1
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Sun Y, Huang W, Xiang H, Nie J. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays Used in Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:554. [PMID: 38793805 PMCID: PMC11125816 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, extensive research efforts have been undertaken to accelerate the development of multiple types of vaccines to combat the pandemic. These include inactivated, recombinant subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. In the development of these diverse vaccines, appropriate methods to assess vaccine immunogenicity are essential in both preclinical and clinical studies. Among the biomarkers used in vaccine evaluation, the neutralizing antibody level serves as a pivotal indicator for assessing vaccine efficacy. Neutralizing antibody detection methods can mainly be classified into three types: the conventional virus neutralization test, pseudovirus neutralization test, and surrogate virus neutralization test. Importantly, standardization of these assays is critical for their application to yield results that are comparable across different laboratories. The development and use of international or regional standards would facilitate assay standardization and facilitate comparisons of the immune responses induced by different vaccines. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and application of different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays in vaccine clinical trials. This will provide guidance for the development and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
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2
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Deenin W, Khongchareonporn N, Ruxrungtham K, Ketloy C, Hirankarn N, Wangkanont K, Rengpipat S, Yakoh A, Chaiyo S. Overlaid Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Detection of Two Variant-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5407-5415. [PMID: 38478766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been provided to the general public to build immunity since the 2019 coronavirus pandemic. Once vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs-COVID-19) are needed for excellent protection against COVID-19. However, monitoring NAbs-COVID-19 is complicated and requires hospital visits. Moreover, the resulting NAbs-COVID-19 are effective against different strains of COVID-19 depending on the type of vaccine received. Here, an overlaid lateral flow immunoassay (O-LFIA) was developed for the simultaneous detection of two NAbs-COVID-19 against different virus strains, Delta and Omicron. The O-LFIA was visualized with two T-lines with a single device using competition between the free antigen and the antigen-binding antibody. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) immobilized on the T-line binds to the antigen remaining after antibody binding. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed device exhibited 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50 values) of 45.1 and 53.6 ng/mL for the Delta and Omicron variants, respectively. Additionally, the proposed platform was applied to real-world samples of animal and human serum, and the developed immunoassay provided results that were in good agreement with those obtained with the standard method. In conclusion, this developed O-LFIA can be used as an alternative method to detect NAbs-COVID-19 and can be enabled for future advancements toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Deenin
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanthika Khongchareonporn
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, and School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Rengpipat
- Qualified Diagnostic Development Center (QDD), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Ivanusic D, Maier J, Icli S, Falcone V, Bernauer H, Bannert N. tANCHOR-cell-based assay for monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies rapidly adaptive to various receptor-binding domains. iScience 2024; 27:109123. [PMID: 38380248 PMCID: PMC10877956 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional neutralizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mimic the protein-protein interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, an easy and rapidly adaptative ELISA-based system for testing neutralizing antibodies against upcoming SARS-CoV-2 variants is urgently needed. In this study, we closed this gap by developing a tANCHOR-cell-based RBD neutralization assay that avoids time-consuming protein expression and purification followed by coating on ELISA plates. This cell-based assay can be rapidly adopted to monitor neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against upcoming SARS-CoV-2 variants. We show that the results obtained with the tANCHOR-cell-based assay system strongly correlate with commercially available surrogate assays for testing NAbs. Moreover, this technique can directly measure binding between cell-surface-exposed RBDs and soluble ACE2. With this technique, the degree of antibody escape elicited by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in current vaccination regimens can be determined rapidly and reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ivanusic
- Sexually transmitted bacterial pathogens and HIV (FG18), Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Maier
- ATG:biosynthetics GmbH, 79249 Merzhausen, Germany
| | - Suheda Icli
- Sexually transmitted bacterial pathogens and HIV (FG18), Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Bannert
- Sexually transmitted bacterial pathogens and HIV (FG18), Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Carzaniga T, Casiraghi L, Nava G, Zanchetta G, Inzani T, Chiari M, Bollati V, Epis S, Bandi C, Lai A, Zehender G, Bellini T, Buscaglia M. Serum antibody fingerprinting of SARS-CoV-2 variants in infected and vaccinated subjects by label-free microarray biosensor. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323406. [PMID: 38476234 PMCID: PMC10927789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Both viral infection and vaccination affect the antibody repertoire of a person. Here, we demonstrate that the analysis of serum antibodies generates information not only on the virus type that caused the infection but also on the specific virus variant. We developed a rapid multiplex assay providing a fingerprint of serum antibodies against five different SARS-CoV-2 variants based on a microarray of virus antigens immobilized on the surface of a label-free reflectometric biosensor. We analyzed serum from the plasma of convalescent subjects and vaccinated volunteers and extracted individual antibody profiles of both total immunoglobulin Ig and IgA fractions. We found that Ig level profiles were strongly correlated with the specific variant of infection or vaccination and that vaccinated subjects displayed a larger quantity of total Ig and a lower fraction of IgA relative to the population of convalescent unvaccinated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Casiraghi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nava
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Zanchetta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Inzani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, National Research Council of Italy (SCITEC-CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze and Pediatric Clinical Research Center (CRC) ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze and Pediatric Clinical Research Center (CRC) ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bellini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Buscaglia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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5
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Lebel P, Elledge S, Wiener DM, Jeyakumar I, Phelps M, Jacobsen A, Huynh E, Charlton C, Puccinelli R, Mondal P, Saha S, Tato CM, Gómez-Sjöberg R. A handheld luminometer with sub-attomole limit of detection for distributed applications in global health. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002766. [PMID: 38381748 PMCID: PMC10881016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence is ubiquitous in biology research and medicine. Conceptually simple, the detection of luminescence nonetheless faces technical challenges because relevant signals can exhibit exceptionally low radiant power densities. Although low light detection is well-established in centralized laboratory settings, the cost, size, and environmental requirements of high-performance benchtop luminometers are not compatible with geographically-distributed global health studies or resource-constrained settings. Here we present the design and application of a ~$700 US handheld, battery-powered luminometer with performance on par with high-end benchtop instruments. By pairing robust and inexpensive Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors with a low-profile shutter system, our design compensates for sensor non-idealities and thermal drift, achieving a limit of detection of 1.6E-19 moles of firefly luciferase. Using these devices, we performed two pilot cross-sectional serology studies to assess sars-cov-2 antibody levels: a cohort in the United States, as well as a field study in Bangladesh. Results from both studies were consistent with previous work and demonstrate the device's suitability for distributed applications in global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lebel
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susanna Elledge
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Wiener
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ilakkiyan Jeyakumar
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maíra Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Axel Jacobsen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Huynh
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Charlton
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Puccinelli
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina M. Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rafael Gómez-Sjöberg
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Springer DN, Traugott M, Reuberger E, Kothbauer KB, Borsodi C, Nägeli M, Oelschlägel T, Kelani H, Lammel O, Deutsch J, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Höltl E, Aberle JH, Stiasny K, Weseslindtner L. A Multivariant Surrogate Neutralization Assay Identifies Variant-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Profiles in Primary SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2278. [PMID: 37443672 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with the Omicron variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be serologically identified with distinct profiles of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), as indicated by high titers against the Omicron variant and low titers against the ancestral wild-type (WT). Here, we evaluated whether a novel surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT) that simultaneously quantifies the binding inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to the proteins of the WT- and Omicron-specific receptor-binding domains (RBDs) can identify nAb profiles after primary Omicron infection with accuracy similar to that of variant-specific live-virus neutralization tests (NTs). Therefore, we comparatively tested 205 samples from individuals after primary infection with the Omicron variant and the WT, and vaccinated subjects with or without Omicron breakthrough infections. Indeed, variant-specific RBD-ACE2 binding inhibition levels significantly correlated with respective NT titers (p < 0.0001, Spearman's r = 0.92 and r = 0.80 for WT and Omicron, respectively). In addition, samples from individuals after primary Omicron infection were securely identified with the sVNT according to their distinctive nAb profiles (area under the curve = 0.99; sensitivity: 97.2%; specificity: 97.84%). Thus, when laborious live-virus NTs are not feasible, the novel sVNT we evaluated in this study may serve as an acceptable substitute for the serological identification of individuals with primary Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Traugott
- 4th Medical Department, Clinic Favoriten, Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Christian Borsodi
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Nägeli
- 4th Medical Department, Clinic Favoriten, Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Oelschlägel
- 4th Medical Department, Clinic Favoriten, Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hasan Kelani
- 4th Medical Department, Clinic Favoriten, Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Lammel
- Independent Researcher, 8972 Ramsau am Dachstein, Austria
| | | | | | - Eva Höltl
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Dong T, Wang M, Liu J, Ma P, Pang S, Liu W, Liu A. Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6149-6206. [PMID: 37325147 PMCID: PMC10266450 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as fatal as the initial outbreak, many infected victims suffer from long COVID. Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. Herein, we review the recent advances in techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensing principles are detailed together with their application domains and analytical performances. In addition, the advantages and limits of each method are discussed and analyzed. Besides molecular diagnostics and antigen and antibody tests, we also review neutralizing antibodies and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the characteristics of the mutational locations in the different variants with epidemiological features are summarized. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies are prospected to develop new assays to meet different diagnostic needs. Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wanjian Liu
- Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Qingdao 266112 China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
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8
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Tolmacheva AS, Onvumere MK, Sedykh SE, Timofeeva AM, Nevinsky GA. Catalase Activity of IgGs of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10081. [PMID: 37373231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, leads to various manifestations of the post-COVID syndrome, including diabetes, heart and kidney disease, thrombosis, neurological and autoimmune diseases and, therefore, remains, so far, a significant public health problem. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing adverse effects on oxygen transfer efficiency, iron homeostasis, and erythrocytes deformation, contributing to thrombus formation. In this work, the relative catalase activity of the serum IgGs of patients recovered from COVID-19, healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V, vaccinated with Sputnik V after recovering from COVID-19, and conditionally healthy donors were analyzed for the first time. Previous reports show that along with canonical antioxidant enzymes, the antibodies of mammals with superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities are involved in controlling reactive oxygen species levels. We here show that the IgGs from patients who recovered from COVID-19 had the highest catalase activity, and this was statistically significantly higher each compared to the healthy donors (1.9-fold), healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V (1.4-fold), and patients vaccinated after recovering from COVID-19 (2.1-fold). These data indicate that COVID-19 infection may stimulate the production of antibodies that degrade hydrogen peroxide, which is harmful at elevated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tolmacheva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita K Onvumere
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna M Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Williams JA, Biancucci M, Lessen L, Tian S, Balsaraf A, Chen L, Chesterman C, Maruggi G, Vandepaer S, Huang Y, Mallett CP, Steff AM, Bottomley MJ, Malito E, Wahome N, Harshbarger WD. Structural and computational design of a SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with improved expression and immunogenicity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0330. [PMID: 37285422 PMCID: PMC10246912 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern challenge the efficacy of approved vaccines, emphasizing the need for updated spike antigens. Here, we use an evolutionary-based design aimed at boosting protein expression levels of S-2P and improving immunogenic outcomes in mice. Thirty-six prototype antigens were generated in silico and 15 were produced for biochemical analysis. S2D14, which contains 20 computationally designed mutations within the S2 domain and a rationally engineered D614G mutation in the SD2 domain, has an ~11-fold increase in protein yield and retains RBD antigenicity. Cryo-electron microscopy structures reveal a mixture of populations in various RBD conformational states. Vaccination of mice with adjuvanted S2D14 elicited higher cross-neutralizing antibody titers than adjuvanted S-2P against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and four variants of concern. S2D14 may be a useful scaffold or tool for the design of future coronavirus vaccines, and the approaches used for the design of S2D14 may be broadly applicable to streamline vaccine discovery.
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10
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Wuo M, Dugan AE, Halim M, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Caradonna TM, Zhang S, Pepi LE, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Alter G, Garcia-Beltran WF, Azadi P, Hung D, Schmidt AG, Kiessling LL. Lectin Fingerprinting Distinguishes Antibody Neutralization in SARS-CoV-2. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:947-956. [PMID: 37252360 PMCID: PMC10214521 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses co-opt host glycosylation pathways to decorate their surface proteins. As viruses evolve, emerging strains can modify their glycosylation patterns to influence host interactions and subvert immune recognition. Still, changes in viral glycosylation or their impact on antibody protection cannot be predicted from genomic sequences alone. Using the highly glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as a model system, we present a lectin fingerprinting method that rapidly reports on changes in variant glycosylation state, which are linked to antibody neutralization. In the presence of antibodies or convalescent and vaccinated patient sera, unique lectin fingerprints emerge that distinguish neutralizing versus non-neutralizing antibodies. This information could not be inferred from direct binding interactions between antibodies and the Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding data alone. Comparative glycoproteomics of the Spike RBD of wild-type (Wuhan-Hu-1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants reveal O-glycosylation differences as a key determinant of immune recognition differences. These data underscore the interplay between viral glycosylation and immune recognition and reveal lectin fingerprinting to be a rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput assay to distinguish the neutralization potential of antibodies that target critical viral glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
G. Wuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amanda E. Dugan
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melanie Halim
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuting Zhang
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lauren E. Pepi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Deb Hung
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Gattinger P, Ohradanova-Repic A, Valenta R. Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065352. [PMID: 36982424 PMCID: PMC10048970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part of the repertoire of viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them the development of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through natural infection, vaccination and the current dominance of seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging to the omicron lineage, the COVID-19 situation has stabilized. However, several challenges remain and the possible new occurrence of highly pathogenic variants remains a threat. Here we review the development, features and importance of assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). In particular we focus on in vitro infection assays and molecular interaction assays studying the binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) with its cognate cellular receptor ACE2. These assays, but not the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies per se, can inform us of whether antibodies produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against the infection and thus have the potential to predict the risk of becoming newly infected. This information is extremely important given the fact that a considerable number of subjects, in particular vulnerable persons, respond poorly to the vaccination with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, these assays allow to determine and evaluate the virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced by vaccines and administration of plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 variants or synthetic compounds to be used for therapy of COVID-19 and assist in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Both types of assays can be relatively quickly adapted to newly emerging virus variants to inform us about the magnitude of cross-neutralization, which may even allow us to estimate the risk of becoming infected by newly appearing virus variants. Given the paramount importance of the infection and interaction assays we discuss their specific features, possible advantages and disadvantages, technical aspects and not yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting the degree of in vivo protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Fogolari M, Leoni BD, De Cesaris M, Italiano R, Davini F, Miccoli GA, Donati D, Clerico L, Stanziale A, Savini G, Petrosillo N, Ciccozzi M, Sommella L, Riva E, Fazii P, Angeletti S. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron Variants Inhibition Comparison after BNT162b2 mRNA Booster Doses with a New PETIA sVNT Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 36900033 PMCID: PMC10000738 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is strategic, and neutralizing antibodies represent the gold standard. The neutralizing response to Beta and Omicron VOCs was evaluated versus the gold standard by a new commercial automated assay. METHODS Serum samples from 100 healthcare workers from the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Biomedico and the Pescara Hospital were collected. IgG levels were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany) and serum neutralization assay as the gold standard. Moreover, a new commercial immunoassay, the PETIA test Nab (SGM, Rome, Italy), was used for neutralization evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed with R software, version 3.6.0. RESULTS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers decayed during the first ninety days after the vaccine second dose. The following booster dose significantly (p < 0.001) increased IgG levels. A correlation between IgG expression and neutralizing activity modulation was found with a significant increase after the second and the third booster dose (p < 0.05. Compared to the Beta variant of the virus, the Omicron VOC was associated with a significantly larger quantity of IgG antibodies needed to achieve the same degree of neutralization. The best Nab test cutoff for high neutralization titer (≥1:80) was set for both Beta and Omicron variants. CONCLUSION This study correlates vaccine-induced IgG expression and neutralizing activity using a new PETIA assay, suggesting its usefulness for SARS-CoV2 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fogolari
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina De Cesaris
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Davini
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Azzurra Miccoli
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Clerico
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Stanziale
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G Caporale’, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sommella
- Health Management, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Fazii
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
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13
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Mestiri S, Merhi M, Inchakalody VP, Taib N, Smatti MK, Ahmad F, Raza A, Ali FH, Hydrose S, Fernandes Q, Ansari AW, Sahir F, Al-Zaidan L, Jalis M, Ghoul M, Allahverdi N, Al Homsi MU, Uddin S, Jeremijenko AM, Nimir M, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abid FB, Zaqout A, Alfheid SR, Saqr HMH, Omrani AS, Hssain AA, Al Maslamani M, Yassine HM, Dermime S. Persistence of spike-specific immune responses in BNT162b2-vaccinated donors and generation of rapid ex-vivo T cells expansion protocol for adoptive immunotherapy: A pilot study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1061255. [PMID: 36817441 PMCID: PMC9933868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1061255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The BNT162b2 mRNA-based vaccine has shown high efficacy in preventing COVID-19 infection but there are limited data on the types and persistence of the humoral and T cell responses to such a vaccine. Methods Here, we dissect the vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses in a cohort of six healthy recipients of two doses of this vaccine. Results and discussion Overall, there was heterogeneity in the spike-specific humoral and cellular responses among vaccinated individuals. Interestingly, we demonstrated that anti-spike antibody levels detected by a novel simple automated assay (Jess) were strongly correlated (r=0.863, P<0.0001) with neutralizing activity; thus, providing a potential surrogate for neutralizing cell-based assays. The spike-specific T cell response was measured with a newly modified T-spot assay in which the high-homology peptide-sequences cross-reactive with other coronaviruses were removed. This response was induced in 4/6 participants after the first dose, and all six participants after the second dose, and remained detectable in 4/6 participants five months post-vaccination. We have also shown for the first time, that BNT162b2 vaccine enhanced T cell responses also against known human common viruses. In addition, we demonstrated the efficacy of a rapid ex-vivo T cell expansion protocol for spike-specific T cell expansion to be potentially used for adoptive-cell therapy in severe COVID-19, immunocompromised individuals, and other high-risk groups. There was a 9 to 13.7-fold increase in the number of expanded T cells with a significant increase of anti-spike specific response showing higher frequencies of both activation and cytotoxic markers. Interestingly, effector memory T cells were dominant in all four participants' CD8+ expanded memory T cells; CD4+ T cells were dominated by effector memory in 2/4 participants and by central memory in the remaining two participants. Moreover, we found that high frequencies of CD4+ terminally differentiated memory T cells were associated with a greater reduction of spike-specific activated CD4+ T cells. Finally, we showed that participants who had a CD4+ central memory T cell dominance expressed a high CD69 activation marker in the CD4+ activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Mestiri
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese P Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassiba Taib
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatma H Ali
- Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shereena Hydrose
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fairooz Sahir
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lobna Al-Zaidan
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Munir Jalis
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mokhtar Ghoul
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Niloofar Allahverdi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed U Al Homsi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mai Nimir
- Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fatma Ben Abid
- Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Zaqout
- Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sameer R Alfheid
- Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali S Omrani
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Ait Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research/ Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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14
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Tantiwiwat T, Thaiprayoon A, Siriatcharanon AK, Tachaapaikoon C, Plongthongkum N, Waraho-Zhmayev D. Utilization of Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli for the Development of Neutralizing Antibody Assay. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:598-611. [PMID: 36103078 PMCID: PMC9472194 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted from widespread infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As new variants of concern continue to emerge, understanding the correlation between the level of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and clinical protection from SAR-CoV-2 infection could be critical in planning the next steps in COVID-19 vaccine programs. This study explored the potential usefulness of E. coli as an alternative expression system that can be used to produce a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) for the development of an affordable and flexible NAb detection assay. We expressed the RBD of Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain and purified them from whole bacterial cells using His-tag-mediated affinity chromatography and urea-assisted refolding. Next, we conducted a head-to-head comparison of the binding activity of our E. coli-produced RBD (E-RBD) with commercial HEK293-produced RBD (H-RBD). The results of a direct binding assay revealed E-RBD and H-RBD binding with ACE2-hFc in similar signal strengths. Furthermore, in the NAb detection assay, % inhibition obtained from both E-RBD and H-RBD demonstrated comparable results in all the investigated assays, suggesting that non-glycosylated RBD produced from E. coli may offer a cost-effective alternative to the use of more expensive glycosylated RBD produced from human cells in the development of such an assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termsak Tantiwiwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand
| | - Apisitt Thaiprayoon
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand
| | - Ake-kavitch Siriatcharanon
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Chakrit Tachaapaikoon
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150 Thailand ,Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Nongluk Plongthongkum
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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15
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Omer AAM, Hinkula J, Tran PTH, Melik W, Zattarin E, Aili D, Selegård R, Bengtsson T, Khalaf H. Plantaricin NC8 αβ rapidly and efficiently inhibits flaviviruses and SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting their envelopes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278419. [PMID: 36449554 PMCID: PMC9710782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent broad-spectrum antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat existing and emerging viral infections. This is particularly important considering that vaccine development is a costly and time consuming process and that viruses constantly mutate and render the vaccine ineffective. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), such as bacteriocins, are attractive candidates as antiviral agents against enveloped viruses. One of these bacteriocins is PLNC8 αβ, which consists of amphipathic peptides with positive net charges that display high affinity for negatively charged pathogen membrane structures, including phosphatidylserine rich lipid membranes of viral envelopes. Due to the morphological and physiological differences between viral envelopes and host cell plasma membranes, PLNC8 αβ is thought to have high safety profile by specifically targeting viral envelopes without effecting host cell membranes. In this study, we have tested the antiviral effects of PLNC8 αβ against the flaviviruses Langat and Kunjin, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (IAV), and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). The concentration of PLNC8 αβ that is required to eliminate all the infective virus particles is in the range of nanomolar (nM) to micromolar (μM), which is surprisingly efficient considering the high content of cholesterol (8-35%) in their lipid envelopes. We found that viruses replicating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi complex, e.g. SARS-CoV-2 and flaviviruses, are considerably more susceptible to PLNC8 αβ, compared to viruses that acquire their lipid envelope from the plasma membrane, such as IAV and HIV-1. Development of novel broad-spectrum antiviral agents can significantly benefit human health by rapidly and efficiently eliminating infectious virions and thereby limit virus dissemination and spreading between individuals. PLNC8 αβ can potentially be developed into an effective and safe antiviral agent that targets the lipid compartments of viral envelopes of extracellular virions, more or less independent of virus antigenic mutations, which faces many antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakr A. M. Omer
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Mucosa infection och inflammation Center (MIIC), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pham-Tue-Hung Tran
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Wessam Melik
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elisa Zattarin
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aili
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Selegård
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Bengtsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hazem Khalaf
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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16
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Fox T, Geppert J, Dinnes J, Scandrett K, Bigio J, Sulis G, Hettiarachchi D, Mathangasinghe Y, Weeratunga P, Wickramasinghe D, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Sguassero Y, Davenport C, Cunningham J, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Struyf T, Van den Bruel A, Verbakel JY, Takwoingi Y, Taylor-Phillips S, Deeks JJ. Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 11:CD013652. [PMID: 36394900 PMCID: PMC9671206 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013652.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in rapid development of diagnostic test methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serology tests to detect the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 enable detection of past infection and may detect cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that were missed by earlier diagnostic tests. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of serology tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection may enable development of effective diagnostic and management pathways, inform public health management decisions and understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. OBJECTIVES To assess the accuracy of antibody tests, firstly, to determine if a person presenting in the community, or in primary or secondary care has current SARS-CoV-2 infection according to time after onset of infection and, secondly, to determine if a person has previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Sources of heterogeneity investigated included: timing of test, test method, SARS-CoV-2 antigen used, test brand, and reference standard for non-SARS-CoV-2 cases. SEARCH METHODS The COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern (which includes daily updates from PubMed and Embase and preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv) was searched on 30 September 2020. We included additional publications from the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) 'COVID-19: Living map of the evidence' and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health 'NIPH systematic and living map on COVID-19 evidence'. We did not apply language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated commercially produced serology tests, targeting IgG, IgM, IgA alone, or in combination. Studies must have provided data for sensitivity, that could be allocated to a predefined time period after onset of symptoms, or after a positive RT-PCR test. Small studies with fewer than 25 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases were excluded. We included any reference standard to define the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 (including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR), clinical diagnostic criteria, and pre-pandemic samples). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We use standard screening procedures with three reviewers. Quality assessment (using the QUADAS-2 tool) and numeric study results were extracted independently by two people. Other study characteristics were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. We present sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each test and, for meta-analysis, we fitted univariate random-effects logistic regression models for sensitivity by eligible time period and for specificity by reference standard group. Heterogeneity was investigated by including indicator variables in the random-effects logistic regression models. We tabulated results by test manufacturer and summarised results for tests that were evaluated in 200 or more samples and that met a modification of UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) target performance criteria. MAIN RESULTS We included 178 separate studies (described in 177 study reports, with 45 as pre-prints) providing 527 test evaluations. The studies included 64,688 samples including 25,724 from people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2; most compared the accuracy of two or more assays (102/178, 57%). Participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were most commonly hospital inpatients (78/178, 44%), and pre-pandemic samples were used by 45% (81/178) to estimate specificity. Over two-thirds of studies recruited participants based on known SARS-CoV-2 infection status (123/178, 69%). All studies were conducted prior to the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and present data for naturally acquired antibody responses. Seventy-nine percent (141/178) of studies reported sensitivity by week after symptom onset and 66% (117/178) for convalescent phase infection. Studies evaluated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (165/527; 31%), chemiluminescent assays (CLIA) (167/527; 32%) or lateral flow assays (LFA) (188/527; 36%). Risk of bias was high because of participant selection (172, 97%); application and interpretation of the index test (35, 20%); weaknesses in the reference standard (38, 21%); and issues related to participant flow and timing (148, 82%). We judged that there were high concerns about the applicability of the evidence related to participants in 170 (96%) studies, and about the applicability of the reference standard in 162 (91%) studies. Average sensitivities for current SARS-CoV-2 infection increased by week after onset for all target antibodies. Average sensitivity for the combination of either IgG or IgM was 41.1% in week one (95% CI 38.1 to 44.2; 103 evaluations; 3881 samples, 1593 cases), 74.9% in week two (95% CI 72.4 to 77.3; 96 evaluations, 3948 samples, 2904 cases) and 88.0% by week three after onset of symptoms (95% CI 86.3 to 89.5; 103 evaluations, 2929 samples, 2571 cases). Average sensitivity during the convalescent phase of infection (up to a maximum of 100 days since onset of symptoms, where reported) was 89.8% for IgG (95% CI 88.5 to 90.9; 253 evaluations, 16,846 samples, 14,183 cases), 92.9% for IgG or IgM combined (95% CI 91.0 to 94.4; 108 evaluations, 3571 samples, 3206 cases) and 94.3% for total antibodies (95% CI 92.8 to 95.5; 58 evaluations, 7063 samples, 6652 cases). Average sensitivities for IgM alone followed a similar pattern but were of a lower test accuracy in every time slot. Average specificities were consistently high and precise, particularly for pre-pandemic samples which provide the least biased estimates of specificity (ranging from 98.6% for IgM to 99.8% for total antibodies). Subgroup analyses suggested small differences in sensitivity and specificity by test technology however heterogeneity in study results, timing of sample collection, and smaller sample numbers in some groups made comparisons difficult. For IgG, CLIAs were the most sensitive (convalescent-phase infection) and specific (pre-pandemic samples) compared to both ELISAs and LFAs (P < 0.001 for differences across test methods). The antigen(s) used (whether from the Spike-protein or nucleocapsid) appeared to have some effect on average sensitivity in the first weeks after onset but there was no clear evidence of an effect during convalescent-phase infection. Investigations of test performance by brand showed considerable variation in sensitivity between tests, and in results between studies evaluating the same test. For tests that were evaluated in 200 or more samples, the lower bound of the 95% CI for sensitivity was 90% or more for only a small number of tests (IgG, n = 5; IgG or IgM, n = 1; total antibodies, n = 4). More test brands met the MHRA minimum criteria for specificity of 98% or above (IgG, n = 16; IgG or IgM, n = 5; total antibodies, n = 7). Seven assays met the specified criteria for both sensitivity and specificity. In a low-prevalence (2%) setting, where antibody testing is used to diagnose COVID-19 in people with symptoms but who have had a negative PCR test, we would anticipate that 1 (1 to 2) case would be missed and 8 (5 to 15) would be falsely positive in 1000 people undergoing IgG or IgM testing in week three after onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a seroprevalence survey, where prevalence of prior infection is 50%, we would anticipate that 51 (46 to 58) cases would be missed and 6 (5 to 7) would be falsely positive in 1000 people having IgG tests during the convalescent phase (21 to 100 days post-symptom onset or post-positive PCR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Some antibody tests could be a useful diagnostic tool for those in whom molecular- or antigen-based tests have failed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including in those with ongoing symptoms of acute infection (from week three onwards) or those presenting with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. However, antibody tests have an increasing likelihood of detecting an immune response to infection as time since onset of infection progresses and have demonstrated adequate performance for detection of prior infection for sero-epidemiological purposes. The applicability of results for detection of vaccination-induced antibodies is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilly Fox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julia Geppert
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katie Scandrett
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jacob Bigio
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giorgia Sulis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dineshani Hettiarachchi
- Department of Anatomy Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Yasith Mathangasinghe
- Department of Anatomy Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Praveen Weeratunga
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Brian S Buckley
- Cochrane Response, Cochrane, London, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Cunningham
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Mariska Mg Leeflang
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - René Spijker
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Struyf
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Rodríguez MC, Ceaglio N, Gugliotta A, Villarraza J, Garay E, Fuselli A, Gastaldi V, Tardivo MB, Antuña S, Fontana D, Prieto C. Design and optimization of an IgG human ELISA assay reactive to recombinant RBD SARS-CoV-2 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7933-7948. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Lenart K, Hellgren F, Ols S, Yan X, Cagigi A, Cerveira RA, Winge I, Hanczak J, Mueller SO, Jasny E, Schwendt K, Rauch S, Petsch B, Loré K. A third dose of the unmodified COVID-19 mRNA vaccine CVnCoV enhances quality and quantity of immune responses. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:309-323. [PMID: 36217434 PMCID: PMC9535876 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A third vaccine dose is often required to achieve potent, long-lasting immune responses. We investigated the impact of three 8 μg doses of CVnCoV, CureVac's SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate containing sequence-optimized unmodified mRNA encoding spike (S) glycoprotein, administered at 0, 4 and 28 weeks on immune responses in rhesus macaques. Following the third dose S-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies increased 50-fold compared with post-dose 2 levels, with increased responses also evident in the lower airways and against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants. Enhanced binding affinity of serum antibodies after the third dose correlated with higher somatic hypermutation in S-specific B cells, corresponding with improved binding properties of monoclonal antibodies expressed from isolated B cells. Administration of low dose mRNA led to fewer cells expressing antigen in vivo at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes compared with a tenfold higher dose, possibly reducing the engagement of precursor cells with the antigen and resulting in the suboptimal response observed following two-dose vaccination schedules in phase IIb/III clinical trials of CVnCoV. However, when immune memory is established, a third dose efficiently boosts the immunological responses as well as improves antibody affinity and breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianglei Yan
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Winge
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakub Hanczak
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Correspondence should be addressed to: Karin Loré, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail address:
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19
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Identification of antiviral peptide inhibitors for receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 omicron and its sub-variants: an in-silico approach. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:198. [PMID: 35923684 PMCID: PMC9342843 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Omicron, a variant of concern (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2, emerged in South Africa in November 2021. Omicron has been continuously acquiring a series of new mutations, especially in the spike (S) protein that led to high infectivity and transmissibility. Peptides targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein by which omicron and its variants attach to the host receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) can block the viral infection at the first step. This study aims to identify antiviral peptides from the Antiviral peptide database (AVPdb) and HIV-inhibitory peptide database (HIPdb) against the RBD of omicron by using a molecular docking approach. The lead RBD binder peptides obtained through molecular docking were screened for allergenicity and physicochemical criteria (isoelectric point (pI) and net charge) required for peptide-based drugs. The binding affinity of the best five peptide inhibitors with the RBD of omicron was validated further by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our result introduces five antiviral peptides, including AVP1056, AVP1059, AVP1225, AVP1801, and HIP755, that may effectively hinder omicron-host interactions. It is worth mentioning that all the three major sub-variants of omicron, BA.1 (B.1.1.529.1), BA.2 (B.1.1.529.2), and BA.3 (B.1.1.529.3), exhibits conserved ACE-2 interacting residues. Hence, the screened antiviral peptides with similar affinity can also interrupt the RBD-mediated invasion of different major sub-variants of omicron. Altogether, these peptides can be considered in the peptide-based therapeutics development for omicron treatment after further experimentation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03258-4.
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20
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SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Specific Antibodies Induced Early in the Pandemic by Natural Infection and Vaccination Display Cross-Variant Binding and Inhibition. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091861. [PMID: 36146667 PMCID: PMC9503696 DOI: 10.3390/v14091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccine candidates for COVID-19 has been rapid, and those that are currently approved display high efficacy against the original circulating strains. However, recently, new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged with increased transmission rates and less susceptibility to vaccine induced immunity. A greater understanding of protection mechanisms, including antibody longevity and cross-reactivity towards the variants of concern (VoCs), is needed. In this study, samples collected in Denmark early in the pandemic from paucisymptomatic subjects (n = 165) and symptomatic subjects (n = 57) infected with SARS-CoV-2 were used to assess IgG binding and inhibition in the form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) competition against the wild-type and four SARS-CoV-2 VoCs (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron). Antibodies induced early in the pandemic via natural infection were cross-reactive and inhibited ACE2 binding of the VoC, with reduced inhibition observed for the Omicron variant. When examined longitudinally, sustained cross-reactive inhibitory responses were found to exist in naturally infected paucisymptomatic subjects. After vaccination, receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG binding increased by at least 3.5-fold and inhibition of ACE2 increased by at least 2-fold. When vaccination regimens were compared (two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (n = 50), or one dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 followed by Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (ChAd/BNT) (n = 15)), higher levels of IgG binding and inhibition were associated with mix and match (ChAd/BNT) prime-boosting and time since vaccination. These results are particularly relevant for countries where vaccination levels are low.
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21
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Antibodies to the Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 at 4–13 Months after COVID-19. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144053. [PMID: 35887818 PMCID: PMC9322357 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of factors behind the level and duration of persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the blood is assumed to set the direction for studying humoral immunity mechanisms against COVID-19, optimizing the strategy for vaccine use, antibody-based drugs, and epidemiological control of COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to study the relationship between clinical and demographic characteristics and the level of IgG antibodies to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after COVID-19 in the long term. Residents of the Altai Region of Western Siberia of Russia, Caucasians, aged from 27 to 93 years (median 53.0 years), who recovered from COVID-19 between May 2020 and February 2021 (n = 44) took part in this prospective observational study. The titer of IgG antibodies to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was measured repeatedly in the blood at 4–13 months from the beginning of the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 via the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antibody titer positively correlated with age (p = 0.013) and COVID-19 pneumonia (p = 0.002) at 20–40 and 20–24 weeks from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, respectively. Age was positively associated with antibody titer regardless of history of COVID-19 pneumonia (beta regression coefficient p = 0.009). The antibody titer decreased in 15 (34.1%) patients, increased in 10 (22.7%) patients, and did not change in 19 (43.2%) patients from the baseline to 48–49 weeks from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, with seropositivity persisting in all patients. Age and COVID-19 pneumonia are possibly associated with higher IgG antibodies to the spike protein RBD of SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 in the long term. Divergent trends of anti-RBD IgG levels in adults illustrate inter-individual differences at 4–13 months from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.
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22
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Kostin NN, Bobik TV, Skryabin GA, Simonova MA, Knorre VD, Abrikosova VA, Mokrushina YA, Smirnov IV, Aleshenko NL, Kruglova NA, Mazurov DV, Nikitin AE, Gabibov AG. An ELISA Platform for the Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing Antibodies As an Alternative to Monitoring of the Virus-Neutralizing Activity. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:109-119. [PMID: 36348715 PMCID: PMC9611858 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of the level of the virus-neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulins ensures that one can reliably assess the effectiveness of any protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. For SARS-CoV-2, the RBD-ACE2 neutralizing activity of sera is almost equivalent to the virus-neutralizing activity of their antibodies and can be used to assess the level of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. We are proposing an ELISA platform for performing a quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies, as an alternative to the monitoring of the virus-neutralizing activity using pseudovirus or "live" virus assays. The advantage of the developed platform is that it can be adapted to newly emerging virus variants in a very short time (1-2 weeks) and, thereby, provide quantitative data on the activity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies. The developed platform can be used to (1) study herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2, (2) monitor the effectiveness of the vaccination drive (revaccination) in a population, and (3) select potential donors of immune plasma. The protective properties of the humoral immune response in hospitalized patients and outpatients, as well as after prophylaxis with the two most popular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Russia, were studied in detail using this platform. The highest RBD-neutralizing activity was observed in the group of hospitalized patients. The protective effect in the group of individuals vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was 25% higher than that in outpatients and almost four times higher than that in individuals vaccinated with the CoviVac vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Kostin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - T. V. Bobik
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - G. A. Skryabin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - M. A. Simonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. D. Knorre
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. A. Abrikosova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Y. A. Mokrushina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - I. V. Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - N. L. Aleshenko
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - N. A. Kruglova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - D. V. Mazurov
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - A. E. Nikitin
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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23
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Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3716. [PMID: 35778399 PMCID: PMC9249905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the development of numerous diagnostic tools to monitor infection and to determine immune response. Although assays to measure binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are widely available, more specific tests measuring neutralization activities of antibodies are immediately needed to quantify the extent and duration of protection that results from infection or vaccination. We previously developed a 'Serological Assay based on a Tri-part split-NanoLuc® (SATiN)' to detect antibodies that bind to the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we expand on our previous work and describe a reconfigured version of the SATiN assay, called Neutralization SATiN (Neu-SATiN), which measures neutralization activity of antibodies directly from convalescent or vaccinated sera. The results obtained with our assay and other neutralization assays are comparable but with significantly shorter preparation and run time for Neu-SATiN. As the assay is modular, we further demonstrate that Neu-SATiN enables rapid assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines and level of protection against existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and can therefore be readily adapted for emerging variants.
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24
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Traoré A, Guindo MA, Konaté D, Traoré B, Diakité SA, Kanté S, Dembélé A, Cissé A, Incandela NC, Kodio M, Coulibaly YI, Faye O, Kajava AV, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Papini AM, Pacini L, Rovero P, Errante F, Diakité M, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, Corradin G, Balam S. Seroreactivity of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Recombinant S Protein, Receptor-Binding Domain, and Its Receptor-Binding Motif in COVID-19 Patients and Their Cross-Reactivity With Pre-COVID-19 Samples From Malaria-Endemic Areas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856033. [PMID: 35585976 PMCID: PMC9109707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global interest and the unprecedented number of scientific studies triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, few data are available from developing and low-income countries. In these regions, communities live under the threat of various transmissible diseases aside from COVID-19, including malaria. This study aims to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroreactivity of antibodies from COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 samples of individuals in Mali (West Africa). Blood samples from COVID-19 patients (n = 266) at Bamako Dermatology Hospital (HDB) and pre-COVID-19 donors (n = 283) from a previous malaria survey conducted in Dangassa village were tested by ELISA to assess IgG antibodies specific to the full-length spike (S) protein, the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the receptor-binding motif (RBM436-507). Study participants were categorized by age, gender, treatment duration for COVID-19, and comorbidities. In addition, the cross-seroreactivity of samples from pre-COVID-19, malaria-positive patients against the three antigens was assessed. Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins by sera from COVID-19 patients was 80.5% for S, 71.1% for RBD, and 31.9% for RBM (p < 0.001). While antibody responses to S and RBD tended to be age-dependent, responses to RBM were not. Responses were not gender-dependent for any of the antigens. Higher antibody levels to S, RBD, and RBM at hospital entry were associated with shorter treatment durations, particularly for RBD (p < 0.01). In contrast, higher body weights negatively influenced the anti-S antibody response, and asthma and diabetes weakened the anti-RBM antibody responses. Although lower, a significant cross-reactive antibody response to S (21.9%), RBD (6.7%), and RBM (8.8%) was detected in the pre-COVID-19 and malaria samples. Cross-reactive antibody responses to RBM were mostly associated (p < 0.01) with the absence of current Plasmodium falciparum infection, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdouramane Traoré
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Merepen A. Guindo
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourama Traoré
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Seidina A. Diakité
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Kanté
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Assitan Dembélé
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdourhamane Cissé
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Nathan C. Incandela
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mamoudou Kodio
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Yaya I. Coulibaly
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Montpellier Cell Biology Research Center (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Immuno-Allergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Immuno-Allergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fosca Errante
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Department of Immunology, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Immunology, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Socrates Herrera
- Department of Immunology, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Immunology, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Saidou Balam
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Humoral immunity in dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals and in booster-vaccinated COVID-19-convalescent subjects. Infection 2022; 50:1475-1481. [PMID: 35403960 PMCID: PMC8995884 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The immune response to COVID-19-vaccination differs between naïve vaccinees and those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative serological differences in these two distinct immunological subgroups in response to vaccination are currently not well studied.
Methods
We investigate a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals immediately after vaccination and 6 months later. We use different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) variants and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to measure IgG serum titers, IgA serum reactivity, IgG serum avidity and neutralization capacity by ACE2 receptor competition.
Results
Anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers decline over time in dually vaccinated COVID-19 naïves whereas titers in single dose vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents are higher and more durable. Similarly, antibody avidity is considerably higher among boosted COVID-19 convalescent subjects as compared to dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects. Furthermore, sera from boosted convalescents inhibited the binding of spike-protein to ACE2 more efficiently than sera from dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects.
Conclusions
Long-term humoral immunity differs substantially between dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Booster vaccination after COVID-19 induces a more durable humoral immune response in terms of magnitude and quality as compared to two-dose vaccination in a SARS-CoV-2-naïve background.
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26
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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27
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Intranasal Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Immunization with Lipid Adjuvants Provides Systemic and Mucosal Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike and Nucleocapsid Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040504. [PMID: 35455253 PMCID: PMC9029453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this preclinical two-dose mucosal immunization study, using a combination of S1 spike and nucleocapsid proteins with cationic (N3)/or anionic (L3) lipids were investigated using an intranasal delivery route. The study showed that nasal administration of low amounts of antigens/adjuvants induced a primary and secondary immune response in systemic IgG, mIL-5, and IFN-gamma secreting T lymphocytes, as well as humoral IgA in nasal and intestinal mucosal compartments. It is believed that recipients will benefit from receiving a combination of viral antigens in promoting a border immune response against present and evolving contagious viruses. Lipid adjuvants demonstrated an enhanced response in the vaccine effect. This was seen in the significant immunogenicity effect when using the cationic lipid N3. Unlike L3, which showed a recognizable effect when administrated at a slightly higher concentration. Moreover, the findings of the study proved the efficiency of an intranasally mucosal immunization strategy, which can be less painful and more effective in enhancing the respiratory tract immunity against respiratory infectious diseases.
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28
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Pi-Estopiñan F, Pérez MT, Fraga A, Bergado G, Díaz GD, Orosa I, Díaz M, Solozábal JA, Rodríguez LM, Garcia-Rivera D, Macías C, Jerez Y, Casadesús AV, Fernández-Marrero B, Bermúdez E, Plasencia CA, Sánchez B, Hernández T. A cell-based ELISA as surrogate of virus neutralization assay for RBD SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Vaccine 2022; 40:1958-1967. [PMID: 35193792 PMCID: PMC8856731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, has provoked a global crisis and death of millions of people. Several serological assays to determine the quality of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and the efficacy of vaccines have been developed, among them the gold standard conventional virus neutralization assays. However, these tests are time consuming, require biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and are low throughput and expensive. This has motivated the development of alternative methods, including molecular inhibition assays. Herein, we present a safe cell-based ELISA-virus neutralization test (cbE-VNT) as a surrogate for the conventional viral neutralization assays that detects the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to ACE2-bearing cells independently of species. Our test shows a very good correlation with the conventional and molecular neutralization assays and achieves 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity. cbE-VNT is cost-effective, fast and enables a large-scale serological evaluation that can be performed in a BSL2 laboratory, allowing its use in pre-clinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciscary Pi-Estopiñan
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - María Teresa Pérez
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Anitza Fraga
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Gretchen Bergado
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Geidy D Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivette Orosa
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Marianniz Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Joaquín Antonio Solozábal
- Quality Control Department, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Yanet Jerez
- Institute of Hematology and Immunology (IHI), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana V Casadesús
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Briandy Fernández-Marrero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Bermúdez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Claudia A Plasencia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Belinda Sánchez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Tays Hernández
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba.
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29
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Wu W, Tan X, Zupancic J, Schardt JS, Desai AA, Smith MD, Zhang J, Xie L, Oo MK, Tessier PM, Fan X. Rapid and Quantitative In Vitro Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies and Nanobodies. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4504-4512. [PMID: 35238533 PMCID: PMC9356539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies have shown promising results as potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Identifying such antibodies and nanobodies requires evaluating the neutralization activity of a large number of lead molecules via biological assays, such as the virus neutralization test (VNT). These assays are typically time-consuming and demanding on-lab facilities. Here, we present a rapid and quantitative assay that evaluates the neutralizing efficacy of an antibody or nanobody within 1.5 h, does not require BSL-2 facilities, and consumes only 8 μL of a low concentration (ng/mL) sample for each assay run. We tested the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding inhibition efficacy of seven antibodies and eight nanobodies and verified that the IC50 values of our assay are comparable with those from SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization tests. We also found that our assay could evaluate the neutralizing efficacy against three widespread SARS-CoV-2 variants. We observed increased affinity of these variants for ACE2, including the β and γ variants. Finally, we demonstrated that our assay enables the rapid identification of an immune-evasive mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, utilizing a set of nanobodies with known binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaotian Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Zupancic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alec A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibody Research and Development, Sino Biological Inc., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibody Research and Development, Sino Biological Inc., Beijing 100176, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Maung Khaing Oo
- Optofluidic Bioassay, LLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Denis J, Mura M, Trignol A, Tournier JN. L’exploration de l’immunogénicité vaccinale. REVUE FRANCOPHONE DES LABORATOIRES 2022; 2022:40-52. [PMID: 35284007 PMCID: PMC8896448 DOI: 10.1016/s1773-035x(22)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Le développement de nouveaux vaccins était traditionnellement un travail de longue haleine, même si l’expérience récente de l’émergence de la Covid-19 a fait exploser les délais de développement et de production. Il n’en reste pas moins que le développement des vaccins dans les phases précliniques et les phases 1 et 2 de développement clinique est basé sur l’étude de la réponse immunitaire spécifique du système immunitaire adaptatif.
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31
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Nucleic acid delivery of immune-focused SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticles drives rapid and potent immunogenicity capable of single-dose protection. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110318. [PMID: 35090597 PMCID: PMC8747942 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines may target epitopes that reduce durability or increase the potential for escape from vaccine-induced immunity. Using synthetic vaccinology, we have developed rationally immune-focused SARS-CoV-2 Spike-based vaccines. Glycans can be employed to alter antibody responses to infection and vaccines. Utilizing computational modeling and in vitro screening, we have incorporated glycans into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and assessed antigenic profiles. We demonstrate that glycan-coated RBD immunogens elicit stronger neutralizing antibodies and have engineered seven multivalent configurations. Advanced DNA delivery of engineered nanoparticle vaccines rapidly elicits potent neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs, hamsters, and multiple mouse models, including human ACE2 and human antibody repertoire transgenics. RBD nanoparticles induce high levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern with durable titers beyond 6 months. Single, low-dose immunization protects against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Single-dose coronavirus vaccines via DNA-launched nanoparticles provide a platform for rapid clinical translation of potent and durable coronavirus vaccines.
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32
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Heggestad JT, Britton RJ, Kinnamon DS, Wall SA, Joh DY, Hucknall AM, Olson LB, Anderson JG, Mazur A, Wolfe CR, Oguin TH, Sullenger BA, Burke TW, Kraft BD, Sempowski GD, Woods CW, Chilkoti A. Rapid test to assess the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7682. [PMID: 34860546 PMCID: PMC8641938 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are concerning in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we developed a rapid test, termed CoVariant-SCAN, that detects neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) capable of blocking interactions between the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and the spike protein of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and three other variants: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1. Using CoVariant-SCAN, we assessed neutralization/blocking of monoclonal antibodies and plasma from COVID-19–positive and vaccinated individuals. For several monoclonal antibodies and most plasma samples, neutralization against B.1.351 and P.1 variants is diminished relative to WT, while B.1.1.7 is largely cross-neutralized. We also showed that we can rapidly adapt the platform to detect nAbs against an additional variant—B.1.617.2 (Delta)—without reengineering or reoptimizing the assay. Results using CoVariant-SCAN are consistent with live virus neutralization assays and demonstrate that this easy-to-deploy test could be used to rapidly assess nAb response against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Heggestad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rhett J. Britton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David S. Kinnamon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Simone A. Wall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Joh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Angus M. Hucknall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lyra B. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jack G. Anderson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mazur
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cameron R. Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas H. Oguin
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas W. Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bryan D. Kraft
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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33
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Fulford TS, Van H, Gherardin NA, Zheng S, Ciula M, Drummer HE, Redmond S, Tan HX, Boo I, Center RJ, Li F, Grimley SL, Wines BD, Nguyen THO, Mordant FL, Ellenberg P, Rowntree LC, Kedzierski L, Cheng AC, Doolan DL, Matthews G, Bond K, Hogarth PM, McQuilten Z, Subbarao K, Kedzierska K, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Williamson DA, Purcell DFJ, Anderson DA, Godfrey DI. A point-of-care lateral flow assay for neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103729. [PMID: 34871960 PMCID: PMC8641961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are now being rolled out, a better understanding of immunity to the virus, whether from infection, or passive or active immunisation, and the durability of this protection is required. This will benefit from the ability to measure antibody-based protection to SARS-CoV-2, ideally with rapid turnaround and without the need for laboratory-based testing. METHODS We have developed a lateral flow POC test that can measure levels of RBD-ACE2 neutralising antibody (NAb) from whole blood, with a result that can be determined by eye or quantitatively on a small instrument. We compared our lateral flow test with the gold-standard microneutralisation assay, using samples from convalescent and vaccinated donors, as well as immunised macaques. FINDINGS We show a high correlation between our lateral flow test with conventional neutralisation and that this test is applicable with animal samples. We also show that this assay is readily adaptable to test for protection to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the beta variant which revealed a marked reduction in NAb activity. Lastly, using a cohort of vaccinated humans, we demonstrate that our whole-blood test correlates closely with microneutralisation assay data (specificity 100% and sensitivity 96% at a microneutralisation cutoff of 1:40) and that fingerprick whole blood samples are sufficient for this test. INTERPRETATION Taken together, the COVID-19 NAb-testTM device described here provides a rapid readout of NAb based protection to SARS-CoV-2 at the point of care. FUNDING Support was received from the Victorian Operational Infrastructure Support Program and the Australian Government Department of Health. This work was supported by grants from the Department of Health and Human Services of the Victorian State Government; the ARC (CE140100011, CE140100036), the NHMRC (1113293, 2002317 and 1116530), and Medical Research Future Fund Awards (2005544, 2002073, 2002132). Individual researchers were supported by an NHMRC Emerging Leadership Level 1 Investigator Grants (1194036), NHMRC APPRISE Research Fellowship (1116530), NHMRC Leadership Investigator Grant (1173871), NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (1137285), NHMRC Investigator Grants (1177174 and 1174555) and NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowships (1117766 and 1136322). Grateful support was also received from the A2 Milk Company and the Jack Ma Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Fulford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huy Van
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marcin Ciula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi E Drummer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Australia
| | - Samuel Redmond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Boo
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fan Li
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha L Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesca L Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gail Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sanchez BG, Gasalla JM, Sánchez-Chapado M, Bort A, Diaz-Laviada I. Increase in Ischemia-Modified Albumin and Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A in COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235474. [PMID: 34884175 PMCID: PMC8658290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken due to the urgent need to explore reliable biomarkers for early SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a retrospective study analyzing the serum levels of the cardiovascular biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α, N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in 84 patients with COVID-19.Patients were divided into three groups according to their RT-qPCR and IgG values: acute infection (n = 35), early infection (n = 25) or control subjects (n = 24). Levels of biomarkers were analyzed in patient serum samples using commercially available ELISA kits. Results showed a significant increase in IMA and PAPP-A levels in the early infected patients. Moreover, multivariate analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that IMA and PAPP-A had excellent discrimination value for the early stage of COVID-19. For IMA, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) had a value of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.881–0.999). Likewise, the serum level of PAPP-A was significantly higher in patients with early infection than in the control subjects (AUC = 0.801 (95% CI: 0.673–0.929)). The combined use of IMA and PAPP-A enhanced the sensitivity for total SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to 93%. These results suggest that the increased levels of PAPP-A and IMA shed light on underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 physiopathology and might be used as efficient biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early stage of COVID-19. Importantly, when monitoring pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases using PAPP-A or IMA levels, a SARS-CoV-2 infection should be discarded for proper interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén G. Sanchez
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (B.G.S.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Jose M. Gasalla
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (B.G.S.); (J.M.G.)
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, Principe de Asturias Hospital, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Chapado
- Department of Urology, Principe de Asturias Hospital, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Alicia Bort
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (B.G.S.); (J.M.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (I.D.-L.)
| | - Inés Diaz-Laviada
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (B.G.S.); (J.M.G.)
- Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (I.D.-L.)
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Schuh W, Baus L, Steinmetz T, Schulz SR, Weckwerth L, Roth E, Hauke M, Krause S, Morhart P, Rauh M, Hoffmann M, Vesper N, Reth M, Schneider H, Jäck H, Mielenz D. A surrogate cell-based SARS-CoV-2 spike blocking assay. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2665-2676. [PMID: 34547822 PMCID: PMC8646767 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To monitor infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and successful vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the kinetics of neutralizing or blocking anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers need to be assessed. Here, we report the development of a quick and inexpensive surrogate SARS-CoV-2 blocking assay (SUBA) using immobilized recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and human cells expressing the native form of surface SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Spike protein-expressing cells bound to hACE2 in the absence or presence of blocking antibodies were quantified by measuring the optical density of cell-associated crystal violet in a spectrophotometer. The advantages are that SUBA is a fast and inexpensive assay, which does not require biosafety level 2- or 3-approved laboratories. Most importantly, SUBA detects blocking antibodies against the native trimeric cell-bound SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can be rapidly adjusted to quickly pre-screen already approved therapeutic antibodies or sera from vaccinated individuals for their ACE2 blocking activities against any emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Lena Baus
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Leonie Weckwerth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Edith Roth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Sara Krause
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Patrick Morhart
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology UnitGerman Primate Center‐Leibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Faculty of Biology and PsychologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Niklas Vesper
- Institute of Biology III (Molecular Immunology)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Reth
- Institute of Biology III (Molecular Immunology)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Hans‐Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
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Valiente PA, Wen H, Nim S, Lee J, Kim HJ, Kim J, Perez-Riba A, Paudel YP, Hwang I, Kim KD, Kim S, Kim PM. Computational Design of Potent D-Peptide Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14955-14967. [PMID: 34624194 PMCID: PMC8525337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the association between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an attractive therapeutic approach to prevent the virus from entering human cells. While antibodies and other modalities have been developed to this end, d-amino acid peptides offer unique advantages, including serum stability, low immunogenicity, and low cost of production. Here, we designed potent novel D-peptide inhibitors that mimic the ACE2 α1-binding helix by searching a mirror-image version of the PDB. The two best designs bound the RBD with affinities of 29 and 31 nM and blocked the infection of Vero cells by SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 5.76 and 6.56 μM, respectively. Notably, both D-peptides neutralized with a similar potency the infection of two variants of concern: B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in vitro. These potent D-peptide inhibitors are promising lead candidates for developing SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic or therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Valiente
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
| | - Han Wen
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
| | - Satra Nim
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
| | - JinAh Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut
Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut
Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut
Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Perez-Riba
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
| | - Yagya Prasad Paudel
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
| | - Insu Hwang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus
Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology,
Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Do Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus
Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology,
Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut
Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip M. Kim
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
- Department of Computer Science,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1,
Canada
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37
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Mariotti S, Capocefalo A, Chiantore MV, Iacobino A, Teloni R, De Angelis ML, Gallinaro A, Pirillo MF, Borghi M, Canitano A, Michelini Z, Baggieri M, Marchi A, Bucci P, McKay PF, Acchioni C, Sandini S, Sgarbanti M, Tosini F, Di Virgilio A, Venturi G, Marino F, Esposito V, Di Bonito P, Magurano F, Cara A, Negri D, Nisini R. Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta by Binding Conformational Epitopes of Glycosylated RBD With High Potency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750386. [PMID: 34764961 PMCID: PMC8576447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 have been suggested to account for the majority of neutralizing activity in COVID-19 convalescent sera and several neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been isolated, characterized and proposed as emergency therapeutics in the form of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, SARS-CoV-2 variants are rapidly spreading worldwide from the sites of initial identification. The variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.167.2 (Delta) showed mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein potentially able to cause escape from nAb responses with a consequent reduction of efficacy of vaccines and mAbs-based therapy. We produced the recombinant RBD (rRBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein from the Wuhan-Hu 1 reference sequence in a mammalian system, for mice immunization to isolate new mAbs with neutralizing activity. Here we describe four mAbs that were able to bind the rRBD in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and the transmembrane full-length spike protein expressed in HEK293T cells by flow cytometry assay. Moreover, the mAbs recognized the RBD in supernatants of SARS-CoV-2 infected VERO E6 cells by Western Blot under non-reducing condition or in supernatants of cells infected with lentivirus pseudotyped for spike protein, by immunoprecipitation assay. Three out of four mAbs lost their binding efficiency to completely N-deglycosylated rRBD and none was able to bind the same recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli, suggesting that the epitopes recognized by three mAbs are generated by the conformational structure of the glycosylated native protein. Of particular relevance, three mAbs were able to inhibit Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 infection of VERO E6 cells in a plaque-reduction neutralization test and the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 as well as the Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta VOC in a pseudoviruses-based neutralization test. These mAbs represent important additional tools for diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19 and may contribute to the understanding of the functional structure of SARS-CoV-2 RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Capocefalo
- Dipartimento Sicurezza alimentare, nutrizione e sanità pubblica veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Iacobino
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaela Teloni
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gallinaro
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Franca Pirillo
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Bucci
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Tosini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- Centro per la sperimentazione ed il benessere animale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Marino
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Esposito
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Donatella Negri
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Sjöwall J, Azharuddin M, Frodlund M, Zhang Y, Sandner L, Dahle C, Hinkula J, Sjöwall C. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Isotypes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Prior to Vaccination: Associations With Disease Activity, Antinuclear Antibodies, and Immunomodulatory Drugs During the First Year of the Pandemic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724047. [PMID: 34512651 PMCID: PMC8430325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on individuals with arthritis has been highlighted whereas data on other rheumatic diseases, e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are scarce. Similarly to SLE, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection includes risks for thromboembolism, an unbalanced type I interferon response, and complement activation. Herein, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in longitudinal samples collected prior to vaccination were analyzed and compared with SLE progression and antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels. Methods One hundred patients (83 women) with established SLE and a regular visit to the rheumatologist (March 2020 to January 2021) were included. All subjects donated blood and had done likewise prior to the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM) to the cell receptor-binding S1-spike outer envelope protein were detected by ELISA, and their neutralizing capacity was investigated. IgG-ANA were measured by multiplex technology. Results During the pandemic, 4% had PCR-confirmed infection but 36% showed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of ≥1 isotype; IgA was the most common (30%), followed by IgM (9%) and IgG (8%). The antibodies had low neutralizing capacity and were detected also in prepandemic samples. Plasma albumin (p = 0.04) and anti-dsDNA (p = 0.003) levels were lower in patients with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Blood group, BMI, smoking habits, complement proteins, daily glucocorticoid dose, use of hydroxychloroquine, or self-reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms (except fever, >38.5°C) did not associate with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Conclusion Our data from early 2021 indicate that a large proportion of Swedish SLE patients had serological signs of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 but apparently with a minor impact on the SLE course. Use of steroids and hydroxychloroquine showed no distinct effects, and self-reported COVID-19-related symptoms correlated poorly with all antibody isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Infectious Diseases, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Azharuddin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martina Frodlund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Sandner
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Dahle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Clinical Immunology & Transfusion Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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39
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Elledge SK, Zhou XX, Byrnes JR, Martinko AJ, Lui I, Pance K, Lim SA, Glasgow JE, Glasgow AA, Turcios K, Iyer NS, Torres L, Peluso MJ, Henrich TJ, Wang TT, Tato CM, Leung KK, Greenhouse B, Wells JA. Engineering luminescent biosensors for point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. Nat Biotechnol 2021. [PMID: 33767397 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-41021-00878-41588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current serology tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies mainly take the form of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays or lateral flow assays, which are either laborious, expensive or lacking sufficient sensitivity and scalability. Here we present the development and validation of a rapid, low-cost, solution-based assay to detect antibodies in serum, plasma, whole blood and to a lesser extent saliva, using rationally designed split luciferase antibody biosensors. This new assay, which generates quantitative results in 30 min, substantially reduces the complexity and improves the scalability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) antibody tests. This assay is well-suited for point-of-care, broad population testing, and applications in low-resource settings, for monitoring host humoral responses to vaccination or viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xin X Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James R Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeff E Glasgow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anum A Glasgow
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keirstinne Turcios
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Nikita S Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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40
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Nath N, Godat B, Flemming R, Urh M. Deciphering the Interaction between Neonatal Fc Receptor and Antibodies Using a Homogeneous Bioluminescent Immunoassay. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1211-1221. [PMID: 34312257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long half-life of therapeutic Abs and Fc fusion proteins is crucial to their efficacy and is, in part, regulated by their interaction with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). However, the current methods (e.g., surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry) for measurement of interaction between IgG and FcRn (IgG/FcRn) require either FcRn or IgG to be immobilized on the surface, which is known to introduce experimental artifacts and have led to conflicting data. To study IgG/FcRn interactions in solution, without a need for surface immobilization, we developed a novel (to our knowledge), solution-based homogeneous binding immunoassay based on NanoBiT luminescent protein complementation technology. We optimized the assay (NanoBiT FcRn assay) for human FcRn, mouse FcRn, rat FcRn, and cynomolgus FcRn and used them to determine the binding affinities of a panel of eight Abs. Assays could successfully capture the modulation in IgG/FcRn binding based on changes in Fc fragment of the Abs. We also looked at the individual contribution of Fc and F(ab)2 on the IgG/FcRn interaction and found that Fc is the main driver for the interaction at pH 6. Our work highlights the importance of using orthogonal methods to validate affinity data generated using biosensor platforms. Moreover, the simple add-and-read format of the NanoBiT FcRn assay is amenable for high-throughput screening during early Ab discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nath
- Research and Development Department, Promega Corp., Madison, WI
| | - Becky Godat
- Research and Development Department, Promega Corp., Madison, WI
| | - Rod Flemming
- Research and Development Department, Promega Corp., Madison, WI
| | - Marjeta Urh
- Research and Development Department, Promega Corp., Madison, WI
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41
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Huang D, Tran JT, Peng L, Yang L, Suhandynata RT, Hoffman MA, Zhao F, Song G, He WT, Limbo O, Callaghan S, Landais E, Andrabi R, Sok D, Jardine JG, Burton DR, Voss JE, Fitzgerald RL, Nemazee D. A Rapid Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies That Is Insensitive to Antiretroviral Drugs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:344-351. [PMID: 34183368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudotyped virus (PSV) assays are widely used to measure neutralization titers of sera and of isolated neutralizing Abs (nAbs). PSV neutralization assays are safer than live virus neutralization assays and do not require access to biosafety level 3 laboratories. However, many PSV assays are nevertheless somewhat challenging and require at least 2 d to carry out. In this study, we report a rapid (<30 min), sensitive, cell-free, off-the-shelf, and accurate assay for receptor binding domain nAb detection. Our proximity-based luciferase assay takes advantage of the fact that the most potent SARS-CoV-2 nAbs function by blocking the binding between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The method was validated using isolated nAbs and sera from spike-immunized animals and patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The method was particularly useful in patients with HIV taking antiretroviral therapies that interfere with the conventional PSV assay. The method provides a cost-effective and point-of-care alternative to evaluate the potency and breadth of the predominant SARS-CoV-2 nAbs elicited by infection or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA;
| | - Jenny Tuyet Tran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linghang Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Melissa A Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA
| | - Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Oliver Limbo
- International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY; and
| | - Sean Callaghan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY; and
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY; and
| | - Joseph G Jardine
- International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY; and
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,International Aids Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert L Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA;
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Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B, Armanfard N, Sagan SM, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 Detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00228-20. [PMID: 33980687 PMCID: PMC8142517 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00228-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Efficient diagnostic tools are in high demand, as rapid and large-scale testing plays a pivotal role in patient management and decelerating disease spread. This paper reviews current technologies used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical laboratories as well as advances made for molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, including recent developments in sensor and biosensor devices. The importance of the timing and type of specimen collection is discussed, along with factors such as disease prevalence, setting, and methods. Details of the mechanisms of action of the various methodologies are presented, along with their application span and known performance characteristics. Diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarkers are also covered, with an emphasis on their use for assessing COVID-19 or monitoring disease severity or complications. While the SARS-CoV-2 literature is rapidly evolving, this review highlights topics of interest that have occurred during the pandemic and the lessons learned throughout. Exploring a broad armamentarium of techniques for detecting SARS-CoV-2 will ensure continued diagnostic support for clinicians, public health, and infection prevention and control for this pandemic and provide advice for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zubi Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Oyejide Damilola Oyewunmi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Camargo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bahareh Nikpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Narges Armanfard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has triggered a global health emergency and brought disaster to humans. Tremendous efforts have been made to control the pandemic, among which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are of specific interest to researchers. Neutralizing antibodies are generated within weeks after infection or immunization and can protect cells from virus intrusion and confer protective immunity to cells. Thus, production of NAbs is considered as a main goal for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines and NAbs may be used for patient treatment in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization assays are capable of quantitatively detecting NAbs against SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing to explore the relationship between the level of NAbs and the severity of the disease, and may predict the possibility of re‐infection in COVID‐19 patients. They can also be used to test the effects of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma and vaccines. At present, wild‐type virus neutralization assay remains the gold standard for measuring Nabs, while pseudovirus neutralization assays, Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and high‐throughput versions of neutralization assays are popular alternatives with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we summarize the characteristics and recent progress of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization assays. Special attention is given to the current limitations of various neutralization assays so as to promote new possible strategies with NAbs by which rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 serological diagnosis and antiviral screening in the future will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qianlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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44
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Lytton SD, Yeasmin M, Ghosh AK, Bulbul MRH, Molla MMA, Herr M, Duchmann H, Sharif MM, Nafisa T, Amin MR, Hosen N, Rahman MT, Islam S, Islam A, Shamsuzzaman AKM. Detection of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibody in COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh Is not Correlated with Previous Dengue Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:637. [PMID: 34067281 PMCID: PMC8224749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is potentially confounded by exposures to flaviviruses. The aims of the present research were to determine whether anti-dengue antibodies affect the viral load and the detection of anti-coronavirus nucleocapsid (N)-protein antibodies in coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bangladesh. METHODS Viral RNA was evaluated in swab specimens from 115 COVID-19 patients by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rT-PCR). The anti-N-protein antibodies, anti-dengue virus E-protein antibodies and the dengue non-structural protein-1 were determined in serum from 115 COVID-19 patients, 30 acute dengue fever pre-COVID-19 pandemic and nine normal controls by ELISA. RESULTS The concentrations of viral RNA in the nasopharyngeal; Ct median (95% CI); 22 (21.9-23.3) was significantly higher than viral RNA concentrations in oropharyngeal swabs; and 29 (27-30.5) p < 0.0001. Viral RNA concentrations were not correlated with-dengue IgG levels. The anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were IgA 27% positive and IgG 35% positive at days 1 to 8 post-onset of COVID-19 symptoms versus IgA 0% and IgG 0% in dengue patients, p < 0.0001. The levels of anti- nucleocapsid IgA or IgG versus the levels of anti-dengue IgM or IgG revealed no significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS Viral RNA and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were detected in COVID-19 patients from dengue-endemic regions of Bangladesh, independently of the dengue IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmuda Yeasmin
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.Y.); (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (N.H.); (A.K.M.S.)
| | - Asish Kumar Ghosh
- Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | | | - Md. Maruf Ahmed Molla
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.Y.); (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (N.H.); (A.K.M.S.)
| | - Martha Herr
- NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, 63128 Dietzenbach, Germany; (M.H.); (H.D.)
| | - Helmut Duchmann
- NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, 63128 Dietzenbach, Germany; (M.H.); (H.D.)
| | - Md. Mohiuddin Sharif
- Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Tasnim Nafisa
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.Y.); (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (N.H.); (A.K.M.S.)
| | - Md. Robed Amin
- Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.K.G.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Nur Hosen
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.Y.); (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (N.H.); (A.K.M.S.)
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.T.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Sumaiya Islam
- Bangladesh Medical College and Hospital, 14/A Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh;
| | - Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.T.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Abul Khair Mohammad Shamsuzzaman
- National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Sher E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.Y.); (M.M.A.M.); (T.N.); (N.H.); (A.K.M.S.)
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Matusali G, Colavita F, Lapa D, Meschi S, Bordi L, Piselli P, Gagliardini R, Corpolongo A, Nicastri E, Antinori A, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C. SARS-CoV-2 Serum Neutralization Assay: A Traditional Tool for a Brand-New Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:655. [PMID: 33920222 PMCID: PMC8069482 DOI: 10.3390/v13040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serum neutralization assay represents the gold standard for assessing antibody-mediated protection in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. In the present study, 662 serum samples collected from February 2020 to January 2021 from acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients were tested to determine neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers using a microneutralization test (MNT) for live SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM directed against different viral antigens were measured by high-throughput automated platforms. We observed higher levels of NAbs in elderly (>60 years old) individuals and in patients presenting acute respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 NAbs develop as soon as five days from symptom onset and, despite a decline after the second month, persist for over 11 months, showing variable dynamics. Through correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we set up a testing algorithm, suitable for the laboratory workload, by establishing an optimal cutoff value of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG for convalescent plasma donors to exclude from MNT samples foreseen to have low/negative NAb titers and ineligible for plasma donation. Overall, MNT, although cumbersome and not suitable for routine testing of large sample sizes, remains the reference tool for the assessment of antibody-mediated immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Smart testing algorithms may optimize the laboratory workflow to monitor antibody-mediated protection in COVID-19 patients, plasma donors, and vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (L.B.); (P.P.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (E.N.); (A.A.); (G.I.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.)
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46
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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47
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Engineering luminescent biosensors for point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:928-935. [PMID: 33767397 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current serology tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies mainly take the form of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays or lateral flow assays, which are either laborious, expensive or lacking sufficient sensitivity and scalability. Here we present the development and validation of a rapid, low-cost, solution-based assay to detect antibodies in serum, plasma, whole blood and to a lesser extent saliva, using rationally designed split luciferase antibody biosensors. This new assay, which generates quantitative results in 30 min, substantially reduces the complexity and improves the scalability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) antibody tests. This assay is well-suited for point-of-care, broad population testing, and applications in low-resource settings, for monitoring host humoral responses to vaccination or viral infection.
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48
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Dörschug A, Frickmann H, Schwanbeck J, Yilmaz E, Mese K, Hahn A, Groß U, Zautner AE. Comparative Assessment of Sera from Individuals after S-Gene RNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination with Spike-Protein-Based and Nucleocapsid-Based Serological Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030426. [PMID: 33802453 PMCID: PMC7998789 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the beginning of vaccination against COVID-19, serological discrimination between vaccine-associated humoral response and serology-based surveillance of natural SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as breakthrough infections becomes an issue of relevance. Here, we assessed the differentiated effects of the application of an RNA vaccine using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes on the results of both anti-spike protein–based serology (EUROIMMUN) and anti-nucleocapsid-based serology (VIROTECH). A total of 80 serum samples from vaccinees acquired at different time points after vaccination was assessed. While positive or borderline serological response in the anti-spike protein assay was observed for all samples (90% both IgG and IgA, 6.3% IgA only, 3.8% borderline IgG only), only a single case of a falsely positive IgM was observed for the anti-nucleocapsid assay as expected due to this assay’s specificity. Positive anti-spike protein antibodies were already detectable in the second week after the first dose of vaccination, with higher titers after the second dose of the vaccine. In conclusion, the combined application of anti-spike protein–based serology and anti-nucleocapsid-based serology will provide a useful option for the discrimination of vaccination response and natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dörschug
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.S.); (K.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (H.F.); (A.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schwanbeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.S.); (K.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Elif Yilmaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Kemal Mese
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.S.); (K.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (H.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.S.); (K.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Andreas E. Zautner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.D.); (J.S.); (K.M.); (U.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-65927
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49
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Cruz-Teran C, Tiruthani K, McSweeney M, Ma A, Pickles R, Lai SK. Challenges and opportunities for antiviral monoclonal antibodies as COVID-19 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:100-117. [PMID: 33309815 PMCID: PMC7833882 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an unprecedented global effort to advance potent neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 as therapeutics. However, historical efforts to advance antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of other respiratory infections have been met with categorical failures in the clinic. By investigating the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses spread within the lung, along with available biodistribution data for systemically injected mAb, we highlight the challenges faced by current antiviral mAbs for COVID-19. We summarize some of the leading mAbs currently in development, and present the evidence supporting inhaled delivery of antiviral mAb as an early intervention against COVID-19 that could prevent important pulmonary morbidities associated with the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Teran
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Alice Ma
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raymond Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Inhalon Biopharma, Durham, NC 27709, USA; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lim SA, Gramespacher JA, Pance K, Rettko NJ, Solomon P, Jin J, Lui I, Elledge SK, Liu J, Bracken CJ, Simmons G, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Wells JA. Bispecific VH/Fab antibodies targeting neutralizing and non-neutralizing Spike epitopes demonstrate enhanced potency against SARS-CoV-2. MAbs 2021; 13:1893426. [PMID: 33666135 PMCID: PMC7939556 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1893426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neutralizing antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, and most directly block binding of the viral Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Here, we deliberately exploit non-neutralizing RBD antibodies, showing they can dramatically assist in neutralization when linked to neutralizing binders. We identified antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) by phage display that bind RBD, but do not block ACE2 or neutralize virus as IgGs. When these non-neutralizing Fabs were assembled into bispecific VH/Fab IgGs with a neutralizing VH domain, we observed a ~ 25-fold potency improvement in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 compared to the mono-specific bi-valent VH-Fc alone or the cocktail of the VH-Fc and IgG. This effect was epitope-dependent, reflecting the unique geometry of the bispecific antibody toward Spike. Our results show that a bispecific antibody that combines both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes on Spike-RBD is a promising and rapid engineering strategy to improve the potency of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion A. Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josef A. Gramespacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Colton J. Bracken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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