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Ruuskanen O, Dollner H, Luoto R, Valtonen M, Heinonen OJ, Waris M. Contraction of Respiratory Viral Infection During air Travel: An Under-Recognized Health Risk for Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:60. [PMID: 38776030 PMCID: PMC11111432 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Air travel has an important role in the spread of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Aircraft offer an ideal setting for the transmission of ARI because of a closed environment, crowded conditions, and close-contact setting. Numerous studies have shown that influenza and COVID-19 spread readily in an aircraft with one virus-positive symptomatic or asymptomatic index case. The numbers of secondary cases differ markedly in different studies most probably because of the wide variation of the infectiousness of the infector as well as the susceptibility of the infectees. The primary risk factor is sitting within two rows of an infectious passenger. Elite athletes travel frequently and are thus prone to contracting an ARI during travel. It is anecdotally known in the sport and exercise medicine community that athletes often contract ARI during air travel. The degree to which athletes are infected in an aircraft by respiratory viruses is unclear. Two recent studies suggest that 8% of Team Finland members traveling to major winter sports events contracted the common cold most probably during air travel. Further prospective clinical studies with viral diagnostics are needed to understand the transmission dynamics and to develop effective and socially acceptable preventive measures during air travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PL 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Dollner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raakel Luoto
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PL 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Weary TE, Pappas T, Tusiime P, Tuhaise S, Otali E, Emery Thompson M, Ross E, Gern JE, Goldberg TL. Common cold viruses circulating in children threaten wild chimpanzees through asymptomatic adult carriers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10431. [PMID: 38714841 PMCID: PMC11076286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reverse zoonotic respiratory diseases threaten great apes across Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies of wild chimpanzees have identified the causative agents of most respiratory disease outbreaks as "common cold" paediatric human pathogens, but reverse zoonotic transmission pathways have remained unclear. Between May 2019 and August 2021, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 234 children aged 3-11 years in communities bordering Kibale National Park, Uganda, and 30 adults who were forest workers and regularly entered the park. We collected 2047 respiratory symptoms surveys to quantify clinical severity and simultaneously collected 1989 nasopharyngeal swabs approximately monthly for multiplex viral diagnostics. Throughout the course of the study, we also collected 445 faecal samples from 55 wild chimpanzees living nearby in Kibale in social groups that have experienced repeated, and sometimes lethal, epidemics of human-origin respiratory viral disease. We characterized respiratory pathogens in each cohort and examined statistical associations between PCR positivity for detected pathogens and potential risk factors. Children exhibited high incidence rates of respiratory infections, whereas incidence rates in adults were far lower. COVID-19 lockdown in 2020-2021 significantly decreased respiratory disease incidence in both people and chimpanzees. Human respiratory infections peaked in June and September, corresponding to when children returned to school. Rhinovirus, which caused a 2013 outbreak that killed 10% of chimpanzees in a Kibale community, was the most prevalent human pathogen throughout the study and the only pathogen present at each monthly sampling, even during COVID-19 lockdown. Rhinovirus was also most likely to be carried asymptomatically by adults. Although we did not detect human respiratory pathogens in the chimpanzees during the cohort study, we detected human metapneumovirus in two chimpanzees from a February 2023 outbreak that were genetically similar to viruses detected in study participants in 2019. Our data suggest that respiratory pathogens circulate in children and that adults become asymptomatically infected during high-transmission times of year. These asymptomatic adults may then unknowingly carry the pathogens into forest and infect chimpanzees. This conclusion, in turn, implies that intervention strategies based on respiratory symptoms in adults are unlikely to be effective for reducing reverse zoonotic transmission of respiratory viruses to chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Weary
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Otali
- The Kasiisi Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - James E Gern
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA.
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Berry GJ, Jhaveri TA, Larkin PMK, Mostafa H, Babady NE. ADLM Guidance Document on Laboratory Diagnosis of Respiratory Viruses. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:599-628. [PMID: 38695489 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are among the most frequent infections experienced worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for testing and currently several tests are available for the detection of a wide range of viruses. These tests vary widely in terms of the number of viral pathogens included, viral markers targeted, regulatory status, and turnaround time to results, as well as their analytical and clinical performance. Given these many variables, selection and interpretation of testing requires thoughtful consideration. The current guidance document is the authors' expert opinion based on the preponderance of available evidence to address key questions related to best practices for laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viral infections including who to test, when to test, and what tests to use. An algorithm is proposed to help laboratories decide on the most appropriate tests to use for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Berry
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian-Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tulip A Jhaveri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Paige M K Larkin
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Heba Mostafa
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - N Esther Babady
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Services, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Weary TE, Tusiime P, Tuhaise S, Mandujano Reyes JF, Ross E, Gern JE, Goldberg TL. Respiratory disease patterns in rural Western Uganda, 2019-2022. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1336009. [PMID: 38650995 PMCID: PMC11033374 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1336009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world, but prospective studies of temporal patterns and risk factors are rare. Methods We studied people in rural Western Uganda, where respiratory disease is pervasive. We followed 30 adults (ages 22-51 years; 534 observations) and 234 children (ages 3-11 years; 1,513 observations) between May 2019 and July 2022 and collected monthly data on their respiratory symptoms, for a total of 2,047 case records. We examined associations between demographic and temporal factors and respiratory symptoms severity. Results The timing of our study (before, during, and after the emergence of COVID-19) allowed us to document the effects of public health measures instituted in the region. Incidence rates of respiratory symptoms before COVID-19 lockdown were 568.4 cases per 1,000 person-months in children and 254.2 cases per 1,000 person-months in adults. These rates were 2.6 times higher than the 2019 global average for children but comparable for adults. Younger children (ages 3-6 years) had the highest frequencies and severities of respiratory symptoms. Study participants were most likely to experience symptoms in February, which is a seasonal pattern not previously documented. Incidence and severity of symptoms in children decreased markedly during COVID-19 lockdown, illustrating the broad effects of public health measures on the incidence of respiratory disease. Discussion Our results demonstrate that patterns of respiratory disease in settings such as Western Uganda resemble patterns in developed economies in some ways (age-related factors) but not in others (increased incidence in children and seasonal pattern). Factors such as indoor air quality, health care access, timing of school trimesters, and seasonal effects (rainy/dry seasons) likely contribute to the differences observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E. Weary
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
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Jose Lucar, Rebecca Yee. Diagnostic Stewardship for Multiplex Respiratory Testing: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done. Clin Lab Med 2024; 44:45-61. [PMID: 38280797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Syndromic respiratory panels are now widely available in clinical microbiology laboratories and health care institutions. These panels can rapidly diagnose infections and detect antimicrobial resistance genes allowing for more rapid therapeutic optimization compared to standard microbiology approaches. However, given reimbursement concerns and limitations of multiplex molecular testing and results interpretation, maximum clinical utility and positive clinical outcomes depend on active diagnostic stewardship. Here, the authors review clinical outcomes of both upper and lower respiratory panels and present diagnostic stewardship strategies for optimal use of respiratory panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Lucar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue Northeast, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rebecca Yee
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 900 23rd Street Northwest, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Stephansen L, Hansen KS, Graversen BK, Wolkoff P, Madsen AM. Reduction of acute respiratory infections in day-care by non-pharmaceutical interventions: a narrative review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1332078. [PMID: 38420031 PMCID: PMC10899481 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Children who start in day-care have 2-4 times as many respiratory infections compared to children who are cared for at home, and day-care staff are among the employees with the highest absenteeism. The extensive new knowledge that has been generated in the COVID-19 era should be used in the prevention measures we prioritize. The purpose of this narrative review is to answer the questions: Which respiratory viruses are the most significant in day-care centers and similar indoor environments? What do we know about the transmission route of these viruses? What evidence is there for the effectiveness of different non-pharmaceutical prevention measures? Design Literature searches with different terms related to respiratory infections in humans, mitigation strategies, viral transmission mechanisms, and with special focus on day-care, kindergarten or child nurseries, were conducted in PubMed database and Web of Science. Searches with each of the main viruses in combination with transmission, infectivity, and infectious spread were conducted separately supplemented through the references of articles that were retrieved. Results Five viruses were found to be responsible for ≈95% of respiratory infections: rhinovirus, (RV), influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV), and adenovirus (AdV). Novel research, emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggests that most respiratory viruses are primarily transmitted in an airborne manner carried by aerosols (microdroplets). Conclusion Since airborne transmission is dominant for the most common respiratory viruses, the most important preventive measures consist of better indoor air quality that reduces viral concentrations and viability by appropriate ventilation strategies. Furthermore, control of the relative humidity and temperature, which ensures optimal respiratory functionality and, together with low resident density (or mask use) and increased time outdoors, can reduce the occurrence of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Stephansen
- Gladsaxe Municipality, Social and Health Department, Gladsaxe, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peder Wolkoff
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Van Dusen J, LeBlanc H, Nastasi N, Panescu J, Shamblin A, Smith JW, Sovic MG, Williams A, Quam MBM, Faith S, Dannemiller KC. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants in indoor dust. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297172. [PMID: 38335205 PMCID: PMC10857703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of pathogens underlying infectious disease is critical to ensure public health. Recent efforts to track SARS-CoV-2 have utilized wastewater sampling to infer community trends in viral abundance and variant composition. Indoor dust has also been used for building-level inferences, though to date no sequencing data providing variant-scale resolution have been reported from dust samples, and strategies to monitor circulating variants in dust are needed to help inform public health decisions. In this study, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 lineages can be detected and sequenced from indoor bulk dust samples. We collected 93 vacuum bags from April 2021 to March 2022 from buildings on The Ohio State University's (OSU) Columbus campus, and the dust was used to develop and apply an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing protocol to identify the variants present and estimate their relative abundances. Three variants of concern were detected in the dust: Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. Alpha was found in our earliest sample in April 2021 with an estimated frequency of 100%. Delta was the primary variant present from October of 2021 to January 2022, with an average estimated frequency of 91% (±1.3%). Omicron became the primary variant in January 2022 and was the dominant strain in circulation through March with an estimated frequency of 87% (±3.2%). The detection of these variants on OSU's campus correlates with the circulation of these variants in the surrounding population (Delta p<0.0001 and Omicron p = 0.02). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that dust can be used to track COVID-19 variants in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Van Dusen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haley LeBlanc
- Genetic Counseling Program, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Nastasi
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenny Panescu
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Austin Shamblin
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob W. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Sovic
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda Williams
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mikkel B. M. Quam
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Seth Faith
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Qi J, Lv C, Guo J, Li Y, Sima M, Luo R, Xiang H, Xia X, Zhou Y, Wang T. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. polysaccharide inhibits influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1831-1843. [PMID: 37544014 PMCID: PMC10549229 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is prone to seasonal spread and widespread outbreaks, which pose important challenges to public health security. Therefore, it is important to effectively prevent and treat influenza virus infection. Schisandra polysaccharide (SPJ) is a polysaccharide derived from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of SPJ in vitro and in vivo, especially against influenza A virus (IAV) infection. By analyzing SPJ structure and monosaccharide composition, the molecular weight of SPJ was determined to be 115.5 KD, and it is composed of galacturonic acid (89.4%), rhamnose (0.8%), galactose (4.4%), arabinose (3.8%), and glucose (1.7%). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that SPJ treatment reduced the positive rate of viral nucleoproteins in cells, indicating that the compound had an inhibitory effect on influenza virus replication. Furthermore, SPJ therapy improved the survival of infected mice. Lung virus titer assays indicated that SPJ treatment significantly reduced viral loading in the lung tissue of infected mice and alleviated the pathological damage caused by influenza virus infection. Moreover, SPJ reduced cytokine expression during influenza virus challenge. In conclusion, SPJ has anti-influenza virus effects and may have potential as an anti-influenza drug candidate in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- College of Life SciencesNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
| | - Chaoxiang Lv
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
- The Research Center for Preclinical MedicineSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Jin Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
| | - Mingwei Sima
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
- College of Basic MedicineChangchun University of Chinese MedicineChina
| | - Rongbo Luo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
| | - Haiyang Xiang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
| | - Yifa Zhou
- College of Life SciencesNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Hansen KS, Madsen AM. Transmission route of rhinovirus - the causative agent for common cold. A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:938-957. [PMID: 36535318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract illness and upper respiratory tract infections, traditionally defined as 'common colds'. Experimental transmission of RV has been studied for more than 50 years. However, there are divergent results as to whether hands and fomites or aerosols constitute the dominant route of transmission in natural settings. METHODS We have systematically reviewed the literature according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Searches were run in PubMed and Web of Science until August 2022. Inclusion criteria were original studies of relevance for revealing the route of transmission of rhinovirus in humans. RESULTS The search yielded 663 results, and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. These articles addressing RV transmission routes were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) indirect transmission by fomites and hands, (2) direct transmission via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols, or (3) transmission either direct via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols and fomite or hands. CONCLUSIONS We found low evidence, that transmission via hands and fomite followed by self-inoculation is the dominant transmission route in real-life indoor settings. We found moderate evidence, that airborne transmission either via large aerosols or small aerosols is the major transmission route of rhinovirus transmission in real-life indoor settings. This suggests that the major transmission route of RVs in many indoor settings is through the air (airborne transmission).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eccles R, Boivin G, Cowling BJ, Pavia A, Selvarangan R. Treatment of COVID-19 symptoms with over the counter (OTC) medicines used for treatment of common cold and flu. CLINICAL INFECTION IN PRACTICE 2023; 19:100230. [PMID: 37197288 PMCID: PMC10163789 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons suffering from acute upper respiratory tract viral infections (URTI) commonly use over the counter (OTC) medicines to relieve symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, sore throat and nasal congestion. At present OTC medicines are only licensed for treatment of common cold and flu symptoms and not for treatment of the same symptoms associated with COVID-19. The innate immune response responsible for the mechanisms of the symptoms of URTI is the same for all respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and these symptoms can be relieved by treatment with the same OTC medicines as available for treatment of colds and flu. This review provides scientific information that OTC treatments for common cold and flu-like illness caused by respiratory viruses are safe and effective treatments for the same symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Andrew Pavia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Hsu HT, Huang FL, Ting PJ, Chang CC, Chen PY. The epidemiological features of pediatric viral respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1101-1107. [PMID: 34756671 PMCID: PMC8501510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have shown various levels of impact on common respiratory pathogens. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological changes seen in certain common respiratory viruses found in Taiwanese children (e.g., influenza virus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) after the implementation of public health measures, as well as interpret the possible meaning of these changes. METHODS This retrospective observational study examined the viral isolation from children younger than 18 years at a medical center in central Taiwan during the period January 2015-December 2020, a time frame of six years. Viral isolations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2015-December 2019), along with those during the post-COVID-19 period (January-December 2020) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS A total of 6899 throat swab samples were collected during the pre-pandemic period of 2015-2019, with 2681 of them having a positive result (38.86%). There were a total of 713 samples collected in 2020, with 142 of them showing positive results (19.92%). The overall positive rate of viral isolates significantly decreased in 2020 (p < 0.001). Declines in the isolation of the influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and enterovirus were observed. The RSV surprisingly became the leading isolate, with up to 47 (6.59%) instances in 2020, and showing an unusual peak in the winter of 2020. The rise began in September of 2020 and reached its plateau in November of that year. CONCLUSIONS Most respiratory viruses decreased under NPIs regarding SARS-CoV-2. However, the RSV outbreak in the winter of 2020 had shown the limitation of current NPIs. Possible explanations have been discussed in details and public preventive measures should be reinforced for RSV, particularly amongst people having young children both at home and in care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ting Hsu
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Liang Huang
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Ting
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chih Chang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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12
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Jones RP, Ponomarenko A. Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:710-758. [PMID: 36286197 PMCID: PMC9602062 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen interference is the ability of one pathogen to alter the course and clinical outcomes of infection by another. With up to 3000 species of human pathogens the potential combinations are vast. These combinations operate within further immune complexity induced by infection with multiple persistent pathogens, and by the role which the human microbiome plays in maintaining health, immune function, and resistance to infection. All the above are further complicated by malnutrition in children and the elderly. Influenza vaccination offers a measure of protection for elderly individuals subsequently infected with influenza. However, all vaccines induce both specific and non-specific effects. The specific effects involve stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity, while the nonspecific effects are far more nuanced including changes in gene expression patterns and production of small RNAs which contribute to pathogen interference. Little is known about the outcomes of vaccinated elderly not subsequently infected with influenza but infected with multiple other non-influenza winter pathogens. In this review we propose that in certain years the specific antigen mix in the seasonal influenza vaccine inadvertently increases the risk of infection from other non-influenza pathogens. The possibility that vaccination could upset the pathogen balance, and that the timing of vaccination relative to the pathogen balance was critical to success, was proposed in 2010 but was seemingly ignored. Persons vaccinated early in the winter are more likely to experience higher pathogen interference. Implications to the estimation of vaccine effectiveness and influenza deaths are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P Jones
- Healthcare Analysis and Forecasting, Wantage OX12 0NE, UK
| | - Andrey Ponomarenko
- Department of Biophysics, Informatics and Medical Instrumentation, Odessa National Medical University, Valikhovsky Lane 2, 65082 Odessa, Ukraine
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13
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Medina MJ, Nazareth J, Dillon HM, Wighton CJ, Bandi S, Pan D, Nicholson KG, Clark TW, Andrew PW, Pareek M. Respiratory virus transmission using a novel viral challenge model: an observational cohort study. J Infect 2022; 85:405-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Susceptibility to the Common Cold Virus is Associated with Day Length. iScience 2022; 25:104789. [PMID: 35982792 PMCID: PMC9379560 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal rhythms are endogenous timing mechanisms that allow animals living at temperate latitudes to synchronize their physiology to the seasons. Human viral respiratory disease is prevalent in the winter at temperate latitudes, but the role of endogenous mechanisms in these recurring annual patterns is unclear. The Common Cold Project is a repository of data describing the experimental viral challenge of 1,337 participants across the seasons of the year. We report a secondary analysis of these data to investigate if susceptibility to the common cold is associated with day length. The majority of the participants (78%) showed signs of infection but only 32% developed clinical signs of disease, and the probability of infection was significantly higher in longer day lengths (summer), but the disease was more likely in short (winter) day lengths. The persistence of winter disease patterns in experimental conditions supports the role of endogenous seasonality in human susceptibility to viral infection. Outbreaks of viral respiratory disease recur in winter in the northern hemisphere In controlled experiments, common cold infection was more likely in summer Infection was more likely to progress to the development of cold in winter Innate seasonality of human immunity could affect the prevalence of the common cold
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15
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Yasuda I, Suzuki M, Maeda H, Terada M, Sando E, Ng CFS, Otomaru H, Yoshida LM, Morimoto K. Respiratory virus detection in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic, community-dwelling older people. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:411. [PMID: 35484482 PMCID: PMC9047617 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of virus positivity in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic community-dwelling older people remains elusive. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of respiratory virus PCR positivity in asymptomatic community-dwelling older people using saliva samples and nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. Methods We analyzed 504 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years who were ambulatory and enrolled in a cross-sectional study conducted from February to December 2018 in Nagasaki city, Japan. Fourteen respiratory viruses were identified in saliva, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples using multiplex PCR assays. Results The prevalences of PCR positivity for rhinovirus, influenza A, enterovirus and any respiratory virus were 12.9% (95% CI: 10.1–16.1%), 7.1% (95% CI: 5.1–9.8%), 6.9% (95% CI: 4.9–9.5%) and 25.2% (95% CI: 21.5–29.2%), respectively. Rhinovirus was detected in 21.5% of subjects, influenza A in 38.9% of subjects, enterovirus in 51.4% of subjects and any virus in 32.3% of subjects using only saliva sampling. Conclusions The prevalences of several respiratory viruses were higher than the percentages reported previously in pharyngeal samples from younger adults. Saliva sampling is a potentially useful method for respiratory virus detection in asymptomatic populations. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07355-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikkoh Yasuda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Infectious Diseases, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kita-Fukushima Medical Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Maeda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Terada
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nijigaoka Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Sando
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Infectious Diseases, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kita-Fukushima Medical Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hirono Otomaru
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Konosuke Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Nijigaoka Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
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16
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Xie LM, Yin X, Xie TA, Su JW, Huang Q, Zhang JH, Huang YF, Guo XG. Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Efficacy of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2 Assay for Respiratory Viral Infections. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:95-103. [PMID: 34913289 PMCID: PMC8688366 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute respiratory viral infections pose significant morbidity and mortality, making it essential to diagnose respiratory viral infections rapidly. In this study, the diagnostic efficacy of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel (RVP) FAST v2 test was evaluated on respiratory viral infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrieved from electronic databases, including Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library, for systematic review. Studies that fulfilled predefined inclusion criteria were included. After the extraction of information, statistical software was utilized for quality evaluation, data analysis, and assessment of publication bias. RESULTS Eighty groups in fourfold tables from nine articles were included to perform statistical analyses. Therein, the mean specificity and mean sensitivity of Luminex xTAG RVP FAST v2 test for the detection of respiratory viral infections were 0.99 (0.98-0.99) and 0.88 (0.87-0.90), respectively. Additionally, the negative and positive likelihood ratios were 0.14 (0.11-0.19) and 87.42 (61.88-123.50), respectively. Moreover, the diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve of summary receiver operating characteristic were 714.80 and 0.9886, respectively. CONCLUSION The Luminex xTAG RVP FAST v2 test could be a reliable and rapid diagnostic method for multiple respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatrics School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ao Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wen Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Fei Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Morikawa S, Otsuka M, Yumisashi T, Motomura K. A longitudinal study on respiratory viral infection for healthy volunteers. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e413. [PMID: 34632101 PMCID: PMC8488996 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morikawa
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Maki Otsuka
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
- Department of Public HealthOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Takahiro Yumisashi
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Division of Public HealthOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
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18
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Chekuri S, Szymczak WA, Goldstein DY, Nori P, Marrero Rolon R, Spund B, Singh-Tan S, Mohrmann L, Assa A, Southern WN, Baron SW. SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with additional respiratory virus does not predict severe disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:iii12-iii19. [PMID: 34555160 PMCID: PMC8460099 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) claimed over 4 million lives by July 2021 and continues to pose a serious public health threat. Objectives Our retrospective study utilized respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) results in patients with SARS-CoV-2 to determine if coinfection (i.e. SARS-CoV-2 positivity with an additional respiratory virus) was associated with more severe presentation and outcomes. Methods All patients with negative influenza/respiratory syncytial virus testing who underwent RPP testing within 7 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test at a large, academic medical centre in New York were examined. Patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a negative RPP were compared with patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 and positive for a virus by RPP in terms of biomarkers, oxygen requirements and severe COVID-19 outcome, as defined by mechanical ventilation or death within 30 days. Results Of the 306 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with RPP testing, 14 (4.6%) were positive for a non-influenza virus (coinfected). Compared with the coinfected group, patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a negative RPP had higher inflammatory markers and were significantly more likely to be admitted (P = 0.01). Severe COVID-19 outcome occurred in 111 (36.3%) patients in the SARS-CoV-2-only group and 3 (21.4%) patients in the coinfected group (P = 0.24). Conclusions Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 along with a non-influenza respiratory virus had less severe disease on presentation and were more likely to be admitted—but did not have more severe outcomes—than those infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Chekuri
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wendy A Szymczak
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - D Yitzchak Goldstein
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Priya Nori
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Marrero Rolon
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brian Spund
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sumeet Singh-Tan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laurel Mohrmann
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrei Assa
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - William N Southern
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sarah W Baron
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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19
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Sun Z, He G, Huang N, Chen H, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Yang G, Yang S, Xiong H, Karuppiah T, Kumar SS, He J, Xiong C. Impact of the Inflow Population From Outbreak Areas on the COVID-19 Epidemic in Yunnan Province and the Recommended Control Measures: A Preliminary Study. Front Public Health 2020; 8:609974. [PMID: 33344408 PMCID: PMC7738349 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.609974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 developed into a global pandemic in 2020 and poses challenges regarding the prevention and control capabilities of countries. A large number of inbound travelers from other regions could lead to a renewed outbreak of COVID-19 in the local regions. Globally, as a result of the imbalance in the control of the epidemic, all countries are facing the risk of a renewed COVID-19 outbreak brought about by travelers from epidemic areas. Therefore, studies on a proper management of the inbound travelers are urgent. Methods: We collected a total of 4,733,414 inbound travelers and 174 COVID-19 diagnosed patients in Yunnan province from 21 January 2020 to 20 February 2020. Data on place of origin, travel history, age, and gender, as well as whether they had suspected clinical manifestations for inbound travelers in Yunnan were collected. The impact of inbound travelers on the local epidemic was analyzed with a collinear statistical analysis and the effect of the control measures on the epidemic was evaluated with a sophisticated modeling approach. Results: Of the 174 COVID-19 patients, 60.9% were not from Yunnan, and 76.4% had a history of travel in Hubei. The amount of new daily cases in Yunnan was significant correlated with the number of inbound travelers from Hubei and suspected cases among them. Using Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered (SEIR) model analysis, we found that the prevention and control measures dropped the local R0 down to 1.07 in Yunnan province. Conclusions: Our preliminary analysis showed that the proper management of inbound travelers from outbreak areas has a significantly positive effect on the prevention and control of the virus. In the process of resettlement, some effective measures taken by Yunnan province may provide an important reference for preventing the renewed COVID-19 outbreak in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Guozhong He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ninghao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zizhao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Songwang Yang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thilakavathy Karuppiah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - S Suresh Kumar
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jibo He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Pei S, Shaman J. Aggregating forecasts of multiple respiratory pathogens supports more accurate forecasting of influenza-like illness. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008301. [PMID: 33090997 PMCID: PMC7608986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-like illness (ILI) is a commonly measured syndromic signal representative of a range of acute respiratory infections. Reliable forecasts of ILI can support better preparation for patient surges in healthcare systems. Although ILI is an amalgamation of multiple pathogens with variable seasonal phasing and attack rates, most existing process-based forecasting systems treat ILI as a single infectious agent. Here, using ILI records and virologic surveillance data, we show that ILI signal can be disaggregated into distinct viral components. We generate separate predictions for six contributing pathogens (influenza A/H1, A/H3, B, respiratory syncytial virus, and human parainfluenza virus types 1-2 and 3), and develop a method to forecast ILI by aggregating these predictions. The relative contribution of each pathogen to the total ILI signal is estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method upon forecast aggregation. We find highly variable overall contributions from influenza type A viruses across seasons, but relatively stable contributions for the other pathogens. Using historical data from 1997 to 2014 at US national and regional levels, the proposed forecasting system generates improved predictions of both seasonal and near-term targets relative to a baseline method that simulates ILI as a single pathogen. The hierarchical forecasting system can generate predictions for each viral component, as well as infer and predict their contributions to ILI, which may additionally help physicians determine the etiological causes of ILI in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Pei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
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21
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Zhao D, Wang M, Wang M, Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zeng S, Hu W, Yu W, Hu K. Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: A study in a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:219-225. [PMID: 32758693 PMCID: PMC7836921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the proportion and characteristics of asymptomatic infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS This study retrospectively investigated 1407 HCWs who were screened for COVID-19 by chest computed tomography (CT) scans and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Demographics, CT features, nasopharyngeal swabs, baseline symptoms, and laboratory data were collected. RESULTS Of 1407 HCWs, 235 had symptoms and 1172 were asymptomatic close contacts, of which, 107 were symptomatic cases and 84 were close contacts who had abnormal CT findings. Of 152 symptomatic individuals and 908 close contacts tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, 122 symptomatic cases and 38 close contacts had positive reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) test results. The rate of confirmed asymptomatic infections was 4.2% (38/908). Both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cases had high titrations of specific IgG or had ≥four-fold increase in IgG during convalescence compared with the acute phase. Combining the RT-PCR tests and serological findings, the rate of asymptomatic infections was 9.7% (88/908). In terms of the duration of viral shedding, there was no significant difference between symptomatic mild/moderate participants and asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that a high rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers existed among healthcare worker close contacts during the outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaolin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Orenbuch R, Filip I, Comito D, Shaman J, Pe'er I, Rabadan R. arcasHLA: high-resolution HLA typing from RNAseq. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:33-40. [PMID: 31173059 PMCID: PMC6956775 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus plays a critical role in tissue compatibility and regulates the host response to many diseases, including cancers and autoimmune di3orders. Recent improvements in the quality and accessibility of next-generation sequencing have made HLA typing from standard short-read data practical. However, this task remains challenging given the high level of polymorphism and homology between HLA genes. HLA typing from RNA sequencing is further complicated by post-transcriptional modifications and bias due to amplification. RESULTS Here, we present arcasHLA: a fast and accurate in silico tool that infers HLA genotypes from RNA-sequencing data. Our tool outperforms established tools on the gold-standard benchmark dataset for HLA typing in terms of both accuracy and speed, with an accuracy rate of 100% at two-field resolution for Class I genes, and over 99.7% for Class II. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of our tool on a new biological dataset of 447 single-end total RNA samples from nasopharyngeal swabs, and establish the applicability of arcasHLA in metatranscriptome studies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION arcasHLA is available at https://github.com/RabadanLab/arcasHLA. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Orenbuch
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ioan Filip
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Devon Comito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Itsik Pe'er
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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23
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Ikegami S, Benirschke R, Flanagan T, Tanna N, Klein T, Elue R, Debosz P, Mallek J, Wright G, Guariglia P, Kang J, Gniadek TJ. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab PCR positivity in COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors. Transfusion 2020; 60:2962-2968. [PMID: 32840002 PMCID: PMC7461313 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid persists after symptom resolution and infectivity for many viral infections via delayed clearance of nucleic acid fragments, non-infectious particles, or transmissible virus. For Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the relationship between nasopharyngeal (NP) swab positivity, the development of antibodies against COVID-19, and clinical history are unclear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Individuals who recovered from COVID-19 and volunteered to donate convalescent plasma (CP) were screened by NP swab PCR, responded to a questionnaire, and were tested for anti-COVID-19 antibodies. RESULTS A proportion of 11.8% of individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by NP swab PCR greater than 14 days after the resolution of symptoms of active disease, including one donor who had asymptomatic disease and tested positive by NP swab 41 days after her initial diagnosis. Clinical history did not show a significant correlation with persistence of NP swab positivity. Also, NP swab positivity >14 days from symptom resolution did not correlate with anti-COVID-19 serology results. IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody strength correlated with hospitalization for COVID-19 using two different assays. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody strength correlated with time from symptom resolution to sample collection and symptom duration. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is detectable long after the resolution of symptoms in a significant percentage of previously diagnosed individuals, which is important to consider when interpreting PCR swab results. Persistence of PCR positivity does not correlate with antibody strength or symptoms of COVID-19. If anti-spike antibody is used to assess CP potency, individuals who suffered severe COVID-19 disease symptoms may represent better donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Ikegami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Benirschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Tara Flanagan
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicole Tanna
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Tovah Klein
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Rita Elue
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jessica Mallek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory Wright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Perry Guariglia
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Swedish Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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24
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Dao TL, Hoang VT, Ly TDA, Goumballa N, Courjon J, Memish Z, Sokhna C, Raoult D, Parola P, Gautret P. Epidemiology of human common coronavirus acquisition in pilgrims. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101845. [PMID: 32805418 PMCID: PMC7427599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Loi Dao
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Van Thuan Hoang
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duc Anh Ly
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ndiaw Goumballa
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; VITROME, Campus International IRD/UCAD de Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Johan Courjon
- Infectiologie, Hôpital de L'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Université Côte D'Azur, Nice, France; U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice, France
| | - Ziad Memish
- Research & Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; VITROME, Campus International IRD/UCAD de Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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25
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Matienzo N, Youssef MM, Comito D, Lane B, Ligon C, Morita H, Winchester A, Decker ME, Dayan P, Shopsin B, Shaman J. Respiratory viruses in pediatric emergency department patients and their family members. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:91-98. [PMID: 33210476 PMCID: PMC7767945 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections account for a substantial fraction of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits. We examined the epidemiological patterns of seven common respiratory viruses in children presenting to EDs with influenza‐like illness (ILI). Additionally, we examined the co‐occurrence of viral infections in the accompanying adults and risk factors associated with the acquisition of these viruses. Methods Nasopharyngeal swab were collected from children seeking medical care for ILI and their accompanying adults (Total N = 1315). Study sites included New York Presbyterian, Bellevue, and Tisch hospitals in New York City. PCR using a respiratory viral panel was conducted, and data on symptoms and medical history were collected. Results Respiratory viruses were detected in 399 children (62.25%) and 118 (17.5%) accompanying adults. The most frequent pathogen detected was human rhinovirus (HRV) (28.81%). Co‐infection rates were 14.79% in children and 8.47% in adults. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza infections occurred more often in younger children. Influenza and HRV occurred more often in older children. Influenza and coronavirus were mostly isolated in winter and spring, RSV in fall and winter and HRV in fall and spring. Children with HRV were more likely to have history of asthma. Adults with the same virus as their child often accompanied ≤ 2‐year‐old‐positive children and were more likely to be symptomatic compared to adults with different viruses. Conclusions Respiratory viruses, while presenting the same suite of symptoms, possess distinct seasonal cycles and affect individuals differently based on a number of identifiable factors, including age and history of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelsa Matienzo
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariam M Youssef
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Devon Comito
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Lane
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chanel Ligon
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haruka Morita
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Winchester
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary E Decker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Dayan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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26
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D’Anna SE, Maniscalco M, Carriero V, Gnemmi I, Caramori G, Nucera F, Righi L, Brun P, Balbi B, Adcock IM, Stella MG, Ricciardolo FL, Di Stefano A. Evaluation of Innate Immune Mediators Related to Respiratory Viruses in the Lung of Stable COPD Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061807. [PMID: 32531971 PMCID: PMC7356645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the innate immune response to viral infections in stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Objectives: To evaluate the innate immune mediators related to respiratory viruses in the bronchial biopsies and lung parenchyma of stable COPD patients. Methods: We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of Toll-like receptors 3-7-8-9 (TLR-3-7-8-9), TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFNβ (TRIF), Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), Phospho interferon regulatory factor 3 (pIRF3), Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), Phospho interferon regulatory factor 7 (pIRF7), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG1), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 (LGP2), Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors (DAI), forkhead box protein A3(FOXA3), Interferon alfa (IFNα), and Interferon beta (IFNβ) in the bronchial mucosa of patients with mild/moderate (n = 16), severe/very severe (n = 1618) stable COPD, control smokers (CS) (n = 1612), and control non-smokers (CNS) (n = 1612). We performed similar IHC analyses in peripheral lung from COPD (n = 1612) and CS (n = 1612). IFNα and IFNβ were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant from CNS (n = 168), CS (n = 169) and mild/moderate COPD (n = 1612). Viral load, including adenovirus-B, -C, Bocavirus, Respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV), Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Coronavirus, Influenza virus A (FLU-A), Influenza virus B (FLU-B), and Parainfluenzae-1 were measured in bronchial rings and lung parenchyma of COPD patients and the related control group (CS). Results: Among the viral-related innate immune mediators, RIG1, LGP2, MAVS, STING, and DAI resulted well expressed in the bronchial and lung tissues of COPD patients, although not in a significantly different mode from control groups. Compared to CS, COPD patients showed no significant differences of viral load in bronchial rings and lung parenchyma. Conclusions: Some virus-related molecules are well-expressed in the lung tissue and bronchi of stable COPD patients independently of the disease severity, suggesting a “primed” tissue environment capable of sensing the potential viral infections occurring in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestro E. D’Anna
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Divisione di Pneumologia Telese, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Divisione di Pneumologia Telese, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Benevento, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0824-909357
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (Torino), Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Torino, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.M.R.)
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Via Revislate 13, 28010 Novara, Italy; (I.G.); (B.B.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Luisella Righi
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, SCDU, Anatomia Patologica, AOU, San Luigi, Orbassano, Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Torino, Italy;
| | - Paola Brun
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sezione di Istologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Via Revislate 13, 28010 Novara, Italy; (I.G.); (B.B.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK;
| | - Maria Grazia Stella
- Unità Operativa di Medicina, Ospedale G. Giglio Cefalù, Contrada Pietrapollastra, Via Pisciotto, 90015 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Fabio L.M. Ricciardolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (Torino), Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Torino, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.M.R.)
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Via Revislate 13, 28010 Novara, Italy; (I.G.); (B.B.); (A.D.S.)
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27
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Althaus T, Thaipadungpanit J, Greer RC, Swe MMM, Dittrich S, Peerawaranun P, Smit PW, Wangrangsimakul T, Blacksell S, Winchell JM, Diaz MH, Day NPJ, Smithuis F, Turner P, Lubell Y. Causes of fever in primary care in Southeast Asia and the performance of C-reactive protein in discriminating bacterial from viral pathogens. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:334-342. [PMID: 32437937 PMCID: PMC7211754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated causes of fever in the primary levels of care in Southeast Asia, and evaluated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) could distinguish bacterial from viral pathogens. METHODS Blood and nasopharyngeal swab specimens were taken from children and adults with fever (>37.5 °C) or history of fever (<14 days) in Thailand and Myanmar. RESULTS Of 773 patients with at least one blood or nasopharyngeal swab specimen collected, 227 (29.4%) had a target organism detected. Influenza virus type A was detected in 85/227 cases (37.5%), followed by dengue virus (30 cases, 13.2%), respiratory syncytial virus (24 cases, 10.6%) and Leptospira spp. (nine cases, 4.0%). Clinical outcomes were similar between patients with a bacterial or a viral organism, regardless of antibiotic prescription. CRP was higher among patients with a bacterial organism compared with those with a viral organism (median 18 mg/L, interquartile range [10-49] versus 10 mg/L [≤8-22], p = 0.003), with an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% CI 0.55-0.75). CONCLUSIONS Serious bacterial infections requiring antibiotics are an exception rather than the rule in the first line of care. CRP testing could assist in ruling out such cases in settings where diagnostic uncertainty is high and routine antibiotic prescription is common. The original CRP randomised controlled trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02758821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Althaus
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachel C Greer
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Myo Maung Maung Swe
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Myanmar-Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Medical Action Myanmar (MAM), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pieter W Smit
- Maasstad Ziekenhuis Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Public Health Laboratory (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tri Wangrangsimakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas M Winchell
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maureen H Diaz
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Myanmar-Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Medical Action Myanmar (MAM), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit (COMRU), Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. A variety of respiratory viruses produce infections in humans with effects ranging from asymptomatic to life-treathening. Standard surveillance systems typically only target severe infections (ED outpatients, hospitalisations, deaths) and fail to track asymptomatic or mild infections. Here we performed a large-scale community study across multiple age groups to assess the pathogenicity of 18 respiratory viruses. We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined these test results with participant-provided daily records of cold and flu symptoms and used this information to characterise symptom severity by virus and age category. Asymptomatic infection rates exceeded 70% for most viruses, excepting influenza and human metapneumovirus, which produced significantly more severe outcomes. Symptoms were negatively associated with infection frequency, with children displaying the lowest score among age groups. Upper respiratory manifestations were most common for all viruses, whereas systemic effects were less typical. These findings indicate a high burden of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection exists in the general population.
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29
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Ganzenmueller T, Kaiser R, Baier C, Wehrhane M, Hilfrich B, Witthuhn J, Flucht S, Heim A. Comparison of the performance of the Panther Fusion respiratory virus panel to R-Gene and laboratory developed tests for diagnostic and hygiene screening specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:427-435. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) can be facilitated by the Panther Fusion (PF) automatic, random access PCR system for the detection of influenzavirus A (Flu A) and B (Flu B), parainfluenzavirus (Paraflu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV) and human adenovirus (AdV) in nasopharyngeal swabs.
Aim. To evaluate the performance of PF in comparison with established methods, including subsets of (1) lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens and (2) upper respiratory tract (URT) hygiene screening specimens of patients without ARI symptoms.
Methodology. The performance characteristics of PF were compared with bioMérieux R-Gene and laboratory-developed PCR tests (LDTs). Overall, 1544 specimens with 6658 individual diagnostic requests were analysed.
Results. The overall concordances of PF and LDTs for Flu A, Flu B and AdV were 98.4, 99.9 and 96.1%, respectively; by re-testing of discrepant specimens concordances increased to 99.4, 99.9 and 98.0%, respectively. Initial concordances of PF and R-Gene assays for RSV, Paraflu, hMPV and RV were 98.4, 96.3, 99.3 and 96.0%, respectively, and retest concordances were 99.7, 97.9, 99.9 and 98.9%, respectively. No differences to the overall performance were found for the subgroups of LRT and hygiene screening specimens. PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values correlated very well between methods, indicating that a semi-quantitative diagnostic approach using Ct values (e.g. highly vs. weakly positive) could augment the diagnostic information.
Conclusion. PF performed similar to R-Gene and LDTs not only for its intended use but also for LRT and hygiene screening specimens with shorter hands-on and turnaround times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claas Baier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marlies Wehrhane
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Witthuhn
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Flucht
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Xie C, Lau EHY, Yoshida T, Yu H, Wang X, Wu H, Wei J, Cowling B, Peiris M, Li Y, Yen HL. Detection of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses in Air Sampled From a University Campus: A Longitudinal Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:850-858. [PMID: 30963180 PMCID: PMC7108140 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory virus-laden particles are commonly detected in the exhaled breath of symptomatic patients or in air sampled from healthcare settings. However, the temporal relationship of detecting virus-laden particles at nonhealthcare locations vs surveillance data obtained by conventional means has not been fully assessed. METHODS From October 2016 to June 2018, air was sampled weekly from a university campus in Hong Kong. Viral genomes were detected and quantified by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of ecological and environmental factors associated with the detection of virus-laden airborne particles. RESULTS Influenza A (16.9% [117/694]) and influenza B (4.5% [31/694]) viruses were detected at higher frequencies in air than rhinovirus (2.2% [6/270]), respiratory syncytial virus (0.4% [1/270]), or human coronaviruses (0% [0/270]). Multivariate analyses showed that increased crowdedness (aOR, 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.5-3.8]; P < .001) and higher indoor temperature (aOR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.3]; P < .001) were associated with detection of influenza airborne particles, but absolute humidity was not (aOR, 0.9 [95% CI, .7-1.1]; P = .213). Higher copies of influenza viral genome were detected from airborne particles >4 μm in spring and <1 μm in autumn. Influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses that caused epidemics during the study period were detected in air prior to observing increased influenza activities in the community. CONCLUSIONS Air sampling as a surveillance tool for monitoring influenza activity at public locations may provide early detection signals on influenza viruses that circulate in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xie
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tomoyo Yoshida
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huitao Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianjian Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ben Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This investigation aims to understand the role and burden of viral co-infections for acute respiratory illnesses in children. Co-infection can be either viral-viral or viral-bacterial and with new technology there is more information on the role they play on the health of children. Recent Findings With the proliferation of multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis of multiple viruses as well as innovations on identification of bacterial infections, research has been attempting to discover how these co-infections affect each other and the host. Studies are aiming to discern if the epidemiology of viruses seen at a population level is related to the interaction between different viruses on a host level. Studies are also attempting to discover the burden of morbidity and mortality of these viral-viral co-infections on the pediatric population. It is also becoming important to understand the interplay of certain viruses with specific bacteria and understanding the impact of viral-bacterial co-infections. Summary RSV continues to contribute to a large burden of disease for pediatric patients with acute respiratory illnesses. However, recent literature suggests that viral-viral co-infections do not add to this burden and might, in some cases, be protective of severe disease. Viral-bacterial co-infections, on the other hand, are most likely adding to the burden of morbidity in pediatric patients because of the synergistic way they can infect the nasopharyngeal space. Future research needs to focus on confirming these conclusions as it could affect hospital cohorting, role of molecular testing, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Meskill
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St. A2210, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shelease C O'Bryant
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St. A2210, Houston, TX, USA
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Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Using Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.96513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zhang D, Lou X, Yan H, Pan J, Mao H, Tang H, Shu Y, Zhao Y, Liu L, Li J, Chen D, Zhang Y, Ma X. Respiratory virus associated with surgery in children patients. Respir Res 2019; 20:126. [PMID: 31208426 PMCID: PMC6580463 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral respiratory infection (VRI) is a common contraindication to elective surgery. Asymptomatic shedding among pediatric surgery patients (PSPs) could potentially lead to progression of symptomatic diseases and cause outbreaks of respiratory diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of infection among mild symptomatic PSP group and asymptomatic PSP group after surgical procedure. Methods We collected the induced sputum from enrolled 1629 children (under 18 years of age) with no respiratory symptom prior to pediatric surgery between March 2017 and February 2019. We tested 16 different respiratory virus infections in post-surgery mild symptomatic PSP group and asymptomatic PSP group using a quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay panel. We analyzed symptom data and quantitative viral load to investigate the association between viruses, symptoms and viral quantity in qRT-PCR-positive PSPs. Results Out of 1629 children enrolled, a total of 204 respiratory viruses were present in 171 (10.50%) PSPs including 47 patients with mild symptoms and 124 with no symptoms after surgery. Commonly detected viruses were human rhino/enterovirus (HRV/EV, 42.19%), parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3, 24.48%), coronavirus (CoV NL63, OC43, HKU1, 11.46%), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 9.9%). PIV3 infection with a higher viral load was frequently found in PSPs presenting with mild symptoms, progressing to pneumonia with radiographic evidence after surgery. HRV/EV were the most commonly detected pathogens in both asymptomatic and mild symptomatic PSPs. CoV (OC43, HKU1) infections with a higher viral load were mostly observed in asymptomatic PSPs progressing to alveolar or interstitial infiltration. Conclusions Our study suggested that PIV3 is a new risk factor for VRI in PSPs. Employing a more comprehensive, sensitive and quantitative method should be considered for preoperative testing of respiratory viruses in order to guide optimal surgical timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhang Pan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Binjiang district, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejun Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Valtonen M, Waris M, Vuorinen T, Eerola E, Hakanen AJ, Mjosund K, Grönroos W, Heinonen OJ, Ruuskanen O. Common cold in Team Finland during 2018 Winter Olympic Games (PyeongChang): epidemiology, diagnosis including molecular point-of-care testing (POCT) and treatment. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1093-1098. [PMID: 31142472 PMCID: PMC6818521 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The common cold is the main cause of medical time loss in elite sport. Rapid diagnosis has been a challenge that may be amenable to molecular point-of-care testing (POCT). Methods We performed a prospective observational study of the common cold in Team Finland during the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. There were 44 elite athletes and 68 staff members. The chief physician recorded the symptoms of the common cold daily on a standardised form. Two nasal swabs were taken at the onset of symptoms. One swab was analysed within 45 min using a molecular POCT for respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A and B viruses. After the Games, the other swab was tested for 16 possible causative respiratory viruses using PCR in laboratory-based testing. Results 20 out of 44 (45%) athletes and 22 out of 68 (32%) staff members experienced symptoms of the common cold during a median stay of 21 days. Eleven (26%) samples tested virus-positive using POCT. All subjects with influenza (n=6) and 32 close contacts were treated with oseltamivir. The aetiology of the common cold was finally detected in 75% of the athletes and 68 % of the staff members. Seven virus clusters were identified. They were caused by coronaviruses 229E, NL63 and OC43, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A, rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus. The virus infections spread readily within the team, most commonly within the same sport discipline. Conclusions The cold was indeed a common illness in Team Finland during the Winter Olympic Games. POCT proved to be clinically valuable, especially for influenza. The aetiology of the common cold was identified in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Erkki Eerola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti J Hakanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Mjosund
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Wilma Grönroos
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital Research Centre, Turku, Finland
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Galanti M, Birger R, Ud-Dean M, Filip I, Morita H, Comito D, Anthony S, Freyer GA, Ibrahim S, Lane B, Ligon C, Rabadan R, Shittu A, Tagne E, Shaman J. Longitudinal active sampling for respiratory viral infections across age groups. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:226-232. [PMID: 30770641 PMCID: PMC6468062 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, their characterization is incomplete because prevalence estimates are based on syndromic surveillance data. Here, we address this shortcoming through the analysis of infection rates among individuals tested regularly for respiratory viral infections, irrespective of their symptoms. Methods We carried out longitudinal sampling and analysis among 214 individuals enrolled at multiple New York City locations from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined personal information with weekly nasal swab collection to investigate the prevalence of 18 respiratory viruses among different age groups and to assess risk factors associated with infection susceptibility. Results 17.5% of samples were positive for respiratory viruses. Some viruses circulated predominantly during winter, whereas others were found year round. Rhinovirus and coronavirus were most frequently detected. Children registered the highest positivity rates, and adults with daily contacts with children experienced significantly more infections than their counterparts without children. Conclusion Respiratory viral infections are widespread among the general population with the majority of individuals presenting multiple infections per year. The observations identify children as the principal source of respiratory infections. These findings motivate further active surveillance and analysis of differences in pathogenicity among respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galanti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ruthie Birger
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Minhaz Ud-Dean
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ioan Filip
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Haruka Morita
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Devon Comito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Simon Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Greg A Freyer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sadiat Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Lane
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chanel Ligon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Atinuke Shittu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Eudosie Tagne
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Pochon C, Voigt S. Respiratory Virus Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3294. [PMID: 30687278 PMCID: PMC6333648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly immunocompromised pediatric and adult hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients frequently experience respiratory infections caused by viruses that are less virulent in immunocompetent individuals. Most of these infections, with the exception of rhinovirus as well as adenovirus and parainfluenza virus in tropical areas, are seasonal variable and occur before and after HCT. Infectious disease management includes sampling of respiratory specimens from nasopharyngeal washes or swabs as well as sputum and tracheal or tracheobronchial lavages. These are subjected to improved diagnostic tools including multiplex PCR assays that are routinely used allowing for expedient detection of all respiratory viruses. Disease progression along with high mortality is frequently associated with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, and metapneumovirus infections. In this review, we discuss clinical findings and the appropriate use of diagnostic measures. Additionally, we also discuss treatment options and suggest new drug formulations that might prove useful in treating respiratory viral infections. Finally, we shed light on the role of the state of immune reconstitution and on the use of immunosuppressive drugs on the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Pochon
- Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncohematology, Nancy University Hospital, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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