMCID: PMC5443809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China in 2013 and has caused zoonotic disease in over 1123 persons with an overall mortality around 30%. Amino acid changes at the residues 591, 627 and 701 of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) have been found frequently in the human H7N9 isolates but not in viruses isolated from avian species. We have recently identified a cluster of H7N9 viruses in ducks which circulated in China prior to the first recognition of zoonotic disease in 2013. These duck viruses have genetic background distinct from the zoonotic H7N9 lineage. We found that the introduction of PB2 mutation with K at 627 but not K at 591 or N at 701 to the duck H7N9 virus led to increased pathogenicity in mice. We also found that the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1α were associated with increased severity of infection. We conclude that introduction of the mammalian adaptation mutations into the PB2 gene of duck H7N9 viruses, which are genetically unrelated to the zoonotic H7N9 lineage, can also enhance pathogenicity in mice.
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27
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Velkers FC, Blokhuis SJ, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Burt SA. The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review. Vet Q 2017; 37:182-194. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1325537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C. Velkers
- Department of Farm Animal Health – Epidemiology, Infectiology and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Blokhuis
- Department of Farm Animal Health – Epidemiology, Infectiology and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sara A. Burt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kobayashi M, Kodama M, Noshi T, Yoshida R, Kanazu T, Nomura N, Soda K, Isoda N, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Yamano Y, Sato A, Kida H. Therapeutic efficacy of peramivir against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses harboring the neuraminidase H275Y mutation. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:41-48. [PMID: 28012921 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High morbidity and mortality associated with human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, including H5N1 influenza virus, have been reported. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antiviral effects of peramivir against HPAI viruses. In neuraminidase (NA) inhibition and virus replication inhibition assays, peramivir showed strong inhibitory activity against H5N1, H7N1 and H7N7 HPAI viruses with sub-nanomolar activity in enzyme assays. In H5N1 viruses containing the NA H275Y mutation, the antiviral activity of peramivir against the variant was lower than that against the wild-type. Evaluation of the in vivo antiviral activity showed that a single intravenous treatment of peramivir (10 mg/kg) prevented lethality in mice infected with wild-type H5N1 virus and also following infection with H5N1 virus with the H275Y mutation after a 5 day administration of peramivir (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, mice injected with peramivir showed low viral titers and low levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. These results suggest that peramivir has therapeutic activity against HPAI viruses even if the virus harbors the NA H275Y mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kobayashi
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kodama
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noshi
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryu Yoshida
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory for Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamano
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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29
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Meliopoulos VA, Van de Velde LA, Van de Velde NC, Karlsson EA, Neale G, Vogel P, Guy C, Sharma S, Duan S, Surman SL, Jones BG, Johnson MDL, Bosio C, Jolly L, Jenkins RG, Hurwitz JL, Rosch JW, Sheppard D, Thomas PG, Murray PJ, Schultz-Cherry S. An Epithelial Integrin Regulates the Amplitude of Protective Lung Interferon Responses against Multiple Respiratory Pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005804. [PMID: 27505057 PMCID: PMC4978498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy lung maintains a steady state of immune readiness to rapidly respond to injury from invaders. Integrins are important for setting the parameters of this resting state, particularly the epithelial-restricted αVβ6 integrin, which is upregulated during injury. Once expressed, αVβ6 moderates acute lung injury (ALI) through as yet undefined molecular mechanisms. We show that the upregulation of β6 during influenza infection is involved in disease pathogenesis. β6-deficient mice (β6 KO) have increased survival during influenza infection likely due to the limited viral spread into the alveolar spaces leading to reduced ALI. Although the β6 KO have morphologically normal lungs, they harbor constitutively activated lung CD11b+ alveolar macrophages (AM) and elevated type I IFN signaling activity, which we traced to the loss of β6-activated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Administration of exogenous TGF-β to β6 KO mice leads to reduced numbers of CD11b+ AMs, decreased type I IFN signaling activity and loss of the protective phenotype during influenza infection. Protection extended to other respiratory pathogens such as Sendai virus and bacterial pneumonia. Our studies demonstrate that the loss of one epithelial protein, αVβ6 integrin, can alter the lung microenvironment during both homeostasis and respiratory infection leading to reduced lung injury and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Van de Velde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Geoff Neale
- The Hartwell Center, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catharine Bosio
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jolly
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R. Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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30
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Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015. J Virol 2016; 90:4647-4657. [PMID: 26912620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00134-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Three waves of human infection with H7N9 influenza viruses have concluded to date, but only viruses within the first wave (isolated between March and September 2013) have been extensively studied in mammalian models. While second- and third-wave viruses remain closely linked phylogenetically and antigenically, even subtle molecular changes can impart critical shifts in mammalian virulence. To determine if H7N9 viruses isolated from humans during 2013 to 2015 have maintained the phenotype first identified among 2013 isolates, we assessed the ability of first-, second-, and third-wave H7N9 viruses isolated from humans to cause disease in mice and ferrets and to transmit among ferrets. Similar to first-wave viruses, H7N9 viruses from 2013 to 2015 were highly infectious in mice, with lethality comparable to that of the well-studied A/Anhui/1/2013 virus. Second- and third-wave viruses caused moderate disease in ferrets, transmitted efficiently to cohoused, naive contact animals, and demonstrated limited transmissibility by respiratory droplets. All H7N9 viruses replicated efficiently in human bronchial epithelial cells, with subtle changes in pH fusion threshold identified between H7N9 viruses examined. Our results indicate that despite increased genetic diversity and geographical distribution since their initial detection in 2013, H7N9 viruses have maintained a pathogenic phenotype in mammals and continue to represent an immediate threat to public health. IMPORTANCE H7N9 influenza viruses, first isolated in 2013, continue to cause human infection and represent an ongoing public health threat. Now entering the fourth wave of human infection, H7N9 viruses continue to exhibit genetic diversity in avian hosts, necessitating continuous efforts to monitor their pandemic potential. However, viruses isolated post-2013 have not been extensively studied, limiting our understanding of potential changes in virus-host adaptation. In order to ensure that current research with first-wave H7N9 viruses still pertains to more recently isolated strains, we compared the relative virulence and transmissibility of H7N9 viruses isolated during the second and third waves, through 2015, in the mouse and ferret models. Our finding that second- and third-wave viruses generally exhibit disease in mammals comparable to that of first-wave viruses strengthens our ability to extrapolate research from the 2013 viruses to current public health efforts. These data further contribute to our understanding of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism.
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31
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To KKW, Lau CCY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chan JFW, Chan KH, Zhang AJX, Chen H, Yuen KY. Human H7N9 virus induces a more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine but an attenuated interferon response in human bronchial epithelial cells when compared with an epidemiologically-linked chicken H7N9 virus. Virol J 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 26975414 PMCID: PMC4791762 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus H7N9 has jumped species barrier, causing sporadic human infections since 2013. We have previously isolated an H7N9 virus from a patient, and an H7N9 virus from a chicken in a live poultry market where the patient visited during the incubation period. These two viruses were genetically highly similar. This study sought to use a human bronchial epithelial cell line model to infer the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in humans. Methods Human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 was infected with two H7N9 viruses (human H7N9-HU and chicken H7N9-CK), a human H5N1 virus and a human 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. The infected cell lysate was collected at different time points post-infection for the determination of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 [IL-10] and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]), chemokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]), and interferons (interferon β [IFN-β] and interferon lambda 1 [IFNL1]). The viral load in the cell lysate was also measured. Results Comparison of the human and chicken H7N9 viruses showed that H7N9-HU induced significantly higher levels of TNF-α at 12 h post-infection, and significantly higher levels of IL-8 from 12 to 48 h post-infection than those of H7N9-CK. However, the level of IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than that of H7N9-CK at 48 h post-infection (P < 0.001). H7N9-HU had significantly higher viral loads than H7N9-CK at 3 and 6 h post-infection. H5N1 induced significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MCP-1 than those of H7N9 viruses at 48 h post-infection. Conversely, H1N1 induced lower levels of TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, IFNL1 and IFN-β when compared with H7N9 viruses at the same time point. Conclusions H7N9-HU induced higher levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 and exhibited a more rapid viral replication than H7N9-CK. However, the level of antiviral IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than H7N9-CK. Our results suggest that the gained properties in modulating human innate immunity by H7N9-HU transformed it to be a more virulent virus in humans than H7N9-CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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32
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The Effect of Oseltamivir on the Disease Progression of Lethal Influenza A Virus Infection: Plasma Cytokine and miRNA Responses in a Mouse Model. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:9296457. [PMID: 27110056 PMCID: PMC4824134 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9296457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lethal influenza A virus infection leads to acute lung injury and possibly lethal complications. There has been a continuous effort to identify the possible predictors of disease severity. Unlike earlier studies, where biomarkers were analyzed on certain time points or days after infection, in this study biomarkers were evaluated over the entire course of infection. Circulating proinflammatory cytokines and/or miRNAs that track with the onset and progression of lethal A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) influenza A virus infection and their response to oseltamivir treatment were investigated up to 10 days after infection. Changes in plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-6, KC, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and several candidate miRNAs were profiled. Among the cytokines analyzed, IL-6 and KC/GRO cytokines appeared to correlate with peak viral titer. Over the selected 48 miRNAs profiled, certain miRNAs were up- or downregulated in a manner that was dependent on the oseltamivir treatment and disease severity. Our findings suggest that IL-6 and KC/GRO cytokines can be a potential disease severity biomarker and/or marker for the progression/remission of infection. Further studies to explore other cytokines, miRNAs, and lung injury proteins in serum with different subtypes of influenza A viruses with varying disease severity may provide new insight into other unique biomarkers.
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Wang Z, Loh L, Kedzierski L, Kedzierska K. Avian Influenza Viruses, Inflammation, and CD8(+) T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 26973644 PMCID: PMC4771736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate naturally in wild aquatic birds, infect domestic poultry, and are capable of causing sporadic bird-to-human transmissions. AIVs capable of infecting humans include a highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, first detected in humans in 1997, and a low pathogenic AIV H7N9, reported in humans in 2013. Both H5N1 and H7N9 cause severe influenza disease in humans, manifested by acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and high mortality rates of 60% and 35%, respectively. Ongoing circulation of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses in wild birds and poultry, and their ability to infect humans emphasizes their epidemic and pandemic potential and poses a public health threat. It is, thus, imperative to understand the host immune responses to the AIVs so we can control severe influenza disease caused by H5N1 or H7N9 and rationally design new immunotherapies and vaccines. This review summarizes our current knowledge on AIV epidemiology, disease symptoms, inflammatory processes underlying the AIV infection in humans, and recent studies on universal pre-existing CD8(+) T cell immunity to AIVs. Immune responses driving the host recovery from AIV infection in patients hospitalized with severe influenza disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zhao C, Qi X, Ding M, Sun X, Zhou Z, Zhang S, Zen K, Li X. Pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation is associated with novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in primary human macrophages. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:299-305. [PMID: 26644088 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since March 2013, more than 500 laboratory-confirmed human H7N9 influenza A virus infection cases have been recorded, with a case fatality rate of more than 30%. Clinical research has shown that cytokine and chemokine dysregulation contributes to the pathogenicity of the H7N9 virus. Here, we investigated cytokine profiles in primary human macrophages infected with the novel H7N9 virus, using cytokine antibody arrays. The levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, were increased in H7N9-infected macrophages. Induction of the transcriptional and translational levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by H7N9 virus seemed to be intermediate between those induced by highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and pandemic human H1N1 viruses, which were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Additionally, compared with H5N1, the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by H7N9 infection occurred rapidly but mildly. Our results identified the overall profiles of cytokine and chemokine induction by the H7N9 influenza virus in an in vitro cell-culture model, and could provide potential therapeutic targets for the control of severe human H7N9 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Meng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Xinlei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Xihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
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Farooqui A, Huang L, Wu S, Cai Y, Su M, Lin P, Chen W, Fang X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zeng T, Paquette SG, Khan A, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Assessment of Antiviral Properties of Peramivir against H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus in an Experimental Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7255-64. [PMID: 26369969 PMCID: PMC4649212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01885-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus causes a severe form of disease in humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors, including oral oseltamivir and injectable peramivir, are the first choices of antiviral treatment for such cases; however, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is questionable. Animal experimental models are essential for understanding the viral replication kinetics under the selective pressure of antiviral agents. This study demonstrates the antiviral activity of peramivir in a mouse model of H7N9 avian influenza virus infection. The data show that repeated administration of peramivir at 30 mg/kg of body weight successfully eradicated the virus from the respiratory tract and extrapulmonary tissues during the acute response, prevented clinical signs of the disease, including neuropathy, and eventually protected mice against lethal H7N9 influenza virus infection. Early treatment with peramivir was found to be associated with better disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Farooqui
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxi Huang
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Suwu Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Yingmu Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Pengzhou Lin
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Xibin Fang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yisu Liu
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Stephane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adnan Khan
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zheng J, Wu WL, Liu Y, Xiang Z, Liu M, Chan KH, Lau SY, Lam KT, To KKW, Chan JFW, Li L, Chen H, Lau YL, Yuen KY, Tu W. The Therapeutic Effect of Pamidronate on Lethal Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus Infected Humanized Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135999. [PMID: 26285203 PMCID: PMC4540487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel avian influenza virus H7N9 infection occurred among human populations since 2013. Although the lack of sustained human-to-human transmission limited the epidemics caused by H7N9, the late presentation of most patients and the emergence of neuraminidase-resistant strains made the development of novel antiviral strategy against H7N9 in urgent demands. In this study, we evaluated the potential of pamidronate, a pharmacological phosphoantigen that can specifically boost human Vδ2-T-cell, on treating H7N9 virus-infected humanized mice. Our results showed that intraperitoneal injection of pamidronate could potently decrease the morbidity and mortality of H7N9-infected mice through controlling both viral replication and inflammation in affected lungs. More importantly, pamidronate treatment starting from 3 days after infection could still significantly ameliorate the severity of diseases in infected mice and improve their survival chance, whereas orally oseltamivir treatment starting at the same time showed no therapeutic effects. As for the mechanisms underlying pamidronate-based therapy, our in vitro data demonstrated that its antiviral effects were partly mediated by IFN-γ secreted from human Vδ2-T cells. Meanwhile, human Vδ2-T cells could directly kill virus-infected host cells in a perforin-, granzyme B- and CD137-dependent manner. As pamidronate has been used for osteoporosis treatment for more than 20 years, pamidronate-based therapy represents for a safe and readily available option for clinical trials to treat H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody is effective against H7N9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10890-5. [PMID: 26283346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502374112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging strains of influenza represent a significant public health threat with potential pandemic consequences. Of particular concern are the recently emerged H7N9 strains which cause pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Estimates are that nearly 80% of hospitalized patients with H7N9 have received intensive care unit support. VIS410, a human antibody, targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza A. We evaluated the efficacy of VIS410 for neutralization of group 2 influenza strains, including H3N2 and H7N9 strains in vitro and in vivo. VIS410, administered at 50 mg/kg, protected DBA mice infected with A/Anhui/2013 (H7N9), resulting in significant survival benefit upon single-dose (-24 h) or double-dose (-12 h, +48 h) administration (P < 0.001). A single dose of VIS410 at 50 mg/kg (-12 h) combined with oseltamivir at 50 mg/kg (-12 h, twice daily for 7 d) in C57BL/6 mice infected with A/Shanghai 2/2013 (H7N9) resulted in significant decreased lung viral load (P = 0.002) and decreased lung cytokine responses for nine of the 11 cytokines measured. Based on these results, we find that VIS410 may be effective either as monotherapy or combined with antivirals in treating H7N9 disease, as well as disease from other influenza strains.
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Fang L, Halloran ME, Ma M, Liang S, Kenah E, Britton T, Chen E, Hu J, Tang F, Cao W, Feng Z, Longini IM. Household transmissibility of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, China, February to May 2013 and October 2013 to March 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:21056. [PMID: 25788253 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.10.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study human-to-human transmissibility of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China, household contact information was collected for 125 index cases during the spring wave (February to May 2013), and for 187 index cases during the winter wave (October 2013 to March 2014). Using a statistical model, we found evidence for human-to-human transmission, but such transmission is not sustainable. Under plausible assumptions about the natural history of disease and the relative transmission frequencies in settings other than household, we estimate the household secondary attack rate (SAR) among humans to be 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 2.3), and the basic reproductive number R0 to be 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.13). The estimates range from 1.3% to 2.2% for SAR and from 0.07 to 0.12 for R0 with reasonable changes in the assumptions. There was no significant change in the human-to-human transmissibility of the virus between the two waves, although a minor increase was observed in the winter wave. No sex or age difference in the risk of infection from a human source was found. Human-to-human transmissibility of H7N9 continues to be limited, but it needs to be closely monitored for potential increase via genetic reassortment or mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Qi W, Tian J, Su S, Huang L, Li H, Liao M. Identification of potential virulence determinants associated H9N2 avian influenza virus PB2 E627K mutation by comparative proteomics. Proteomics 2015; 15:1512-24. [PMID: 25641917 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some highly pathogenic H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8 isolated from China carried six internal genes from H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the key amino acids at 627 in PB2 of these viruses had mutated to K. To investigate the mechanism of increased pathogenicity for H9N2 AIV PB2 627K, we analyzed the difference in mouse lung proteins expression response to PB2 K627E. By iTRAQ method, we found that the mutated K627E contributed to a set of differentially expressed lung proteins, including five upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins at 12 h postinfection; ten upregulated proteins and 25 downregulated proteins at 72 h postinfection. These proteins were chiefly involved within the cytoskeleton and motor proteins, antiviral proteins, regulation of glucocorticoids signal-associated proteins, pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins. Alteration of moesin, FKBP4, Hsp70, ezrin, and pulmonary surfactant protein A (sp-A) may play important roles in increasing virulence and decreasing lungs antiviral response. Further, three upregulated proteins (moesin, ezrin, and sp-A) caused by PB2 K627E were also confirmed in A549 cells. Moreover, overexpression of sp-A in A549 inhibited virus replication and downregulation promoted virus replication. In this study, sp-A as a potential virulence determinant associated H9N2 AIV PB2 E627K mutation was identified using comparative proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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40
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Zhao FR, Zhou DH, Lin T, Shao JJ, Wei P, Zhang YG, Chang HY. The first lack of evidence of H7N9 avian influenza virus infections among pigs in Eastern China. Microb Pathog 2015; 80:63-6. [PMID: 25680835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to examine whether evidence existed suggesting that pigs were being infected with the novel H7N9 avian influenza virus. From November 2012 to November 2013, blood was drawn from 1560 pigs from 100 large farms in 4 provinces of eastern China. Many of these pigs were in close proximity to wild birds or poultry. Swine sera were studied using hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against the H7 antigen derived from the emergent H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV). Only 29 of the 1560 samples had HI titers of 1:20 when using the H7N9 AIV antigens, and none of the 29 (H7N9 AIV) HI-positive samples were positive when using ELISA, indicating that no samples were positive for H7N9. The negative results were also verified using a novel competitive HA-ELISA. As pigs have been shown to be infected with other avian influenza viruses and as the prevalence of novel influenza A viruses (e.g., H7N9 AIV) may be increasing among poultry in China, similar seroepidemiological studies of pigs should be periodically conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Northeast Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haerbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Fluorescent immunochromatography for rapid and sensitive typing of seasonal influenza viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116715. [PMID: 25650570 PMCID: PMC4317186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral flow tests also known as Immunochromatography (IC) is an antigen-detection method conducted on a nitrocellulose membrane that can be completed in less than 20 min. IC has been used as an important rapid test for clinical diagnosis and surveillance of influenza viruses, but the IC sensitivity is relatively low (approximately 60%) and the limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 10³ pfu per reaction. Recently, we reported an improved IC assay using antibodies conjugated with fluorescent beads (fluorescent immunochromatography; FLIC) for subtyping H5 influenza viruses (FLIC-H5). Although the FLIC strip must be scanned using a fluorescent reader, the sensitivity (LOD) is significantly improved over that of conventional IC methods. In addition, the antibodies which are specific against the subtypes of influenza viruses cannot be available for the detection of other subtypes when the major antigenicity will be changed. In this study, we established the use of FLIC to type seasonal influenza A and B viruses (FLIC-AB). This method has improved sensitivity to 100-fold higher than that of conventional IC methods when we used several strains of influenza viruses. In addition, FLIC-AB demonstrated the ability to detect influenza type A and influenza type B viruses from clinical samples with high sensitivity and specificity (Type A: sensitivity 98.7% (74/75), specificity 100% (54/54), Type B: sensitivity 100% (90/90), specificity 98.2% (54/55) in nasal swab samples) in comparison to the results of qRT-PCR. And furthermore, FLIC-AB performs better in the detection of early stage infection (under 13h) than other conventional IC methods. Our results provide new strategies to prevent the early-stage transmission of influenza viruses in humans during both seasonal outbreaks and pandemics.
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Amino acids substitutions in the PB2 protein of H7N9 influenza A viruses are important for virulence in mammalian hosts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8039. [PMID: 25623817 PMCID: PMC4306964 DOI: 10.1038/srep08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the biological significance of two amino acid mutations in the PB2 protein (glutamic acid to lysine at position 627 and aspartic acid to asparagine at position 701) of A(H7N9) viruses for mammalian adaptation. Mutants were assessed for their viral polymerase activities, growth kinetics in mammalian and avian cells, and pathogenicity in mice. We found that lysine at position 627 and asparagine at position 701 in PB2 are essential for mammalian adaptation of A(H7N9) viruses.
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Liu M, Li X, Yuan H, Zhou J, Wu J, Bo H, Xia W, Xiong Y, Yang L, Gao R, Guo J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zou X, Chen T, Wang D, Li Q, Wang S, Chen S, Hu M, Ni X, Gong T, Shi Y, Li J, Zhou J, Cai J, Xiao Z, Zhang W, Sun J, Li D, Wu G, Feng Z, Wang Y, Chen H, Shu Y. Genetic diversity of avian influenza A (H10N8) virus in live poultry markets and its association with human infections in China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7632. [PMID: 25591167 PMCID: PMC5379002 DOI: 10.1038/srep07632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first human infection with the influenza A (H10N8) virus in Nanchang, China in December 2013, we identified two additional patients on January 19 and February 9, 2014. The epidemiologic, clinical, and virological data from the patients and the environmental specimen collected from 23 local live poultry markets (LPMs) were analyzed. The three H10N8 cases had a history of poultry exposure and presented with high fever (>38°C), rapidly progressive pneumonia and lymphopenia. Substantial high levels of cytokines and chemokines were observed. The sequences from an isolate (A/Environment/Jiangxi/03489/2013 [H10N8]) in an epidemiologically linked LPM showed highly identity with human H10N8 virus, evidencing LPM as the source of human infection. The HA and NA of human and environmental H10N8 isolates showed high identity (99.1–99.9%) while six genotypes with internal genes derived from H9N2, H7N3 and H7N9 subtype viruses were detected in environmental H10N8 isolates. The genotype of the virus causing human infection, Jiangxi/346, possessed a whole internal gene set of the A/Environment/Jiangxi/10618/2014(H9N2)-like virus. Thus, our findings support the notion that LPMs can act as both a gene pool for the generation of novel reassortants and a source for human infection, and intensive surveillance and management should therefore be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbin Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Hui Yuan
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Jingwen Wu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Wen Xia
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Ying Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Junfeng Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Weijuan Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Qun Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - ShiWen Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Shengen Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Maohong Hu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Xiansheng Ni
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Tian Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Yong Shi
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Jun Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330029
| | - Jun Cai
- Donghu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330008
| | - Zuke Xiao
- Jiangxi Provincial people's Hospital, Nanchang, China, 330006
| | - Wei Zhang
- The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China, 330008
| | - Jian Sun
- The fourth affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, China, 330006
| | - Dexin Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Yu Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 102206
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China, 330038
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China, 102206
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Husain M. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in humans: Epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:304-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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The K526R substitution in viral protein PB2 enhances the effects of E627K on influenza virus replication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5509. [PMID: 25409547 PMCID: PMC4263149 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-adaptive strategies, such as the E627K substitution in the PB2 protein, are critical for replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammalian hosts. Here we show that mutation PB2-K526R is present in some human H7N9 influenza isolates, in nearly 80% of H5N1 human isolates from Indonesia and, in conjunction with E627K, in almost all seasonal H3N2 viruses since 1970. Polymerase complexes containing PB2-526R derived from H7N9, H5N1 or H3N2 viruses exhibit increased polymerase activity. PB2-526R also enhances viral transcription and replication in cells. In comparison with viruses carrying 627K, H7N9 viruses carrying both 526R and 627K replicate more efficiently in mammalian (but not avian) cells and in mouse lung tissues, and cause greater body weight loss and mortality in infected mice. PB2-K526R interacts with nuclear export protein and our results suggest that it contributes to enhance replication for certain influenza virus subtypes, particularly in combination with 627K.
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The pathological effects of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes are amplified by an IFNAR1-triggered chemokine feedback loop in highly pathogenic influenza infection. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:99. [PMID: 25407417 PMCID: PMC4243311 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic influenza viruses cause high levels of morbidity, including excessive infiltration of leukocytes into the lungs, high viral loads and a cytokine storm. However, the details of how these pathological features unfold in severe influenza infections remain unclear. Accumulation of Gr1 + CD11b + myeloid cells has been observed in highly pathogenic influenza infections but it is not clear how and why they accumulate in the severely inflamed lung. In this study, we selected this cell population as a target to investigate the extreme inflammatory response during severe influenza infection. RESULTS We established H1N1 IAV-infected mouse models using three viruses of varying pathogenicity and noted the accumulation of a defined Gr1 + CD11b + myeloid population correlating with the pathogenicity. Herein, we reported that CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes are the major cell compartments in this population. Of note, impaired clearance of the high pathogenicity virus prolonged IFN expression, leading to CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes amplifying their own recruitment via an interferon-α/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-triggered chemokine loop. Blockage of IFNAR1-triggered signaling or inhibition of viral replication by Oseltamivir significantly suppresses the expression of CCR2 ligands and reduced the influx of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes. Furthermore, trafficking of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes from the bone marrow to the lung was evidenced by a CCR2-dependent chemotaxis. Importantly, leukocyte infiltration, cytokine storm and expression of iNOS were significantly reduced in CCR2-/- mice lacking infiltrating CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes, enhancing the survival of the infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that uncontrolled viral replication leads to excessive production of inflammatory innate immune responses by accumulating CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes, which contribute to the fatal outcomes of high pathogenicity virus infections.
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Feng Y, Hu L, Lu S, Chen Q, Zheng Y, Zeng D, Zhang J, Zhang A, Chen L, Hu Y, Zhang Z. Molecular pathology analyses of two fatal human infections of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. J Clin Pathol 2014; 68:57-63. [PMID: 25378539 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the histopathological manifestations of two fatal cases of H7N9 influenza A virus infection. METHODS Pulmonary and hepatic specimens from two fatal cases of H7N9 influenza virus infection were examined using H&E staining. Additionally, in situ hybridisation was performed with probes (ViewRNA) targeting H7N9 RNA and IP-10, interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA. The distribution of surfactant protein A (SP-A), surfactant protein B (SP-B), CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68 and C4d were determined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Apart from the typical diffuse alveolar damage and hyaline membrane observed in severe influenza infection, we detected H7N9 RNA and massive intrapulmonary production of IP-10 and IL-6 mRNA using in situ hybridisation. Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes was observed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Proliferating macrophages and clustered neutrophils in the infected lungs were observed, whereas T lymphocytes, especially CD4T helper cells, were markedly depleted. No obvious complement deposition was found in lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that H7N9 influenza virus induced an immunological response towards overt pulmonary inflammation and systemic lymphopenia which led to intense alveolar damage and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Feng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvyin Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuihua Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingguo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anli Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunwen Hu
- Department of Pathogen Diagnosis and Biosafety, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bao L, Xu L, Zhu H, Deng W, Chen T, Lv Q, Li F, Yuan J, Xu Y, Huang L, Li Y, Liu J, Yao Y, Yu P, Chen H, Qin C. Transmission of H7N9 influenza virus in mice by different infective routes. Virol J 2014; 11:185. [PMID: 25367670 PMCID: PMC4289364 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On 19 February 2013, the first patient infected with a novel influenza A H7N9 virus from an avian source showed symptoms of sickness. More than 349 laboratory-confirmed cases and 109 deaths have been reported in mainland China since then. Laboratory-confirmed, human-to-human H7N9 virus transmission has not been documented between individuals having close contact; however, this transmission route could not be excluded for three families. To control the spread of the avian influenza H7N9 virus, we must better understand its pathogenesis, transmissibility, and transmission routes in mammals. Studies have shown that this particular virus is transmitted by aerosols among ferrets. Methods To study potential transmission routes in animals with direct or close contact to other animals, we investigated these factors in a murine model. Results Viable H7N9 avian influenza virus was detected in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, intestine, and brain of model mice. The virus was transmissible between mice in close contact, with a higher concentration of virus found in pharyngeal and ocular secretions, and feces. All these biological materials were contagious for naïve mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that the possible transmission routes for the H7N9 influenza virus were through mucosal secretions and feces. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-185) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, No, 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Beijing 100021, Chaoyang District, China.
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Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Kercher L, Cline T, Freiden P, Duan S, Vogel P, Webby RJ, Guan Y, Peiris M, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Human H7N9 and H5N1 influenza viruses differ in induction of cytokines and tissue tropism. J Virol 2014; 88:12982-91. [PMID: 25210188 PMCID: PMC4249090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01571-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since emerging in 2013, the avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses have resulted in over 400 human infections, leading to 115 deaths to date. Although the epidemiology differs from human highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus infections, there is a similar rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of these studies was to compare the pathological and immunological characteristics of a panel of human H7N9 and H5N1 viruses in vitro and in vivo. Although there were similarities between particular H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, including association between lethal disease and spread to the alveolar spaces and kidney, there were also strain-specific differences. Both H5N1 and H7N9 viruses are capable of causing lethal infections, with mortality correlating most strongly with wider distribution of viral antigen in the lungs, rather than with traditional measures of virus titer and host responses. Strain-specific differences included hypercytokinemia in H5N1 infections that was not seen with the H7N9 infections regardless of lethality. Conversely, H7N9 viruses showed a greater tropism for respiratory epithelium covering nasal passages and nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue than H5N1 viruses, which may explain the enhanced transmission in ferret models. Overall, these studies highlight some distinctive properties of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses in different in vitro and in vivo models. IMPORTANCE The novel avian-origin H7N9 pandemic represents a serious threat to public health. The ability of H7N9 to cause serious lung pathology, leading in some cases to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, is of particular concern. Initial reports of H7N9 infection compared them to infections caused by highly pathogenic avian (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the pathology and immunological response to infection with H7N9 compared to HPAI H5N1 viruses. We compared these responses in both in vitro and in vivo models, and found that H5N1 and H7N9 infections exhibit distinct pathological, immunological, and tissue tropism differences that could explain differences in clinical disease and viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Troy Cline
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Assessment of the internal genes of influenza A (H7N9) virus contributing to high pathogenicity in mice. J Virol 2014; 89:2-13. [PMID: 25320305 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02390-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recently identified H7N9 influenza A virus has caused severe economic losses and worldwide public concern. Genetic analysis indicates that its six internal genes all originated from H9N2 viruses. However, the H7N9 virus is more highly pathogenic in humans than H9N2, which suggests that the internal genes of H7N9 have mutated. To analyze which H7N9 virus internal genes contribute to its high pathogenicity, a series of reassortants was generated by reverse genetics, with each virus containing a single internal gene of the typical A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) (AH-H7N9) virus in the genetic background of the A/chicken/Shandong/lx1023/2007 (H9N2) virus. The replication ability, polymerase activity, and pathogenicity of these viruses were then evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These recombinants displayed high genetic compatibility, and the H7N9-derived PB2, M, and NP genes were identified as the virulence genes for the reassortants in mice. Further investigation confirmed that the PB2 K627 residue is critical for the high pathogenicity of the H7N9 virus and the reassortant containing the H7N9-derived PB2 segment (H9N2-AH/PB2). Notably, the H7N9-derived PB2 gene displayed greater compatibility with the H9N2 genome than that of H7N9, endowing the H9N2-AH/PB2 reassortant with greater viability and virulence than the parental H7N9 virus. In addition, the H7N9 virus, with the exception of the H9N2 reassortants, could effectively replicate in human A549 cells. Our results indicate that PB2, M, and NP are the key virulence genes, together with the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, contributing to the high infectivity of the H7N9 virus in humans. IMPORTANCE To date, the novel H7N9 influenza A virus has caused 437 human infections, with approximately 30% mortality. Previous work has primarily focused on the two viral surface proteins, HA and NA, but the contribution of the six internal genes to the high pathogenicity of H7N9 has not been systematically studied. Here, the H9N2 virus was used as a genetic backbone to evaluate the virulence genes of H7N9 virus in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that the PB2, M, and NP genes play important roles in viral infection in mice and, together with HA and NA, contribute to the high infectivity of the H7N9 virus in humans.
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