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Louw-du Toit R, Simons M, Africander D. Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: The role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106440. [PMID: 38048919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Progestins used in hormonal contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) have been linked to increased breast cancer risk. Whether the association holds for all progestins is unclear and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We directly compared the effects of four progestins (medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), norethisterone acetate (NET-A), levonorgestrel (LNG) and drospirenone (DRSP)) to each other and the natural progestogen progesterone (P4) on selected cancer hallmarks. To provide mechanistic insight into these effects, we assessed the role of the progesterone receptor (PR), and the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N terminal (JNK) signaling pathways. We showed that the increased proliferation of the luminal T47D breast cancer cell line by P4 and all progestins, albeit to different extents, was inhibited by PR knockdown and inhibition of both the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. While knockdown of the PR also blocked the upregulation of MKI67 and CCND1 mRNA expression by selected progestogens, only a role for the ERK1/2 pathway could be established in these effects. Similarly, only a role for the ERK1/2 pathway could be confirmed for progestogen-induced colony formation, whereas both the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways were required for cell migration in response to the three older progestins implicated in the etiology of breast cancer, MPA, NET-A and LNG. Together our results show that all the progestins elicit their effects on cell proliferation via a mechanism requiring the PR, ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. While the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways are also required for increased cell migration by the older progestins, only a role for the ERK1/2 pathway could be established in their effects on colony formation. Notably, the cytoplasmic PR was not needed for activation of the ERK1/2 pathway by the progestogens. Given that DRSP showed significantly lower proliferation than MPA and NET-A, and that it had no effect on breast cancer cell migration and colony formation, hormonal formulations containing the newer generation progestin DRSP may provide a better benefit/risk profile towards breast cancer than those containing the older generation progestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Mishkah Simons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Mauro LJ, Spartz A, Austin JR, Lange CA. Reevaluating the Role of Progesterone in Ovarian Cancer: Is Progesterone Always Protective? Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1029-1046. [PMID: 37261958 PMCID: PMC11048595 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents a collection of rare but lethal gynecologic cancers where the difficulty of early detection due to an often-subtle range of abdominal symptoms contributes to high fatality rates. With the exception of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, OC most often manifests as a post-menopausal disease, a time in which the ovaries regress and circulating reproductive hormones diminish. Progesterone is thought to be a "protective" hormone that counters the proliferative actions of estrogen, as can be observed in the uterus or breast. Like other steroid hormone receptor family members, the transcriptional activity of the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) may be ligand dependent or independent and is fully integrated with other ubiquitous cell signaling pathways often altered in cancers. Emerging evidence in OC models challenges the singular protective role of progesterone/nPR. Herein, we integrate the historical perspective of progesterone on OC development and progression with exciting new research findings and critical interpretations to help paint a broader picture of the role of progesterone and nPR signaling in OC. We hope to alleviate some of the controversy around the role of progesterone and give insight into the importance of nPR actions in disease progression. A new perspective on the role of progesterone and nPR signaling integration will raise awareness to the complexity of nPRs and nPR-driven gene regulation in OC, help to reveal novel biomarkers, and lend critical knowledge for the development of better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Mauro
- Department of Animal Science-Physiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela Spartz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julia R Austin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology & Transplantation) and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Bustamante Eduardo M, Keller I, Schuster N, Aebi S, Jaggi R. Molecular characterization of breast cancer cell pools with normal or reduced ability to respond to progesterone: a study based on RNA-seq. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:81. [PMID: 37550554 PMCID: PMC10406740 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About one-third of patients with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer have tumors which are progesterone receptor (PR) negative. PR is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Patients with ERα-positive/PR-negative tumors have shorter disease-free and overall survival than patients with ERα-positive/PR-positive tumors. New evidence has shown that progesterone (P4) has an anti-proliferative effect in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. However, the role of PR in breast cancer is only poorly understood. METHODS We disrupted the PR gene (PGR) in ERα-positive/PR-positive T-47D cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This resulted in cell pools we termed PR-low as P4 mediated effects were inhibited or blocked compared to control T-47D cells. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of PR-low and control T-47D cells in the absence of hormone and upon treatment with P4 alone or P4 together with estradiol (E2). Differentially expressed (DE) genes between experimental groups were characterized based on RNA-seq and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses. RESULTS The overall gene expression pattern was very similar between untreated PR-low and untreated control T-47D cells. More than 6000 genes were DE in control T-47D cells upon stimulation with P4 or P4 plus E2. When PR-low pools were subjected to the same hormonal treatment, up- or downregulation was either blocked/absent or consistently lower. We identified more than 3000 genes that were DE between hormone-treated PR-low and control T-47D cells. GO analysis revealed seven significantly enriched biological processes affected by PR and associated with G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways which have been described to support growth, invasiveness, and metastasis in breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides new insights into the complex role of PR in ERα-positive/PR-positive breast cancer cells. Many of the genes affected by PR are part of central biological processes of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bustamante Eduardo
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Schuster
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Aebi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Jaggi
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rasha F, Boligala GP, Yang MV, Martinez-Marin D, Castro-Piedras I, Furr K, Snitman A, Khan SY, Brandi L, Castro M, Khan H, Jahan N, Almodovar S, Melkus MW, Pruitt K, Layeequr Rahman R. Dishevelled 2 regulates cancer cell proliferation and T cell mediated immunity in HER2-positive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:172. [PMID: 36809986 PMCID: PMC9942370 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dishevelled paralogs (DVL1, 2, 3) are key mediators of Wnt pathway playing a role in constitutive oncogenic signaling influencing the tumor microenvironment. While previous studies showed correlation of β-catenin with T cell gene expression, little is known about the role of DVL2 in modulating tumor immunity. This study aimed to uncover the novel interaction between DVL2 and HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) in regulating tumor immunity and disease progression. METHODS DVL2 loss of function studies were performed with or without a clinically approved HER2 inhibitor, Neratinib in two different HER2+ BC cell lines. We analyzed RNA (RT-qPCR) and protein (western blot) expression of classic Wnt markers and performed cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses by live cell imaging and flow cytometry, respectively. A pilot study in 24 HER2+ BC patients was performed to dissect the role of DVL2 in tumor immunity. Retrospective chart review on patient records and banked tissue histology were performed. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 25) and GraphPad Prism (version 7) at a significance p < 0.05. RESULTS DVL2 regulates the transcription of immune modulatory genes involved in antigen presentation and T cell maintenance. DVL2 loss of function down regulated mRNA expression of Wnt target genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion in HER2+ BC cell lines (±Neratinib). Similarly, live cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses reveal that DVL2 knockdown (±Neratinib) resulted in reduced proliferation, higher growth arrest (G1), limited mitosis (G2/M) compared to non-targeted control in one of the two cell lines used. Analyses on patient tissues who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 14) further demonstrate that higher DVL2 expression at baseline biopsy pose a significant negative correlation with % CD8α levels (r = - 0.67, p < 0.05) while have a positive correlation with NLR (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), where high NLR denotes worse cancer prognosis. These results from our pilot study reveal interesting roles of DVL2 proteins in regulating tumor immune microenvironment and clinical predictors of survival in HER2+ BC. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates potential immune regulatory role of DVL2 proteins in HER2+ BC. More in-depth mechanistic studies of DVL paralogs and their influence on anti-tumor immunity may provide insight into DVLs as potential therapeutic targets benefiting BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Geetha Priya Boligala
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Mingxiao V. Yang
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Dalia Martinez-Marin
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Kathryn Furr
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Annie Snitman
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Sonia Y. Khan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Luis Brandi
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Maribel Castro
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Hafiz Khan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Public Health, Julia Jones Matthews, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Michael W. Melkus
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Depart of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,Breast Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Oueslati M, Sassi N, Bettaieb I, Gamoudi A, Rahal K, Oueslati R. SMAD3, Cell proliferation and lymph nodes metastasis in breast cancer hormone-dependent. LA TUNISIE MEDICALE 2023; 101:273-279. [PMID: 37682272 PMCID: PMC11138318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. TGF-β is also involved in various pathologies including breast cancer (BC). BC is strongly dependent on hormone receptors such as Estrogen receptors (ERa, ERb) and Progesterone Receptor (PR). AIM To audit the potential cross-talk between TGF-β and the molecular distribution of hormone receptors (ERs and PR). METHODS The current study analyzes the expression patterns of SMAD3, ERα, ERβ and PR in 40 breast tumor tissues using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the Ki-67 and HER2/neu status have been detected by Immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our results show a decrease in the SMAD3 expression in 27 of the 40 cases while its expression is increased in the remaining 13 cases (p=0.003). The over-expression of SMAD3 is associated with high tumor grades. Moreover, there is a significant positive correlation between SMAD3+ with a high proliferative index and metastases (p=0.001 and p=0.01respectevely). The SMAD3 expression relative to (ERα, ERβ) subgroups shows a significant association of SMAD3+ with the (ERα+, ERβ+) subgroups (p=0.009). The same is true for PR, our results show a significant association of SMAD3+ with PR+ (p=0.02). Moreover, analysis of the expression of molecular subgroups (SMAD3+, ERα+, ERβ+) and (SMAD3+, PR+) compared to clinical and pathological information shows a significant association with high grade tumors, a high proliferation index (p=0.02, p= 0.01 respectively) and lymph node infiltration. CONCLUSION It is concluded that SMAD3 can promote cell proliferation and metastases in (ERα+, ERβ+) and PR+ breast cancer.
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Check JH, Check DL. The role of progesterone and the progesterone receptor in cancer: progress in the last 5 years. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2023; 18:5-18. [PMID: 36647582 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2166487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with various advanced cancers devoid of nuclear progesterone receptors (nPR) have demonstrated increased quality and length of life when treated with the PR modulator mifepristone, which likely works by interacting with membrane PRs (mPR). AREAS COVERED Two immunomodulatory proteins are discussed that seem to play a role in cancers that proliferate whether the malignant tumor is positive or negative for the nPR. These two proteins are the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC-1) and the progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF). Both PGRMC-1 and the parent form of PIBF foster increased tumor aggressiveness, whereas splice variants of the 90 kDa form of PIBF inhibit immune response against cancer cells. EXPERT OPINION The marked clinical improvement following 200-300 mg of mifepristone is likely related to blocking PIBF. In the low dosage used, mifepristone likely acts as an agonist for PGRMC-1 protein. Mifepristone may be less effective for cancers positive for the nPR because the nPR may be protective and blocking it may have detrimental effects. Based on this hypothetical model, the development of other potential treatment options to provide even greater efficacy for treating cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome H Check
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Cooper Institute for Reproductive Hormonal Disorders P.C, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, USA
| | - Diane L Check
- Cooper Institute for Reproductive Hormonal Disorders P.C, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, USA
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Velesiotis C, Kanellakis M, Vynios DH. Steviol glycosides affect functional properties and macromolecular expression of breast cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1012-1028. [PMID: 36054915 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides, the active sweet components of stevia plant, have been recently found to possess a number of therapeutic properties, including some recorded anticancer ones against various cancer cell types (breast, ovarian, cervical, pancreatic, and colon cancer). Our aim was to investigate this anticancer potential on the two most commonly used breast cancer cell lines which differ in the phenotype and estrogen receptor (ER) status: the low metastatic, ERα+ MCF-7 and the highly metastatic, ERα-/ERβ+ MDA-MB-231. Specifically, glycosides' effect was studied on cancer cells': (a) viability, (b) functionality (proliferation, migration, and adhesion), and (c) gene expression (mRNA level) of crucial molecules implicated in cancer's pathophysiology. Results showed that steviol glycosides induced cell death in both cell lines, in the first 24 hr, which was in line with the antiapoptotic BCL2 decrease. However, cells that managed to survive showcased diametrically opposite behavior. The low metastatic ERα+ MCF-7 cells acquired an aggressive phenotype, depicted by the upregulation of all receptors and co-receptors (ESR, PGR, AR, GPER1, EGFR, IGF1R, CD44, SDC2, and SDC4), as well as VIM and MMP14. On the contrary, the highly metastatic ERα-/ERβ+ MDA-MB-231 cells became less aggressive as pointed out by the respective downregulation of EGFR, IGF1R, CD44, and SDC2. Changes observed in gene expression were compatible with altered cell functions. Glycosides increased MCF-7 cells migration and adhesion, but reduced MDA-MB-231 cells migratory and metastatic potential. In conclusion, the above data clearly demonstrate that steviol glycosides have different effects on breast cancer cells according to their ER status, suggesting that steviol glycosides might be examined for their potential anticancer activity against breast cancer, especially triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Velesiotis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Marinos Kanellakis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Cai S, Hu T, Venkatesan M, Allam M, Schneider F, Ramalingam SS, Sun SY, Coskun AF. Multiplexed protein profiling reveals spatial subcellular signaling networks. iScience 2022; 25:104980. [PMID: 36093051 PMCID: PMC9460555 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Thomas Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mythreye Venkatesan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmet F. Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lange CA, Levin ER. Membrane-Initiated Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Receptor Signaling in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:720-742. [PMID: 34791092 PMCID: PMC9277649 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid effects of steroid hormones were discovered in the early 1950s, but the subject was dominated in the 1970s by discoveries of estradiol and progesterone stimulating protein synthesis. This led to the paradigm that steroid hormones regulate growth, differentiation, and metabolism via binding a receptor in the nucleus. It took 30 years to appreciate not only that some cellular functions arise solely from membrane-localized steroid receptor (SR) actions, but that rapid sex steroid signaling from membrane-localized SRs is a prerequisite for the phosphorylation, nuclear import, and potentiation of the transcriptional activity of nuclear SR counterparts. Here, we provide a review and update on the current state of knowledge of membrane-initiated estrogen (ER), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) receptor signaling, the mechanisms of membrane-associated SR potentiation of their nuclear SR homologues, and the importance of this membrane-nuclear SR collaboration in physiology and disease. We also highlight potential clinical implications of pathway-selective modulation of membrane-associated SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
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11
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Bello-Alvarez C, Zamora-Sánchez CJ, Camacho-Arroyo I. Rapid Actions of the Nuclear Progesterone Receptor through cSrc in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121964. [PMID: 35741094 PMCID: PMC9221966 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) is mainly known for its role as a ligand-regulated transcription factor. However, in the last ten years, this receptor’s extranuclear or rapid actions have gained importance in the context of physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. The PR’s polyproline (PXPP) motif allows protein–protein interaction through SH3 domains of several cytoplasmatic proteins, including the Src family kinases (SFKs). Among members of this family, cSrc is the most well-characterized protein in the scenario of rapid actions of the PR in cancer. Studies in breast cancer have provided the most detailed information on the signaling and effects triggered by the cSrc–PR interaction. Nevertheless, the study of this phenomenon and its consequences has been underestimated in other types of malignancies, especially those not associated with the reproductive system, such as glioblastomas (GBs). This review will provide a detailed analysis of the impact of the PR–cSrc interplay in the progression of some non-reproductive cancers, particularly, in GBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bello-Alvarez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C.P. 0451, Mexico
| | - Carmen J Zamora-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C.P. 0451, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C.P. 0451, Mexico
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12
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Euphorbiasteroid Abrogates EGFR and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Impart Anticancer Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123824. [PMID: 35744950 PMCID: PMC9227563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways play a prominent role in tumor progression in various human cancers including non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Transactivation and crosstalk between the EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways may contribute to the aggressiveness of cancers. Targeting these oncogenic pathways with small molecules is an attractive approach to counteract various types of cancers. In this study, we demonstrate the effect of euphorbiasteroid (EPBS) on the EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in NSCLC cells. EPBS induced preferential cytotoxicity toward A549 (wildtype EGFR-expressing) cells over PC-9 (mutant EGFR-expressing) cells. EPBS suppressed the expression of EGFR, Wnt3a, β-catenin, and FZD-1, and the reduction in β-catenin levels was found to be mediated through the activation of GSK-3β. EPBS reduced the phosphorylation of GSK-3βS9 with a parallel increase in β-TrCP and phosphorylation of GSK-3βY216. Lithium chloride treatment increased the phosphorylation of GSK-3βS9 and nuclear localization of β-catenin, whereas EPBS reverted these effects. Forced expression or depletion of EGFR in NSCLC cells increased or decreased the levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and FZD-1, respectively. Overall, EPBS abrogates EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways to impart its anticancer activity in NSCLC cells.
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13
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Progesterone receptor expression contributes to gemcitabine resistance at higher ECM stiffness in breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268300. [PMID: 35617163 PMCID: PMC9135204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance poses a great barrier to breast cancer treatment and is thought to correlate with increased matrix stiffness. We developed two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide (PAA) and three-dimensional (3D) alginate in vitro models of tissue stiffness that mimic the stiffness of normal breast and breast cancer. We then used these to compare cell viability in response to chemotherapeutic treatment. In both 2D and 3D we observed that breast cancer cell growth and size was increased at a higher stiffness corresponding to tumours compared to normal tissue. When chemotherapeutic response was measured, a specific differential response in cell viability was observed for gemcitabine in 2 of the 7 breast cancer cell lines investigated. MCF7 and T-47D cell lines showed gemcitabine resistance at 4 kPa compared to 500 Pa. These cell lines share a common phenotype of progesterone receptor (PGR) expression and, indeed, pre-treatment with the selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) mifepristone abolished resistance to gemcitabine at high stiffness. Our data reveals that combined treatment with SPRMs may therefore help in reducing resistance to gemcitabine in stiffer breast tumours which are PGR positive.
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14
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Mazumder A, Shiao S, Haricharan S. HER2 Activation and Endocrine Treatment Resistance in HER2-negative Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6329618. [PMID: 34320193 PMCID: PMC8379900 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lethality of estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) breast cancer, which is often considered to have better prognosis than other subtypes, is defined by resistance to the standard of care endocrine treatment. Relapse and metastasis are inevitable in almost every patient whose cancer is resistant to endocrine treatment. Therefore, understanding the underlying causes of treatment resistance remains an important biological and clinical focus of research in this area. Growth factor receptor pathway activation, specifically HER2 activation, has been identified as 1 mechanism of endocrine treatment resistance across a range of experimental model systems. However, clinical trials conducted to test whether targeting HER2 benefits patients with endocrine treatment-resistant ER+ breast cancer have consistently and disappointingly shown mixed results. One reason for the failure of these clinical trials could be the complexity of crosstalk between ER, HER2, and other growth factor receptors and the fluidity of HER2 activation in these cells, which makes it challenging to identify stratifiers for this targeted intervention. In the absence of stratifiers that can be assayed at diagnosis to allow prospective tailoring of HER2 inhibition to the right patients, clinical trials will continue to disappoint. To understand stratifiers, it is important that the field invests in key understudied areas of research including characterization of the tumor secretome and receptor activation in response to endocrine treatment, and mapping the ER-HER2 growth factor network in the normal and developing mammary gland. Understanding these mechanisms further is critical to improving outcomes for the hard-to-treat endocrine treatment-resistant ER+ breast cancer cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloran Mazumder
- Aging and Cancer Immuno-oncology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen Shiao
- Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Svasti Haricharan
- Aging and Cancer Immuno-oncology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: Svasti Haricharan, PhD, Sanford Burnham Prebys, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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Zou Y, Pan L, Shen Y, Wang X, Huang C, Wang H, Jin X, Yin C, Wang Y, Jia J, Qian J, Zou Y, Gong H, Ge J. Cardiac Wnt5a and Wnt11 promote fibrosis by the crosstalk of FZD5 and EGFR signaling under pressure overload. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:877. [PMID: 34564708 PMCID: PMC8464604 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progressive cardiac fibrosis accelerates the development of heart failure. Here, we aimed to explore serum Wnt5a and Wnt11 levels in hypertension patients, the roles of Wnt5a and Wnt11 in cardiac fibrosis and potential mechanisms under pressure overload. The pressure overload mouse model was built by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Cardiac fibrosis was analyzed by Masson's staining. Serum Wnt5a or Wnt11 was elevated and associated with diastolic dysfunction in hypertension patients. TAC enhanced the expression and secretion of Wnt5a or Wnt11 from cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Knockdown of Wnt5a and Wnt11 greatly improved cardiac fibrosis and function at 4 weeks after TAC. In vitro, shWnt5a or shWnt11 lentivirus transfection inhibited pro-fibrotic effects in CFs under mechanical stretch (MS). Similarly, conditional medium from stretched-CMs transfected with shWnt5a or shWnt11 lentivirus significantly suppressed the pro-fibrotic effects induced by conditional medium from stretched-CMs. These data suggested that CMs- or CFs-derived Wnt5a or Wnt11 showed a pro-fibrotic effect under pressure overload. In vitro, exogenous Wnt5a or Wnt11 activated ERK and p38 (fibrotic-related signaling) pathway, promoted the phosphorylation of EGFR, and increased the expression of Frizzled 5 (FZD5) in CFs. Inhibition or knockdown of EGFR greatly attenuated the increased FZD5, p-p38, and p-ERK levels, and the pro-fibrotic effect induced by Wnt5a or Wnt11 in CFs. Si-FZD5 transfection suppressed the increased p-EGFR level, and the fibrotic-related effects in CFs treated with Wnt5a or Wnt11. In conclusion, pressure overload enhances the secretion of Wnt5a or Wnt11 from CMs and CFs which promotes cardiac fibrosis by activation the crosstalk of FZD5 and EGFR. Thus, Wnt5a or Wnt11 may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiac fibrosis under pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Le Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenxing Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuejuan Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianguo Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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16
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Kowalczyk W, Waliszczak G, Jach R, Dulińska-Litewka J. Steroid Receptors in Breast Cancer: Understanding of Molecular Function as a Basis for Effective Therapy Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4779. [PMID: 34638264 PMCID: PMC8507808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the most important health problems worldwide. The family of steroid receptors (SRs), which comprise estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), androgen (AR), glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors, along with a receptor for a secosteroid-vitamin D, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. They function predominantly as nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression, however, their full spectrum of action reaches far beyond this basic mechanism. SRs are involved in a vast variety of interactions with other proteins, including extensive crosstalk with each other. How they affect the biology of a breast cell depends on such factors as post-translational modifications, expression of coregulators, or which SR isoform is predominantly synthesized in a given cellular context. Although ER has been successfully utilized as a breast cancer therapy target for years, research on therapeutic application of other SRs is still ongoing. Designing effective hormone therapies requires thorough understanding of the molecular function of the SRs. Over the past decades, huge amount of data was obtained in multiple studies exploring this field, therefore in this review we attempt to summarize the current knowledge in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kowalczyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Waliszczak
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Robert Jach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika St., 31-501 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
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17
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Kamaraju S, Fowler AM, Weil E, Wisinski KB, Truong TH, Lehr M, Chaudhary LN, Cheng YC, Chitambar CR, Rui H, Yee D, Lange C. Leveraging Antiprogestins in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6178343. [PMID: 33735382 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although incurable, the prognosis for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has considerably improved with the approvals of multiple targeted and cytotoxic therapies. For hormone receptor-positive (HR+), ie, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive (ER+/PgR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative (ie, ERBB2 gene nonamplified or HER2-) MBC, current approved treatment options include palliative endocrine therapy (ET), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK 4/6) inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and PI3 kinase inhibitors. Most treatments target ER+ disease regardless of PgR status. Although the presence of PgR is crucial for ER+ cell proliferation in both normal and malignant mammary tissue, currently, there are no approved treatments that specifically target PgR. Recent literature has demonstrated the potential of antiprogestins in the treatment of MBC both in preclinical and clinical studies. Antiprogestins, including selective PgR modulators (SPRMs) that act as PgR antagonists, are a promising class of therapeutics for overcoming endocrine resistance in patients who develop activating estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) gene mutations after prior endocrine therapy. Herein, we summarize the role of PgR and antiprogestins in the treatment of MBC. Other aspects on the use of functional imaging, clinical trials incorporating novel antiprogestins, and potential treatment combinations to overcome endocrine resistance will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Kamaraju
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amy M Fowler
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Medical College of Wisconsin, Cancer Center, 4th Fl Administrative Offices, Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elizabeth Weil
- Froedtert Health, Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kari B Wisinski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Medical College of Wisconsin, Cancer Center, 4th Fl Administrative Offices, Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Thu H Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martin Lehr
- Context Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lubna N Chaudhary
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Medical College of Wisconsin, Cancer Center, 4th Fl Administrative Offices, Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yee Chung Cheng
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Medical College of Wisconsin, Cancer Center, 4th Fl Administrative Offices, Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Hallgeir Rui
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Douglas Yee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carol Lange
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Mauro LJ, Seibel MI, Diep CH, Spartz A, Perez Kerkvliet C, Singhal H, Swisher EM, Schwartz LE, Drapkin R, Saini S, Sesay F, Litovchick L, Lange CA. Progesterone Receptors Promote Quiescence and Ovarian Cancer Cell Phenotypes via DREAM in p53-Mutant Fallopian Tube Models. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1929-1955. [PMID: 33755733 PMCID: PMC8499172 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ability of ovarian steroids to modify ovarian cancer (OC) risk remains controversial. Progesterone is considered to be protective; recent studies indicate no effect or enhanced OC risk. Knowledge of progesterone receptor (PR) signaling during altered physiology that typifies OC development is limited. OBJECTIVE This study defines PR-driven oncogenic signaling mechanisms in p53-mutant human fallopian tube epithelia (hFTE), a precursor of the most aggressive OC subtype. METHODS PR expression in clinical samples of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) lesions and high-grade serous OC (HGSC) tumors was analyzed. Novel PR-A and PR-B isoform-expressing hFTE models were characterized for gene expression and cell cycle progression, emboli formation, and invasion. PR regulation of the DREAM quiescence complex and DYRK1 kinases was established. RESULTS STICs and HGSC express abundant activated phospho-PR. Progestin promoted reversible hFTE cell cycle arrest, spheroid formation, and invasion. RNAseq/biochemical studies revealed potent ligand-independent/-dependent PR actions, progestin-induced regulation of the DREAM quiescence complex, and cell cycle target genes through enhanced complex formation and chromatin recruitment. Disruption of DREAM/DYRK1s by pharmacological inhibition, HPV E6/E7 expression, or DYRK1A/B depletion blocked progestin-induced cell arrest and attenuated PR-driven gene expression and associated OC phenotypes. CONCLUSION Activated PRs support quiescence and pro-survival/pro-dissemination cell behaviors that may contribute to early HGSC progression. Our data support an alternative perspective on the tenet that progesterone always confers protection against OC. STICs can reside undetected for decades prior to invasive disease; our studies reveal clinical opportunities to prevent the ultimate development of HGSC by targeting PRs, DREAM, and/or DYRKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Mauro
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- University of Minnesota, Department of Animal Science, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Megan I Seibel
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Caroline H Diep
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela Spartz
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Hari Singhal
- Northwestern University, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- University of Washington Seattle, Dept Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren E Schwartz
- University of Pennsylvania, Dept of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Dept Obstetrics & Gynecology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Siddharth Saini
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Dept. Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Fatmata Sesay
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Dept. Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Dept. Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- University of Minnesota, Dept Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Werner LR, Gibson KA, Goodman ML, Helm DE, Walter KR, Holloran SM, Trinca GM, Hastings RC, Yang HH, Hu Y, Wei J, Lei G, Yang XY, Madan R, Molinolo AA, Markiewicz MA, Chalise P, Axelrod ML, Balko JM, Hunter KW, Hartman ZC, Lange CA, Hagan CR. Progesterone promotes immunomodulation and tumor development in the murine mammary gland. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001710. [PMID: 33958486 PMCID: PMC8103939 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have linked usage of progestins (synthetic progesterone [P4]) to breast cancer risk. However, little is understood regarding the role of native P4, signaling through the progesterone receptor (PR), in breast tumor formation. Recently, we reported a link between PR and immune signaling pathways, showing that P4/PR can repress type I interferon signaling pathways. Given these findings, we sought to investigate whether P4/PR drive immunomodulation in the mammary gland and promote tumor formation. METHODS To determine the effect of P4 on immune cell populations in the murine mammary gland, mice were treated with P4 or placebo pellets for 21 days. Immune cell populations in the mammary gland, spleen, and inguinal lymph nodes were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. To assess the effect of PR overexpression on mammary gland tumor development as well as immune cell populations in the mammary gland, a transgenic mouse model was used in which PR was overexpressed throughout the entire mouse. Immune cell populations were assessed in the mammary glands, spleens, and inguinal lymph nodes of 6-month-old transgenic and control mice by flow cytometry. Transgenic mice were also monitored for mammary gland tumor development over a 2-year time span. Following development of mammary gland tumors, immune cell populations in the tumors and spleens of transgenic and control mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that mice treated with P4 exhibited changes in the mammary gland indicative of an inhibited immune response compared with placebo-treated mice. Furthermore, transgenic mice with PR overexpression demonstrated decreased numbers of immune cell populations in their mammary glands, lymph nodes, and spleens. On long-term monitoring, we determined that multiparous PR-overexpressing mice developed significantly more mammary gland tumors than control mice. Additionally, tumors from PR-overexpressing mice contained fewer infiltrating immune cells. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis of tumor samples revealed that immune-related gene signatures were lower in tumors from PR-overexpressing mice as compared with control mice. CONCLUSION Together, these findings offer a novel mechanism of P4-driven mammary gland tumor development and provide rationale in investigating the usage of antiprogestin therapies to promote immune-mediated elimination of mammary gland tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Drug Implants
- Female
- Galectin 4/genetics
- Galectin 4/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovariectomy
- Progesterone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Progesterone/agonists
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn R Werner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katelin A Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Merit L Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dominika E Helm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katherine R Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sean M Holloran
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Gloria M Trinca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard C Hastings
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Howard H Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rashna Madan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary A Markiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Margaret L Axelrod
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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20
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Sflomos G, Battista L, Aouad P, De Martino F, Scabia V, Stravodimou A, Ayyanan A, Ifticene‐Treboux A, Bucher P, Fiche M, Ambrosini G, Brisken C. Intraductal xenografts show lobular carcinoma cells rely on their own extracellular matrix and LOXL1. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13180. [PMID: 33616307 PMCID: PMC7933935 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most frequent special histological subtype of breast cancer, typically characterized by loss of E-cadherin. It has clinical features distinct from other estrogen receptor-positive (ER+ ) breast cancers but the molecular mechanisms underlying its characteristic biology are poorly understood because we lack experimental models to study them. Here, we recapitulate the human disease, including its metastatic pattern, by grafting ILC-derived breast cancer cell lines, SUM-44 PE and MDA-MB-134-VI cells, into the mouse milk ducts. Using patient-derived intraductal xenografts from lobular and non-lobular ER+ HER2- tumors to compare global gene expression, we identify extracellular matrix modulation as a lobular carcinoma cell-intrinsic trait. Analysis of TCGA patient datasets shows matrisome signature is enriched in lobular carcinomas with overexpression of elastin, collagens, and the collagen modifying enzyme LOXL1. Treatment with the pan LOX inhibitor BAPN and silencing of LOXL1 expression decrease tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by disrupting ECM structure resulting in decreased ER signaling. We conclude that LOXL1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for ILC.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sflomos
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Laura Battista
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Aouad
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Fabio De Martino
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Scabia
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Ayyakkannu Ayyanan
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - RLS
- Réseau Lausannois du Sein (RLS)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Bucher
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Maryse Fiche
- Réseau Lausannois du Sein (RLS)LausanneSwitzerland
- International Cancer Prevention InstituteEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Giovanna Ambrosini
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- ISREC ‐ Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer ResearchSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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Cordeiro Mitchell CN, Islam MS, Afrin S, Brennan J, Psoter KJ, Segars JH. Mechanical stiffness augments ligand-dependent progesterone receptor B activation via MEK 1/2 and Rho/ROCK-dependent signaling pathways in uterine fibroid cells. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:255-265. [PMID: 33676751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether mechanical substrate stiffness would influence progesterone receptor B (PRB) signaling in fibroid cells. Uterine fibroids feature an excessive extracellular matrix, increased stiffness, and altered mechanical signaling. Fibroid growth is stimulated by progestins and opposed by anti-progestins, but a functional interaction between progesterone action and mechanical signaling has not been evaluated. DESIGN Laboratory studies. SETTING Translational science laboratory. PATIENT(S)/ANIMAL(S) Human fibroid cell lines and patient-matched fibroid and myometrial cell lines. INTERVENTION(S) Progesterone receptor B-dependent reporter assays and messenger RNA quantitation in cells cultured on stiff polystyrene plates (3GPa) or soft silicone plates (930KPa). Pharmacologic inhibitors of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2 (MEK 1/2; PD98059), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SB202190), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; nintedanib), RhoA (A13), and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK; Y27632). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Progesterone-responsive reporter activation. RESULT(S) Fibroid cells exhibited higher PRB-dependent reporter activity with progesterone (P4) in cells cultured on stiff vs. soft plates. Mechanically induced PRB activation with P4 was decreased 62% by PD98059, 78% by nintedanib, 38% by A13, and 50% by Y27632. Overexpression of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF), AKAP13, significantly increased PRB-dependent reporter activity. Collagen 1 messenger RNA levels were higher in fibroid cells grown on stiff vs. soft plates with P4. CONCLUSION(S) Cells cultured on mechanically stiff substrates had enhanced PRB activation via a mechanism that required MEK 1/2 and AKAP13/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways. These studies provide a framework to explore the mechanisms by which mechanical stiffness affects progesterone receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Cordeiro Mitchell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Brennan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin J Psoter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James H Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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22
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Identification of a cross-talk between EGFR and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways in HepG2 liver cancer cells. Cell Signal 2020; 79:109885. [PMID: 33340661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
EGFRis a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. EGFR is actively pursued as a therapeutic target because its aberrant expression or activity has been reported in several cancers. Several studies have reported the nuclear localization of the EGFR in various cell types, however, its exact nuclear functions are not clear yet. In this study, we have generated GFP fusion constructs of EGFR and its mutants to analyze their subcellular localizationin normal and cancer cells and impact of its sub-cellular location on its various activities using immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, reporter assays, loss-of-function EGFR mutants, and EGFR specific small molecule inhibitors. We show that EGFR is involved in modulating TCF dependent β-catenin transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a similar fashion as IGF1R tyrosine kinase. Moreover, we show that cytoplasmic and nuclear functions are two independent activities of EGFR.
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23
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Wetendorf M, Li R, Wu SP, Liu J, Creighton CJ, Wang T, Janardhan KS, Willson CJ, Lanz RB, Murphy BD, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ. Constitutive expression of progesterone receptor isoforms promotes the development of hormone-dependent ovarian neoplasms. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaaz9646. [PMID: 33023986 PMCID: PMC10251233 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the relative abundances of the progesterone receptor (PGR) isoforms PGRA and PGRB are often observed in women with reproductive tract cancers. To assess the importance of the PGR isoform ratio in the maintenance of the reproductive tract, we generated mice that overexpress PGRA or PGRB in all PGR-positive tissues. Whereas few PGRA-overexpressing mice developed reproductive tract tumors, all PGRB-overexpressing mice developed ovarian neoplasms that were derived from ovarian luteal cells. Transcriptomic analyses of the ovarian tumors from PGRB-overexpressing mice revealed enhanced AKT signaling and a gene expression signature similar to those of human ovarian and endometrial cancers. Treating PGRB-overexpressing mice with the PGR antagonist RU486 stalled tumor growth and decreased the expression of cell cycle-associated genes, indicating that tumor growth and cell proliferation were hormone dependent in addition to being isoform dependent. Analysis of the PGRB cistrome identified binding events at genes encoding proteins that are critical regulators of mitotic phase entry. This work suggests a mechanism whereby an increase in the abundance of PGRB relative to that of PGRA drives neoplasia in vivo by stimulating cell cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margeaux Wetendorf
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - San-Pin Wu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rainer B Lanz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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24
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Islam MS, Afrin S, Jones SI, Segars J. Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Utility. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5828992. [PMID: 32365199 PMCID: PMC8659360 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are a new class of compounds developed to target the progesterone receptor (PR) with a mix of agonist and antagonist properties. These compounds have been introduced for the treatment of several gynecological conditions based on the critical role of progesterone in reproduction and reproductive tissues. In patients with uterine fibroids, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate have consistently demonstrated efficacy, and vilaprisan is currently under investigation, while studies of asoprisnil and telapristone were halted for safety concerns. Mifepristone demonstrated utility for the management of endometriosis, while data are limited regarding the efficacy of asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, telapristone, and vilaprisan for this condition. Currently, none of the SPRMs have shown therapeutic success in treating endometrial cancer. Multiple SPRMs have been assessed for efficacy in treating PR-positive recurrent breast cancer, with in vivo studies suggesting a benefit of mifepristone, and multiple in vitro models suggesting the efficacy of ulipristal acetate and telapristone. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate, vilaprisan, and asoprisnil effectively treated heavy menstrual bleeding (HBM) in patients with uterine fibroids, but limited data exist regarding the efficacy of SPRMs for HMB outside this context. A notable class effect of SPRMs are benign, PR modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs) due to the actions of the compounds on the endometrium. Both mifepristone and ulipristal acetate are effective for emergency contraception, and mifepristone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to its additional antiglucocorticoid effect. Based on current evidence, SPRMs show considerable promise for treatment of several gynecologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Isabel Jones
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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PRMT1 Is Critical for the Transcriptional Activity and the Stability of the Progesterone Receptor. iScience 2020; 23:101236. [PMID: 32563156 PMCID: PMC7305383 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) is an inducible transcription factor that plays critical roles in female reproductive processes and in several aspects of breast cancer tumorigenesis. Our report describes the type I protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) as a cofactor controlling progesterone pathway, through the direct methylation of PR. Mechanistic assays in breast cancer cells indicate that PRMT1 methylates PR at the arginine 637 and reduces the stability of the receptor, thereby accelerating its recycling and finally its transcriptional activity. Depletion of PRMT1 decreases the expression of a subset of progesterone-inducible genes, controlling breast cancer cells proliferation and migration. Consistently, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that low expression of PRMT1 predicts a longer survival among the subgroup with high PR. Our study highlights PR methylation as a molecular switch adapting the transcription requirement of breast cells during tumorigenesis.
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26
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Cytokeratin 5 alters β-catenin dynamics in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:2478-2492. [PMID: 31988452 PMCID: PMC7085458 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers often contain subpopulations of cells that express the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 5 (CK5). CK5+ cells are enriched in cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, can be induced by progestins, and predict poor prognosis in ER+ breast cancer. We established through CK5 knockout and overexpression in ER+ breast cancer cell lines that CK5 is important for tumorsphere formation, prompting us to speculate that CK5 has regulatory activity in CSCs. To interrogate CK5 interacting proteins that may be functionally cooperative, we performed immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry for CK5 in ER+ breast cancer cells. Focusing on proteins with signaling activity, we identified β-catenin, a key transcription factor of the Wnt signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecule, as a CK5 interactor, which we confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in several breast cancer models. We interrogated the dual functions of β-catenin in relation to CK5. Knockout or knockdown of CK5 ablated β-catenin transcriptional activity in response to progestins and Wnt stimuli. Conversely, CK5 induced by progestins or overexpression was sufficient to promote loss of β-catenin at the cell membrane and total E-cadherin loss. A breast cancer patient-derived xenograft showed similar loss of membrane β-catenin and E-cadherin in CK5+ but not intratumoral CK5− cells and single cell RNA sequencing found the top enriched pathways in the CK5+ cell cluster were cell junction remodeling and signaling. This report highlights that CK5 actively remodels cell morphology and that blockade of CK5-β-catenin interaction may reverse the detrimental properties of CK5+ breast cancer cells.
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27
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Roche SL, Kutsyr O, Cuenca N, Cotter TG. Norgestrel, a Progesterone Analogue, Promotes Significant Long-Term Neuroprotection of Cone Photoreceptors in a Mouse Model of Retinal Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3221-3235. [PMID: 31335948 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited blinding retinal diseases, whereby the death of mutated rod photoreceptors is followed closely by the death of cone photoreceptors. Cone cell death can be hugely debilitating as color/daytime vision becomes impaired. Thus, treatments that are effective against cone cell death are urgently needed. Our research has been working toward development of a neuroprotective treatment for RP. We have previously demonstrated significant neuroprotective properties of norgestrel, a progesterone analogue, in the mouse retina. The current study further investigates the potential of norgestrel as a treatment for RP, with a focus on long-term preservation of cone photoreceptors. Methods Using the well-established rd10 mouse model of RP, we administered a norgestrel-supplemented diet at postnatal day (P)30, following widespread loss of rod photoreceptors and at the outset of cone degeneration. We subsequently assessed cone cell morphology and retinal function at P50, P60, and P80, using immunohistochemistry, electroretinograph recordings, and optomotor testing. Results While cone cell degeneration was widespread in the untreated rd10 retina, we observed profound preservation of cone photoreceptor morphology in the norgestrel-treated mice for at least 50 days, out to P80. This was demonstrated by up to 28-fold more cone arrestin-positive photoreceptors. This protection transpired to functional preservation at all ages. Conclusions This work presents norgestrel as an incredibly promising long-term neuroprotective compound for the treatment of RP. Crucially, norgestrel could be used in the mid-late stages of the disease to protect remaining cone cells and help preserve color/daytime vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Roche
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Cenciarini ME, Proietti CJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying progesterone receptor action in breast cancer: Insights into cell proliferation and stem cell regulation. Steroids 2019; 152:108503. [PMID: 31562879 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ovarian steroid hormone progesterone and its nuclear receptor, the Progesterone Receptor (PR), play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammary gland. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence demonstrate their critical role in controlling mammary gland tumorigenesis and breast cancer development. When bound to its ligand, the main action of PR is as a transcription factor, which regulates the expression of target genes networks. PR also activates signal transduction pathways through a rapid or non-genomic mechanism in breast cancer cells, an event that is fully integrated with its genomic effects. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the ligand-activated PR actions that drive epithelial cell proliferation and the regulation of the stem cell population in the normal breast and in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro E Cenciarini
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Cecilia J Proietti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina.
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29
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Faden DL, Gomez-Casal R, Alvarado D, Duvvuri U. Genomic Correlates of Exceptional Response to ErbB3 Inhibition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3. [PMID: 31440738 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Faden
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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30
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Nguyen TD, Davis J, Eugenio RA, Liu Y. Female Sex Hormones Activate Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K Through the OCT4 Transcription Factor in T47D Breast Cancer Cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:348-356. [PMID: 30565469 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex hormones, the octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are all involved in the development of breast cancer. However, whether there are cross talks between these factors to promote breast cancer is still unknown. Using the T47D human breast cancer cell line, we have found that estradiol and progesterone synergistically activate HERV-K through nuclear receptors. The progesterone receptor (isoform B) binds a progesterone-response element (PRE) in a long terminal repeat (LTR5HS) of HERV-K. There is another transcription factor-binding element in the LTR, the octamer motif, which is required for the hormones to activate gene transcription downstream of the LTR. Gel shift assays and co-immunoprecipitation indicate that the progesterone receptor (PR) and the OCT4 transcription factor interact on the protein level. Methylation of the PRE enhances binding of the PR. These findings help to elucidate the previously unknown cross talks among the sex hormones, OCT4, and HERVs in contributing to breast cancer proliferation and tumorigenesis, which may be useful in guiding further development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam D. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - James Davis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - Roelle A. Eugenio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - Yingguang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
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31
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Truong TH, Dwyer AR, Diep CH, Hu H, Hagen KM, Lange CA. Phosphorylated Progesterone Receptor Isoforms Mediate Opposing Stem Cell and Proliferative Breast Cancer Cell Fates. Endocrinology 2019; 160:430-446. [PMID: 30597041 PMCID: PMC6349004 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are key modifiers of estrogen receptor (ER) target genes and drivers of luminal breast cancer progression. Total PR expression, rather than isoform-specific PR expression, is measured in breast tumors as an indicator of functional ER. We identified phenotypic differences between PR-A and PR-B in luminal breast cancer models with a focus on tumorsphere biology. Our findings indicated that PR-A is a dominant driver of cancer stem cell (CSC) expansion in T47D models, and PR-B is a potent driver of anchorage-independent proliferation. PR-A+ tumorspheres were enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, CD44+/CD24-, and CD49f+/CD24- cell populations relative to PR-B+ tumorspheres. Progestin promoted heightened expression of known CSC-associated target genes in PR-A+ but not PR-B+ cells cultured as tumorspheres. We report robust phosphorylation of PR-A relative to PR-B Ser294 and found that this residue is required for PR-A-induced expression of CSC-associated genes and CSC behavior. Cells expressing PR-A S294A exhibited impaired CSC phenotypes but heightened anchorage-independent cell proliferation. The PR target gene and coactivator, FOXO1, promoted PR phosphorylation and tumorsphere formation. The FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856) alone or combined with onapristone (PR antagonist), blunted phosphorylated PR, and tumorsphere formation in PR-A+ and PR-B+ T47D, MCF7, and BT474 models. Our data revealed unique isoform-specific functions of phosphorylated PRs as modulators of distinct and opposing pathways relevant to mechanisms of late recurrence. A clear understanding of PR isoforms, phosphorylation events, and the role of cofactors could lead to novel biomarkers of advanced tumor behavior and reveal new approaches to pharmacologically target CSCs in luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy R Dwyer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Caroline H Diep
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hsiangyu Hu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kyla M Hagen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Correspondence: Carol A. Lange, PhD, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. E-mail:
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32
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Yao M, Fang W, Smart C, Hu Q, Huang S, Alvarez N, Fields P, Cheng N. CCR2 Chemokine Receptors Enhance Growth and Cell-Cycle Progression of Breast Cancer Cells through SRC and PKC Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:604-617. [PMID: 30446625 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers are an aggressive breast cancer subtype, which often lack estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2 expression, and are resistant to antihormonal and targeted therapy, resulting in few treatment options. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate progression of basal-like breast cancers would lead to new therapeutic targets and improved treatment strategies. Breast cancer progression is characterized by inflammatory responses, regulated in part by chemokines. The CCL2/CCR2 chemokine pathway is best known for regulating breast cancer progression through macrophage-dependent mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated important biological roles for CCL2/CCR2 signaling in breast cancer cells. Using the MCF10CA1d xenograft model of basal-like breast cancer, primary tumor growth was significantly increased with cotransplantation of patient-derived fibroblasts expressing high levels of CCL2, and was inhibited with CRISP/R gene ablation of stromal CCL2. CRISP/R gene ablation of CCR2 in MCF10CA1d breast cancer cells inhibited breast tumor growth and M2 macrophage recruitment and validated through CCR2 shRNA knockdown in the 4T1 model. Reverse phase protein array analysis revealed that cell-cycle protein expression was associated with CCR2 expression in basal-like breast cancer cells. CCL2 treatment of basal-like breast cancer cell lines increased proliferation and cell-cycle progression associated with SRC and PKC activation. Through pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrated that SRC and PKC negatively regulated expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor protein p27KIP1, and are necessary for CCL2-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. IMPLICATIONS: This report sheds novel light on CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling as a mitogenic pathway and cell-cycle regulator in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Curtis Smart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nehemiah Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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33
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Regan Anderson TM, Ma S, Perez Kerkvliet C, Peng Y, Helle TM, Krutilina RI, Raj GV, Cidlowski JA, Ostrander JH, Schwertfeger KL, Seagroves TN, Lange CA. Taxol Induces Brk-dependent Prosurvival Phenotypes in TNBC Cells through an AhR/GR/HIF-driven Signaling Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1761-1772. [PMID: 29991529 PMCID: PMC6214723 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic cascade is a complex process that requires cancer cells to survive despite conditions of high physiologic stress. Previously, cooperation between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) was reported as a point of convergence for host and cellular stress signaling. These studies indicated p38 MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of GR on Ser134 and subsequent p-GR/HIF-dependent induction of breast tumor kinase (PTK6/Brk), as a mediator of aggressive cancer phenotypes. Herein, p-Ser134 GR was quantified in human primary breast tumors (n = 281) and the levels of p-GR were increased in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) relative to luminal breast cancer. Brk was robustly induced following exposure of TNBC model systems to chemotherapeutic agents (Taxol or 5-fluorouracil) and growth in suspension [ultra-low attachment (ULA)]. Notably, both Taxol and ULA resulted in upregulation of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a known mediator of cancer prosurvival phenotypes. Mechanistically, AhR and GR copurified and following chemotherapy and ULA, these factors assembled at the Brk promoter and induced Brk expression in an HIF-dependent manner. Furthermore, Brk expression was upregulated in Taxol-resistant breast cancer (MCF-7) models. Ultimately, Brk was critical for TNBC cell proliferation and survival during Taxol treatment and in the context of ULA as well as for basal cancer cell migration, acquired biological phenotypes that enable cancer cells to successfully complete the metastatic cascade. These studies nominate AhR as a p-GR binding partner and reveal ways to target epigenetic events such as adaptive and stress-induced acquisition of cancer skill sets required for metastatic cancer spread.Implication: Breast cancer cells enlist intracellular stress response pathways that evade chemotherapy by increasing cancer cell survival and promoting migratory phenotypes. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1761-72. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah M Regan Anderson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carlos Perez Kerkvliet
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Taylor M Helle
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raisa I Krutilina
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Julie H Ostrander
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Carol A Lange
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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34
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Perkins MS, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D. Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Emerging Steroid Receptor Mechanisms. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R133-R160. [PMID: 29899079 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although hormone therapy is widely used by millions of women to relieve symptoms of menopause, it has been associated with several side-effects such as coronary heart disease, stroke and increased invasive breast cancer risk. These side-effects have caused many women to seek alternatives to conventional hormone therapy, including the controversial custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy suggested to not increase breast cancer risk. Historically estrogens and the estrogen receptor were considered the principal factors promoting breast cancer development and progression, however, a role for other members of the steroid receptor family in breast cancer pathogenesis is now evident, with emerging studies revealing an interplay between some steroid receptors. In this review, we discuss examples of hormone therapy used for the relief of menopausal symptoms, highlighting the distinction between conventional hormone therapy and custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy. Moreover, we highlight the fact that not all hormones have been evaluated for an association with increased breast cancer risk. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of steroid receptors in mediating the carcinogenic effects of hormones used in menopausal hormone therapy, with special emphasis on the influence of the interplay or crosstalk between steroid receptors. Unraveling the intertwined nature of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathways in breast cancer biology is of utmost importance, considering that breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms may reveal novel prevention or treatment options, and lead to the development of new hormone therapies that does not cause increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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35
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EGF-induced nuclear localization of SHCBP1 activates β-catenin signaling and promotes cancer progression. Oncogene 2018; 38:747-764. [PMID: 30177836 PMCID: PMC6355651 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of EGFR represents a common event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and activates various downstream signaling pathways. While EGFR activation of β-catenin signaling was previously reported, the mediating mechanism remains unclear. Our current study found that EGFR activation in NSCLC cells releases SHC-binging protein 1 (SHCBP1) from SHC adaptor protein 1 (SHC1), which subsequently translocates into the nucleus and directly promotes the transactivating activity of β-catenin, consequently resulting in development of NSCLC cell stemness and malignant progression. Furthermore, SHCBP1 promotes β-catenin activity through enhancing the CBP/β-catenin interaction, and most interestingly, a candidate drug that blocks the CBP/β-catenin binding effectively abrogates the aforementioned biological effects of SHCBP1. Clinically, SHCBP1 level in NSCLC tumors was found to inversely correlate with patient survival. Together, our study establishes a novel convergence between EGFR and β-catenin pathways and highlights a potential significance of SHCBP1 as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target.
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36
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Dittmer J. Breast cancer stem cells: Features, key drivers and treatment options. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:59-74. [PMID: 30059727 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current view is that breast cancer is a stem cell disease characterized by the existence of cancer cells with stem-like features and tumor-initiating potential. These cells are made responsible for tumor dissemination and metastasis. Common therapies by chemotherapeutic drugs fail to eradicate these cells and rather increase the pool of cancer stem cells in tumors, an effect that may increase the likelyhood of recurrence. Fifteen years after the first evidence for a small stem-like subpopulation playing a major role in breast cancer initiation has been published a large body of knowledge has been accumulated regarding the signaling cascades and proteins involved in maintaining stemness in breast cancer. Differences in the stem cell pool size and in mechanisms regulating stemness in the different breast cancer subtypes have emerged. Overall, this knowledge offers new approaches to intervene with breast cancer stem cell activity. New options are particularly needed for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer subtype, which is particularly rich in cancer stem cells and is also the subtype for which specific therapies are still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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37
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Lamb CA, Fabris VT, Jacobsen B, Molinolo AA, Lanari C. Biological and clinical impact of imbalanced progesterone receptor isoform ratios in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:ERC-18-0179. [PMID: 29991638 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a consensus that progestins and thus their cognate receptor molecules, the progesterone receptors (PR), are essential in the development of the adult mammary gland and regulators of proliferation and lactation. However, a role for natural progestins in breast carcinogenesis remains poorly understood. A hint to that possible role came from studies in which the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with an increased breast cancer risk in women under hormone replacement therapy. However, progestins have been also used for breast cancer treatment and to inhibit the growth of several experimental breast cancer models. More recently, PR have been shown to be regulators of estrogen receptor signaling. With all this information, the question is how can we target PR, and if so, which patients may benefit from such an approach? PR are not single unique molecules. Two main PR isoforms have been characterized, PRA and PRB, that exert different functions and the relative abundance of one isoform respect to the other determines the response of PR agonists and antagonists. Immunohistochemistry with standard antibodies against PR do not discriminate between isoforms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of both PR isoforms in mammary glands, in experimental models of breast cancer and in breast cancer patients, to better understand how the PRA/PRB ratio can be exploited therapeutically to design personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lamb
- C Lamb, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria T Fabris
- V Fabris, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Britta Jacobsen
- B Jacobsen, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- A Molinolo, Biorepository and Tissue Technology Shared Resource, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, United States
| | - Claudia Lanari
- C Lanari, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Papadopoulos D, Shihan M, Scheiner-Bobis G. Physiological implications of DHEAS-induced non-classical steroid hormone signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:73-78. [PMID: 29017935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the spermatogenic cell line GC-2, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), activates the Src/Ras/c-Raf/Erk1/2/CREB(ATF-1) signaling cascade. Since DHEAS is present in the gonads, and since spermatogenesis and maturation of spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa requires activation of Erk1/2, the triggering of these signaling events by DHEAS might have physiological relevance. In the Sertoli cell line TM4, DHEAS-induces activation of Erk1/2, CREB, and ATF-1, stimulates expression of claudin-3 and claudin-5 and augments transepithelial resistance, indicating the formation of tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells. Thus, by influencing the formation and dynamics of tight junctions at the blood-testis barrier, which protects germ cells from cells of the immune system, DHEAS might play a crucial role in the regulation and maintenance of male fertility. In bEnd.3 brain-derived endothelial cells, DHEAS stimulates the expression of zonula occludens-1 and claudin-3 and promotes tight junction formation between neighboring cells, which at the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful factors and cells. If DHEAS supports the integrity of the blood-brain barrier also in vivo, the current findings might lead to new strategies for the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders associated with barrier defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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39
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Schreihofer DA, Duong P, Cunningham RL. N-terminal truncations in sex steroid receptors and rapid steroid actions. Steroids 2018; 133:15-20. [PMID: 29104096 PMCID: PMC5864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors act as ligand activated nuclear transcription factors throughout the body, including the brain. However, post-translational modification of these receptors can direct them to extranuclear sites, including the plasma membrane, where they are able to initiate rapid signaling. Because of the conserved domain structure of these receptors, alternative exon splicing can result in proteins with altered nuclear and extranuclear actions. Although much attention has focused on internal and C-terminal splice variants, both estrogen and androgen receptors undergo N-terminal truncations, as well. These truncated proteins not only influence the transcriptional activity of the full-length receptors, but also associate with caveolin and initiate signaling at the plasma membrane. Such actions may have important physiological consequences in neuronal, endothelial, and cancer signaling and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Schreihofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA
| | - Phong Duong
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA.
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40
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The Proliferative Response to p27 Down-Regulation in Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormonal Therapy is Lost in Breast Tumors. Transl Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29524829 PMCID: PMC5884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased proliferation and breast cancer risk has been observed in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen (E) + progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Progestin action is mediated through two progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms, PRA and PRB, with unique transcriptional activity and function. The current study examines hormonal regulation of PR isoforms in the normal postmenopausal human breast and the mechanism by which progestins increase proliferation and breast cancer risk. Archival benign breast biopsies from postmenopausal and premenopausal women, and luminal breast tumor biopsies from postmenopausal women, were analyzed for regulation of PRA and PRB expression by E and E+medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In the postmenopausal breast without HRT, PRA and PRB expression was decreased compared to the premenopausal breast. Both E (n = 12) and E+MPA (n = 13) HRT in the postmenopausal breast were associated with increased PRA and PRB expression, increased nuclear cyclin E expression, and decreased nuclear p27 expression compared to no HRT (n = 16). With E+MPA HRT, there was a further decrease in nuclear p27 and increased Receptor Activator of NF-kappa B Ligand (RANKL) expression compared to E-alone HRT. In luminal breast cancers, E+MPA HRT (n = 6) was also associated with decreased nuclear expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 compared to E HRT (n = 6), but was not associated with increased proliferation. These results suggest that p27 mediates progestin-induced proliferation in the normal human breast and that regulation of this proliferative response by E+MPA is lost in breast tumors.
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41
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De Amicis F, Guido C, Santoro M, Giordano F, Donà A, Rizza P, Pellegrino M, Perrotta I, Bonofiglio D, Sisci D, Panno ML, Tramontano D, Aquila S, Andò S. Ligand activated progesterone receptor B drives autophagy-senescence transition through a Beclin-1/Bcl-2 dependent mechanism in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57955-57969. [PMID: 27462784 PMCID: PMC5295403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of progesterone-receptors (PR) expression is associated with breast cancer progression. Herein we provide evidence that OHPg/PR-B through Beclin-1 evoke autophagy-senescence transition, in breast cancer cells. Specifically, OHPg increases Beclin-1 expression through a transcriptional mechanism due to the occupancy of Beclin-1 promoter by PR-B, together with the transcriptional coactivator SRC-2. This complex binds at a canonical half progesterone responsive element, which is fundamental for OHPg effects, as shown by site-directed mutagenesis. Beside, OHPg via non-genomic action rapidly activates JNK, which phosphorylates Bcl-2, producing the functional release from Beclin-1 interaction. This is not linked to an efficient autophagic flux, since p62 levels, marker of degradation via lysosomes, were not reduced after sustained OHPg stimulus. Instead, the cell cycle inhibitor p27 was induced, together with an irreversible G1 arrest, hallmark of cellular senescence. Specifically the increase of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity was blocked by Bcl-2 siRNA but also by Beclin-1 siRNA. Collectively these findings support the importance of PR-B expression in breast cancer cells, thus targeting PR-B may be a useful strategy to provide additional approaches to existing therapies for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Amicis
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Carmela Guido
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marta Santoro
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ada Donà
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Pietro Rizza
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Diego Sisci
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Donatella Tramontano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Saveria Aquila
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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42
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Piasecka D, Kitowska K, Czaplinska D, Mieczkowski K, Mieszkowska M, Turczyk L, Skladanowski AC, Zaczek AJ, Biernat W, Kordek R, Romanska HM, Sadej R. Fibroblast growth factor signalling induces loss of progesterone receptor in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86011-86025. [PMID: 27852068 PMCID: PMC5349893 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGFR2), signalling via ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), promotes progression of breast cancer (BCa). Loss of progesterone receptor (PR), whose activity in BCa cells can be stimulated by growth factor receptors (GFRs), is associated with poor patient outcome. Here we showed that FGF7/FGFR2 triggered phosphorylation of PR at Ser294, PR ubiquitination and subsequent receptor`s degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway in BCa cells. We further demonstrated that RSK2 mediated FGF7/FGFR2-induced PR downregulation. In addition, a strong synergistic effect of FGF7 and progesterone (Pg), reflected in the enhanced anchorage-independent growth and cell migration, was observed. Analysis of clinical material demonstrated that expression of PR inversely correlated with activated RSK (RSK-P) (p = 0.016). Patients with RSK-P(+)/PR(–) tumours had 3.629-fold higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.002), when compared with the rest of the cohort. Moreover, RSK-P(+)/PR(–) phenotype was shown as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.006). These results indicate that the FGF7/FGFR2-RSK2 axis promotes PR turnover and activity, which may sensitize BCa cells to stromal stimuli and contribute to the progression toward steroid hormone negative BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Piasecka
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominika Czaplinska
- Department of Cell Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Mieczkowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mieszkowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Turczyk
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej C Skladanowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna J Zaczek
- Department of Cell Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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43
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Leehy KA, Truong TH, Mauro LJ, Lange CA. Progesterone receptors (PR) mediate STAT actions: PR and prolactin receptor signaling crosstalk in breast cancer models. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:88-93. [PMID: 28442393 PMCID: PMC5653461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is the major mitogenic stimulus of mammary gland development during puberty wherein ER signaling acts to induce abundant PR expression. PR signaling, in contrast, is the primary driver of mammary epithelial cell proliferation in adulthood. The high circulating levels of progesterone during pregnancy signal through PR, inducing expression of the prolactin receptor (PRLR). Cooperation between PR and prolactin (PRL) signaling, via regulation of downstream components in the PRL signaling pathway including JAKs and STATs, facilitates the alveolar morphogenesis observed during pregnancy. Indeed, these pathways are fully integrated via activation of shared signaling pathways (i.e. JAKs, MAPKs) as well as by the convergence of PRs and STATs at target genes relevant to both mammary gland biology and breast cancer progression (i.e. proliferation, stem cell outgrowth, tissue cell type heterogeneity). Thus, rather than a single mediator such as ER, transcription factor cascades (ER>PR>STATs) are responsible for rapid proliferative and developmental programming in the normal mammary gland. It is not surprising that these same mediators typify uncontrolled proliferation in a majority of breast cancers, where ER and PR are most often co-expressed and may cooperate to drive malignant tumor progression. This review will primarily focus on the integration of PR and PRL signaling in breast cancer models and the importance of this cross-talk in cancer progression in the context of mammographic density. Components of these PR/PRL signaling pathways could offer alternative drug targets and logical complements to anti-ER or anti-estrogen-based endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Leehy
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Thu H Truong
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Laura J Mauro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Carol A Lange
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
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44
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Domínguez-Ordóñez R, Garcia-Juárez M, Lima-Hernández FJ, Gómora-Arrati P, Domínguez-Salazar E, Blaustein JD, Etgen AM, González-Flores O. Lordosis facilitated by GPER-1 receptor activation involves GnRH-1, progestin and estrogen receptors in estrogen-primed rats. Horm Behav 2018; 98:77-87. [PMID: 29269179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the participation of membrane G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) and gonadotropin releasing hormone 1 (GnRH-1) receptor in the display of lordosis induced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of G1, a GPER-1 agonist, and by unesterified 17β-estradiol (free E2). In addition, we assessed the participation of both estrogen and progestin receptors in the lordosis behavior induced by G1 in ovariectomized (OVX), E2-benzoate (EB)-primed rats. In Experiment 1, icv injection of G1 induced lordosis behavior at 120 and 240min. In Experiment 2, icv injection of the GPER-1 antagonist G15 significantly reduced lordosis behavior induced by either G1 or free E2. In addition, Antide, a GnRH-1 receptor antagonist, significantly depressed G1 facilitation of lordosis behavior in OVX, EB-primed rats. Similarly, icv injection of Antide blocked the stimulatory effect of E2 on lordosis behavior. In Experiment 3, systemic injection of either tamoxifen or RU486 significantly reduced lordosis behavior induced by icv administration of G1 in OVX, EB-primed rats. The results suggest that GnRH release activates both estrogen and progestin receptors and that this activation is important in the chain of events leading to the display of lordosis behavior in response to activation of GPER-1 in estrogen-primed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Domínguez-Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - M Garcia-Juárez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - F J Lima-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - P Gómora-Arrati
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México
| | - E Domínguez-Salazar
- Area de Neurosciencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México
| | - J D Blaustein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A M Etgen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - O González-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, México; Area de Neurosciencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México.
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45
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Allen RS, Sayeed I, Oumarbaeva Y, Morrison KC, Choi PH, Pardue MT, Stein DG. Progesterone treatment shows greater protection in brain vs. retina in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion: Progesterone receptor levels may play an important role. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:947-963. [PMID: 27802245 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To determine whether inflammation increases in retina as it does in brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and whether the neurosteroid progesterone, shown to have protective effects in both retina and brain after MCAO, reduces inflammation in retina as well as brain. METHODS MCAO rats treated systemically with progesterone or vehicle were compared with shams. Protein levels of cytosolic NF-κB, nuclear NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, CD11b, progesterone receptor A and B, and pregnane X receptor were assessed in retinas and brains at 24 and 48 h using western blots. RESULTS Following MCAO, significant increases were observed in the following inflammatory markers: pNF-κB and CD11b at 24 h in both brain and retina, nuclear NF-κB at 24 h in brain and 48 h in retina, and TNF-α at 24 h in brain.Progesterone treatment in MCAO animals significantly attenuated levels of the following markers in brain: pNF-κB, nuclear NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and CD11b, with significantly increased levels of cytosolic NF-κB. Retinas from progesterone-treated animals showed significantly reduced levels of nuclear NF-κB and IL-6 and increased levels of cytosolic NF-κB, with a trend for reduction in other markers. Post-MCAO, progesterone receptors A and B were upregulated in brain and downregulated in retina. CONCLUSION Inflammatory markers increased in both brain and retina after MCAO, with greater increases observed in brain. Progesterone treatment reduced inflammation, with more dramatic reductions observed in brain than retina. This differential effect may be due to differences in the response of progesterone receptors in brain and retina after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S Allen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuliya Oumarbaeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Paul H Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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46
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Finlay-Schultz J, Gillen AE, Brechbuhl HM, Ivie JJ, Matthews SB, Jacobsen BM, Bentley DL, Kabos P, Sartorius CA. Breast Cancer Suppression by Progesterone Receptors Is Mediated by Their Modulation of Estrogen Receptors and RNA Polymerase III. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4934-4946. [PMID: 28729413 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Greater than 50% of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers coexpress the progesterone receptor (PR), which can directly and globally modify ER action to attenuate tumor growth. However, whether this attenuation is mediated only through PR-ER interaction remains unknown. To address this question, we assessed tumor growth in ER/PR-positive patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer, where both natural and synthetic progestins were found to antagonize the mitogenic effects of estrogens. Probing the genome-wide mechanisms by which this occurs, we documented that chronic progestin treatment blunted ER-mediated gene expression up to 2-fold at the level of mRNA transcripts. Unexpectedly, <25% of all ER DNA binding events were affected by the same treatment. The PR cistrome displayed a bimodal distribution. In one group, >50% of PR binding sites were co-occupied by ER, with a propensity for both receptors to coordinately gain or lose binding in the presence of progesterone. In the second group, PR but not ER was associated with a large fraction of RNA polymerase III-transcribed tRNA genes, independent of hormone treatment. Notably, we discovered that PR physically associated with the Pol III holoenzyme. Select pre-tRNAs and mature tRNAs with PR and POLR3A colocalized at their promoters were relatively decreased in estrogen + progestin-treated tumors. Our results illuminate how PR may indirectly impede ER action by reducing the bioavailability of translational molecules needed for tumor growth. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4934-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Finlay-Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heather M Brechbuhl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joshua J Ivie
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shawna B Matthews
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Britta M Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David L Bentley
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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47
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Liang Y, Goyette S, Hyder SM. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO 48-8071 reduces progesterone receptor expression and inhibits progestin-dependent stem cell-like cell growth in hormone-dependent human breast cancer cells. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:487-494. [PMID: 28744156 PMCID: PMC5511027 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s140265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials and studies have shown that postmenopausal women undergoing combination hormone replacement therapy containing estrogen and progestin have an increased risk of breast cancer compared with women taking estrogen or placebo alone. Using animal models, we have previously shown that synthetic progestins, including medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), which is widely used clinically, accelerate breast cancer tumor growth and promote metastasis. Furthermore, we have found that MPA elevates CD44 protein expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, two markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and increases mammosphere formation, another hallmark of stem cells, in hormone-dependent T47-D human breast cancer cells. Herein, we show that RO 48-8071 (RO), an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, reduced MPA-induced CD44 protein expression in two hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell lines, T47-D and BT-474. Because we have previously shown that MPA induction of CD44 is progesterone receptor (PR) dependent, we examined RO’s effects on PR protein and mRNA expressions in T47-D cells. PR mRNA levels remained unchanged after RO treatment; however, RO significantly reduced the protein expression of both PR receptor isoforms, PR-A and PR-B. Using the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, we demonstrated that RO decreases PR protein expression in T47-D cells via the proteasomal degradation pathway. Importantly, treatment of T47-D cells with RO abolished MPA-induced mammosphere formation. Based on our observations, we contend that RO may represent a novel means of preventing MPA-induced CSC expansion. RO could be used clinically to both treat and prevent hormone-dependent breast cancers, which represent the majority of human breast cancers. RO may also have clinical utility in reducing resistance to antihormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sandy Goyette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Salman M Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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48
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Walter KR, Goodman ML, Singhal H, Hall JA, Li T, Holloran SM, Trinca GM, Gibson KA, Jin VX, Greene GL, Hagan CR. Interferon-Stimulated Genes Are Transcriptionally Repressed by PR in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1331-1340. [PMID: 28684637 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) regulates transcriptional programs that drive proliferation, survival, and stem cell phenotypes. Although the role of native progesterone in the development of breast cancer remains controversial, PR clearly alters the transcriptome in breast tumors. This study identifies a class of genes, Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), potently downregulated by ligand-activated PR which have not been previously shown to be regulated by PR. Progestin-dependent transcriptional repression of ISGs was observed in breast cancer cell line models and human breast tumors. Ligand-independent regulation of ISGs was also observed, as basal transcript levels were markedly higher in cells with PR knockdown. PR repressed ISG transcription in response to IFN treatment, the canonical mechanism through which these genes are activated. Liganded PR is robustly recruited to enhancer regions of ISGs, and ISG transcriptional repression is dependent upon PR's ability to bind DNA. In response to PR activation, key regulatory transcription factors that are required for IFN-activated ISG transcription, STAT2 and IRF9, exhibit impaired recruitment to ISG promoter regions, correlating with PR/ligand-dependent ISG transcriptional repression. IFN activation is a critical early step in nascent tumor recognition and destruction through immunosurveillance. As the large majority of breast tumors are PR positive at the time of diagnosis, PR-dependent downregulation of IFN signaling may be a mechanism through which early PR-positive breast tumors evade the immune system and develop into clinically relevant tumors.Implications: This study highlights a novel transcriptional mechanism through which PR drives breast cancer development and potentially evades the immune system. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1331-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Merit L Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hari Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jade A Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Tianbao Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sean M Holloran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Gloria M Trinca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Katelin A Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, Texas
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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49
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Polosukhina D, Love HD, Correa H, Su Z, Dahlman KB, Pao W, Moses HL, Arteaga CL, Lovvorn HN, Zent R, Clark PE. Functional KRAS mutations and a potential role for PI3K/AKT activation in Wilms tumors. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:405-421. [PMID: 28188683 PMCID: PMC5378659 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal neoplasm of childhood and affects 1 in 10 000 children aged less than 15 years. These embryonal tumors are thought to arise from primitive nephrogenic rests that derive from the metanephric mesenchyme during kidney development and are characterized partly by increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We previously showed that coordinate activation of Ras and β-catenin accelerates the growth and metastatic progression of a murine WT model. Here, we show that activating KRAS mutations can be found in human WT. In addition, high levels of phosphorylated AKT are present in the majority of WT. We further show in a mouse model and in renal epithelial cells that Ras cooperates with β-catenin to drive metastatic disease progression and promotes in vitro tumor cell growth, migration, and colony formation in soft agar. Cellular transformation and metastatic disease progression of WT cells are in part dependent on PI3K/AKT activation and are inhibited via pharmacological inhibition of this pathway. Our studies suggest both KRAS mutations and AKT activation are present in WT and may represent novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Polosukhina
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harold D Love
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zengliu Su
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly B Dahlman
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Pao
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harold N Lovvorn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology & Cancer Biology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter E Clark
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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50
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Chen R, Yu Y, Dong X. Progesterone receptor in the prostate: A potential suppressor for benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:91-96. [PMID: 27125450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer undergoing androgen receptor pathway inhibition (ARPI) eventually progresses to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), suggesting that (i) androgen receptor (AR) blockage is incomplete, and (ii) there are other critical molecular pathways contributing to prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Although most PCa occurs in the epithelium, prostate stroma is increasingly believed to play a crucial role in promoting tumorigenesis and facilitating tumor progression. In the stroma, sex steroid hormone receptors such as AR and estrogen receptor-α are implicated to have important functions, whereas the progesterone receptor (PR) remains largely under-investigated despite the high sequence and structural similarities between PR and AR. Stromal progesterone/PR signaling may play a critical role in PCa development and progression because not only progesterone is a critical precursor for de novo androgen steroidogenesis and an activator of mutant androgen receptors, but also PR functions in a ligand-independent manner in various important pathways. In fact, recent progress in our understanding of stromal PR function suggests that this receptor may exert an inhibitory effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), reactive stroma development, and PCa progression. These early findings of stromal PR warrant further investigations as this receptor could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiQi Chen
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Yue Yu
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
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