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Yuan S, He W, Liu B, Liu Z. Research Progress on the Weak Immune Response to the COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:79-88. [PMID: 38498797 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is generally susceptible to the population, highly infectious, rapidly transmitted, and highly fatal. There is a lack of specific drugs against the virus at present and vaccination is the most effective strategy to prevent infection. However, studies have found that some groups, particularly patients with diabetes, show varying degrees of weak immune reactivity to various COVID-19 vaccines, resulting in poor preventive efficacy against the novel coronavirus in patients with diabetes. Therefore, in this study, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had weak immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine in recent years were analyzed. This article reviews the phenomenon, preliminary mechanism, and related factors affecting weak vaccine response in patients with T2DM, which is expected to help in the development of new vaccines for high-risk groups for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhuoran Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Ali El Chab Parolin S, Benicio Stocco R, Kneipp Lopes JDC, Curcio Pereira MR, Massae Yamashita M, Domareski Goulart ME, Demeneck H, Olandoski M, Hermann de Souza Nunes L, Keniche Morisawa V, Fanhani Cracco LA, Busto Silva I, Silva Motta Júnior J, Veit Barreto D, Lenci Marques G, Proença de Moraes T, Pellegrino Baena C. Association between inpatient glycemic variability and COVID-19 mortality: a prospective study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:185. [PMID: 37697407 PMCID: PMC10494398 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the association between glycemic variability (GV) and mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We prospectively analyzed data from inpatients (> 18 years old) with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 admitted between March 2020 and July 2021. All patients were hospitalized for more than 48 h and had at least six point-of-care capillary glucose tests obtained three times daily in the pre-prandial period during hospitalization. GV was measured using the glucose standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV). ROC curve was adjusted to determine the SD and CV cutoff values associated with mortality (44.7 mg/dL and 27.5%, respectively); values above these were considered indicative of high GV. Logistic regression models were fitted to explore the association between GV and mortality in patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS A total of 628 patients were stratified into SD < 44.7 mg/dL (n = 357) versus ≥ 44.7 mg/dL (n = 271) and CV < 27.5% (n = 318) versus ≥ 27.5% (n = 310) groups. After controlling for age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease, we found a significant association between high GV and mortality (odds ratio 2.99 [1.88-4.77] for SD and 2.43 [1.54-3.85] for CV; p values < 0.001). The mortality rate was higher with SD ≥ 44.7 mg/dL and CV ≥ 27.5% compared to that with SD < 44.7 mg/dL and CV < 27.5%, regardless of DM (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION High glycemic variability was independently associated with mortality in patients with and without DM, who were hospitalized with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ali El Chab Parolin
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Rebecca Benicio Stocco
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Julia do Carmo Kneipp Lopes
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Curcio Pereira
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Milena Massae Yamashita
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Demeneck
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Marcia Olandoski
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Keniche Morisawa
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Fanhani Cracco
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Busto Silva
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Silva Motta Júnior
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela Veit Barreto
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lenci Marques
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Thyago Proença de Moraes
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pellegrino Baena
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
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Ruiz-Pacheco JA, Castillo-Díaz LA, Arreola-Torres R, Fonseca-Coronado S, Gómez-Navarro B. Diabetes mellitus: Lessons from COVID-19 for monkeypox infection. Prim Care Diabetes 2023; 17:113-118. [PMID: 36737358 PMCID: PMC9884624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is known to be linked to malfunctioning antiviral defense; however, its association with the severity of monkeypox is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key immunological mechanisms in the antiviral response affected by poor glucose control that could impact the susceptibility and severity of monkeypox infection, leading to a heightened emphasis on the use of the available antidiabetic drugs. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google scholar for articles published from January 1985 to August 2022. No criteria for publication data were set, and all articles in English were included. RESULTS Currently, there are no studies about the risk or consequences of monkeypox infection in the diabetic population. A high incidence of diabetes is reported in countries such as China, India, Pakistan, EUA, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Bangladesh, Japan, and Egypt, where unfortunately imported cases of monkeypox have been reported and the infection continues to spread. CONCLUSIONS High incidence of diabetes together with the cessation of smallpox vaccination has left large numbers of the human population unprotected against monkeypox. The best option for the population remains confined to the prevention of infection as well as the use of hypoglycemic agents that have also been shown to improve immune mechanisms associated with viral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ruiz-Pacheco
- Investigador por México-CONACYT, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - L A Castillo-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México
| | - R Arreola-Torres
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - S Fonseca-Coronado
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - B Gómez-Navarro
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Petrakis V, Panagopoulos P, Trypsianis G, Papazoglou D, Papanas N. Fasting Plasma Glucose Increase and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as Risk Predictors of Clinical Outcome of COVID-19 Pneumonia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:194-197. [PMID: 36623835 DOI: 10.1055/a-2009-6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate fasting plasma glucose (FPG) increase and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as risk predictors of severe clinical outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) hospitalised patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients hospitalised between March 2020 and February 2021 were studied retrospectively. The NLR ratio at admission and FPG increase (day 7, day with maximal FPG) were evaluated in association with the clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Three hundred patients (165 men, 135 women) were included in the study. The mean age was 67.17±8.65 years. Severe COVID-19 pneumonia was diagnosed in 170 patients (56.7%). Fifty-four patients (18%) were intubated and 49 (16.3%) died. Greater increase in FPG (79.5 vs. 44.5 mg/dL for day 1-7, p<0.001; and 113.5 vs. 75 mg/dL for day 1-day with maximum glucose value, p<0.001) and higher NLR at admission (10.65 vs. 6.85) were seen in patients with need of high-flow oxygen compared to those without need, and they were associated with a higher probability of intubation and death. CONCLUSION FPG increase and NLR could be significant risk predictors of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in T2DM hospitalised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Petrakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Periklis Panagopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Grigorios Trypsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace
| | - Dimitrios Papazoglou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Dallavalasa S, Tulimilli SV, Prakash J, Ramachandra R, Madhunapantula SV, Veeranna RP. COVID-19: Diabetes Perspective-Pathophysiology and Management. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020184. [PMID: 36839456 PMCID: PMC9967788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence relating to the impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes is limited but continues to emerge. COVID-19 pneumonia is a newly identified illness spreading rapidly throughout the world and causes many disabilities and fatal deaths. Over the ensuing 2 years, the indirect effects of the pandemic on healthcare delivery have become prominent, along with the lingering effects of the virus on those directly infected. Diabetes is a commonly identified risk factor that contributes not only to the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients, but also to the associated complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Diabetic patients are highly affected due to increased viral entry into the cells and decreased immunity. Several hypotheses to explain the increased incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in people with diabetes have been proposed and explained in detail recently. On the other hand, 20-50% of COVID-19 patients reported new-onset hyperglycemia without diabetes and new-onset diabetes, suggesting the two-way interactions between COVID-19 and diabetes. A systematic review is required to confirm diabetes as a complication in those patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Diabetes and diabetes-related complications in COVID-19 patients are primarily due to the acute illness caused during the SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by the release of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have been shown to drive hyperglycemia positively. This review provides brief insights into the potential mechanisms linking COVID-19 and diabetes, and presents clinical management recommendations for better handling of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Dallavalasa
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Centre), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
| | - SubbaRao V. Tulimilli
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Centre), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Janhavi Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India
| | - Ramya Ramachandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Centre), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
- Leader, Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Ravindra P. Veeranna
- Department of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India
- Correspondence:
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Ferlicolak L, Yildiz B, Altintas N. EFFECTS OF DIABETES AND FIRST-WEEK HYPERGLYCEMIC EPISODE FREQUENCY ON THE MORTALITY AND INFLAMMATION IN CRITICALLY ILL COVID-19 PATIENTS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2023; 19:49-53. [PMID: 37601722 PMCID: PMC10439328 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2023.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background We know that mortality had increased in diabetic patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality and inflammation parameters difference in critically ill COVID-19 patients according to their admission HbA1c levels and diabetes mellitus status. Secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of the first week hyperglycemic episode frequency on mortality. Methods Critically ill COVID-19 patients who were tested for HbA1c levels on ICU admission were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of 218 COVID PCR(+) patients, 139 met the inclusion criteria in study period. The median age was 67 [57-76] years and 55(40%) of them were female. Seventy-six (55%) of the patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The IMV requirement was higher in diabetic patients (p=0.01). When the groups were compared in terms of inflammatory parameters no significant difference was found except for admission and first week's highest fibrinogen levels (p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). In multivariate analysis, fibrinogen levels were not determined as a risk factor for mortality. Overall ICU mortality was 43% (60/139). In group-1 23 (37%), in group-2 27 (57%), and in group-3 10 (34%) patients had died. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of mortality (p=0.05). Records of 96 (69%) patients revealed there were more than five glucose readings over 180mg/dL during the first week. Mortality was higher in patients with more frequently hyperglycemic recordings (p=0.03). Conclusions There was no significant mortality and inflammatory parameters difference in patients with and without diabetes. However, more than five glucose readings over 180mg/dL during the first week were found with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ferlicolak
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Intensive Care, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B. Yildiz
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N.D. Altintas
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Intensive Care, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Wang L, Cao Z, Wang Z, Guo J, Wen J. Reactive oxygen species associated immunoregulation post influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927593. [PMID: 35967412 PMCID: PMC9373727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for cell proliferation, signaling transduction, and apoptosis due to their highly reactive character. ROS are generated through multiple metabolic pathways under a fine-tuned control between oxidant and antioxidant signaling. A growing number of evidence has proved their highly relevant role in modulating inflammation during influenza virus infection. As a network of biological process for protecting organism from invasion of pathogens, immune system can react and fight back through either innate immune system or adaptive immune system, or both. Herein, we provide a review about the mechanisms of ROS generation when encounter influenza virus infection, and how the imbalanced level of ROS influences the replication of virus. We also summarize the pathways used by both the innate and adaptive immune system to sense and attack the invaded virus and abnormal levels of ROS. We further review the limitation of current strategies and discuss the direction of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jimin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jing Wen,
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Al-Sayyar A, Hulme KD, Thibaut R, Bayry J, Sheedy FJ, Short KR, Alzaid F. Respiratory Tract Infections in Diabetes - Lessons From Tuberculosis and Influenza to Guide Understanding of COVID-19 Severity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:919223. [PMID: 35957811 PMCID: PMC9363013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.919223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely to develop severe respiratory tract infections. Such susceptibility has gained increasing attention since the global spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020. The earliest reports marked T2D as an important risk-factor for severe forms of disease and mortality across all adult age groups. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this increased susceptibility, including pre-existing immune dysfunction, a lack of metabolic flexibility due to insulin resistance, inadequate dietary quality or adverse interactions with antidiabetic treatments or common comorbidities. Some mechanisms that predispose patients with T2D to severe COVID-19 may indeed be shared with other previously characterized respiratory tract infections. Accordingly, in this review, we give an overview of response to Influenza A virus and to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. Similar risk factors and mechanisms are discussed between the two conditions and in the case of COVID-19. Lastly, we address emerging approaches to address research needs in infection and metabolic disease, and perspectives with regards to deployment or repositioning of metabolically active therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katina D. Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronan Thibaut
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151/CNRS UMRS8253, Immunity and Metabolism of Diabetes (IMMEDIAB), Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | | | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151/CNRS UMRS8253, Immunity and Metabolism of Diabetes (IMMEDIAB), Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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9
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Owusu D, Rolfes MA, Arriola CS, Daily Kirley P, Alden NB, Meek J, Anderson EJ, Monroe ML, Kim S, Lynfield R, Angeles K, Spina N, Felsen CB, Billing L, Thomas A, Keipp Talbot H, Schaffner W, Chatelain R, Reed C, Garg S. Rates of Severe Influenza-Associated Outcomes Among Older Adults Living With Diabetes-Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), 2012-2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac131. [PMID: 35450083 PMCID: PMC9017364 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among older adults hospitalized with influenza, yet data are limited on the impact of DM on risk of severe influenza-associated outcomes. METHODS We included adults aged ≥65 years hospitalized with influenza during 2012-2013 through 2016-2017 from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), a population-based surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations conducted in defined counties within 13 states. We calculated population denominators using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services county-specific DM prevalence estimates and National Center for Health Statistics population data. We present pooled rates and rate ratios (RRs) of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pneumonia diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital death for persons with and without DM. We estimated RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using meta-analysis with site as a random effect in order to control for site differences in the estimates. RESULTS Of 31 934 hospitalized adults included in the analysis, 34% had DM. Compared to those without DM, adults with DM had higher rates of influenza-associated hospitalization (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.43-1.72]), ICU admission (RR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.67-2.04]), pneumonia (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.42-1.73]), mechanical ventilation (RR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.74-2.20]), and in-hospital death (RR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.23-1.80]). CONCLUSIONS Older adults with DM have higher rates of severe influenza-associated outcomes compared to those without DM. These findings reinforce the importance of preventing influenza virus infections through annual vaccination, and early treatment of influenza illness with antivirals in older adults with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Owusu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carmen S Arriola
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pam Daily Kirley
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Nisha B Alden
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - James Meek
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maya L Monroe
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sue Kim
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathy Angeles
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nancy Spina
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Christina B Felsen
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Ann Thomas
- Oregon Public Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ryan Chatelain
- Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Larsson E, Eriksson J, Eriksson M, Oldner A. Critical Influenza and COVID-19-A Comparative Nationwide Case-Control Study. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0705. [PMID: 35620773 PMCID: PMC9113210 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Refined knowledge of risk factors for critical influenza and COVID-19 may lead to improved understanding of pathophysiology and better pandemic preparedness. OBJECTIVES To compare risk-factor profiles of patients admitted to intensive care with critical influenza and COVID-19. DESIGN SETTING AND PATIENTS A nationwide retrospective matched case-control study, including all adults admitted to an ICU in Sweden with influenza or COVID-19 between 2014 and September 2020 and a matched control population (ratio 1:5, patients:controls). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Admission to an ICU. The study included 1,873 influenza and 2,567 COVID-19 ICU patients, and 9,365 and 12,835 controls, respectively, matched on sex, age, and geographical region. Influenza patients were older and less likely male, and carried a larger burden of comorbidity and a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score III score, whereas short-term mortalities were similar when compared to COVID-19 patients. The risk-factor profiles at ICU admission were largely comparable including socioeconomic, psychiatric, and several somatic variables. Hypertension was a strong risk factor in critical COVID-19 patients compared with influenza. Nonglucocorticoid immunosuppressive therapy was associated with critical influenza but not COVID-19. Premorbid medication with statins and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors reduced the risk for both conditions, the opposite was a seen for glucocorticoid medication. Notably, medication with betablockers, oral anticoagulation, and platelet inhibitors reduced the risk of critical COVID-19 but not influenza. CONCLUSIONS The risk-factor profiles for critical influenza and COVID-19 were largely comparable; however, some important differences were noted. Hypertension was a stronger risk factor for developing critical COVID-19, whereas the use of betablockers, oral anticoagulants, and platelet inhibitors all reduced the risk of ICU admission for COVID-19 but not influenza. Findings possibly reflected differences in pathophysiological mechanisms between these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Larsson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eriksson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldner
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Li X, Zhang D, Chen Y, Ye W, Wu S, Lou L, Zhu Y. Acute glycemic variability and risk of mortality in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:59. [PMID: 35461267 PMCID: PMC9034073 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute glycemic variability (GV) has been correlated with the severity of sepsis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential association between acute GV and mortality risk in patients with sepsis. METHODS Cohort studies comparing the risk of death within 3 months between septic patients with higher versus lower acute GV were retrieved by systematic search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and CNKI databases. We used a random-effect model to pool the data by incorporating the between-study heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the stability of the findings. RESULTS Ten studies including 4296 patients were available for the meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that septic patients with higher acute GV had significantly increased mortality risk compared to those with lower acute GV, as evidenced by results using different parameters including standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG, risk ratio [RR]: 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-2.24, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%), coefficient of variation of blood glucose (RR: 1.91, 95% CI 1.57-2.31, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%), mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (RR: 1.81. 95% CI 1.36-2.40, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%), and glycemic lability index (RR: 2.52, 95% CI 1.72-3.68, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Sensitivity analyses by excluding one study at a time did not significantly affect the results (p all < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher acute GV may be a predictor of mortality risk in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Daofu Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Liaocheng Daochangfu People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yongxin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianqing Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yiwu Central Hospital, No. 519 Nanmen Street, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Hoong CWS, Yeo XE, Lin Y, Ooi ST, Yeoh E. High glycaemic variability is associated with progression of COVID-19. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:1701-1704. [PMID: 34347210 PMCID: PMC8335709 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wei Shan Hoong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 5, Singapore, 768024, Singapore.
| | - Xier Emily Yeo
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
| | - Yi Lin
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
| | - Say Tat Ooi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
| | - Ester Yeoh
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore, 768828, Singapore
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13
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Xie W, Wu N, Wang B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Zhang W, Chen Z, Yuan Z, Li C, Jia X, Shan Y, Xu B, Bai L, Zhong L, Li Y. Fasting plasma glucose and glucose fluctuation are associated with COVID-19 prognosis regardless of pre-existing diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 180:109041. [PMID: 34500004 PMCID: PMC8420085 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the role of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and glucose fluctuation in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients stratified by pre-existing diabetes. METHODS The associations of FPG and glucose fluctuation indexes with prognosis of COVID-19 in 2,642 patients were investigated by multivariate Cox regression analysis. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; the secondary outcome was disease progression. The longitudinal changes of FPG over time were analyzed by the latent growth curve model in COVID-19 patients stratified by diabetes and severity of COVID-19. RESULTS We found FPG as an independent prognostic factor of overall survival after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes and severity of COVID-19 at admission (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06-1.25, P = 1.02 × 10-3). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG) and largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE) were also independent risk factors of COVID-19 progression (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). The growth trajectory of FPG over the first 3 days of hospitalization was steeper in patients with critical COVID-19 in comparison to moderate patients. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia and glucose fluctuation were adverse prognostic factors of COVID-19 regardless of pre-existing diabetes. This stresses the importance of glycemic control in addition to other therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiquan Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Shan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhong
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Tong ZWM, Grant E, Gras S, Wu M, Smith C, Barrett HL, Gallo LA, Short KR. The role of T-cell immunity in COVID-19 severity amongst people living with type II diabetes. FEBS J 2021; 288:5042-5054. [PMID: 34216102 PMCID: PMC8420365 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) to respiratory viral infections. Despite the short history of COVID-19, various studies have shown that patients with DM are more likely to have increased hospitalisation and mortality rates as compared to patients without. At present, the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are unclear. However, prior studies show that the course of COVID-19 disease is linked to the efficacy of the host's T-cell responses. Healthy individuals who can elicit a robust T-cell response are more likely to limit the severity of COVID-19. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that an impaired T-cell response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drives the severity of COVID-19 in this patient population. While there is currently a limited amount of information that specifically addresses T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients with T2DM, there is a wealth of evidence from other infectious diseases that T-cell immunity is impaired in patients with T2DM. The reasons for this are likely multifactorial, including the presence of hyperglycaemia, glycaemic variability and metformin use. This review emphasises the need for further research into T-cell responses of COVID-19 patients with T2DM in order to better inform our response to COVID-19 and future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei Marcus Tong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Emma Grant
- La Trobe University ‐ La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)MelbourneAustralia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- La Trobe University ‐ La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)MelbourneAustralia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Melanie Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute ‐ QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Helen L. Barrett
- Department of EndocrinologyMater HealthBrisbaneAustralia
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Linda A. Gallo
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaAustralia
| | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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15
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Logette E, Lorin C, Favreau C, Oshurko E, Coggan JS, Casalegno F, Sy MF, Monney C, Bertschy M, Delattre E, Fonta PA, Krepl J, Schmidt S, Keller D, Kerrien S, Scantamburlo E, Kaufmann AK, Markram H. A Machine-Generated View of the Role of Blood Glucose Levels in the Severity of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:695139. [PMID: 34395368 PMCID: PMC8356061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.695139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 started spreading toward the end of 2019 causing COVID-19, a disease that reached pandemic proportions among the human population within months. The reasons for the spectrum of differences in the severity of the disease across the population, and in particular why the disease affects more severely the aging population and those with specific preconditions are unclear. We developed machine learning models to mine 240,000 scientific articles openly accessible in the CORD-19 database, and constructed knowledge graphs to synthesize the extracted information and navigate the collective knowledge in an attempt to search for a potential common underlying reason for disease severity. The machine-driven framework we developed repeatedly pointed to elevated blood glucose as a key facilitator in the progression of COVID-19. Indeed, when we systematically retraced the steps of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found evidence linking elevated glucose to each major step of the life-cycle of the virus, progression of the disease, and presentation of symptoms. Specifically, elevations of glucose provide ideal conditions for the virus to evade and weaken the first level of the immune defense system in the lungs, gain access to deep alveolar cells, bind to the ACE2 receptor and enter the pulmonary cells, accelerate replication of the virus within cells increasing cell death and inducing an pulmonary inflammatory response, which overwhelms an already weakened innate immune system to trigger an avalanche of systemic infections, inflammation and cell damage, a cytokine storm and thrombotic events. We tested the feasibility of the hypothesis by manually reviewing the literature referenced by the machine-generated synthesis, reconstructing atomistically the virus at the surface of the pulmonary airways, and performing quantitative computational modeling of the effects of glucose levels on the infection process. We conclude that elevation in glucose levels can facilitate the progression of the disease through multiple mechanisms and can explain much of the differences in disease severity seen across the population. The study provides diagnostic considerations, new areas of research and potential treatments, and cautions on treatment strategies and critical care conditions that induce elevations in blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Logette
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Windham S, Wilson MP, Fling C, Sheneman D, Wand T, Babcock L, MaWhinney S, Erlandson KM. Elevated glycohemoglobin is linked to critical illness in CoVID-19: a retrospective analysis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211027390. [PMID: 34249357 PMCID: PMC8239973 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211027390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have explored hospitalization risk factors with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Our goal was to identify clinical characteristics outside of laboratory or radiologic data associated with intubation or death within 7 days of admission. Methods The first 436 patients admitted to the University of Colorado Hospital (Denver metropolitan area) with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Demographics, comorbidities, and select medications were collected by chart abstraction. Missing height for calculating body mass index (BMI) was imputed using the median height for patients' sex and race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression and a minimax concave penalty (MCP) regularized logistic regression explored prediction. Results Participants had a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 55 (17), BMI 30.9 (8.2), 55% were male and 80% were ethnic/racial minorities. Increasing age [aOR: 1.24 (1.07, 1.45) per 10 years], higher BMI (aOR 1.03 (1.00, 1.06), and poorly controlled diabetes [hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ⩾ 8] (aOR 2.26 (1.24, 4.12) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with greater odds of intubation or death. Female sex [aOR: 0.63, 95% CI (0.40, 0.98); p value = 0.043] was associated with lesser odds of intubation or death. The odds of death and/or intubation increased 19% for every 1 unit increase in HbA1c value [OR: 1.19 (1.01, 1.43); p = 0.04]. Our final MCP model included indicators of A1C ⩾ 8, age > 65, sex, and minority status, but predicted intubation/death only slightly better than random chance [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.61 (0.56, 0.67)]. Conclusion In a hospitalized patient cohort with COVID-19, worsening control of diabetes as evidenced by higher HbA1c was associated with increased risk of intubation or death within 7 days of admission. These results complement and help clarify previous associations found between diabetes and acute disease in COVID-19. Importantly, our analysis is missing some known predictors of severity in COVID-19. Our predictive model had limited success, suggesting unmeasured factors contribute to disease severity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Windham
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melissa P Wilson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Connor Fling
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Sheneman
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Taylor Wand
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Samantha MaWhinney
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristine M Erlandson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Wiggins KB, Smith MA, Schultz-Cherry S. The Nature of Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination in High-Risk Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061109. [PMID: 34207924 PMCID: PMC8228336 DOI: 10.3390/v13061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has brought a renewed appreciation for the critical importance of vaccines for the promotion of both individual and public health. Influenza vaccines have been our primary tool for infection control to prevent seasonal epidemics and pandemics such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus pandemic. Certain high-risk populations, including the elderly, people with obesity, and individuals with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, are more susceptible to increased disease severity and decreased vaccine efficacy. High-risk populations have unique microenvironments and immune responses that contribute to increased vulnerability for influenza infections. This review focuses on these differences as we investigate the variations in immune responses to influenza vaccination. In order to develop better influenza vaccines, it is critical to understand how to improve responses in our ever-growing high-risk populations.
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Osuchowski MF, Winkler MS, Skirecki T, Cajander S, Shankar-Hari M, Lachmann G, Monneret G, Venet F, Bauer M, Brunkhorst FM, Weis S, Garcia-Salido A, Kox M, Cavaillon JM, Uhle F, Weigand MA, Flohé SB, Wiersinga WJ, Almansa R, de la Fuente A, Martin-Loeches I, Meisel C, Spinetti T, Schefold JC, Cilloniz C, Torres A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Ferrer R, Girardis M, Cossarizza A, Netea MG, van der Poll T, Bermejo-Martín JF, Rubio I. The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:622-642. [PMID: 33965003 PMCID: PMC8102044 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, with devastating consequences. While the medical community has gained insight into the epidemiology of COVID-19, important questions remain about the clinical complexities and underlying mechanisms of disease phenotypes. Severe COVID-19 most commonly involves respiratory manifestations, although other systems are also affected, and acute disease is often followed by protracted complications. Such complex manifestations suggest that SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates the host response, triggering wide-ranging immuno-inflammatory, thrombotic, and parenchymal derangements. We review the intricacies of COVID-19 pathophysiology, its various phenotypes, and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 host response at the humoral and cellular levels. Some similarities exist between COVID-19 and respiratory failure of other origins, but evidence for many distinctive mechanistic features indicates that COVID-19 constitutes a new disease entity, with emerging data suggesting involvement of an endotheliopathy-centred pathophysiology. Further research, combining basic and clinical studies, is needed to advance understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and to characterise immuno-inflammatory derangements across the range of phenotypes to enable optimum care for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin F Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin S Winkler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara Cajander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU support offices, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - bioMérieux - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - bioMérieux - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Clinical Studies, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Alberto Garcia-Salido
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie B Flohé
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda de la Fuente
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaud Spinetti
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joerg C Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catia Cilloniz
- Pneumology Department, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, ICREA, CIBERESUCICOVID, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Pneumology Department, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, ICREA, CIBERESUCICOVID, Spain; SGR 911-ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ricard Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Intensive Care Department and Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania; Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesús F Bermejo-Martín
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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19
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Shen Y, Fan X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li C, Lu J, Zha B, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhou J, Jia W. Thresholds of Glycemia and the Outcomes of COVID-19 Complicated With Diabetes: A Retrospective Exploratory Study Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:976-982. [PMID: 33574126 PMCID: PMC7985431 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although elevated glucose levels are reported to be associated with adverse outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the optimal range of glucose in patients with COVID-19 and diabetes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the threshold of glycemia and its association with the outcomes of COVID-19. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glucose levels were assessed through intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in 35 patients for an average period of 10.2 days. The percentages of time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), time in range (TIR), and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated. Composite adverse outcomes were defined as either the need for admission to the intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation, or morbidity with critical illness. RESULTS TARs using thresholds from 160 to 200 mg/dL were significantly associated with composite adverse outcomes after adjustment of covariates. Both TBR (<70 mg/dL) and TIR (70-160 mg/dL), but not mean sensor glucose level, were significantly associated with composite adverse outcomes and prolonged hospitalization. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of the CV of sensor glucose across tertiles for composite adverse outcomes of COVID-19 were 1.00, 1.18, and 25.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with diabetes and COVID-19 have an increased risk of adverse outcomes with glucose levels >160 mg/dL and <70 mg/dL and a high CV. Therapies that improve these metrics of glycemic control may result in better prognoses for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyue Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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20
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Aziz F, Aberer F, Moser O, Sourij C, von Lewinski D, Kaser S, Reichardt B, Sourij H. Impact of comorbidities on mortality in hospitalized influenza patients with diabetes - Analysis of the Austrian Health Insurance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108758. [PMID: 33744375 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the impact of characteristics and comorbidities on the hospitalization rate and 30- and 90-days all-cause mortality after hospitalization for influenza-related illness (IRI) in individuals with diabetes. METHODS Data of 507,184 individuals with diabetes enrolled in the national Austrian Health Insurance database during 2013-2017 were analyzed. Hospitalization for IRI was defined as per International Classification of Disease 10 codes (J09, J10, J11). All-cause mortality was calculated for 30- and 90-days post-hospitalization. RESULTS Of the total diabetes population, 1994 (0.4%) were hospitalized for IRI during 2013-2017. The rate of comorbidities was higher in individiuals who were hospitalized due to IRI as compared with the general diabetes population. Overall 30-days cumulative mortality following hospitalization for IRI was 7.9% and 90-days mortality was 10.3%. The risk (adjusted Hazard Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) of IRI related 90-days mortality increased with age (50-59: 3.00, 0.65-13.94; 60-69: 4.16, 0.99-17.55; 70-79: 4.79, 1.16-19.76; 80+: 7.15, 1.74-29.46), heart failure (1.97, 1.31-2.98), renal disease (1.50, 1.05-2.14), and Charlson comorbidity index (1.14, 1.08-1.19). CONCLUSIONS Older age, heart failure, renal disease, and Charlson comorbidity index were significant predictors of mortality following hospitalization for IRI in individuals with diabetes. These findings could help in improving the clinical management and performance of surveillance and health systems concerning IRI in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Othmar Moser
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Caren Sourij
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Kaser
- Department for Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Harald Sourij
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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21
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Intermittent high glucose induces pyroptosis of rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes via sodium-glucose cotransporter 1. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2479-2489. [PMID: 33608832 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte death is an important pathogenic process in cardiac complications of diabetes. Diabetic patients often suffer glycemic variability. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death triggered by inflammasomes and related with caspase-1 and gasdermin D activation. The present study was designed to examine the effects of intermittent high glucose simulating glycemic variability on the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes were incubated with normal glucose (NG), constant high glucose (CHG) and intermittent high glucose (IHG). Results showed that compared to CHG treatment, IHG further inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell death of H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, IHG upregulated higher levels of the expressions of inflammasome NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD domain (ASC) and increased higher levels of activated caspase-1 and gasdermin D than CHG treatment. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of NF-κB that is induced by IHG were significantly higher than that induced by CHG. Knockdown of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) in H9C2 cardiomyocytes was performed and the effects of SGLT1 on IHG-induced pyroptosis was evaluated. The results demonstrated that knockdown of SGLT1 partially reduced IHG-induced pyroptosis, ROS generation and NF-κB activation. Our results indicated that IHG is harmful to cardiomyocytes and it might be partially because of the SGLT1-depedent pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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22
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Pérez-Galarza J, Prócel C, Cañadas C, Aguirre D, Pibaque R, Bedón R, Sempértegui F, Drexhage H, Baldeón L. Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obesity and T2D: Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:102. [PMID: 33572702 PMCID: PMC7911386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China, causing outbreaks of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 that has now spread globally. For this reason, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency in March 2020. People living with pre-existing conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and chronic kidney and lung diseases, are prone to develop severe forms of disease with fatal outcomes. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and T2D alter the balance of innate and adaptive responses. Both diseases share common features characterized by augmented adiposity associated with a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, senescence, immunoglobulin glycation, and abnormalities in the number and function of adaptive immune cells. In obese and T2D patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, where immune cells are already hampered, this response appears to be stronger. In this review, we describe the abnormalities of the immune system, and summarize clinical findings of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing conditions such as obesity and T2D as this group is at greater risk of suffering severe and fatal clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pérez-Galarza
- Research Institute of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170201, Ecuador; (J.P.-G.); (C.C.); (D.A.); (R.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170403, Ecuador; (R.B.); (F.S.)
| | | | - Cristina Cañadas
- Research Institute of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170201, Ecuador; (J.P.-G.); (C.C.); (D.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Diana Aguirre
- Research Institute of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170201, Ecuador; (J.P.-G.); (C.C.); (D.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Ronny Pibaque
- Research Institute of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170201, Ecuador; (J.P.-G.); (C.C.); (D.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Ricardo Bedón
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170403, Ecuador; (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Hospital General Docente de Calderón, Quito 170201, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Sempértegui
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170403, Ecuador; (R.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Hemmo Drexhage
- Immunology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Lucy Baldeón
- Research Institute of Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170201, Ecuador; (J.P.-G.); (C.C.); (D.A.); (R.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170403, Ecuador; (R.B.); (F.S.)
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23
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Giese IM, Schilloks MC, Degroote RL, Weigand M, Renner S, Wolf E, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Chronic Hyperglycemia Drives Functional Impairment of Lymphocytes in Diabetic INSC94Y Transgenic Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607473. [PMID: 33552065 PMCID: PMC7862560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for infections, however, there is still a critical gap in precise knowledge about altered immune mechanisms in this disease. Since diabetic INSC94Y transgenic pigs exhibit elevated blood glucose and a stable diabetic phenotype soon after birth, they provide a favorable model to explore functional alterations of immune cells in an early stage of diabetes mellitus in vivo. Hence, we investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these diabetic pigs compared to non-diabetic wild-type littermates. We found a 5-fold decreased proliferative response of T cells in INSC94Y tg pigs to polyclonal T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Using label-free LC-MS/MS, a total of 3,487 proteins were quantified, and distinct changes in protein abundances in CD4+ T cells of early-stage diabetic pigs were detectable. Additionally, we found significant increases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and higher basal glycolytic activity in PBMC of diabetic INSC94Y tg pigs, indicating an altered metabolic immune cell phenotype. Thus, our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of dysregulated immune cells triggered by permanent hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella-Maria Giese
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Weigand
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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24
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Stubbs BJ, Koutnik AP, Goldberg EL, Upadhyay V, Turnbaugh PJ, Verdin E, Newman JC. Investigating Ketone Bodies as Immunometabolic Countermeasures against Respiratory Viral Infections. MED 2020; 1:43-65. [PMID: 32838361 PMCID: PMC7362813 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a scourge, with seasonal influenza infecting millions and killing many thousands annually and viral pandemics, such as COVID-19, recurring every decade. Age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for severe disease and death from viral infection. Immunometabolic therapies for these populations hold promise to reduce the risks of death and disability. Such interventions have pleiotropic effects that might not only target the virus itself but also enhance supportive care to reduce cardiopulmonary complications, improve cognitive resilience, and facilitate functional recovery. Ketone bodies are endogenous metabolites that maintain cellular energy but also feature drug-like signaling activities that affect immune activity, metabolism, and epigenetics. Here, we provide an overview of ketone body biology relevant to respiratory viral infection, focusing on influenza A and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, and discuss the opportunities, risks, and research gaps in the study of exogenous ketone bodies as novel immunometabolic interventions in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P Koutnik
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Paoli A, Gorini S, Caprio M. The dark side of the spoon - glucose, ketones and COVID-19: a possible role for ketogenic diet? J Transl Med 2020; 18:441. [PMID: 33218357 PMCID: PMC7677746 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is posing a serious challenge to the health-care systems worldwide, with an enormous impact on health conditions and loss of lives. Notably, obesity and its related comorbidities are strictly related with worse clinical outcomes of COVID-19 disease. Recently, there is a growing interest in the clinical use of ketogenic diets (KDs), particularly in the context of severe obesity with related metabolic complications. KDs have been proven effective for a rapid reduction of fat mass, preserving lean mass and providing an adequate nutritional status. In particular, the physiological increase in plasma levels of ketone bodies exerts important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects, which may reveal as precious tools to prevent infection and potential adverse outcomes of COVID-19 disease. We discuss here the importance of KDs for a rapid reduction of several critical risk factors for COVID-19, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, based on the known effects of ketone bodies on inflammation, immunity, metabolic profile and cardiovascular function. We do believe that a rapid reduction of all modifiable risk factors, especially obesity with its metabolic complications, should be a pillar of public health policies and interventions, in view of future waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Valk T, McMorrow C. Managing hyperglycemia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Improving outcomes using new technologies in intensive care. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120974174. [PMID: 33282306 PMCID: PMC7686601 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120974174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a significant risk for mortality in COVID-19 infections and is most dramatically noted in critically ill patients. Hyperglycemia and/or diabetes are noted in approximately 30%-40% of patients admitted with COVID-19 infections. Previous studies have shown a marked increase in mortality related to increased glucose concentrations and reduction with improved glucose control. In vivo and in vitro studies reveal the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia increases virulence and how glucose control and insulin reduce it. Optimal glucose control in intensive care is limited by manual sampling of glucose and intravenous insulin adjustment, as well as increased nursing workload and the need of protective equipment. Tools for safe and effective automation of glucose control in intensive care are discussed. A suitable closed loop device could save the lives of thousands of hospitalized hyperglycemic individuals infected with COVID-19 while protecting medical professionals from infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Valk
- Admetsys Corporation, Boston MA,
USA
- Admetsys Research Unit, Winter
Park, FL, USA
| | - Carol McMorrow
- Admetsys Corporation, Boston MA,
USA
- Admetsys Research Unit, Winter
Park, FL, USA
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with diabetes are at a greater risk of hospitalization and mortality resulting from viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread quickly to more than 213 countries and claimed 395,779 lives as of June 7, 2020. Notably, in several studies, diabetes is one of the most reported comorbidities in patients with severe COVID-19. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, I summarize the clinical data on the risk for infectious diseases in individuals with diabetes while highlighting the mechanisms for altered immune regulation. The focus is on coronaviruses. Based on the new clinical data obtained from COVID-19 patients, a discussion of mechanisms, such as cytokine storm, pulmonary and endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulation, that may render individuals with diabetes more vulnerable to COVID-19 is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological studies show that poorly controlled diabetes is a risk factor for various infectious diseases. Given the global burden of diabetes and the pandemic nature of coronaviruses, understanding how diabetes affects COVID-19 severity is critical to designing tailored treatments and clinical management of individuals affected by diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus
- COVID-19
- Child
- Comorbidity
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Incidence
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Risk Factors
- SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheda Erener
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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28
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Smith M, Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Metabolic Syndrome and Viral Pathogenesis: Lessons from Influenza and Coronaviruses. J Virol 2020; 94:e00665-20. [PMID: 32661141 PMCID: PMC7459568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00665-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of severe disease due to viral infection. Yet few studies have assessed the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses in high-risk populations. Here, we summarize how metabolic dysregulation impairs immune responses, and we define the role of metabolism during influenza virus and coronavirus infections. We also discuss the use of various in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models to elucidate the contributions of host factors to viral susceptibility, immunity, and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smith
- St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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