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Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Duforez F, Guilhem G, Nedelec M. Increased training load promotes sleep propensity and slow-wave sleep in endurance runners: Can a high-heat-capacity mattress topper modulate this effect? J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14132. [PMID: 38148606 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to: (1) investigate sleep architecture in response to an overload training and taper periods among endurance runners; and (2) assess the sleep benefits of a high-heat-capacity mattress topper. Twenty-one trained male endurance runners performed a 2-week usual training regimen (baseline) followed by 2-week overload and taper periods. From overload to the end of the taper period, they were assigned into two groups based on the mattress topper used: high-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 11) or low-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 10). Training load was assessed daily using the session rating of perceived exertion. Following each period, sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and nocturnal core body temperature was recorded throughout the night. Irrespective of the group, awakening episodes > 5 min decreased following overload compared with baseline (-0.48, p = 0.05). Independently of mattress topper, each 100 A.U. increase in 7-day training load prior to polysomnographic recording was associated with higher slow-wave sleep proportion (β = +0.13%; p = 0.05), lower sleep-onset latency (β = -0.49 min; p = 0.05), and a reduction in the probability of transition from N1 sleep stage to wakefulness (β = -0.12%; p = 0.05). Sleeping on a high-heat-capacity mattress topper did not affect any sleep variable compared with a low-heat-capacity mattress topper. Increased training loads promote slow-wave sleep and sleep propensity, highlighting the adaptative nature of sleep to diurnal activity and the role of sleep in physiological recovery. Further studies are required on the potential benefits of high-heat-capacity mattress toppers on sleep architecture among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chauvineau
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Florane Pasquier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Moen F, Pettersen SA, Mosleth EF. The effect of electro-magnetic-energy-regulation therapy on subjective sleep among elite players in Norwegian women's football. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1343841. [PMID: 39149571 PMCID: PMC11324490 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1343841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated if Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy is affecting subjective sleep among a sample of 21 elite female football players in a Norwegian top series club. Subjective sleep was measured each day over a period of 273 consecutive days by using a smartphone application, PM Reporter Pro, which scheduled push messages to remind the participants to report sleep every morning. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental design, with a control period before the introduction of BEMER therapy that lasted for 3 months, followed by an intervention period where BEMER therapy was used that lasted for 5 months. The collected data from the players in the control period served as their control compared to the data collected from the players in the intervention period. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) with False Discovery Rate adjusted p-values show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality are significantly reduced on game nights, both in the control period and in the experiment period. The results also show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality significantly increase in the experiment period compared to the control period. The findings indicate that BEMER therapy might serve as a tool to improve sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Moen
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Norwegian Olympic Sport Center, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Goldman JT, Donohoe B, Hatamiya N, Boland NF, Vail J, Holmes KE, Presby D, Kim J, Duffaut C. Baseline Sleep Characteristics in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:370-375. [PMID: 38174994 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors report no conflicts of interest.To determine baseline sleep characteristics of male/female student-athletes across multiple sports using objective and subjective measures. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Division I college. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-two male and female Division I student-athletes. INTERVENTIONS Participants completed 2 validated sleep questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] and Single-Item Sleep Quality Scale [SISQS]) to assess subjective sleep. They also wore a validated sleep monitoring device (WHOOP 4.0 band) for at least 14 nights to collect objective data on total sleep time (TST) and sleep architecture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overnight sleep variables, including TST, time spent awake in bed after falling asleep, time spent in light sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and slow-wave sleep (SWS) cycles. Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were also assessed. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between male and female student-athletes in average TST, sleep architecture, sleep consistency, SISQS, and ESS scores. The average TST was 409.2 ± 36.3 minutes. Sleep architecture consisted of 25.6% REM, 19.9% SWS, and 54.4% light sleep. The average sleep consistency was 61.6% ± 8.9%. The average SISQS score was 6.48 ± 1.71, and the average ESS score was 7.57 ± 3.82. A significant difference was found in average wake time between males and females (55.0 vs 43.7 min, P = 0.020), with an overall average of 50.2 ± 16.2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS College student-athletes do not typically obtain the recommended amount of sleep. Optimizing sleep can positively affect academic and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Goldman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian Donohoe
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicolas Hatamiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nelson F Boland
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy Vail
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen E Holmes
- Department of Performance Science and Thought Leadership, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David Presby
- Department of Data Science and Research, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Performance Science and Thought Leadership, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Calvin Duffaut
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Bu D, Zhang CQ, Liu JD, Han Z, Wang X, Huang Z. Mental health literacy, mental health experiences and help-seeking behaviours of Chinese elite athletes: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1391597. [PMID: 38813417 PMCID: PMC11133729 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1391597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite athletes' help-seeking on mental health might be influenced by their mental health literacy (MHL) and mental health experiences. The current study aimed to explore the MHL, experiences and help-seeking behaviours among elite athletes using a qualitative approach. Methods Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted among 20 Chinese elite athletes, 12 coaches, and 5 team officials. Interview data was analyzed using content analysis. Results Seven main themes emerged from the analysis. The current study revealed that Chinese elite athletes suffered from various mental health issues and athletes' MHL levels, help-seeking attitudes and intentions, Chinese sports environments, and Chinese cultural background could impact their help-seeking behaviours. Conclusion Support for Chinese elite athletes' mental health and help-seeking requires improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danran Bu
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Dong Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Han
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Hubei Institute of Sport Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Xue Y, Hou D, Chen S, Xu Z, Peng S, Zhao H, Wang C, Liu C. Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1421. [PMID: 38794659 PMCID: PMC11124133 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine has attracted significant attention from researchers in the sports field due to its well-documented ergogenic effects across various athletic disciplines. As research on caffeine continues to progress, there has been a growing emphasis on evaluating caffeine dosage and administration methods. However, investigations into the optimal timing of caffeine intake remain limited. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to assess the ergogenic effects of caffeine administration at different times during the morning (06:00 to 10:00) and evening (16:00 to 21:00). The review findings suggest that circadian rhythms play a substantial role in influencing sports performance, potentially contributing to a decline in morning performance. Caffeine administration has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating this phenomenon, resulting in ergogenic effects and performance enhancement, even comparable to nighttime levels. While the specific mechanisms by which caffeine regulates circadian rhythms and influences sports performance remain unclear, this review also explores the mechanisms underlying caffeine's ergogenic effects, including the adenosine receptor blockade, increased muscle calcium release, and modulation of catecholamines. Additionally, the narrative review underscores caffeine's indirect impact on circadian rhythms by enhancing responsiveness to light-induced phase shifts. Although the precise mechanisms through which caffeine improves morning performance declines via circadian rhythm regulation necessitate further investigations, it is noteworthy that the timing of caffeine administration significantly affects its ergogenic effects during exercise. This emphasizes the importance of considering caffeine intake timing in future research endeavors to optimize its ergogenic potential and elucidate its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yizhang Xue
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingchun Hou
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhiqin Xu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sijia Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Barreira J, Brito J, Costa JA, Figueiredo P. Sleep duration is associated with overnight changes in perceived fatigue in elite women soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:145-152. [PMID: 36587830 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2163511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to describe sleep habits and analyze the associations between sleep indices, changes in perceived fatigue (Δ Fatigue) and external training load measures in women soccer players during a 7-day training camp. Sixteen elite women soccer players (age: 25.4 ± 3.6 years; mean ± SD) from the Portuguese Women's National Team participated in the study. Sleep indices (sleep duration and efficiency) were measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer. External training loads measures were measured using GPS devices. Players also reported perceived fatigue using a Likert scale (1 - very, very low to 7 - very, very high) before and immediately after sleep. Players' within-subject coefficient of variation for sleep duration was 5.6%, and 4.6% for sleep efficiency. Individually, 8 players (50%) slept less than 7 h per night throughout the training camp, and the same number of athletes had a sleep efficiency lower than 85%. Similar values (p<0.05) were measured for sleep duration and efficiency between training and match days. A moderate negative within-subjects correlation was found between Δ Fatigue and sleep duration (adjusted for pre-sleep fatigue) [r = -0.32; 95% Confidence Interval (-0.51 - -0.08); p = 0.04]. These findings reinforce the importance of sleep in the recovery process of elite women soccer players, showing that more sleep may help to attenuate fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barreira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Júlio A Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Belgacem A, Salem A, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Souissi N. The effect of last meal "Suhoor" timing on diurnal variations in cognitive performance during Ramadan fasting among female athletes. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1373799. [PMID: 38694225 PMCID: PMC11061406 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1373799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the timing of the last meal, "Suhoor", on diurnal variation in cognitive performance during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF). In a randomized order, 26 adolescent female athletes (aged 15.9 ± 0.9 y) were tested in three sessions at 7:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 5:00 p.m. across four different conditions: the 10 days preceding Ramadan (PR); the final 12 days of Ramadan (RO): two different conditions: Early Suhoor (SEarly), and Late Suhoor (SLate); and, ultimately, the 10 days immediately after Ramadan (AR) with an in-between recovery period of ≥24 h. During each test session, the oral temperature (OT), simple reaction time test (SRT), choice reaction time test (CRT), attention test (ATT), and mental rotation test (MRT) were evaluated. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and daily diary intake were assessed across the three periods. Compared to PR, the sleep parameters assessed by the PSQI were significantly lower during the RO and AR periods. However, neither total dietary intake nor OT showed any changes due to RIF. Compared to PR, the afternoon performances of SRT, CRT, ATT, and MRT significantly declined under both the SEarly and SLate conditions. Notably, midday performance decreased only during SLate, while morning performance remained unaffected in both conditions. Additionally, compared to SEarly, these performances were better during SLate in the afternoon and at midday. In summary, nutrient intake timing had a significant effect on the diurnal fluctuations in cognitive functions during Ramadan fasting, particularly around noon and in the afternoon. Our results illustrate the benefits of a late last meal (Suhoor) in preserving optimal morning cognitive abilities and preventing any impairment during the fasted state at midday or in the afternoon, which could affect overall athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology, and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health, and Learning (LINP2), Faculty of Sport Sciences (UFR STAPS), Paris Lumières University (UPL), Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Belgacem
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Atef Salem
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba, Tunisia
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Kong Z, Wei X, Shen M, Cheng Y, Feng J. Interval training has more negative effects on sleep in adolescent speed skaters: a randomized cross controlled trial. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1367190. [PMID: 38689870 PMCID: PMC11058656 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1367190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Sleep is an essential component of athletic performance and recovery. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different types of high-intensity exercise on sleep parameters in adolescent speed skaters. Methods Eighteen male adolescent speed skaters underwent aerobic capacity testing, Wingate testing, and interval training in a randomized crossover design to assess strength output, heart rate, and blood lactate levels during exercise. Sleep quality after each type of exercise was evaluated using the Firstbeat Bodyguard 3 monitor. Results The results showed that Wingate testing and interval training led to decreased sleep duration, increased duration of stress, decreased RMSSD, and increased LF/HF ratio (p < 0.01). Conversely, aerobic capacity testing did not significantly affect sleep (p > 0.05). The impact of interval training on sleep parameters was more significant compared to aerobic capacity testing (p < 0.01) and Wingate testing (p < 0.01). Conclusion High-intensity anaerobic exercise has a profound impact on athletes' sleep, primarily resulting in decreased sleep duration, increased stress duration, decreased RMSSD, and increased LF/HF ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Wei
- Zhejiang Qiangnao Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Ice Sports Management Center of Jilin Provincial Sports Bureau, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junpeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Sargent C, Jasinski S, Capodilupo ER, Powers J, Miller DJ, Roach GD. The Night-Time Sleep and Autonomic Activity of Male and Female Professional Road Cyclists Competing in the Tour de France and Tour de France Femmes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38625486 PMCID: PMC11021391 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is a critical component of recovery, but it can be disrupted following prolonged endurance exercise. The objective of this study was to examine the capacity of male and female professional cyclists to recover between daily race stages while competing in the 2022 Tour de France and the 2022 Tour de France Femmes, respectively. The 17 participating cyclists (8 males from a single team and 9 females from two teams) wore a fitness tracker (WHOOP 4.0) to capture recovery metrics related to night-time sleep and autonomic activity for the entirety of the events and for 7 days of baseline before the events. The primary analyses tested for a main effect of 'stage classification'-i.e., rest, flat, hilly, mountain or time trial for males and flat, hilly or mountain for females-on the various recovery metrics. RESULTS During baseline, total sleep time was 7.2 ± 0.3 h for male cyclists (mean ± 95% confidence interval) and 7.7 ± 0.3 h for female cyclists, sleep efficiency was 87.0 ± 4.4% for males and 88.8 ± 2.6% for females, resting HR was 41.8 ± 4.5 beats·min-1 for males and 45.8 ± 4.9 beats·min-1 for females, and heart rate variability during sleep was 108.5 ± 17.0 ms for males and 119.8 ± 26.4 ms for females. During their respective events, total sleep time was 7.2 ± 0.1 h for males and 7.5 ± 0.3 h for females, sleep efficiency was 86.4 ± 1.2% for males and 89.6 ± 1.2% for females, resting HR was 44.5 ± 1.2 beats·min-1 for males and 50.2 ± 2.0 beats·min-1 for females, and heart rate variability during sleep was 99.1 ± 4.2 ms for males and 114.3 ± 11.2 ms for females. For male cyclists, there was a main effect of 'stage classification' on recovery, such that heart rate variability during sleep was lowest after mountain stages. For female cyclists, there was a main effect of 'stage classification' on recovery, such that the percentage of light sleep (i.e., lower-quality sleep) was highest after mountain stages. CONCLUSIONS Some aspects of recovery were compromised after the most demanding days of racing, i.e., mountain stages. Overall however, the cyclists obtained a reasonable amount of good-quality sleep while competing in these physiologically demanding endurance events. This study demonstrates that it is now feasible to assess recovery in professional athletes during multiple-day endurance events using validated fitness trackers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli Sargent
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | - Jeremy Powers
- Whoop Inc, Data Science and Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean J Miller
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Washif JA, Hettinga FJ, Ammar A, van Rensburg DCJ, Materne O, Trabelsi K, Romdhani M, Farooq A, Pyne DB, Chamari K. Supporting athletes during a challenging situation: recommendations from a global insight of COVID-19 home-based training experience. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:83. [PMID: 38622683 PMCID: PMC11017558 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For athletes, overcoming obstacles in challenging situations like pandemic home training is crucial. Strategies and approaches in this context are not well-documented. Our study aims to investigate such a scenario from a performance standpoint, based on a major global crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. METHODS This cross-sectional study surveyed athletes without disabilities using online questionnaires (35 languages) from May to July 2020. Questions included aspects of alternative routines, training monitoring, recovery, sleep patterns, injury occurrence/prevention based on structured answers, and an open-ended question on lockdown training experiences. RESULTS Of the 11,762 athletes from 142 countries, 63% were male, including at World-Class, International, National, State and Recreational levels. During lockdown, 25% athletes used innovative or modern ways to maintain or improve fitness e.g., virtual reality and tracking devices (favoring World-Class level, 30%). Many athletes, regardless of gender (43%) watched video competitions to improve/maintain their mental skills and performance [World-Class (47%) and International (51%)]. Contact frequency between athletes and their coaches was mainly at least once a week (36%), more among higher-level (World-Class/International) than lower-level athletes (27 vs. 16%). Higher-level athletes (≥ 54%) monitored training load and were assisted by their coaches (21%). During lockdown, stretching (67%) was considered one of the primary means of recovery, especially for higher-level athletes (> 70%). Compared to pre-lockdown, about two-thirds of athletes reported "normal" or "improved" sleep quality and quantity, suggesting a low sleep quality pre-lockdown. On average, 40% utilized injury prevention exercises (at least) once a week [World-Class (51%) and International (39%)]. Most injury occurrences during lockdown involved the knee (18%), ankle (16%), and back (9%). Four key themes emerged regarding lockdown experiences: remote training adaptation (e.g., shifting training focus), training creativity (e.g., using household items), performance enhancement opportunities (e.g., refocusing neglected aspects), and mental and motivation challenges. CONCLUSIONS Both male and female athletes, particularly those of higher levels, displayed some adaptalibity during the COVID-19 lockdown, employing innovative approaches and technology for training. Many athletes implemented load monitoring, recovery, and attentive of injury prevention, while optimizing their sleep quality and quantity. Athletes demonstrated their abilities to navigate challenges, and utilized different coping strategies in response to the lockdown's constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Florentina J Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, LR19ES13, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Medical Board Member, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, University of Sfax, LR19JS01, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), Faculty of Sport Sciences, UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Abdulaziz Farooq
- Research Department, Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, ISSEP Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
- Naufar Wellness and Recovery Center, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Xu A, Li X. Sleep Patterns During Pre-Competition Training Phase: A Comparison Between Male and Female Collegiate Swimmers. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:369-379. [PMID: 38638411 PMCID: PMC11023941 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s444472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose While there is a rising focus on sleep issues among athletes, a notable gap exists in the comparative analysis of sleep patterns between male and female athletes. This study aims to evaluate the sleep patterns of collegiate swimmers during a specific period (pre-competition training phase) based on the National Sleep Foundation's recommendations and compares sleep differences between males and females. Patients and Methods 15 swimmers (6 males and 9 females) completed the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and wore actigraphy devices for 8 consecutive nights to record objective sleep patterns including bedtime, wake time, sleep onset latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Results The total sleep time of collegiate male (5.0±0.4 h, 4.6 to 5.4h) and female (6.0±0.7 h, 5.5 to 6.5h) swimmers was less than 7 hours per night, and male swimmers' sleep efficiency (76.7±8.9%, 67.4 to 86.0%) was lower than the 85% standard. Male swimmers had less objectively measured sleep duration (p=0.006, d=1.66, large effect), lower sleep efficiency (p=0.013, d=1.51, large effect), and longer wake after sleep onset (p=0.096, d=0.94, moderate effect). Female swimmers had higher sleep difficulty scores (p=0.06, d=1.08, moderate effect), and there was a significant difference in the distribution of sleep difficulty scores between male and female swimmers (p=0.033, V=0.045, small effect). Conclusion Collegiate swimmers exhibited poor sleep patterns during pre-competition preparation, and the sleep fragmentation of male swimmers was more pronounced. There were sex differences in both subjective and objective measured sleep patterns, with male swimmers having less sleep and low efficiency, while female swimmers experienced more significant sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Xu
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People’s Republic of China
- School of Sports Training, Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Wilson SMB, Jones MI, Draper SB, Parker JK. Early morning sport scheduling is associated with poorer subjective sleep characteristics in British student-athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14598. [PMID: 38458996 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the sleep characteristics of British student-athletes and examines the relationships between sport scheduling and time demands on sleep outcomes. Student-athletes (n = 157, 51% male) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Self-reported sleep characteristics on weekdays and weekends, weekly frequencies of early morning and late evening sport sessions, and academic-related and sport-related time demands were also collected. Questionnaires revealed a high prevalence of undesired sleep characteristics including poor sleep quality (global PSQI >5 in 49.0%) and low sleep durations on weekdays (25% reporting <7 h). Paired t-tests revealed significant differences in bedtime, waketime, sleep duration, and sleep onset latency between weekdays and weekends (all p < 0.01). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that early morning sport frequency was a significant predictor of PSQI (β = 0.30) and SHI (β = 0.24) global scores, weekday waketimes (β = -0.17), and weekday sleep durations (β = -0.25; all p < 0.05) in models adjusted for participant characteristics. Late evening sport frequency, and academic-related and sport-related time demands, were not significant predictors of any sleep outcome. Adjusting sport scheduling to avoid early start times could provide a means to improve sleep outcomes and may improve sporting performance and academic attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin I Jones
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | - John K Parker
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
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13
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Saidi O, Souabni M, Del Sordo GC, Maviel C, Peyrel P, Maso F, Vercruyssen F, Duché P. Association between Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Impaired Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:609. [PMID: 38474738 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants' energy intake was weighed and recorded. Exercise expenditure was estimated using accelerometry. Portable polysomnography devices captured sleep on the last night of the follow-up. Mean EA was 29.3 ± 9.14 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1, with 47.6% of athletes presenting LEA, 35.7% Reduced Energy Availability (REA), and 16.7% Optimal Energy Availability (OEA). Lower sleep efficiency (SE) and N3 stage proportion, along with higher wake after sleep onset (WASO), were found in participants with LEA compared to those with OEA (p = 0.04, p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively, with large effect sizes). Segmented regression models of the EA-sleep outcomes (SE, sleep onset latency [SOL]), WASO and N3) relationships displayed two separate linear regions and produced a best fit with a breakpoint between 21-33 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1. Below these thresholds, sleep quality declines considerably. It is imperative for athletic administrators, nutritionists, and coaches to conscientiously consider the potential impact of LEA on young athletes' sleep, especially during periods of heavy training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Saidi
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Maher Souabni
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology-Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), Paris Nanterre University, F-39200 Nanterre, France
| | - Giovanna C Del Sordo
- Psychology Department, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Blvd, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Clément Maviel
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Peyrel
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Freddy Maso
- Rugby Training Center of the Sportive Association Montferrandaise, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
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14
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Kurtoğlu A, Eken Ö, Aydın E, Çar B, Nobari H. The impact of strategic napping on peak expiratory flow and respiratory function in young elite athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:41. [PMID: 38336766 PMCID: PMC10854142 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory health is a critical determinant of athletic performance, and the utilization of restorative strategies, such as strategic napping, may offer a competitive edge to athletes. This study investigates the effects of nap duration on the respiratory function of young elite athletes who have achieved top rankings national competitions. Participants engage in three test sessions with varying nap durations: no nap (N0), a 25-minute nap (N25), and a 45-minute nap (N45), with a minimum 72-hour interval between sessions. Respiratory parameters including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow rate (PEF), Forced Expiratory Flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75%), and Forced Expiratory Time (FET) are assessed. Results reveal a significant enhancement in PEF values following a 45-minute nap (N45) compared to the no-nap control (N0) [F1 - 11=7.356, p =.004, ηp2 = 0.401, (95% CI for difference: -1.56 to - 0.056)], indicating a potential positive influence of napping on maximum expiratory flow rate and, consequently, athletes' respiratory performance. While no significant changes are observed in other respiratory parameters across different nap durations, these findings underscore the potential benefits of strategic napping in optimizing respiratory health in young elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balıkesir, 10200, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Engin Aydın
- Department of Pediatrics, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balıkesir, 10200, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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15
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Boukhris O, Zghal F, Trabelsi K, Suppiah H, Ammar A, Jahrami H, Hsouna H, Abdessalem R, Glenn JM, Chtourou H, Driller M. The impact of a 40-min nap on neuromuscular fatigue profile and recovery following the 5-m shuttle run test. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14052. [PMID: 37803885 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of a 40-min nap opportunity on perceived recovery, exertion, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) following the 5-m shuttle run test (5SRT), after 1 night of normal sleep. In a randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over design, 17 trained men (mean [SD] age 20 [3] years, height 173 [6] cm, body mass 68 [6] kg) performed a 5SRT under two conditions: a 40-min nap opportunity and no-nap condition. After both conditions, electromyography signals during a 5-s isometric knee extension were recorded before and immediately after the 5SRT. Two electrical nerve stimulations at the femoral nerve were measured during and after the MVIC. Force, voluntary activation level, M-wave amplitudes, potentiated twitch, and electromyography signals (root mean square) were measured during each MVIC. Perceived exertion was recorded after each repetition of the test and perceived recovery was determined after the end of the MVIC. Compared to the no-nap condition, the 40-min nap resulted in significant enhancements in both the highest distance (p < 0.01, Δ = +7.6%) and total distance (p < 0.01, Δ = +7.5%). Before and after exercise, values for MVIC, root mean square, M-wave amplitudes, and voluntary activation level were improved after the 40-min nap opportunity compared to no-nap condition (all p ≤ 0.01). Values for perceived exertion and recovery were improved after the 40-min nap opportunity in comparison with no-nap condition (p ≤ 0.01). A 40-min nap opportunity improved repeated high-intensity short-term maximal performance, perceived recovery, associated neuromuscular responses, and reduced perceived fatigue. Therefore, our findings suggest that central and peripheral processes are involved in the improvements of 5SRT performance after napping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boukhris
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Firas Zghal
- Côte d'Azur University, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- University of Reunion, IRISSE, Le Tampon, Ile de la Réunion, France
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haresh Suppiah
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hsen Hsouna
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Abdessalem
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Neurotrack Technologies, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Matthew Driller
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Barnard J, Roberts S, Kelly M, Lastella M, Aisbett B, Condo D. Alpha-lactalbumin and sleep: A systematic review. J Sleep Res 2024:e14141. [PMID: 38185736 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is a growing global problem, with poor sleep associated with many negative health and performance outcomes. Previous reviews investigating the effect of diet on sleep have highlighted the amino acid tryptophan as a promising sleep-promoting nutrient, with the richest food source of tryptophan, ⍺-lactalbumin, requiring further investigation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to review the existing evidence of association between ⍺-lactalbumin and sleep. Four electronic databases (CINAHL Complete, Embase, MEDLINE Complete, and SPORTDiscus with Full Text) were searched from database inception to March 2023, with primary research articles included if they contained α-lactalbumin as an independent variable, an outcome measure of sleep or sleepiness, and participants were ≥ 18 years old. Eight studies were reviewed, with four studies recruiting athletic populations (50%) and four recruiting healthy participants (50%). Sleep or sleepiness was measured objectively in six studies (75%), with two studies employing polysomnography and four utilizing actigraphy to assess sleep. Across the studies, 20-60 g of ⍺-lactalbumin was supplemented, with five studies (63%) observing a positive association between α-lactalbumin and sleep. Sleep-onset latency was the primary sleep metric improved following evening supplementation of α-lactalbumin (≤ 3.5 hr pre-sleep), with no studies observing any negative associations with sleep. Data from this review suggest that individuals that have difficulty initiating sleep may benefit most from pre-sleep α-lactalbumin supplementation. Further research is required to establish the effect that α-lactalbumin has on sleep architecture, through the use of more comprehensive sleep analysis tools such as portable electroencephalography or polysomnography, in combination with stringent dietary controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Barnard
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Spencer Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Monica Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, CQUniversity, Wayville, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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17
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Power CJ, Fox JL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Bender AM, Dalbo VJ, Scanlan AT. Waking Up to the Issue! Research Inattention and Sex-Related Differences Warrant More Sleep Studies in Female Athletes. Sports Med 2023:10.1007/s40279-023-01963-5. [PMID: 37989830 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sleep patterns and behaviors of athletes is essential for developing targeted sleep-based interventions for implementation in practice. However, more than double the number of sleep studies have examined male athletes compared with female athletes, making the current understanding of sleep patterns, behaviors, and interventions among athletes disproportionately indicative of men. Consequently, this review demonstrates the need for more female-specific sleep data among athlete populations due to research inattention and sex-related differences. Specifically, this review identifies variations in sleep patterns and behaviors between male and female athletes, as well as physiological and lifestyle factors that potentially affect sleep patterns and behaviors across the lifespan, specifically in female athletes. In this regard, evidence suggests some female athletes experience longer sleep durations and better objective sleep quality, but similar or worse subjective sleep quality compared with male athletes. Additionally, scheduling training in the morning or throughout the day may benefit sleep in some female athletes. Considering sleep disorders, women may be at greater risk for insomnia and restless legs syndrome compared with men, which may be attributed to pregnancy, as well as a higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, iron deficiency without anemia, and use of psychotropic medication among women. Finally, the menstrual cycle, menstrual disorders, oral contraceptive use, and the postpartum period have been shown to exert detrimental effects on sleep patterns and behaviors and should theoretically be considered when monitoring and managing sleep in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Power
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jordan L Fox
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Amy M Bender
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Absolute Rest, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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18
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Leung G, Grant A, Garas AN, Li G, Freeman EE. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Systemic Antihypertensive Medications With Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 255:7-17. [PMID: 36966883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We synthesized the literature on the association between systemic antihypertensive medications with intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. Antihypertensive medications included β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Databases were searched for relevant articles until December 5, 2022. Studies were eligible if they examined (1) the association between systemic antihypertensive medications with glaucoma or (2) the association between systemic antihypertensive medications with IOP in those without glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration ID: CRD42022352028). RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included in the review and 10 studies in the meta-analysis. The 3 studies on IOP were cross-sectional, whereas the 8 studies on glaucoma were primarily longitudinal. In the meta-analysis, β-blockers were associated with a lower odds of glaucoma (odds ratio: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.92, 7 studies, n = 219,535) and lower IOP (β: -0.53, 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.02, 3 studies, n = 28,683). Calcium channel blockers were associated with a higher odds of glaucoma (odds ratio: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.24, 7 studies, n = 219,535) but not with IOP (β: -0.11, 95% CI: -0.25 to 0.03, 2 studies, n = 20,620). There were no consistent associations between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or diuretics with glaucoma or IOP. CONCLUSIONS Systemic antihypertensive medications have heterogeneous effects on glaucoma and IOP. Clinicians should be aware that systemic antihypertensive medications may mask elevated IOP or positively or negatively affect the risk of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Leung
- From the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (G. Leung, A.G., E.E.F.), Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa Grant
- From the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (G. Leung, A.G., E.E.F.), Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew N Garas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton (A.N.G.), Ontario, Canada
| | - Gisele Li
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec (G. Li), Canada
| | - Ellen E Freeman
- From the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (G. Leung, A.G., E.E.F.), Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (E.E.F.), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Bruyere Research Institute (E.E.F.), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Dai C, Peng Z, Wang L, Song T, Xu L, Xu M, Shao Y. Total sleep deprivation reduces the table tennis anticipation performance of young men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. iScience 2023; 26:107973. [PMID: 37822501 PMCID: PMC10562798 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether and how sleep deprivation (SD) affects sport-related anticipation. Twenty table tennis players and 28 non-athletes completed a table tennis anticipation task before and after 36 h SD. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired simultaneously. The results showed that, compared with the non-athletes, table tennis players had higher neural efficiency, manifested by their higher anticipation accuracy and lower frontal lobe activation. SD impaired anticipation performance, accompanied by decreased activation of the occipital and temporal lobes. Compensatory activation occurred in the left hippocampus and orbital part of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) after SD in the table tennis player group, but not in the non-athlete group. The decreased accuracy of non-athletes was positively correlated with decreased activation of orbital part of the right IFG. This study's findings improve the understanding of the cognitive neuroscience mechanisms by which SD affects sport-related anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimin Dai
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyi Peng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Letong Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Song
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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20
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Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Poirier C, Le Garrec S, Duforez F, Guilhem G, Nedelec M. Higher training loads affect sleep in endurance runners: Can a high-heat-capacity mattress topper mitigate negative effects? J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1605-1616. [PMID: 37987739 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2285574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of a training program on sleep among endurance runners and the benefits of chronically using a high-heat-capacity mattress topper (HMT). Twenty-one trained male athletes performed a 2-week usual training regimen, sleeping on a Low-heat-capacity Mattress Topper (LMT), followed by 2-week overload and taper periods. From overload, participants were assigned into two groups based on the mattress topper used: HMT (n = 11) or LMT (n = 10). Irrespective of the group, overload increased general stress and stress-reaction symptoms evaluated by questionnaires, with no decline in performance on a graded-exercise treadmill test, the majority of participant being "non-overreached" (n = 14). From a daily perspective, each additional 100 A.U. in training load, assessed using the session rating of perceived exertion, was associated with an impairment in subsequent sleep efficiency (β = -0.2%; p < 0.01), wake after sleep onset (β = +0.4 min; p < 0.05) and sleep onset latency (β = +0.5 min; p < 0.05), which was unaffected by HMT use. Practitioners should be aware of sleep needs, especially during excessive training loads, whereas implementing individualised sleep strategies. Further studies should be conducted on potential benefits of HMT among athletes in various sleep conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chauvineau
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Florane Pasquier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Canelle Poirier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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21
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Moen F, Pettersen SA, Gjertsås K, Vatn M, Ravenhorst M, Kvålsvoll A, Liland KH, Mosleth EF. The effect of bio-electro-magnetic-energy-regulation therapy on sleep duration and sleep quality among elite players in Norwegian women's football. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1230281. [PMID: 37614490 PMCID: PMC10443099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1230281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated if physical loads peak on game days and if Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy is affecting sleep duration and sleep quality on nights related to game nights among elite players in Norwegian women's elite football. The sample included 21 female football players from an elite top series club with a mean age of ~24 years (± 2.8). Sleep was measured every day over a period of 273 consecutive days with a Somnofy sleep monitor based on ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) pulse radar and Doppler technology. The current study was conducted as a quasi-experiment, where each player was their own control based on a control period that lasted for 3 months, and an experimental period that lasted for 5 months. Accordantly, the time each player spent with BEMER therapy was used as a control variable. Multivariate analyses of variance using FFMANOVA and univariate ANOVA with False Discovery Rate adjusted p-values show that physical performance (total distance, distance per minute, sprint meters >22.5 kmh, accelerations and decelerations) significantly peak on game day compared with ordinary training days and days related to game days. The results also show that sleep quantity and quality are significantly reduced on game night, which indicate disturbed sleep caused by the peak in physical load. Most sleep variables significantly increased in the experiment period, where BEMER therapy was used, compared to the control period before the introduction of BEMER therapy. Further, the analyses show that players who spent BEMER therapy >440 h had the most positive effects on their sleep, and that these effects were significantly compared to the players who used BEMER therapy <440 h. The findings are discussed based on the function of sleep and the different sleep stages have on recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Moen
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kine Gjertsås
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marte Vatn
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martijn Ravenhorst
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ellen F. Mosleth
- Nofima AS - The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
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22
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Alnawwar MA, Alraddadi MI, Algethmi RA, Salem GA, Salem MA, Alharbi AA. The Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality and Sleep Disorder: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43595. [PMID: 37719583 PMCID: PMC10503965 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity has several health benefits, including improved sleep quality and symptoms of sleep disorders. With the known benefits of moderate-intensity activities to sleep quality and a growing interest in using physical activity as a treatment approach for different sleep disorders, we conducted a systematic review to provide evidence-based data on the association between physical activity and sleep. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Google Scholar, and Scopus, using predetermined search terms (Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms) and keywords. The included studies focused on exploring the effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorders or the association between physical activity and sleep outcomes. Relevant data were extracted, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using suitable methods. The collected findings were synthesized and discussed. The findings of this systematic review have potential implications for healthcare, public health policies, and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gufran A Salem
- Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | | | - Abeer A Alharbi
- Pulmonary Medicine/Sleep Medicine, King Fahad Hospital, Madinah, SAU
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23
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Fullagar HHK, Vincent GE, McCullough M, Halson S, Fowler P. Sleep and Sport Performance. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:408-416. [PMID: 36930212 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Elite athletes and coaches believe sleep is the most important recovery strategy and widely consider it critical to optimal performance. Despite this perceived importance, there are numerous circumstances that can reduce sleep quantity and quality in athletic populations. Because of the effects of sleep loss on various physical, neurophysiological, and cognitive parameters, such perturbations can have consequences for performance and recovery outcomes. Although peer-reviewed literature examining the interaction between sleep, performance, and recovery in athletes is increasing, understanding of these issues remains equivocal. Perhaps most pertinently, the effect of sleep on sport performance does not align with a one-size-fits-all approach and rather depends on numerous factors such as type of sport, scheduling, time of the season, and the intraindividual requirements for sleep. The relationship between brain plasticity and memory, which in turn can influence learning processes and long-term memory consolidation, suggests that sleep may play an important role in learning new skills and tactics for both elite and developing athletes. The aim of this special issue review was to analyze the evidence of sleep loss on sport performance and recovery, with a specific focus on elite athletes. An assessment of these sleep-compromising situations that elite athletes may face during a typical season and practical considerations for alleviating these issues is also provided to further the understanding for medical professionals, scientists, and applied sporting practitioners alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H K Fullagar
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Shona Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Fowler
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Alhowimel AS, Alenazi AM, Alshehri MM, Alqahtani BA, Al-Jamaan A, Alodaibi F, Alshehri YS, Charest J. Translation and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101501. [PMID: 37239787 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep improves the cognitive and physical performance of athletes. A detailed questionnaire that detects sleep disruptions is required to identify sleep-deprived athletes. This study evaluates the translated Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), a tool suggested by the International Olympic Committee, among Arabic-speaking athletes. The ASSQ was translated into Arabic and examined for floor or ceiling effects, internal consistency, and validity among Arabic-speaking athletes. The Arabic Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was employed to assess convergent validity. Ninety athletes (28.9% women) participated and completed this study's questionnaires. The Cronbach's alpha for the ASSQ-Sleep Difficulty Score (SDS) was 0.435, and that of the ASSQ-chronotype was 0.632. The SDS and chronotype subset of the ASSQ demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.938, respectively. The ASSQ-SDS correlated positively with the PSQI (0.734, p = 0.001). The ASSQ-chronotype was inversely associated with the PSQI (p = 0.001). This study's findings can assist clinicians in assessing sleep disorders in sports. The Arabic version of the ASSQ has satisfactory psychometric qualities and can identify clinically relevant sleep problems in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Alhowimel
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel M Alenazi
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bader A Alqahtani
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Jamaan
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alodaibi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir S Alshehri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, AB T2X 3V4, Canada
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25
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Doherty R, Madigan S, Nevill A, Warrington G, Ellis JG. The Impact of Kiwifruit Consumption on the Sleep and Recovery of Elite Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102274. [PMID: 37242157 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep and resultant under-recovery can negatively impact training adaptations, increase the risk of injury and reduce subsequent performance. Due to the 'food first' approach adopted by many athletes, there is scope for investigation of 'functional food' based interventions (i.e., kiwifruit contains melatonin which plays a role in circadian rhythm regulation) designed to promote athlete recovery and/or enhance sleep quality and quantity. METHODS Following the baseline assessment (Week 1) all subjects began the intervention (Weeks 2-5). During the 4-week intervention, participants were asked to consume 2 medium-sized green kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa) an hour before bed. Participants completed a questionnaire battery at baseline and post-intervention, and a daily sleep dairy for the duration of the study. RESULTS The results demonstrated a positive impact of kiwifruit consumption on key aspects of sleep and recovery in elite athletes. From baseline to post-intervention, there were clinically significant improvements in sleep quality (i.e., improved PSQI global scores and sleep quality component scores) and improvements in recovery stress balance (reduced general stress and sports stress scales). Moreover, the intervention improved sleep as evidenced by significant increases in total sleep time and sleep efficiency % and significant reductions in number of awakenings and wake after sleep onset. CONCLUSION The findings broadly suggested that kiwifruit does impact positively on sleep and recovery in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK
| | - Sharon Madigan
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Walsall WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Giles Warrington
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jason Gordon Ellis
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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26
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Mason J, Stewart A, Kniewasser C, Zech A. Tracking sleep in the field: sleep quality and sleep behaviours of elite track and field athletes during preparation and competition. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2741-2749. [PMID: 36940293 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2191089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Elite athletes are susceptible to inadequate sleep, which may peak during competition and be exacerbated by poor sleep behaviours. This study sought to characterise and compare the sleep quality and sleep behaviours of elite track and field athletes during preparation and major competitions. Forty elite international track and field athletes (50% female, aged 25.1 ± 3.9 years) completed the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire and the Athlete Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire on three separate occasions: during habitual training, during a pre-meet training camp and during a major international competition. Overall, 62.5% of athletes reported at least mild sleep difficulty during competition. Athletes reported higher sleep difficulty and poorer sleep behaviour during major competitions and the pre-meet training camp compared to habitual training (P = .001-.025). No significant differences were observed between the training camp and major competition. Global sleep behaviour scores were underpinned by unique characteristics at each timepoint. Sleep behaviour (R2 = .330, P = .017), injury status (R2 = .253, P = .003) and major championship experience (R2 = .113, P = .034) were associated with sleep difficulty during competition. Sleep quality and behaviours vary according to stage of the track and field season, providing a foundation for targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alex Stewart
- National Event Lead, High Performance Department, Athletics Australia, Albert Park, Australia
| | - Christoph Kniewasser
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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27
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Yman J, Helgadóttir B, Kjellenberg K, Nyberg G. Associations between organised sports participation, general health, stress, screen-time and sleep duration in adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:452-459. [PMID: 36209496 PMCID: PMC10092197 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Physical activity patterns in adolescents have been associated with general health. Stress, screen-time and sleep are other factors associated with physical activity that influence health in adolescents. Physical activity accounts for several health benefits; however, the impact of organised sports participation to achieve the same health benefits are less explored. This study explored the associations of organised sports participation with general health, stress, screen-time and sleep-duration in adolescents. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, data from 1139 adolescents (age 13-14 years) from 34 schools were analysed. Data were collected during autumn 2019. Data collection consisted of self-reported questionnaires and standard methods for height and weight measurements. RESULTS Adolescents with organised sports participation ≥3 times/week were twice as likely to report better general health (OR: 2.11, CI: 1.45-3.07) and lower screen-time (OR: 1.98, CI: 1.43-2.74). Adolescents with organised sports participation ≥3 times/week were less likely to meet the recommended sleep-duration on weekdays (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.29-0.65). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with frequent organised sports participation had better general health, lower amounts of screen-time and shorter sleep-duration on weekdays than those with no participation. Although the causal relationships remain unknown, these results can be relevant when developing strategies promoting physical activity and health in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Yman
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björg Helgadóttir
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Kjellenberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nyberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Crutcher BB, Moran RN, Charest J, Leivo JN. Examination of clinical sleep difficulties in college student-athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:485-491. [PMID: 36239288 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the rising concern of inadequate sleep, critical analysis is needed for the presence of sleep problems in diverse populations. Research has shown that college athletes may be one such population at risk for sleep disturbances. Poor sleep may lead to physiological, psychological, and cognitive deficits that can impact college athletes academically and athletically. This investigation was performed to examine the relationship of age, sex, and history of concussion on sleep disturbance in college athletes. METHODS A total of 191 collegiate athletes between the ages of 18-26 from a single academic NCAA institution in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA, consented to participate in the study. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Results were analyzed using SPSS Version 27. RESULTS Primary results revealed that female athletes reported higher sleep disturbance scores when compared to males (U=3643.0, P=0.016). Self-reported sleep disturbances when traveling for sport were higher for females (<inf>X</inf>(1) = 23.800, P<0.001). Males were also less likely to report daytime dysfunction when traveling for sport (<inf>X</inf>(1) =22.988, P<0.001). Sleep disturbance had a significant association with age (<inf>X</inf>(1) =4.145, P=0.042), with older participants (20+ years of age) reporting greater sleep disturbance. Concussion history did not associate with sleep disturbance in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that sophomore or older female may be at higher risk for sleep disturbances. Clarifying sex-specific sleep health and understanding the role of age and academic class is crucial to enhance and personalize interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Crutcher
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Colorado Christian University, Lakewood, CO, USA -
| | - Ryan N Moran
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Centre for Sleep and Human Performance, Calgary, AL, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL, Canada.,School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jensen N Leivo
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Colorado Christian University, Lakewood, CO, USA
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29
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López-Flores M, Suárez-Iglesias D, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Actigraphy-Based Sleep Parameters in Wheelchair Basketball Athletes: Influence of Training and Competition Load. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:97-101. [PMID: 37151771 PMCID: PMC10157826 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to analyze the actigraphy-based sleep parameters in wheelchair basketball (WB) athletes during the 3 weeks leading up to the playoffs, the week of playoffs, and the week after playoffs. Secondarily, the relationship between training load, sleep, and recovery was evaluated. Methods During 5 consecutive weeks, 10 male elite WB athletes wore a triaxial accelerometer. The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and athletes' quality of recovery were also measured. Results There were no significant differences ( p > 0.05) in any of the studied parameters between the 3 weeks leading up to the playoffs, the week of playoffs, and the week after playoffs. No significant relationship between training load, sleep parameters, and recovery values was detected. Discussion The WB competition does not affect sleep quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos López-Flores
- European Network for Innovation and Knowledge, Health & Dual Careers, Amersfoort, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- University of León, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), León, Spain
- Address for correspondence David Suárez-Iglesias
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30
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Association Between Variations in Training Load, Sleep, and the Well-Being of Professional Hockey Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:363-367. [PMID: 36754057 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether sleep quantity and quality of professional hockey players is affected by external training load (TL), their perception of well-being, and contextual factors associated with match participation. METHODS Fifty male athletes were monitored daily during the 28 weeks of the regular season using well-being and sleep surveys. On-ice external TL was monitored using portable inertial measurement units during practices and matches. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate whether well-being perception (ie, pain, nutrition, stress, and rest) and external TL may affect sleep quality and quantity. RESULTS High levels of well-being positively affected sleep duration and quality (P < .001), whereas high-intensity TL had a detrimental impact on sleep duration (P = .007). Moreover, away and evening matches had a detrimental effect on sleep quantity and quality (P < .001). Finally, a high match on-ice load per minute had a negative association with sleep quality (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that well-being and high-intensity trainings can impair sleep duration and quality. In addition, high-intensity match load, away matches, and evening matches can impair postmatch sleep. Therefore, monitoring well-being in conjunction with TL is essential to understand sleep disturbances in athletes. Practitioners should also implement sleep hygiene strategies that facilitate longer time in bed after high-intensity, away, and evening matches to help athletes recover.
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31
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Power CJ, Fox JL, Teramoto M, Scanlan AT. Sleep Patterns Fluctuate Following Training and Games across the Season in a Semi-Professional, Female Basketball Team. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020238. [PMID: 36831781 PMCID: PMC9954585 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying athlete sleep patterns may inform development of optimal training schedules and sleep strategies, considering the competitive challenges faced across the season. Therefore, this study comprehensively quantified the sleep patterns of a female basketball team and examined variations in sleep between nights. Seven semi-professional, female basketball players had their sleep monitored using wrist-worn activity monitors and perceptual ratings during a 13-week in-season. Sleep variables were compared between different nights (control nights, training nights, training nights before games, nights before games, non-congested game nights, and congested game nights), using generalized linear mixed models, as well as Cohen's d and odds ratios as effect sizes. Players experienced less sleep on training nights before games compared to control nights, training nights, nights before games, and congested game nights (p < 0.05, d = 0.43-0.69). Players also exhibited later sleep onset times on non-congested game nights compared to control nights (p = 0.01, d = 0.68), and earlier sleep offset times following training nights before games compared to all other nights (p < 0.01, d = 0.74-0.79). Moreover, the odds of players attaining better perceived sleep quality was 88% lower on congested game nights than on nights before games (p < 0.001). While players in this study attained an adequate sleep duration (7.3 ± 0.3 h) and efficiency (85 ± 2%) on average across the in-season, they were susceptible to poor sleep on training nights before games and following games. Although limited to a team-based case series design, these findings suggest basketball coaches may need to reconsider scheduling team-based, on-court training sessions on nights prior to games and consider implementing suitable psychological and recovery strategies around games to optimize player sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Power
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jordan L. Fox
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Rockhampton, QLD 4700, Australia
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
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32
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Thomas C, Langan-Evans C, Germaine M, Artukovic M, Jones H, Whitworth-Turner C, Close GL, Louis J. Case Report: Effect of low energy availability and training load on sleep in a male combat sport athlete. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:981755. [PMID: 36733958 PMCID: PMC9887639 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.981755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this case report was to describe the sleep responses in a male combat sport athlete, who was engaging in both chronic (CWL) and acute (AWL) weight loss practices in order to reduce body mass for a national competition. Methods During the first seven weeks of training (Phases 1 and 2), the athlete adhered to a daily energy intake (EI) equating to their resting metabolic rate (1700 kcal·day-1) followed by a reduction in EI (915-300 kcal·day-1) in the 5 days before weighing in (Phase 3). Nocturnal sleep was monitored throughout the 8-week training period using wristwatch actigraphy and frequent measurements of body mass/composition, daily exercise energy expenditure and training load (TL) were taken. Results The athlete was in a state of low energy availability (LEA) during the entire training period. There was a very large decrease in LEA status during phase 3 compared with phases 1 and 2 (3 vs. 20 kcal·kgFFM·day-1) and there was a small decrease in TL during phase 3 compared with phase 2 (410 vs. 523 AU). The athlete's sleep efficiency increased throughout the training period, but total sleep time displayed a small to moderate decrease in phase 3 compared with phases 1 and 2 (386 vs. 429 and 430 min). However, correlational analysis demonstrated trivial to small, non-significant relationships between sleep characteristics and the athlete's LEA status and TL. Conclusion These findings suggest that CWL and AWL practices that cause fluctuations in LEA and TL may be implemented without compromising the sleep of combat sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Thomas
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences (SSEHS), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Craig Thomas
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Germaine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,SFI Centre for Research Training in Machine Learning, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario Artukovic
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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33
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Costa JA, Figueiredo P, Lastella M, Nakamura FY, Guilherme J, Brito J. Comparing Sleep in Shared and Individual Rooms During Training Camps in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Short Report. J Athl Train 2023; 58:79-83. [PMID: 35380678 PMCID: PMC9913052 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0042.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Athletes' sleep is the most important recovery strategy and has received growing attention. However, athletes may experience sleep disruptions due to numerous factors, such as training and competition workloads, travel, changes in sleep-wake schedules, and sleeping environments. They often spend nights in unfamiliar hotels, and sharing a bed, room, or both with another person might affect sleep duration and quality. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of sleeping in shared (SRs) versus individual (IRs) rooms on objective and subjective sleep and on slow-wave-sleep-derived cardiac autonomic activity during an official training camp in elite youth soccer players. Training and match workloads were characterized. DESIGN Observational case study. SETTING Hotel accommodations. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirteen elite male youth soccer players. RESULTS Players slept longer in IRs than in SRs (+1:28 [95% CI = 1:18, 1:42] hours:minutes; P < .001). Sleep efficiency was higher in IRs than in SRs (+12% [95% CI = 10%, 15%]; P < .001), whereas sleep latency was shorter in IRs than in SRs (-3 [95% CI = -15, -4] minutes; P < .001). Subjective sleep quality was lower in IRs than in SRs (-2 [-3 to -2] arbitrary units; P < .001). No differences were found for slow-wave-sleep-derived cardiac autonomic activity or for training or match workloads between training camps. CONCLUSIONS During soccer training camps, sleep may be affected by whether the athlete is in an SR versus an IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras
- CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras
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Lopes TR, Pereira HM, Bittencourt LRA, Silva BM. How Much Does Sleep Deprivation Impair Endurance Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2155583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ribeiro Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Maxwell Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Bruno Moreira Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Knowles OE, Drinkwater EJ, Roberts SSH, Alexander SE, Abbott G, Garnham A, Lamon S, Aisbett B. Sustained Sleep Restriction Reduces Resistance Exercise Quality and Quantity in Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2167-2177. [PMID: 36136596 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female athletes sleep less and report more sleep problems than their male counterparts. Inadequate sleep reduces maximal strength in male athletes; however, little is known about the impact of sleep restriction (SR) on the quantity and quality of resistance exercise performed by female athletes. This study investigated the effect of nine nights of moderate SR on repeated resistance exercise performance, hormonal responses, and perceived fatigue in females. METHODS Ten healthy, resistance-trained, eumenorrheic females age 18-35 yr underwent nine nights of SR (5-h time in bed) and normal sleep (NS; ≥7-h time in bed) in a randomized, crossover fashion with a minimum 6-wk washout. Participants completed four resistance exercise sessions per trial, with blood samples collected before and after exercise. Exercise performance was assessed using volume load, reactive strength index, and mean concentric velocity with rating of perceived exertion recorded after exercise. Participants completed awakening saliva sampling and the Multi-component Training Distress Scale daily. RESULTS Volume load decreased trivially (<1%, P < 0.05) with SR. Mean concentric velocity per set was slower during SR for the lower-body (up to 15%, P < 0.05), but not the upper-body, compound lifts. Intraset velocity loss was up to 7% greater during SR for back squats ( P < 0.05). SR increased salivary cortisol area under the curve (by 42%), total training distress (by 84%), and session perceived exertion (by 11%). CONCLUSIONS Sustained SR reduces markers of resistance exercise quality (bar velocity) more than quantity (volume load) and increases perceived effort at the same relative intensity in resistance-trained females. Markers of exercise quality and internal load may be more sensitive than volume load, to advise coaches to the decline in lifting performance for female athletes experiencing SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Knowles
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sarah E Alexander
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
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Fietze I, Glos M. Sport und Schlaf. SOMNOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-022-00392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Brager AJ, Gordon JA, Rouska A, Moore B, Mysliwiec V. Circadian Advantages in Elite Athletes. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brauer AA. Prevalence and Causes of Sleep Problems in Athletes. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kiel A, Hof zum Berge A, Schwarzenbrunner K, Otto K, Loch F, Kellmann M, Jakowski S. Sleep in German female youth national ice hockey athletes. SOMNOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-022-00390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Adequate sleep is of great importance in recovering from and preparing for training and competition.
Objective
This study aimed to investigate subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the German women’s junior national ice hockey team before and after a training camp immediately preceding the World Championship Division IA tournament.
Materials and methods
Twenty athletes (16.40 ± 0.68 years) completed German paper–pencil versions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before the training camp (T1, day 1) and on the final day of the training camp (T2, day 7).
Results
Paired t-tests indicated a significant decrease in PSQI global scores from pre- to post-training camp assessments (t = 2.33, p = 0.031, df = 19), with a medium effect size (d = 0.52). Regarding ESS global scores, results of the paired t-test indicated no significant pre- to post-training camp differences (t = 0.67, p = 0.510, df = 19) and the effect size was trivial (d = 0.15). Mean scores were reduced for both PSQI (T1 = 5.90 ± 2.36, T2 = 4.65 ± 2.18) and ESS (T1 = 9.00 ± 3.58, T2 = 8.60 ± 4.04) after the training camp. When analyzed according to the position of the players, no statistically significant intergroup differences were found.
Conclusion
This study underlines the need for monitoring and screening youth athletes’ sleep before special sports events in order to identify a potential need for intervention as early as possible, to prevent serious consequences for athletes’ performance capability and well-being.
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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Sleep in Athletes: A Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195883. [PMID: 36233749 PMCID: PMC9571881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep disturbances are common among athletes. There is recently a growing interest in improving sleep quality by using noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We hypothesized that bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex anodal tDCS could improve sleep in different sports athletes. A randomized controlled trial is to be conducted to test this hypothesis. Methods: Eighty-four athletes are selected based on specific eligibility criteria and randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. Each participant will receive a 20-min session of bilateral anodal tDCS with an intensity of 1.5 mA (0.057 mA/cm2) in density 3 times a week for 2 weeks. The tDCS current will be delivered only for 30 seconds in the control group. This study’s outcome is a set of subjective and objective sleep parameters. Conclusion: This study assessed the effect of a novel tDCS protocol represented by bilateral anodal stimulation and may result in important advances in sleep management among athletes. Because of the high incidence and impact of athletes’ poor sleep quality, it is particularly important to explore effective interventions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05318352.
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Osborne JO, Minett GM, Stewart IB, Trost S, Drovandi C, Costello JT, Pavey TG, Borg DN. Evidence that heat acclimation training may alter sleep and incidental activity. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36106465 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This randomized cross-over study tested the hypothesis that heat acclimation training would detrimentally affect sleep variables and alter incidental physical activity compared to a thermoneutral training control condition. Eight recreationally trained males (V̇O2peak 49±4.9 mL.kg-1.min-1) completed two separate interventions separated by at least 31 days: 5 consecutive day training blocks of moderate-intensity cycling (60 min·day-1 at 50% peak power output) in a hot (34.9±0.7 °C and 53±4 % relative humidity) and a temperate (22.2±2.6 °C; 65±8 % relative humidity) environment. Wrist-mounted accelerometers were worn continuously for the length of the training blocks and recorded physical activity, sleep quality and quantity. Data were analysed in a Bayesian framework, with the results presented as the posterior probability that a coefficient was greater or less than zero. Compared to the temperate training environment, heat acclimation impaired sleep efficiency (Pr β<0 = .979) and wake on sleep onset (Pr β>0 = .917). Daily sedentary time was, on average, 35 min longer (Pr β>0 = .973) and light physical activity time 18 min shorter (Pr β>0 = .960) during the heat acclimation period. No differences were observed between conditions in sleep duration, subjective sleep quality, or moderate or vigorous physical activity. These findings may suggest that athletes and coaches need to be cognisant that heat acclimation training may alter sleep quality and increase sedentary behaviour.HighlightsFive consecutive days of heat training negatively affected some objective measures of sleep quality and incidental physical activity in recreationally trained athletes.Athletes and coaches need to be aware of the potential unintended consequences of using heat acclimation on sleep behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Osborne
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian B Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stewart Trost
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Drovandi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Toby G Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David N Borg
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Barrenetxea-Garcia J, Murua-Ruiz A, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Nuell S, Calleja-González J, de Villarreal ES. Recovery in water polo: how much do we have to know? A systematic review. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 18:225-234. [PMID: 36110255 PMCID: PMC9449089 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244306.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Water polo (WP) is a high-intensity intermittent aquatic sport, with a predominance of swimming skills and nonswimming activities and incomplete recovery periods. Consequently, recovery after exercise is a fundamental part of sports performance. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of different recovery strategies in WP performance. The studies were found by searching in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines samples. A summary of results including five studies was followed. The results show that supplementation with cherry juice before training does not imply improvements in recovery; the full-body photobiomodulation therapy reduces muscle damage; reducing training load during the season increased the natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences and perceived state of recovery, and the heart rate variability stabilizes and could progressively increase at the end of a tournament; and when an increase in internal training load is less than 60%–70% autonomic cardiac disturbances during preseason training do not occur. Recovery in WP is a very limited field of study that needs future research in active recovery, hydrotherapy, massage, rest and sleep to help coaches formulate recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antxon Murua-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,
Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos,
Spain
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Tecnocampus, Escola Superior de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró,
Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,
Spain
- Corresponding author: Julio Calleja-Gonzalez, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Portal de Lasarte, 71, 01007 Vitoria, Spain,
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Chung J, Choi M, Lee K. Effects of Short-Term Intake of Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice on Sleep Quality after Intermittent Exercise in Elite Female Field Hockey Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10272. [PMID: 36011907 PMCID: PMC9408103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term consumption of tart cherry juice on levels of cortisol and melatonin and sleep quality after intermittent exhaustion exercise in female elite field hockey players. A total of 19 field hockey players participated in the present study for 5 days. The individuals were divided into the placebo group (PLA, n = 9) and the tart cherry juice group (TCJ, n = 10), respectively. Actigraphy devices were distributed to analyze sleep quality and participants were required to wear the device while sleeping until the study was completed. Participants consumed tart cherry juice or placebo drinks five times in a total of 48 h while double-blinded after intermittent exhaustion exercise. A significant interaction effect (group × time) between PLA and TCJ groups was not observed in the levels of melatonin and cortisol. The variables of sleep quality showed significant interaction effects with regards to the total time in bed (TTB; p = 0.015), wake after sleep onset (WASO; p = 0.044), and movement index (MI; p = 0.031) variables. As a result, our study confirmed the possibility that the short-term intake of tart cherry juice could not change the levels of melatonin and cortisol in elite female hockey players but could help improve their sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Chung
- Department of Sport Culture, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Minkyung Choi
- Department of Sports Science Convergence, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Kihyuk Lee
- Department of Sports Science Convergence, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
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The Impact of Dietary Factors on the Sleep of Athletically Trained Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163271. [PMID: 36014779 PMCID: PMC9414564 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many athletic populations report poor sleep, especially during intensive training and competition periods. Recently, diet has been shown to significantly affect sleep in general populations; however, little is known about the effect diet has on the sleep of athletically trained populations. With sleep critical for optimal recovery and sports performance, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence demonstrating that dietary factors influence the sleep of athletically trained populations. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2022, with primary research articles included if they contained a dietary factor(s), an outcome measure of sleep or sleepiness, and participants could be identified as ‘athletically trained’. Thirty-five studies were included, with 21 studies assessed as positive quality, 13 as neutral, and one as negative. Sleep or sleepiness was measured objectively in 46% of studies (n = 16). The review showed that evening (≥5 p.m.) caffeine intakes >2 mg·kg−1 body mass decreased sleep duration and sleep efficiency, and increased sleep latency and wake after sleep onset. Evening consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and protein high in tryptophan may reduce sleep latency. Although promising, more research is required before the impact of probiotics, cherry juice, and beetroot juice on the sleep of athletes can be resolved. Athletic populations experiencing sleep difficulties should be screened for caffeine use and trial dietary strategies (e.g., evening consumption of high GI carbohydrates) to improve sleep.
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Grant A, Leung G, Freeman EE. Ambient Air Pollution and Age-Related Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:17. [PMID: 35960515 PMCID: PMC9396677 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the burden of age-related eye diseases among adults exposed to higher versus lower levels of ambient air pollutants. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles until September 30, 2021. Inclusion criteria included studies of adults, aged 40+ years, that provided measures of association between the air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide [CO], sulfur dioxide, ozone [O3], particulate matter [PM] less than 2.5 µm in diameter [PM2.5], and PM less than 10 µm in diameter [PM10]) and the age-related eye disease outcomes of glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), or cataract. Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42021250078. Results A total of eight studies were included in the review. Consistent evidence for an association was found between PM2.5 and glaucoma, with four of four studies reporting a positive association. The pooled OR for each 10-µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 on glaucoma was 1.18 (95% CI, 0.95-1.47). Consistent evidence was also found for O3 and cataract, with three of three studies reporting an inverse association. Two of two studies reported a null association between PM2.5 and cataract, while one of one studies reported a positive association between PM10 and cataract. One of one studies reported a positive relationship between CO and AMD. Other relationships were less consistent between studies. Conclusions Current evidence suggests there may be an association between some air pollutants and cataract, AMD, and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grant
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gareth Leung
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen E Freeman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Forys WJ, Tokuhama-Espinosa T. The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070105. [PMID: 35878116 PMCID: PMC9320389 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We proposed that an athlete’s depressive symptoms may be different from the general population in etiology if considered from the context of a depressive disorder. By shifting focus from a limited notion of symptoms onto a comprehensive model of depression, the full scope of the phenomenon becomes clearer. This paper investigated the relationship between neurotransmitters and allostatic load to explain the incidence of depression among elite athletes. This literature review extensively analyzed exercise-induced neurohormonal imbalance resulting in depressive states among athletes. The research revealed that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extensive psychological demands, social stigma, and overtraining syndrome (OTS) may all contribute to a unique version of depression. The research revealed that the biological standards of athletes differ from those of non-athletes, to the point that the new model may be useful, thereby introducing the new term “Adaptable Depression (AD)” to the literature. This framework suggests a new direction for future research to precisely measure the neurotransmitter-related brain changes that result in “Adaptable Depression” in athletes and to establish a better understanding of the depressive tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Jasmina Forys
- Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Extension School, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA;
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Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, Nédélec M, Rae DE, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Al Horani RA, Ben Saad H, Bragazzi NL, Dönmez G, Dergaa I, Driss T, Farooq A, Hammouda O, Harroum N, Hassanmirzaei B, Khalladi K, Khemila S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ, Moussa-Chamari I, Mujika I, Muñoz Helú H, Norouzi Fashkhami A, Paineiras-Domingos LL, Khaneghah MR, Saita Y, Souissi N, Trabelsi K, Washif JA, Weber J, Zmijewski P, Taylor L, Garbarino S, Chamari K. Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904778. [PMID: 35784859 PMCID: PMC9240664 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of 1) lockdown duration and 2) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes. Methods: 1,454 elite athletes (24.1 ± 6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: 1) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); 2) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about 3) napping; and 4) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage). Results: 15% of the sample spent < 1 month, 27% spent 1–2 months and 58% spent > 2 months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6–1.9) and ISI (5.1 ± 4.7 to 7.7 ± 6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3–2.9) scores were higher during-compared to pre-lockdown, associated (all p < 0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p < 0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87–1.63) and ISI (p < 0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72–3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, ISI score was higher in athletes who spent > 2 months confined compared to those who spent < 1 month (p < 0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26–2.3). Conclusion: Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athletes. Lockdown duration had further disrupting effects on elite athletes’ sleep behavior. These findings could be of relevance in future lockdown or lockdown-like situations (e.g., prolonged illness, injury, and quarantine after international travel).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Romdhani
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Romdhani,
| | - Hugh H. K. Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mathieu Nédélec
- Research Unit, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA7370), The French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Dale E. Rae
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) “Insuffisance Cardiaque”, Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gürhan Dönmez
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Abdulaziz Farooq
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Harroum
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Science, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bahar Hassanmirzaei
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Khalladi
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Syrine Khemila
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Coventry University—Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
| | - Imen Moussa-Chamari
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hussein Muñoz Helú
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Reabilitação e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Yoshitomo Saita
- Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Johanna Weber
- Neurocognition and Action—Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Center for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Post-Graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
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Ridjab DA, Ivan I, Budiman F, Tenggara R. Evaluation of subclinical ventricular systolic dysfunction assessed using global longitudinal strain in liver cirrhosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269691. [PMID: 35671306 PMCID: PMC9173645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global longitudinal strain (GLS) can identify subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. This systematic review aims to provide evidence of a possible difference in GLS values between patients with cirrhosis and patients without cirrhosis. Studies from inception to August 11, 2021, were screened and included based on the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of nonrandomized studies. Meta-analyses were conducted with subsequent sensitivity and subgroup analyses according to age, sex, cirrhosis etiology, and severity. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s funnel plot, Egger’s test, and rank correlation test with subsequent trim-and-fill analysis. The systematic database search yielded 20 eligible studies. Random effect showed a significant reduction of left ventricular (LV) GLS (MD:-1.43;95%; 95%CI,-2.79 to -0.07; p = 0.04; I2 = 95% p<0.00001) and right ventricular (RV) GLS (MD:-1.95; 95%CI,-3.86 to -0.05, p = 0.04; I2 = 90%, p<0.00001) in the group with cirrhosis. A sensitivity test on subgroup analysis based on the study design showed a -1.78% lower LV-GLS in the group with cirrhosis (I2 = 70%, p = 0.0003). Meta-regression analysis showed that the severity of cirrhosis was significantly related to GLS reduction. This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020201630). We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denio A. Ridjab
- Department of Medical Education Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ignatius Ivan
- Fifth Year Medical Student, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fanny Budiman
- Fifth Year Medical Student, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Riki Tenggara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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The Impact of Sleep Inertia on Physical, Cognitive, and Subjective Performance Following a 1- or 2-Hour Afternoon Nap in Semiprofessional Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1140-1150. [PMID: 35606094 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the impact of sleep inertia on physical, cognitive, and subjective performance immediately after a 1- or 2-hour afternoon nap opportunity. METHODS Twelve well-trained male athletes completed 3 conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order-9 hours in bed overnight without a nap opportunity the next day (9 + 0), 8 hours in bed overnight with a 1-hour nap opportunity the next day (8 + 1), and 7 hours in bed overnight with a 2-hour nap opportunity the next day (7 + 2). Nap opportunities ended at 4:00 PM. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography. Following each condition, participants completed four 30-minute test batteries beginning at 4:15, 4:45, 5:15, and 5:45 PM. Test batteries included a warm-up, self-ratings of readiness to perform, motivation to perform and expected performance, two 10-m sprints, 2 agility tests, a 90-second response-time task, and 5 minutes of seated rest. RESULTS Total sleep time was not different between conditions (P = .920). There was an effect of condition on readiness (P < .001), motivation (P = .001), and expected performance (P = .004)-all 3 were lower in the 8 + 1 and 7 + 2 conditions compared with the 9 + 0 condition. There was no effect of condition on response time (P = .958), sprint time (P = .204), or agility (P = .240), but a large effect size was observed for agility. CONCLUSIONS After waking from a nap opportunity, agility may be reduced, and athletes may feel sleepy and not ready or motivated to perform. Athletes should schedule sufficient time (∼1 h) after waking from a nap opportunity to avoid the effects of sleep inertia on performance.
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Vitale JA, Ieno C, Baldassarre R, Bonifazi M, Vitali F, La Torre A, Piacentini MF. The Impact of a 14-Day Altitude Training Camp on Olympic-Level Open-Water Swimmers' Sleep. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074253. [PMID: 35409934 PMCID: PMC8998594 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite the common belief that sleep quality at altitude is poor, the scientific evidence to support this notion is still modest. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate possible changes of actigraphy-based and subjective sleep parameters in a group of elite open-water swimmers during a 14-day altitude training camp (ATC) at 1500 m. The study subjects were five Olympic-level open-water swimmers (mean age: 25.0 ± 3.2 years; 3 females and 2 males). All subjects wore a wrist activity monitor and filled a sleep diary for 18 consecutive nights, 4 nights before and 14 nights during ATC. The data were then analyzed at four different time points: before ATC (PRE), the first two days of ATC (T1), and after one (T2) and two weeks of ATC (T3). Training load, assessed as the covered distance (km), session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and heart rate (HR), was monitored during the week before and the first and second week of ATC. No significant differences in objective and subjective scores of sleep quality were detected, whereas the sleep onset time (p = 0.018; η2p = 0.83, large) and sleep offset time (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.95, large) significantly differed among PRE, T1, T2, and T3: elite athletes started to sleep and woke up ≃ 1 h earlier the first two days of ATC compared to PRE (sleep onset time: p = 0.049; sleep offset time: p = 0.016). Further, an increase in the training volume during the two weeks of the ATC was observed, with the most time spent in a low-intensity regime and an increase in time spent in a high-intensity regime compared to PRE. Sleep quality was not negatively influenced by a 14-day altitude training camp at 1500 m in a group of Olympic-level elite swimmers despite an increase in perceived exertion during training sessions. Nonetheless, early sleep onset and sleep offset times were observed for the first two nights of ATC: elite athletes started to sleep and woke up ≃ 1 h earlier compared to the baseline nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0266214980
| | - Cristian Ieno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Bonifazi
- Italian Swimming Federation, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy;
| | - Antonio La Torre
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Piacentini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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