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Majeed T, Lee CC, Orts WJ, Tabassum R, Shah TA, Jardan YAB, Dawoud TM, Bourhia M. Characterization of a thermostable protease from Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 39010004 PMCID: PMC11247832 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used conservative one variable-at-a-time study and statistical surface response methods to increase the yields of an extracellular thermostable protease secreted by a newly identified thermophilic Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. Using conventional optimization techniques, physical parameters in submerged fermentation were adjusted at the shake flask level to reach 184 U/mL. These physicochemical parameters were further optimized by statistical surface response methodology using Box Behnken design, and the protease yield increased to 295 U/mL. The protease was purified and characterized biochemically. Both Ca2+ and Fe2+ increased the activity of the 36 kDa protease enzyme. Based on its strong inhibition by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), the enzyme was confirmed to be a metalloprotease. The protease was also resistant to various organic solvents (benzene, ethanol, methanol), surfactants (Triton X-100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Tween-80 and oxidants hydrogen per oxide (H2O2). Characteristics, such as tolerance to high SDS and H2O2 concentrations, indicate that this protease has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Charles C Lee
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - William J Orts
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Romana Tabassum
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tawaf Ali Shah
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, 70000, Morocco.
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2
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Kasperkiewicz P, Kołt S, Janiszewski T, Skowron PM, Krefft D, Brodzik R, Koller KP, Drąg M. Substrate specificity profiling of heat-sensitive serine protease from the fungus Onygena corvina. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00161-5. [PMID: 38971457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Proteases catalyze hydrolysis of amide bonds within peptides and proteins, therefore they play crucial functions for organism functioning, but also in industry to facilitate numerous processes. Feather-degrading fungus Onygena corvina (O. corvina) is loaded with numerous proteases that can be utilized for variety of applications. The most active species of these enzymes is heat-sensitive serine protease (NHSSP), from O. corvina fungi and due to its potential applications in industry is an alternative to proteinase K. The uniqueness of NHSSP relies on the ability of this enzyme to hydrolyze peptides at neutral to acidic pH values between 5.0 and 8.5, with an optimum of 6.8 and a temperature activity ranging from 15 to 50 °C making NHSSP exceptionally universal enzyme. Thus, we have performed the in-depth characterization of NHSSP substrate specificity by using a positional scanning substrate combinatorial library (PS-SCL). Afterward, we obtained a set of fluorescent substrates hydrolyzed by NHSSP that served as a leading sequence for the first tailored covalent inhibitor of this enzyme, containing a diphenylphosphonate as a warhead and MeOSuc amine protecting group. Our first inhibitor for NHSSP binds potently with target protease and is a tool for future study of this enzyme functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Kołt
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr M Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Daria Krefft
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Brodzik
- QIAGEN Gdańsk Sp. Z o.o., Trzy Lipy 3/2.58 Street, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaus-Peter Koller
- Institute for Molecular BioScience, University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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3
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Zhang G, Feng S, Qin M, Sun J, Liu Y, Luo C, Lin M, Xu S, Liao M, Fan H, Liang Z. Influence of PepF peptidase and sporulation on microcin J25 production in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0374823. [PMID: 38780256 PMCID: PMC11218540 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03748-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The lasso peptide microcin J25 (MccJ25) possesses strong antibacterial properties and is considered a potential effective component of bacterial disease treatment drugs and safe food preservatives. Although MccJ25 can be heterologously expressed in Bacillus subtilis as we have previously reported, its regulation and accumulation are yet to be understood. Here, we investigated the expression level and stability of MccJ25 in B. subtilis strains with disruption in peptidase genes pepA, pepF, and pepT. Oligoendopeptidase F (PepF) was found to be involved in reduction of the production of MccJ25 by degradation of its precursor peptide. In the pepF mutant, the MccJ25 reached a concentration of 1.68 µM after a cultivation time exceeding 60 hours, while the wild-type strain exhibited a concentration of only 0.14 µM. Moreover, the production of MccJ25 in B. subtilis downregulated the genes associated with sporulation, and this may contribute to its accumulation. Finally, this study provides a strategy to improve the stability and production of MccJ25 in B. subtilis. IMPORTANCE MccJ25 displays significant antibacterial activity, a well-defined mode of action, exceptional safety, and remarkable stability. Hence, it presents itself as a compelling candidate for an optimal antibacterial or anti-endotoxin medication. The successful establishment of exogenous production of MccJ25 in Bacillus subtilis provides a strategy for reducing its production cost and diversifying its utilization. In this study, we have provided evidence indicating that both peptidase PepF and sporulation are significant factors that limit the expression of MccJ25 in B. subtilis. The ΔpepF and ΔsigF mutants of B. subtilis express MccJ25 with higher production yield and enhanced stability. To sum up, this study developed several better engineered strains of B. subtilis, which greatly reduced the consumption of MccJ25 during the nutrient depletion stage of the host strain, improved its production, and elucidated factors that may be involved in reducing MccJ25 accumulation in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Fernandes LMG, Carvalho-Silva JD, Ferreira-Santos P, Porto ALF, Converti A, Cunha MNCD, Porto TS. Valorization of agro-industrial residues using Aspergillus heteromorphus URM0269 for protease production: Characterization and purification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133199. [PMID: 38885866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to produce, characterize and purify a protease from Aspergillus heteromorphus URM0269. After production by solid fermentation of wheat bran performed according to a central composite design, protease was characterized in terms of biochemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters for further purification by chromatography. Proteolytic activity achieved a maximum value of 57.43 U/mL using 7.8 g of wheat bran with 40 % moisture. Protease displayed high stability in the pH and temperature ranges of 5.0-10.0 and 20-30 °C, respectively, and acted optimally at pH 7.0 and 50 °C. The enzyme, characterized as a serine protease, followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a maximum reaction rate of 140.0 U/mL and Michaelis constant of 11.6 mg/mL. Thermodynamic activation parameters, namely activation Gibbs free energy (69.79 kJ/mol), enthalpy (5.86 kJ/mol), and entropy (-214.39 J/mol.K) of the hydrolysis reaction, corroborated with kinetic modeling showing high affinity for azocasein. However, thermodynamic parameters suggested a reversible mechanism of unfolding. Purification by chromatography yielded a protease purification factor of 7.2, and SDS-PAGE revealed one protein band with a molecular mass of 14.7 kDa. Circular dichroism demonstrated a secondary structure made up of 45.6 % α-helices. These results show the great potential of this protease for future use in the industrial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Maria Gonçalves Fernandes
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Jônatas de Carvalho-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferreira-Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, Ourense 32004, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), University of Vigo (Campus Auga), As Lagoas, Ourense 32004, Spain
| | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering, Genoa University, via Opera Pia 15, Genoa 16145, Italy
| | - Márcia Nieves Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Souza Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil.
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5
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Malik A, Kamli MR, Sabir JSM, Rather IA, Phan LT, Kim CB, Manavalan B. APLpred: A machine learning-based tool for accurate prediction and characterization of asparagine peptide lyases using sequence-derived optimal features. Methods 2024; 229:133-146. [PMID: 38944134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Asparagine peptide lyase (APL) is among the seven groups of proteases, also known as proteolytic enzymes, which are classified according to their catalytic residue. APLs are synthesized as precursors or propeptides that undergo self-cleavage through autoproteolytic reaction. At present, APLs are grouped into 10 families belonging to six different clans of proteases. Recognizing their critical roles in many biological processes including virus maturation, and virulence, accurate identification and characterization of APLs is indispensable. Experimental identification and characterization of APLs is laborious and time-consuming. Here, we developed APLpred, a novel support vector machine (SVM) based predictor that can predict APLs from the primary sequences. APLpred was developed using Boruta-based optimal features derived from seven encodings and subsequently trained using five machine learning algorithms. After evaluating each model on an independent dataset, we selected APLpred (an SVM-based model) due to its consistent performance during cross-validation and independent evaluation. We anticipate APLpred will be an effective tool for identifying APLs. This could aid in designing inhibitors against these enzymes and exploring their functions. The APLpred web server is freely available at https://procarb.org/APLpred/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Malik
- Institute of Intelligence Informatics Technology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Le Thi Phan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Jamal GA, Jahangirian E, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Tarrahimofrad H, Alikowsarzadeh N. Proteases, a powerful biochemical tool in the service of medicine, clinical and pharmaceutical. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38909284 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir A Jamal
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Molecular, Zist Tashkhis Farda Company (tBioDx), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Alikowsarzadeh
- Molecular and Life Science Department, Han University of Applied Science, Arnhem, Nederland
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7
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Nag N, Ray T, Tapader R, Gope A, Das R, Mahapatra E, Saha S, Pal A, Prasad P, Pal A. Metallo-protease Peptidase M84 from Bacillusaltitudinis induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by targeting PAR-1. iScience 2024; 27:109828. [PMID: 38799586 PMCID: PMC11126781 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We have purified Peptidase M84 from Bacillus altitudinis in an effort to isolate anticancer proteases from environmental microbial isolates. This metallo-protease had no discernible impact on normal cell survival, but it specifically induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. PAR-1, a GPCR which is reported to be overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells, was identified as a target of Peptidase M84. We observed that Peptidase M84 induced PAR-1 overexpression along with activating its downstream signaling effectors NF-κB and MAPK to promote excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This evoked apoptotic death of the ovarian cancer cells through the intrinsic route. In in vivo set-up, weekly intraperitoneal administration of Peptidase M84 in syngeneic mice significantly diminished ascites accumulation, increasing murine survival rates by 60%. Collectively, our findings suggested that Peptidase M84 triggered PAR-1-mediated oxidative stress to act as an apoptosis inducer. This established Peptidase M84 as a drug candidate for receptor mediated targeted-therapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Nag
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Tanusree Ray
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Rima Tapader
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Animesh Gope
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mahapatra
- Department of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700026, India
| | - Saibal Saha
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Ananda Pal
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Parash Prasad
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati 45229-3026, OH, USA
| | - Amit Pal
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
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8
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Jeong Y, Han X, Vyas K, Irudayaraj J. Microbial β-Glucuronidase Hydrogel Beads Activate Chemotherapeutic Prodrug. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28093-28103. [PMID: 38775441 PMCID: PMC11164065 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria-assisted chemotherapeutics have been highlighted as an alternative or supplementary approach to treating cancer. However, dynamic cancer-microbe studies at the in vitro level have remained a challenge to show the impact and effectiveness of microbial therapeutics due to the lack of relevant coculture models. Here, we demonstrate a hydrogel-based compartmentalized system for prodrug activation of a natural ingredient of licorice root, glycyrrhizin, by microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS). Hydrogel containment with Lactococcus lactis provides a favorable niche to encode GUS enzymes with excellent permeability and can serve as an independent ecosystem in the transformation of pro-apoptotic materials. Based on the confinement system of GUS expressing microbes, we quantitatively evaluated chemotherapeutic effects enhanced by microbial GUS enzyme in two dynamic coculture models in vitro (i.e., 2D monolayered cancer cells and 3D tumor spheroids). Our findings support the processes of prodrug conversion mediated by bacterial GUS enzyme which can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a chemotherapy drug under dynamic coculture conditions. We expect our in vitro coculture platforms can be used for the evaluation of pharmacological properties and biological activity of xenobiotics as well as the potential impact of microbes on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, Carle-Illinois College
of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
| | - Xiaoxue Han
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, Carle-Illinois College
of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
| | - Khushali Vyas
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, Carle-Illinois College
of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
- Carl
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Beckman Institute, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
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9
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Zhu S, Li Y, Chen X, Zhu Z, Li S, Song J, Zheng Z, Cong X, Cheng S. Co-Immobilization of Alcalase/Dispase for Production of Selenium-Enriched Peptide from Cardamine violifolia. Foods 2024; 13:1753. [PMID: 38890981 PMCID: PMC11172333 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically derived selenium-enriched peptides from Cardamine violifolia (CV) can serve as valuable selenium supplements. However, the industrial application of free enzyme is impeded by its limited stability and reusability. Herein, this study explores the application of co-immobilized enzymes (Alcalase and Dispase) on amino resin for hydrolyzing CV proteins to produce selenium-enriched peptides. The successful enzyme immobilization was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Co-immobilized enzyme at a mass ratio of 5:1 (Alcalase/Dispase) exhibited the smallest pore size (7.065 nm) and highest activity (41 U/mg), resulting in a high degree of hydrolysis of CV protein (27.2%), which was obviously higher than the case of using free enzymes (20.7%) or immobilized Alcalase (25.8%). In addition, after a month of storage, the co-immobilized enzyme still retained a viability level of 41.93%, showing fairly good stability. Encouragingly, the selenium-enriched peptides from co-immobilized enzyme hydrolysis exhibited uniform distribution of selenium forms, complete amino acid fractions and homogeneous distribution of molecular weight, confirming the practicality of using co-immobilized enzymes for CV protein hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Yuheng Li
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuyi Li
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Jingxin Song
- Systems Engineering Institute, Beijing 100010, China;
| | | | - Xin Cong
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 36 Huanhu Middle Road, Wuhan 430048, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (X.C.); (S.C.)
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10
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Maheshwari S, Patel BM. Unravelling the role of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:579. [PMID: 38668953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsins as a regulatory medium have been assessed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cardiac diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. They are ubiquitous lysosomal proteases with papain-like folded protein structures that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as the digestion of proteins, activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, degradation of extracellular matrix components, and maturation of peptide hormones. Cathepsins are classified into three major groups: cysteine cathepsins, aspartic cathepsins, and serine-threonine cathepsins. Each of these groups is further divided into subgroups based on their substrate specificity, structural characteristics, and biochemical properties. Several studies suggest that cathepsins control the degradation of ECM components such as collagen and elastin fibres. These enzymes are highly expressed in macrophages and inflammatory cells, and their upregulation has been demonstrated to be critical in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, increased cathepsin activity has been linked to increased vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with CVDs. Specifically, the inhibition of cathepsins may reduce the release of pro-apoptotic mediators such as caspase-3 and PARP-1, which are thought to contribute to plaque instability. The potential of cathepsins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets has also been supported by the identification of potential cathepsin inhibitors, which could be used to modulate the activities of cathepsins in a range of diseases. This review shall familiarise the readers with the role of cysteinyl cathepsins and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- School of Medico-Legal Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, 382007, India.
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11
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Baptista RC, Oliveira RBA, Câmara AA, Lang É, Dos Santos JLP, Pavani M, Guerreiro TM, Catharino RR, Filho EGA, Rodrigues S, de Brito ES, Alvarenga VO, Bicca GB, Sant'Ana AS. Chilled Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fillets: Modeling Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria growth and monitoring spoilage indicators by 1H NMR and GC-MS during storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110645. [PMID: 38430687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria in chilled Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a native South American fish, stored under chilling conditions (0 to 10 °C) through the use of predictive models under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Growth kinetic parameters, maximum growth rate (μmax, 1/h), lag time (tLag, h), and (Nmax, Log10 CFU/g) were estimated using the Baranyi and Roberts microbial growth model. Both kinetic parameters, growth rate and lag time, were significantly influenced by temperature (P < 0.05). The square root secondary model was used to describe the bacteria growth as a function of temperature. Secondary models, √μ = 0.016 (T + 10.13) and √μ =0.017 (T + 9.91) presented a linear correlation with R2 values >0.97 and were further validated under non-isothermal conditions. The model's performance was considered acceptable to predict the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated Pacu fillets with bias and accuracy factors between 1.24 and 1.49 (fail-safe) and 1.45-1.49, respectively. Fish biomarkers and spoilage indicators were assessed during storage at 0, 4, and 10 °C. Volatile organic compounds, VOCs (1-hexanol, nonanal, octenol, and indicators 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) showed different behavior with storage time (P > 0.05). 1H NMR analysis confirmed increased enzymatic and microbial activity in Pacu fillets stored at 10 °C compared to 0 °C. The developed and validated models obtained in this study can be used as a tool for decision-making on the shelf-life and quality of refrigerated Pacu fillets stored under dynamic conditions from 0 to 10 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela C Baptista
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B A Oliveira
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio A Câmara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Émilie Lang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Pavani
- Innovare Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Guerreiro
- Innovare Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Innovare Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elenilson G A Filho
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sueli Rodrigues
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Kumar V, Subramanian J, Marimuthu M, Subbarayalu M, Ramasamy V, Gandhi K, Ariyan M. Diversity and functional characteristics of culturable bacterial endosymbionts from cassava whitefly biotype Asia II-5, Bemisia tabaci. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38456084 PMCID: PMC10914660 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a carrier of cassava mosaic disease (CMD), poses a significant threat to cassava crops. Investigating culturable bacteria and their impact on whiteflies is crucial due to their vital role in whitefly fitness and survival. The whitefly biotype associated with cassava and transmitting CMD in India has been identified as Asia II 5 through partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequencing. In this study, bacteria associated with adult B. tabaci feeding on cassava were extracted using seven different media. Nutrient Agar (NA), Soyabean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM), Luria Bertani agar (LBA), and Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) media resulted in 19, 6, 4, and 4 isolates, respectively, producing a total of 33 distinct bacterial isolates. Species identification through 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed that all isolates belonged to the Bacillota and Pseudomonadota phyla, encompassing 11 genera: Bacillus, Cytobacillus, Exiguobacterium, Terribacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Brucella, Novosphingobium, Lysobacter, and Pseudomonas. All bacterial isolates were tested for chitinase, protease, siderophore activity, and antibiotic sensitivity. Nine isolates exhibited chitinase activity, 28 showed protease activity, and 23 displayed siderophore activity. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics such as Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin, while they demonstrated resistance to Bacitracin and Colistin. Understanding the culturable bacteria associated with cassava whitefly and their functional significance could contribute to developing effective cassava whitefly and CMD control in agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Jeyarani Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Mohankumar Subbarayalu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Venkatachalam Ramasamy
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Manikandan Ariyan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Sirisena S, Chan S, Roberts N, Dal Maso S, Gras SL, J O Martin G. Influence of yeast growth conditions and proteolytic enzymes on the amino acid profiles of yeast hydrolysates: Implications for taste and nutrition. Food Chem 2024; 437:137906. [PMID: 37939420 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of aerobic and anaerobic growth and proteolytic enzymes on the amino acid content of yeast hydrolysates in relation to taste and nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC5574 was grown under fed-batch aerobic or batch anaerobic conditions. Intracellular glutamic acid (Glu) concentrations were 18-fold higher in aerobic yeast. Hydrolysis with papain and alkaline protease released more amino acids (AA) than simple autolysis or hydrolysis with bromelain, most significantly when applied to aerobic yeast (∼2-fold increase). Autolysates and bromelain hydrolysates from aerobic yeast had low levels of bitter and essential AAs, with high levels of umami Glu. Papain and alkaline protease hydrolysates of aerobic yeast had high levels of umami, bitter and essential AAs. Autolysates/hydrolysates from anaerobic yeast had moderate, high, and low levels of bitter, essential and umami AAs. Selection of both yeast growth conditions and hydrolysis enzyme can manipulate the free AA profile and yield of hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Sirisena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sitha Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nic Roberts
- Bega Foods, 1 Vegemite Way, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Sandra Dal Maso
- Bega Foods, 1 Vegemite Way, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Sally L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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14
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Ekpenyong MG, Antai SP. Statistical versus neural network-embedded swarm intelligence optimization of a metallo-neutral-protease production: activity kinetics and food industry applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38491924 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2328681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
An integrated approach involving response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network-ant-colony hybrid optimization (ANN-ACO) was adopted to develop a bioprocess medium to increase the yield of Bacillus cereus neutral protease under submerged fermentation conditions. The ANN-ACO model was comparatively superior (predicted r2 = 98.5%, mean squared error [MSE] = 0.0353) to RSM model (predicted r2 = 86.4%, MSE = 23.85) in predictive capability arising from its low performance error. The hybrid model recommended a medium containing (gL-1) molasses 45.00, urea 9.81, casein 25.45, Ca2+ 1.23, Zn2+ 0.021, Mn2+ 0.020, and 4.45% (vv-1) inoculum, for a 6.75-fold increase in protease activity from a baseline of 76.63 UmL-1. Yield was further increased in a 5-L bioreactor to a final volumetric productivity of 3.472 mg(Lh)-1. The 10.0-fold purified 46.6-kDa-enzyme had maximum activity at pH 6.5, 45-55 °C, with Km of 6.92 mM, Vmax of 769.23 µmolmL-1 min-1, kcat of 28.49 s-1, and kcat/Km of 4.117 × 103 M-1 s-1, at 45 °C, pH 6.5. The enzyme was stabilized by Ca2+, activated by Zn2+ but inhibited by EDTA suggesting that it was a metallo-protease. The biomolecule significantly clarified orange and pineapple juices indicating its food industry application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice George Ekpenyong
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Peter Antai
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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15
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Hou JJ, Ding L, Yang T, Yang YF, Jin YP, Zhang XP, Ma AH, Qin YH. The proteolytic activity in inflammatory bowel disease: insight from gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106560. [PMID: 38272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the destruction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium that affects a growing number of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is complex and still elucidated, the role of dysbiosis and dysregulated proteolysis is well recognized. Various studies observed altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as increased proteolytic activity (PA) in serum, plasma, colonic mucosa, and fecal supernatant of IBD compared to healthy individuals. The imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis were gradually considered to be closely related to IBD. Notably, the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining proteolytic balance received increasing attention. In summary, we have speculated a mesmerizing story, regarding the hidden role of PA and microbiota-derived PA hidden in IBD. Most importantly, we provided the diagnosis and therapeutic targets for IBD as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Ping Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - A-Huo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China.
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16
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Allison SD, AdeelaYasid N, Shariff FM, Abdul Rahman N. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Application of Organic Solvent-Stable and Detergent-Compatible Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:436-456. [PMID: 38044750 PMCID: PMC10940756 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Several thermostable proteases have been identified, yet only a handful have undergone the processes of cloning, comprehensive characterization, and full exploitation in various industrial applications. Our primary aim in this study was to clone a thermostable alkaline protease from a thermophilic bacterium and assess its potential for use in various industries. The research involved the amplification of the SpSKF4 protease gene, a thermostable alkaline serine protease obtained from the Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4 bacterium through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purified recombinant SpSKF4 protease was characterized, followed by evaluation of its possible industrial applications. The analysis of the gene sequence revealed an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,206 bp, coding for a protein containing 401 amino acids. The cloned gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the enzyme was measured at 28 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The partially purified enzyme has its highest activity at a pH of 10 and a temperature of 80°C. In addition, the enzyme showed a half-life of 15 h at 80°C, and there was a 60% increase in its activity at 10 mM Ca2+ concentration. The activity of the protease was completely inhibited (100%) by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF); however, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in a 20% increase in activity. The enzyme was also stable in various organic solvents and in certain commercial detergents. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited strong potential for industrial use, particularly as a detergent additive and for facilitating the recovery of silver from X-ray film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman D Allison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Moddibo Adama University, Yola 640230, Nigeria
| | - Nur AdeelaYasid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor'Aini Abdul Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Khlebodarova TM, Bogacheva NV, Zadorozhny AV, Bryanskaya AV, Vasilieva AR, Chesnokov DO, Pavlova EI, Peltek SE. Komagataella phaffii as a Platform for Heterologous Expression of Enzymes Used for Industry. Microorganisms 2024; 12:346. [PMID: 38399750 PMCID: PMC10892927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the 1980s, Escherichia coli was the preferred host for heterologous protein expression owing to its capacity for rapid growth in complex media; well-studied genetics; rapid and direct transformation with foreign DNA; and easily scalable fermentation. Despite the relative ease of use of E. coli for achieving the high expression of many recombinant proteins, for some proteins, e.g., membrane proteins or proteins of eukaryotic origin, this approach can be rather ineffective. Another microorganism long-used and popular as an expression system is baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In spite of a number of obvious advantages of these yeasts as host cells, there are some limitations on their use as expression systems, for example, inefficient secretion, misfolding, hyperglycosylation, and aberrant proteolytic processing of proteins. Over the past decade, nontraditional yeast species have been adapted to the role of alternative hosts for the production of recombinant proteins, e.g., Komagataella phaffii, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. These yeast species' several physiological characteristics (that are different from those of S. cerevisiae), such as faster growth on cheap carbon sources and higher secretion capacity, make them practical alternative hosts for biotechnological purposes. Currently, the K. phaffii-based expression system is one of the most popular for the production of heterologous proteins. Along with the low secretion of endogenous proteins, K. phaffii efficiently produces and secretes heterologous proteins in high yields, thereby reducing the cost of purifying the latter. This review will discuss practical approaches and technological solutions for the efficient expression of recombinant proteins in K. phaffii, mainly based on the example of enzymes used for the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara M. Khlebodarova
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Bogacheva
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zadorozhny
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alla V. Bryanskaya
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Asya R. Vasilieva
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Danil O. Chesnokov
- Sector of Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.C.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Elena I. Pavlova
- Sector of Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.C.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Sergey E. Peltek
- Kurchatov Genomic Center at Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.M.K.); (N.V.B.); (A.V.Z.); (A.V.B.); (A.R.V.)
- Laboratory Molecular Biotechnologies of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Nascimento NS, Torres-Obreque KM, Oliveira CA, Rabelo J, Baby AR, Long PF, Young AR, Rangel-Yagui CDO. Enzymes for dermatological use. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15008. [PMID: 38284197 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the ultimate barrier between body and environment and prevents water loss and penetration of pathogens and toxins. Internal and external stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), can damage skin integrity and lead to disorders. Therefore, skin health and skin ageing are important concerns and increased research from cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors aims to improve skin conditions and provide new anti-ageing treatments. Biomolecules, compared to low molecular weight drugs and cosmetic ingredients, can offer high levels of specificity. Topically applied enzymes have been investigated to treat the adverse effects of sunlight, pollution and other external agents. Enzymes, with a diverse range of targets, present potential for dermatological use such as antioxidant enzymes, proteases and repairing enzymes. In this review, we discuss enzymes for dermatological applications and the challenges associated in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Santos Nascimento
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Mariana Torres-Obreque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Areias Oliveira
- Laboratory of Analytical Validation and Development, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jheniffer Rabelo
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Zhu F, Cao J, Song Y, Yu P, Su E. Plant Protein-Derived Active Peptides: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20479-20499. [PMID: 38109192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Active peptides are a class of physiologically active protein fragments, which can be prepared from different sources. In the past few decades, the production of peptides with various effects from different plant proteins continues to receive academic attention. With advances in extraction, purification, and characterization techniques, plant protein-derived active peptides continue to be discovered. They have been proven to have various functional activities such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antithrombotic, and so on. In this review, we searched Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant articles published in recent years. There are 184 articles included in this manuscript. The current status of plant protein-derived active peptides is systematically introduced, including their sources, preparation, purification and identification methods, physiological activities, and applications in the food industry. Special emphasis has been placed on the problems of active peptide exploration and the future trend. Based on these, it is expected to provide theoretical reference for the further exploitation of plant protein-derived active peptides, and promote the healthy and rapid development of active peptide industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Jiarui Cao
- Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Song
- Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Suining County Runqi Investment Company, Limited, Xuzhou 221225, P. R. China
| | - Erzheng Su
- Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Bai Ma Future Food Research Institute, Nanjing 211225, P. R. China
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20
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Dixit H, Kulharia M, Verma SK. Metal-binding proteins and proteases in RNA viruses: unravelling functional diversity and expanding therapeutic horizons. J Virol 2023; 97:e0139923. [PMID: 37982624 PMCID: PMC10734521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Metal-binding proteins are pivotal components with diverse functions in organisms, including viruses. Despite their significance, many metalloproteins in viruses remain uncharacterized, posing challenges to understanding viral systems. This study addresses this knowledge gap by identifying and analyzing metal-binding proteins and proteases in RNA viruses. The findings emphasize the prevalence of these proteins as essential functional classes within viruses and shed light on the role of metal ions and metalloproteins in viral replication and pathogenesis. Moreover, this research serves as a crucial foundation for further investigations in this field, offering the potential for developing innovative antiviral strategies. Additionally, the study enhances our understanding of the distribution and evolutionary patterns of metal-binding proteases in major human viruses. Continually exploring metal-binding proteomes across diverse viruses will deepen our knowledge of metal-dependent biological processes and provide valuable insights for combating viral infections, including respiratory viruses and other life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Dixit
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Mahesh Kulharia
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
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21
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Arabacı N, Karaytuğ T. Alkaline Thermo- and Oxidant-Stable Protease from Bacillus pumilus Strain TNP93: Laundry Detergent Formulations. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:575-587. [PMID: 38031609 PMCID: PMC10682312 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to produce a detergent-compatible and alkaline thermophilic protease from a Bacillus strain and to investigate its usability as a detergent bio-additive. The protease-producing bacterium was identified as Bacillus pumilus strain TNP93 according to the 16S rRNA sequence. The bacterium optimally synthesized the protease at 40 °C and pH 10 in 40 h. The raw protease displayed its optimum activity at pH 10 and 60 °C and its stability between pH 6-13 and 30-100 °C for 24 h. The molecular mass of the proteolytic band was estimated to be about 85 kDa. The protease was not inhibited by any of the metal ions used (Ba2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+). 97 and 90% of its original activity with 5 mM PMSF and EDTA remained. The activity was measured as 84, 124, and 95%, respectively, in the presence of 1% concentrations of Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. In addition, all of its activity was preserved when the enzyme was exposed to 5% H2O2. The end products of casein were detected as tyrosine, aspartic acid, glycine, and cysteine by thin-layer chromatography. Considering the wash performance analysis, the mix of 1% commercial detergent and enzyme almost removed all of the protein-based stains (blood and egg yolk albumin). These remarkable findings indicate that the alkaline, thermo-, and oxidant-stable TNP93 protease is a valuable candidate for usage as a biological additive in various laundry detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Arabacı
- Arts and Sciences Faculty, Biology Department, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Tuna Karaytuğ
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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22
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Yao H, Liu S, Liu T, Ren D, Zhou Z, Yang Q, Mao J. Microbial-derived salt-tolerant proteases and their applications in high-salt traditional soybean fermented foods: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:82. [PMID: 38647906 PMCID: PMC10992980 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different microorganisms can produce different proteases, which can adapt to different industrial requirements such as pH, temperature, and pressure. Salt-tolerant proteases (STPs) from microorganisms exhibit higher salt tolerance, wider adaptability, and more efficient catalytic ability under extreme conditions compared to conventional proteases. These unique enzymes hold great promise for applications in various industries including food, medicine, environmental protection, agriculture, detergents, dyes, and others. Scientific studies on microbial-derived STPs have been widely reported, but there has been little systematic review of microbial-derived STPs and their application in high-salt conventional soybean fermentable foods. This review presents the STP-producing microbial species and their selection methods, and summarizes and analyzes the salt tolerance mechanisms of the microorganisms. It also outlines various techniques for the isolation and purification of STPs from microorganisms and discusses the salt tolerance mechanisms of STPs. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the contribution of modern biotechnology in the screening of novel microbial-derived STPs and their improvement in salt tolerance. It highlights the potential applications and commercial value of salt-tolerant microorganisms and STPs in high-salt traditional soy fermented foods. The review ends with concluding remarks on the challenges and future directions for microbial-derived STPs. This review provides valuable insights into the separation, purification, performance enhancement, and application of microbial-derived STPs in traditional fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou, 236800, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongliang Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhilei Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qilin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China.
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23
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Singh R, Gautam P, Sharma C, Osmolovskiy A. Fibrin and Fibrinolytic Enzyme Cascade in Thrombosis: Unravelling the Role. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2196. [PMID: 38004336 PMCID: PMC10672518 DOI: 10.3390/life13112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood clot formation in blood vessels (thrombosis) is a major cause of life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. These clots are formed by αA-, βB-, and ϒ-peptide chains of fibrinogen joined together by isopeptide bonds with the help of blood coagulation factor XIIIa. These clot structures are altered by various factors such as thrombin, platelets, transglutaminase, DNA, histones, and red blood cells. Various factors are used to dissolve the blood clot, such as anticoagulant agents, antiplatelets drugs, fibrinolytic enzymes, and surgical operations. Fibrinolytic enzymes are produced by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.): streptokinase of Streptococcus hemolyticus, nattokinase of Bacillus subtilis YF 38, bafibrinase of Bacillus sp. AS-S20-I, longolytin of Arthrobotrys longa, versiase of Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1, etc. They act as a thrombolytic agent by either enhancing the production of plasminogen activators (tissue or urokinase types), which convert inactive plasminogen to active plasmin, or acting as plasmin-like proteins themselves, forming fibrin degradation products which cause normal blood flow again in blood vessels. Fibrinolytic enzymes may be classified in two groups, as serine proteases and metalloproteases, based on their catalytic properties, consisting of a catalytic triad responsible for their fibrinolytic activity having different physiochemical properties (such as molecular weight, pH, and temperature). The analysis of fibrinolysis helps to detect hyperfibrinolysis (menorrhagia, renal failure, etc.) and hypofibrinolysis (diabetes, obesity, etc.) with the help of various fibrinolytic assays such as a fibrin plate assay, fibrin microplate assay, the viscoelastic method, etc. These fibrinolytic activities serve as a key aspect in the recognition of numerous cardiovascular diseases and can be easily produced on a large scale with a short generation time by microbes and are less expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India; (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Prerna Gautam
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India; (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India; (P.G.); (C.S.)
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24
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Saeed K, Riaz S, Adil A, Nawaz I, Naqvi SKUH, Baig A, Ali M, Zeb I, Ahmed R, Naqvi TA. Characterization of alkaline metalloprotease isolated from halophilic bacterium Bacillus cereus and its applications in various industrial processes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20230014. [PMID: 37878911 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320230014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial proteases are one of the most demanding enzymes for various industries with diverse applications in food, pharmaceutics, and textile industries to name the few. An extracellular alkaline metalloprotease was produced and purified from moderate halophilic bacterial strain, Bacillus cereus TS2, with some unique characteristics required for various industrial applications. The protease was produced in basal medium supplemented with casein and was partially purified by ion exchange chromatography followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The alkaline metalloprotease has molecular weight of 35 kDa with specific activity of 535.4 µM/min/mg. It can work at wide range of pH from 3 to 12, while showing optimum activity at pH 10. Similarly, the alkaline metalloprotease is stable till the temperature of 80 °C and works at wide range of temperature from 20 to 90 °C with optimum activity at 60 °C. The turnover rate increases in the presence of NaCl and Co+2 with k cat/KM of 1.42 × 103 and 1.27 × 103 s-1.M-1 respectively, while without NaCl and Co+2 it has a value of 7.58× 102. The alkaline metalloprotease was relatively resistant to thermal and solvent mediated denaturation. Applications revealed that the metalloprotease was efficient to remove hair from goat skin, remove blood stains and degrade milk, thus can be a potential candidate for leather, detergent, and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Saeed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sania Riaz
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Adil
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Ismat Nawaz
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biosciences, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kamran-U-Hassan Naqvi
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biosciences, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Baig
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Zeb
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Raza Ahmed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tatheer Alam Naqvi
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Biotechnology, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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25
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Elhalis H, See XY, Osen R, Chin XH, Chow Y. The potentials and challenges of using fermentation to improve the sensory quality of plant-based meat analogs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267227. [PMID: 37860141 PMCID: PMC10582269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements made in improving the quality of plant-based meat substitutes, more work needs to be done to match the texture, appearance, and flavor of real meat. This review aims to cover the sensory quality constraints of plant-based meat analogs and provides fermentation as a sustainable approach to push these boundaries. Plant-based meat analogs have been observed to have weak and soft textural quality, poor mouth feel, an unstable color, and unpleasant and beany flavors in some cases, necessitating the search for efficient novel technologies. A wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, as well as fungi like Fusarium venenatum and Neurospora intermedia, have improved the product texture to mimic fibrous meat structures. Additionally, the chewiness and hardness of the resulting meat analogs have been further improved through the use of Bacillus subtilis. However, excessive fermentation may result in a decrease in the final product's firmness and produce a slimy texture. Similarly, several microbial metabolites can mimic the color and flavor of meat, with some concerns. It appears that fermentation is a promising approach to modulating the sensory profiles of plant-derived meat ingredients without adverse consequences. In addition, the technology of starter cultures can be optimized and introduced as a new strategy to enhance the organoleptic properties of plant-based meat while still meeting the needs of an expanding and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Elhalis
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin Yi See
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raffael Osen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Hui Chin
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Chow
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Figueroa OA, Alean JD, Marcet I, Rendueles M, Zapata JE. Kinetic-conceptual model of the hydrolysis of bovine plasma proteins - ALCALASE® 2.9L: The role of inhibition by product. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21002. [PMID: 37867908 PMCID: PMC10587517 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the inhibitory effect of the peptide fractions, obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine plasma was evaluated, on the enzyme used in the reaction (Alcalase 2.4 L). In this sense, Ultra-filtered peptide fractions of different molecular sizes (A: Fraction>10; B: Fraction 10-3 kDa; and C: Fraction <3 kDa), were used to verify the impact on the total hydrolysis rate. The Fractions between 3 and 10 kDa were refined to fit a conceptual kinetic model which considers inhibition by product and substrate. Additionally, the inactivation of the enzyme through the reaction time was evaluated and its effects incorporated into the model. It was shown that some peptides released in the successive stages of the reaction can in turn inhibit the activity of the hydrolyzing enzyme. The model evaluated suggests a time-varying expression of inhibition parameters as a function of the initial substrate concentration in the reaction. This is based on the kinetic changes of the product profiles for each reaction time in the evaluated operating conditions (S0 variable). A greater inhibitory effect due to the products is evidenced when the reaction occurs with a higher load of the initial substrate (S0 = 20 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Figueroa
- Faculty of Engineering, Guajira University, Km 5 Road to Maicao, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia
| | - Jader D. Alean
- Faculty of Engineering, Guajira University, Km 5 Road to Maicao, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia
| | - Ismael Marcet
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel Rendueles
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José E. Zapata
- Nutrition and Food Technology Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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27
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Cui Y, Yang G, Goodwin DR, O’Flanagan CH, Sinha A, Zhang C, Kitko KE, Shin TW, Park D, Aparicio S, Boyden ES. Expansion microscopy using a single anchor molecule for high-yield multiplexed imaging of proteins and RNAs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291506. [PMID: 37729182 PMCID: PMC10511132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM), by physically enlarging specimens in an isotropic fashion, enables nanoimaging on standard light microscopes. Key to existing ExM protocols is the equipping of different kinds of molecules, with different kinds of anchoring moieties, so they can all be pulled apart from each other by polymer swelling. Here we present a multifunctional anchor, an acrylate epoxide, that enables proteins and RNAs to be equipped with anchors in a single experimental step. This reagent simplifies ExM protocols and reduces cost (by 2-10-fold for a typical multiplexed ExM experiment) compared to previous strategies for equipping RNAs with anchors. We show that this united ExM (uniExM) protocol can be used to preserve and visualize RNA transcripts, proteins in biologically relevant ultrastructures, and sets of RNA transcripts in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cancer tissues and may support the visualization of other kinds of biomolecular species as well. uniExM may find many uses in the simple, multimodal nanoscale analysis of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gaojie Yang
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Goodwin
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ciara H. O’Flanagan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anubhav Sinha
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristina E. Kitko
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tay Won Shin
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Demian Park
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Edward S. Boyden
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Kumar V, Mangla B, Javed S, Ahsan W, Kumar P, Garg V, Dureja H. Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct 2023; 14:8101-8128. [PMID: 37650738 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of plant-derived supplements for disease prevention and treatment has long been recognized because of their remarkable potential. Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, produces a group of enzymes called bromelain, which contains sulfhydryl moieties. Recent studies have shown that bromelain exhibits a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-rheumatic properties. These properties make bromelain a promising drug candidate for the treatment of various diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of bromelain has been shown to be useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma, whereas the anti-cancer activity of bromelain is via induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and enhancement of the body's immune response. The anti-diabetic property of bromelain is owing to the improvement in glucose metabolism and reduction in insulin resistance. The therapeutic potential of bromelain has been investigated in numerous preclinical and clinical studies and a number of patents have been granted to date. Various formulations and delivery systems are being developed in order to improve the efficacy and safety of this molecule, including the microencapsulated form to treat oral inflammatory conditions and liposomal formulations to treat cancer. The development of novel drug delivery systems and formulations has further ameliorated the therapeutic potential of bromelain by improving its bioavailability and stability, while reducing the side effects. This review intends to discuss various properties and therapeutic applications of bromelain, along with its possible mechanism of action in treating various diseases. Recent patents and clinical trials concerning bromelain have also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.
- College of Pharmacy, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Bharti Mangla
- Centre for Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110017, India.
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P. Box No. 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P. Box No. 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Centre for Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110017, India.
| | - Vandana Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.
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29
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Timofeeva AM, Sedykh SE, Sedykh TA, Nevinsky GA. Natural Antibodies Produced in Vaccinated Patients and COVID-19 Convalescents Recognize and Hydrolyze Oligopeptides Corresponding to the S-Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1494. [PMID: 37766170 PMCID: PMC10535122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The S-protein is the major antigen of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, against which protective antibodies are generated. The S-protein gene was used in adenoviral vectors and mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. While the primary function of antibodies is to bind to antigens, catalytic antibodies can hydrolyze various substrates, including nucleic acids, proteins, oligopeptides, polysaccharides, and some other molecules. In this study, antibody fractions with affinity for RBD and S-protein (RBD-IgG and S-IgG) were isolated from the blood of COVID-19 patients vaccinated with Sputnik V. The fractions were analyzed for their potential to hydrolyze 18-mer oligopeptides corresponding to linear fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein. Here, we show that the IgG antibodies hydrolyze six out of nine oligopeptides efficiently, with the antibodies of COVID-19-exposed donors demonstrating the most significant activity. The IgGs of control donors not exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were found to be inactive in oligopeptide hydrolysis. The antibodies of convalescents and vaccinated patients were found to hydrolyze oligopeptides in a wide pH range, with the optimal pH range between 6.5 and 7.5. The hydrolysis of most oligopeptides by RBD-IgG antibodies is inhibited by thiol protease inhibitors, whereas S-IgG active centers generally combine several types of proteolytic activities. Ca2+ ions increase the catalytic activity of IgG preparations containing metalloprotease-like active centers. Thus, the proteolytic activity of natural antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 protein is believed to be due to the similarity of catalytic antibodies' active centers to canonical proteases. This work raises the question of the possible physiological role of proteolytic natural RBD-IgG and S-IgG resulting from vaccination and exposure to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, Wei F. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236368. [PMID: 37779686 PMCID: PMC10537240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases (proteinases or peptidases) are a class of hydrolases that cleave peptide chains in proteins. Endopeptidases are a type of protease that hydrolyze the internal peptide bonds of proteins, forming shorter peptides; exopeptidases hydrolyze the terminal peptide bonds from the C-terminal or N-terminal, forming free amino acids. Microbial proteases are a popular instrument in many industrial applications. In this review, the classification, detection, identification, and sources of microbial proteases are systematically introduced, as well as their applications in food, detergents, waste treatment, and biotechnology processes in the industry fields. In addition, recent studies on techniques used to express heterologous microbial proteases are summarized to describe the process of studying proteases. Finally, future developmental trends for microbial proteases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Alei A, Moradian F, Farhadi A, Rostami M. Identification, Isolation, Cloning, and Expression of a New Alkaline Serine Protease Gene from Native Iranian Bacillus sp. RAM 53 for Use in the Industry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5730-5746. [PMID: 37289418 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are one of the most important and widely applicable proteolytic enzymes that are used in various industries. The aim of this study was to identify, isolate, characterize, and clone the new extracellular alkaline protease from the native bacterium Bacillus sp. RAM53 that was isolated from rice fields in Iran. In this study, first, the primary assay of protease production was performed. The bacteria were cultured in a nutrient broth culture medium at 37° C for 48 h, and then, the enzyme extraction was performed. Enzyme activity was measured by standard methods in the range of 20 to 60 °C and the range of pH 6.0 to 12. Degenerate primers were designed to alkaline protease gene sequences. The isolated gene was cloned into the pET28a+ vector, the positive clones were transferred to Escherichia coli BL21, and the expression of the recombinant enzyme was optimized. The results showed that the optimum temperature and pH of the alkaline protease were 40° C and 9.0, respectively, and were stable at 60° C for 3 h. The molecular weight of the recombinant enzyme was 40 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The recombinant alkaline protease was inhibited by the PMSF inhibitor, indicating that the enzyme was serine protease. The results showed that the sequence alignment of the enzyme gene with the other alkaline protease gene sequences related to Bacillus was 94% identity. The result of Blastx showed about 86% identity to the S8 peptidase family in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis and other Bacillus species. The enzyme may be useful for various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Alei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, P.O. Box 578, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, P.O. Box 578, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Ayoub Farhadi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Rice Research Institute of Iran, Mazandaran Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 145, Amol, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Noskova Y, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Balabanova L. Purification and Characterization of a DegP-Type Protease from the Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1852. [PMID: 37513024 PMCID: PMC10383082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the DegP-type periplasmic serine endoproteases of the S1C family from the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamSP) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, number of amino acids, and isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein CamSP are 69.957 kDa, 666, and 4.84, respectively. The proteolytic activity of the purified recombinant protease CamSP was 2369.4 and 1550.9 U/mg with the use of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein as the substrates, respectively. The enzyme CamSP exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0-6.2, while it was stable over a wide pH range from 5.8 to 8.5. The optimal temperature for the CamSP protease activity was 50 °C. The enzyme required NaCl or KCl at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 M, respectively, for its maximum activity. The Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax for BSA were determined to be 41.7 µg/mL and 0.036 µg/mL min-1, respectively. The metal ions Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Li2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ slightly activated CamSP, while the addition of CoCl2 to the incubation mixture resulted in a twofold increase in its protease activity. Ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, and Triton-X-100 increased the activity of CamSP from two- to four-times. The protease CamSP effectively degraded the wheat flour proteins but had no proteolytic activity towards soybean, corn, and the synthetic substrates, α-benzoyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide (SAPNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Noskova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oksana Son
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Zhu J, Wang S, Wang C, Wang Z, Luo G, Li J, Zhan Y, Cai D, Chen S. Microbial synthesis of bacitracin: Recent progress, challenges, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:314-322. [PMID: 37122958 PMCID: PMC10130698 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are important sources of various natural products that have been commercialized for human medicine and animal healthcare. Bacitracin is an important antibacterial natural product predominantly produced by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, and it is characterized by a broad antimicrobial spectrum, strong activity and low resistance, thus bacitracin is extensively applied in animal feed and veterinary medicine industries. In recent years, various strategies have been proposed to improve bacitracin production. Herein, we systematically describe the regulation of bacitracin biosynthesis in genus Bacillus and its associated mechanism, to provide a theoretical basis for bacitracin overproduction. The metabolic engineering strategies applied for bacitracin production are explored, including improving substrate utilization, using an enlarged precursor amino acid pool, increasing ATP supply and NADPH generation, and engineering transcription regulators. We also present several approaches of fermentation process optimization to facilitate the industrial large-scale production of bacitracin. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with microbial bacitracin synthesis are discussed to facilitate the establishment of high-yield and low-cost biological factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gan Luo
- Lifecome Biochemistry Co. Ltd, Nanping, 353400, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Lifecome Biochemistry Co. Ltd, Nanping, 353400, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
- Corresponding author. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, PR China.
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Yang N, Matthew MA, Yao C. Roles of Cysteine Proteases in Biology and Pathogenesis of Parasites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1397. [PMID: 37374899 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are a class of nucleophilic proteolytic enzymes containing cysteine residues in the enzymatic domain. These proteases generally play a pivotal role in many biological reactions, such as catabolic functions and protein processing, in all living organisms. They specifically take part in many important biological processes, especially in the absorption of nutrients, invasion, virulence, and immune evasion of parasitic organisms from unicellular protozoa to multicellular helminths. They can also be used as parasite diagnostic antigens and targets for gene modification and chemotherapy, as well as vaccine candidates, due to their species and even life-cycle stage specificity. This article highlights current knowledge on parasitic cysteine protease types, biological functions, and their applications in immunodiagnosis and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Maurice A Matthew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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35
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Shao L, Wang J, Hu H, Xu X, Wang H. The interaction of an effector protein Hap secreted by Aeromonas salmonicida and myofibrillar protein of meat: Possible mechanisms from structural changes to sites of molecular docking. Food Chem 2023; 424:136365. [PMID: 37207606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbial spoilage of meat products is a significant problem in the food industry. Aeromonas salmonicida is a significant microorganism responsible for spoilage in chilled meat. Its effector protein, hemagglutinin protease (Hap), has been identified as an effective substance for degrading meat proteins. The ability of Hap to hydrolyze myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in vitro demonstrated that Hap has obvious proteolytic activity, which could alter MPs' tertiary structure, secondary structure, and sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, Hap could significantly degrade MPs, focusing primarily on myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin. Active site analysis and molecular docking revealed that the active center of Hap was bound to MPs via hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. It may preferentially cleave peptide bonds between Gly44-Val45 in actin, and Ala825-Phe826 in MHC. These findings suggest that Hap may be involved in the spoilage mechanism of microorganisms and provide crucial insights into the mechanisms of meat spoilage induced by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangting Shao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haijing Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Huhu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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36
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Nwaefuna AE, Boekhout T, Garcia-Aloy M, Vrhovsek U, Zhou N. Diversity of dung beetle-associated yeasts from pristine environments of Botswana. Yeast 2023. [PMID: 37096317 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast-insect interactions are increasingly becoming an attractive source of discovery for previously unknown, unique, diverse, and industrially relevant yeast species. Despite a wealth of studies that have recently focused on yeasts in symbiotic association with Hymenopteran insects, yeasts associated with Coleopteran insects, such as lignocellulosic-rich dung-dependent beetles, remain poorly studied. Trends in yeast discovery suggest that species richness and diversity can be attributed to the ecological niche of the insect. Here, we considered the potential of dung beetles inhabiting the extreme environments of Botswana, characterized by desert-like conditions (semi-arid to arid and hot) as well as protected pristine environments, as possible attribute niches that can shape the extremophilic and diverse life history strategies of yeasts. We obtained a total of 97 phylogenetically diverse yeast isolates from six species of dung beetles from Botswana's unexplored environments, representing 19 species belonging to 11 genera. The findings suggest that the guts of dung beetles are a rich niche for non-Saccharomyces yeast species. Meyerozyma and Pichia were the most dominant genera associated with dung beetles, representing 55% (53 out of 97) of the yeast isolates in our study. Trichosporon and Cutaneotrichosporon genera represented 32% (31 out of 97) of the isolates. The remaining isolates belonged to Apiotrichum, Candida, Diutina, Naganishia, Rhodotorula, and Wickerhamiella genera (12 out of 97). We found out that about 62% (60 out of 97) of the isolates were potentially new species because of their low internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence similarity when compared to the most recent optimal species delineation threshold. A single isolate was unidentifiable using the ITS sequences. Using an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism approach, we revealed that there was genetic diversity within isolates of the same species. Our results contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the diversity of dung beetle-associated yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E Nwaefuna
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Institute of Fungal Biodiversity, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Metabolomics Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Metabolomics Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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Adetunji AI, Olaniran AO. Biocatalytic Profiling of Free and Immobilized Partially Purified Alkaline Protease from an Autochthonous Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially purified alkaline protease produced by an indigenous bacterial strain, Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES, was insolubilized in alginate beads using an entrapment technique. Maximum entrapped enzyme activities of 68.76% and 71.06% were recorded at optimum conditions of 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride. Biochemical profiling of free and immobilized proteases was investigated by determining their activity and stability as well as kinetic properties. Both enzyme preparations exhibited maximum activity at the optimum pH and temperature of 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, in comparison to the free enzyme, the immobilized protease showed improved pH stability at 8.0–9.0 and thermal stability at 40–50 °C. In addition, the entrapped protease exhibited a higher Vmax and increased affinity to the substrate (1.65-fold) than the soluble enzyme. The immobilized protease was found to be more stable than the free enzyme, retaining 80.88% and 38.37% of its initial activity when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, for 30 d. After repeated use seven times, the protease entrapped in alginate beads maintained 32.93% of its original activity. These findings suggest the efficacy and sustainability of the developed immobilized catalytic system for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summit University, Offa 250101, Nigeria
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9031, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Abstract
The ability to manipulate the chemical composition of proteins and peptides has been central to the development of improved polypeptide-based therapeutics and has enabled researchers to address fundamental biological questions that would otherwise be out of reach. Protein ligation, in which two or more polypeptides are covalently linked, is a powerful strategy for generating semisynthetic products and for controlling polypeptide topology. However, specialized tools are required to efficiently forge a peptide bond in a chemoselective manner with fast kinetics and high yield. Fortunately, nature has addressed this challenge by evolving enzymatic mechanisms that can join polypeptides using a diverse set of chemical reactions. Here, we summarize how such nature-inspired protein ligation strategies have been repurposed as chemical biology tools that afford enhanced control over polypeptide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Pihl
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Yael David
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Silveira MAV, Batista Dos Santos SM, Okamoto DN, de Melo IS, Juliano MA, Ribeiro Chagas J, Vasconcellos SP. Atlantic Forest's and Caatinga's semiarid soils and their potential as a source for halothermotolerant actinomycetes and proteolytic enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1566-1578. [PMID: 34783646 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2008015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycetes are versatile about their metabolism, displaying high capacity to produce bioactive metabolites. Enzymes from actinomycetes represent new opportunities for industrial applications. However, proteases from actinomycetes are poorly described by literature. Thereby, to verify proteolytic potential of actinomycetes, the present study aimed the investigation of bacterial isolates from Caatinga and Atlantic Forest rhizosphere. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide libraries were adopted for the evaluations, since they are faster and more qualitative methods, if compared with others described by most reports. A total of 52 microorganisms were inoculated in different culture media (PMB, potato dextrose agar, brain heart infusion agar, Starch Casein Agar and Reasoner's 2A agar), temperatures (12, 20, 30, 37, 45 and 60°C), and saline conditions (0-4 M NaCl), during 7 days. The actinomycetes named as AC 01, 02 and 52 were selected and showed enzymatic abilities under the peptide probes Abz-KLRSSKQ-EDDnp and Abz-KLYSSKQ-EDDnp, achieving enhanced performance at 30 °C. Biochemical parameters were established, showing a predominance of alkaline proteases with activity under saline conditions. Secreted proteases hydrolysed preferentially polar uncharged residues (Y and N) and positively charged groups (R). Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid inhibited the proteins, a characteristic of serine (AC 01 e 02) and metalloproteases (AC 52). All selected strains belonged to Streptomyces genera. In summary, actinomycete strains with halophilic proteolytic abilities were selected, which improve possibilities for their use in detergent formulations, food processing, waste management and industrial bioconversion. It is important to highlight that this is the first report using FRET libraries for proteolytic screening from Caatinga and Atlantic Forest actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marghuel A Vieira Silveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saara M Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymology, Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Noma Okamoto
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Itamar Soares de Melo
- Laboratory of Environment Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymology, Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair Ribeiro Chagas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymology, Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzan P Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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40
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Zaman U, Rehman KU, Khan SU, Badshah S, Hosny KM, Alghamdi MA, Hmid HK, Alissa M, Bukhary DM, Abdelrahman EA. Production, optimization, and purification of alkaline thermotolerant protease from newly isolated Phalaris minor seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123544. [PMID: 36754264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to purify and perform a preliminary analysis on a thermostable serine alkaline protease from a recently identified P. minor. The enzyme was purified 2.7-fold with a 12.4 % recovery using Sephadex G-100 chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, and ammonium sulphate precipitation. The isolated enzyme has a specific activity of 473 U/mg. The purified protease had a molecular mass of 29 kDa, and just one band was seen, which matched the band obtained using SDS-PAGE. High thermostability was demonstrated by the enzymes, which had half-lives of 31.79 and 6.0 min (a 5.3-fold improvement), enthalpies of denaturation (ΔH°) of 119.53 and 119.35 KJ mol-1, entropies of denaturation (ΔS°) of 32.96 and 41.11 J/mol·K, and free energies of denaturation (ΔG°) of 108.87 and 105.58 KJ mol-1 for the protease enzyme. Studies on the folding and stability of alkaline proteases are important since their use in biotechnology requires that they operate in settings of extreme pH and temperature. According to the kinetic and thermodynamic properties, the protease produced by P. minor is superior to that produced by other sources and previously described plants, and it might find utility in a variety of industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University KPK, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Syed Badshah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majd A Alghamdi
- Department of Medical Analysis, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem K Hmid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cairo Center for Laboratories, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deena M Bukhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab A Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
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41
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Pawar KS, Singh PN, Singh SK. Fungal alkaline proteases and their potential applications in different industries. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138401. [PMID: 37065163 PMCID: PMC10098022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of various enzymes in industrial applications around the world has increased immensely. Nowadays, industries are more focused on incorporating microbial enzymes in multiple processes to avoid the hazardous effects of chemicals. Among these commercially exploited enzymes, proteases are the most abundantly used enzymes in different industries. Numerous bacterial alkaline proteases have been studied widely and are commercially available; however, fungi exhibit a broader variety of proteases than bacteria. Additionally, since fungi are often recognized as generally regarded as safe (GRAS), using them as enzyme producers is safer than using bacteria. Fungal alkaline proteases are appealing models for industrial use because of their distinct spectrum of action and enormous diversity in terms of being active under alkaline range of pH. Unlike bacteria, fungi are less studied for alkaline protease production. Moreover, group of fungi growing at alkaline pH has remained unexplored for their capability for the production of commercially valuable products that are stable at alkaline pH. The current review focuses on the detailed classification of proteases, the production of alkaline proteases from different fungi by fermentation (submerged and solid–state), and their potential applications in detergent, leather, food, pharmaceutical industries along with their important role in silk degumming, waste management and silver recovery processes. Furthermore, the promising role of alkali–tolerant and alkaliphilic fungi in enzyme production has been discussed briefly. This will highlight the need for more research on fungi growing at alkaline pH and their biotechnological potential.
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Sachdeva B, Sachdeva P, Negi A, Ghosh S, Han S, Dewanjee S, Jha SK, Bhaskar R, Sinha JK, Paiva-Santos AC, Jha NK, Kesari KK. Chitosan Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Drug Delivery: Application and Challenges. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040211. [PMID: 37103352 PMCID: PMC10142570 DOI: 10.3390/md21040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine units and is primarily derived from the shells of marine crustaceans and the cell walls of organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, and algae). Being a biopolymer, its materialistic properties, such as biodegradability, and biocompatibility, make it a suitable choice for biomedical applications. Similarly, its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, exhibits similar biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, making it a suitable support material for biomedical applications. Furthermore, it has intrinsic material properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor. Population studies have projected nearly 12 million cancer patients across the globe, where most will be suffering from solid tumors. One of the shortcomings of potent anticancer drugs is finding a suitable cellular delivery material or system. Therefore, identifying new drug carriers to achieve effective anticancer therapy is becoming essential. This paper focuses on the strategies implemented using chitin and chitosan biopolymers in drug delivery for cancer treatment.
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43
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Tarek H, Nam KB, Kim YK, Suchi SA, Yoo JC. Biochemical Characterization and Application of a Detergent Stable, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential Protease from Bacillus siamensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065774. [PMID: 36982846 PMCID: PMC10056560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important enzymes that are engaged in a variety of essential physiological functions and have a significant possible use in industrial applications. In this work, we reported the purification and biochemical characterization of a detergent stable, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential protease (SH21) produced by Bacillus siamensis CSB55 isolated from Korean fermented vegetable kimchi. SH21 was purified to obtain homogeneity via ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-80%), Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephadex G-75 column. By analyzing the SDS-PAGE and zymogram, it was determined that the molecular weight was around 25 kDa. The enzyme activity was almost completely inhibited in the presence of PMSF and DFP, which indicated that it was a member of the serine protease family. SH21 showed excellent activity with a broad range of pH and temperature, with its maximum pH of 9.0 and temperature of 55 °C. The enzyme had estimated Km and Vmax values of 0.197 mg/mL and 1.22 × 103 U/mg, respectively. In addition, it preserved good activity in the presence of different organic solvents, surfactants, and other reagents. This enzyme showed good antimicrobial activity that was evaluated by MIC against several pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it exhibited strong antibiofilm activity as determined by MBIC and MBEC assay and degraded the biofilms, which were analyzed by confocal microscopic study. These properties established that SH21 is a potent alkaline protease that can be used in industrial and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tarek
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Suzia Aktar Suchi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Zhu X, Zheng C, Dong X, Wang K, Zhang H, Yi W, Ye Z, Xue H, Bu W. Chromosome-level genome of the bean bug Megacopta cribraria in native range, provides insights into adaptation and pest management. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:123989. [PMID: 36921825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Megacopta cribraria, a bean pest causing tremendous economic losses in Asia, was discovered in North America in 2009. Although M. cribraria has become the focus of research on biological invasion and pest management, the lack of genomic resources limits in-depth studies. Here, we report the first chromosome-level genome of M. cribraria using Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C data. The assembled genome size was 699.65 Mb, with a contig N50 of 1.43 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 109.27 Mb. >97.51 % of bases were successfully anchored to six chromosomes. Through genome annotation, a total of 13,308 coding genes were predicted, 96.3 % of which were successfully accessed function. Expanded gene families were involved in proteolysis, protein metabolism and nitrogen metabolism reflected the underlying genome basis for host adaptation during evolution. Transcriptome analysis revealed different gene expression patterns in antenna, mouthpart, head, leg, wing, and carcass body of the adult M. cribraria, respectively. Moreover, the expression profiles of the odorant receptor genes indicated the potential target genes for pest control. The high-quality chromosome-level genome will benefit further research on the adaptation, evolution, and population genetics of the M. cribraria that will assist in the pest management and tracking the biological invasion routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xue Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kaibin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Middle Part of Shuangling Road, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Wenbo Yi
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Zhen Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huaijun Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Zaman U, Khan SU, Alem SFM, Rehman KU, Almehizia AA, Naglah AM, Al-Wasidi AS, Refat MS, Saeed S, Zaki MEA. Purification and thermodynamic characterization of acid protease with novel properties from Melilotus indicus leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123217. [PMID: 36634806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thermostable acid protease from M. indicus leaves was purified 10-fold using a 4-step protocol. We were able to isolate a purified protease fraction with a molecular weight of 50 kDa and exhibited maximal protease activity at pH 4.0 and 40 °C. Structural analysis revealed that the protease is monomeric and non-glycosylated. The addition of epoxy monocarboxylic acid, iodoacetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide significantly reduced protease activity while dramatically increasing the inhibition of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. The activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction (33.33 kJ mol-1) and activation energy (Ed = 105 kJ mol-1), the standard enthalpy variation of reversible protease unfolding (2.58 kJ/mol) were calculated after activity measurements at various temperatures. Thermal inactivation of the pure enzyme followed first-order kinetics. The half-life (t1/2) of the pure enzyme at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C was 385, 231, and 154 min, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (entropy and enthalpy) suggested that the protease was highly thermostable. This is the first report on the thermodynamic parameters of proteases produced by M. indicus. The novel protease appears to be particularly thermostable and may be important for industrial applications based on these thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University KPK, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | | | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S Al-Wasidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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46
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Ifko D, Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. (Magnetic) Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates of Cellulase from T. reesei: A Stable and Efficient Biocatalyst. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031305. [PMID: 36770972 PMCID: PMC9919482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) represent an effective tool for carrier-free immobilization of enzymes. The present study promotes a successful application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for stabilization of cellulase CLEAs. Catalytically active CLEAs and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei were prepared using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a cross-linking agent and the catalytic activity and stability of the CLEAs/mCLEAs were investigated. The influence of precipitation agents, cross-linker concentration, concentration of enzyme, addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA), and addition of sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) on expressed activity and immobilization yield of CLEAs/mCLEAs was studied. Particularly, reducing the unsaturated Schiff's base to form irreversible linkages is important and improved the activity of CLEAs (86%) and mCLEAs (91%). For increased applicability of CLEAs/mCLEAs, we enhanced the activity and stability at mild biochemical process conditions. The reusability after 10 cycles of both CLEAs and mCLEAs was investigated, which retained 72% and 65% of the initial activity, respectively. The thermal stability of CLEAs and mCLEAs in comparison with the non-immobilized enzyme was obtained at 30 °C (145.65% and 188.7%, respectively) and 50 °C (185.1% and 141.4%, respectively). Kinetic parameters were determined for CLEAs and mCLEAs, and the KM constant was found at 0.055 ± 0.0102 mM and 0.037 ± 0.0012 mM, respectively. The maximum velocity rate (Vmax) was calculated as 1.12 ± 0.0012 µmol/min for CLEA and 1.17 ± 0.0023 µmol/min for mCLEA. Structural characterization was studied using XRD, SEM, and FT-IR. Catalytical properties of immobilized enzyme were improved with the addition of reducent NaBH3CN by enhancing the activity of CLEAs and with addition of functionalized aminosilane MNPs by enhancing the activity of mCLEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušica Ifko
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Applied Electromagnetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-2294-462
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Ferreira GC, Bomediano Camillo LDM, Sasaki SD. Structural and functional properties of rBmTI-A: A Kunitz-BPTI serine protease inhibitor with therapeutical potential. Biochimie 2023; 204:1-7. [PMID: 36037882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases are an important group of enzymes present in several organisms such as viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes involved in several physiological and pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegeneration, tissue inflammation and infections. Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors have been studied as therapeutical targets with positive results in many of these diseases. rBmTI-A (recombinant B. microplus Trypsin Inhibitor A) is a Kunitz-BPTI type inhibitor based on the native protein BmTI-A. BmTI-A was extracted from tick larvae and presented inhibitory activity against trypsin, human plasma kallikrein (HuPK), human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and human plasmin. rBmTI-A presented the same inhibitory activities of the BmTI-A and its thermostability has already been demonstrated. In emphysema induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and by cigarette smoke animal models, the treatment using rBmTI-A showed a protective effect against the development of pulmonary emphysema and prevented the increase of inflammatory cells. In chronic allergic animal model, rBmTI-A treatment resulted in attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, remodeling. These are important physiological results in emphysema and lung inflammatory animal models with rBmTI-A treatment confirming its therapeutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Moraes Bomediano Camillo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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MOTTA JFG, FREITAS BCBD, ALMEIDA AFD, MARTINS GADS, BORGES SV. Use of enzymes in the food industry: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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49
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Digestive enzyme supplementation in prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and enzyme foods. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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The human pathobiont Malassezia furfur secreted protease Mfsap1 regulates cell dispersal and exacerbates skin inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212533119. [PMID: 36442106 PMCID: PMC9894114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212533119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia form the dominant eukaryotic microbial community on the human skin. The Malassezia genus possesses a repertoire of secretory hydrolytic enzymes involved in protein and lipid metabolism which alter the external cutaneous environment. The exact role of most Malassezia secreted enzymes, including those in interaction with the epithelial surface, is not well characterized. In this study, we compared the expression level of secreted proteases, lipases, phospholipases, and sphingomyelinases of Malassezia globosa in healthy subjects and seborrheic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis patients. We observed upregulated gene expression of the previously characterized secretory aspartyl protease MGSAP1 in both diseased groups, in lesional and non-lesional skin sites, as compared to healthy subjects. To explore the functional roles of MGSAP1 in skin disease, we generated a knockout mutant of the homologous protease MFSAP1 in the genetically tractable Malassezia furfur. We observed the loss of MFSAP1 resulted in dramatic changes in the cell adhesion and dispersal in both culture and a human 3D reconstituted epidermis model. In a murine model of Malassezia colonization, we further demonstrated Mfsap1 contributes to inflammation as observed by reduced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration with the knockout mutant versus wildtype. Taken together, we show that this dominant secretory Malassezia aspartyl protease has an important role in enabling a planktonic cellular state that can potentially aid in colonization and additionally as a virulence factor in barrier-compromised skin, further highlighting the importance of considering the contextual relevance when evaluating the functions of secreted microbial enzymes.
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