1
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Jiang L, Han D, Hao Y, Song Z, Sun Z, Dai Z. Linking serotonin homeostasis to gut function: Nutrition, gut microbiota and beyond. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7291-7310. [PMID: 36861222 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2183935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the digestive tract is crucial for maintaining gut function and homeostasis. Nutritional and non-nutritional stimuli in the gut lumen can modulate the ability of EC cells to produce 5-HT in a temporal- and spatial-specific manner that toning gut physiology and immune response. Of particular interest, the interactions between dietary factors and the gut microbiota exert distinct impacts on gut 5-HT homeostasis and signaling in metabolism and the gut immune response. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be unraveled. This review aims to summarize and discuss the importance of gut 5-HT homeostasis and its regulation in maintaining gut metabolism and immune function in health and disease with special emphasis on different types of nutrients, dietary supplements, processing, and gut microbiota. Cutting-edge discoveries in this area will provide the basis for the development of new nutritional and pharmaceutical strategies for the prevention and treatment of serotonin homeostasis-related gut and systematic disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Dontamsetti KD, Pedrosa‐Suarez LC, Aktar R, Peiris M. Sensing of luminal contents and downstream modulation of GI function. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13083. [PMID: 38779131 PMCID: PMC11109814 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The luminal environment is rich in macronutrients coming from our diet and resident microbial populations including their metabolites. Together, they have the capacity to modulate unique cell surface receptors, known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Along the entire length of the gut epithelium, enteroendocrine cells express GPCRs to interact with luminal contents, such as GPR93 and the calcium sensing receptor to sense proteins, FFA2 and GPR84 to sense fatty acids, and SGLT1 and T1R to sense carbohydrates. Nutrient-receptor interaction causes the release of hormonal stores such as glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin, which further regulate gut function. Existing data show the role of luminal components and microbial fermentation products on gut function. However, there is a lack of understanding in the mechanistic interactions between diet-derived luminal components and microbial products and nutrient-sensing receptors and downstream gastrointestinal modulation. This review summarizes current knowledge on various luminal components and describes in detail the range of nutrients and metabolites and their interaction with nutrient receptors in the gut epithelium and the emerging impact on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Devi Dontamsetti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura Camila Pedrosa‐Suarez
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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3
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Aktar R, Rondinelli S, Peiris M. GPR84 in physiology-Many functions in many tissues. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1524-1535. [PMID: 37533166 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the GPCR superfamily have a wide variety of physiological roles and are therefore valuable targets for developing effective medicines. However, within this superfamily are receptors that are less well characterized and remain orphans, including GPR84. This receptor is stimulated by ligands derived from dietary nutrients, specifically medium chain fatty acids (C9-14), and novel synthetic agonists. There are data demonstrating the role of GPR84 in inflammatory pathways, in addition to emerging data suggesting a key role for GPR84 as a nutrient-sensing GPCR involved in metabolism by sensing energy load via nutrient exposure and subsequent signalling leading to modulation of food intake. Exploring GPR84 pharmacology, its localization and what drives its expression has revealed multiple roles for this receptor. Here, we will reflect on these various roles of GRP84 demonstrated thus far, primarily by exploring data from pre-clinical and clinical studies in various physiological systems, with a specific focus on the gastrointestinal tract. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Rondinelli
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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4
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Ieremias L, Kaspersen MH, Manandhar A, Schultz-Knudsen K, Vrettou CI, Pokhrel R, Heidtmann CV, Jenkins L, Kanellou C, Marsango S, Li Y, Bräuner-Osborne H, Rexen Ulven E, Milligan G, Ulven T. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies and Optimization of 4-Hydroxypyridones as GPR84 Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3542-3570. [PMID: 38381650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
GPR84 is a putative medium-chain fatty acid receptor that is implicated in regulation of inflammation and fibrogenesis. Studies have indicated that GPR84 agonists may have therapeutic potential in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer, but there is a lack of quality tool compounds to explore this potential. The fatty acid analogue LY237 (4a) is the most potent GPR84 agonist disclosed to date but has unfavorable physicochemical properties. We here present a SAR study of 4a. Several highly potent agonists were identified with EC50 down to 28 pM, and with SAR generally in excellent agreement with structure-based modeling. Proper incorporation of rings and polar groups resulted in the identification of TUG-2099 (4s) and TUG-2208 (42a), both highly potent GPR84 agonists with lowered lipophilicity and good to excellent solubility, in vitro permeability, and microsomal stability, which will be valuable tools for exploring the pharmacology and therapeutic prospects of GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Ieremias
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads H Kaspersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asmita Manandhar
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Schultz-Knudsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ioanna Vrettou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rina Pokhrel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer V Heidtmann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Jenkins
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Christina Kanellou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Marsango
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yueming Li
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Clarke GS, Li H, Ladyman SR, Young RL, Gatford KL, Page AJ. Effect of pregnancy on the expression of nutrient-sensors and satiety hormones in mice. Peptides 2024; 172:171114. [PMID: 37926186 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal satiation pathways involve nutrient-induced stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to release of satiety hormones from intestinal enteroendocrine cells (ECCs). Whether adaptations in these pathways contribute to increased maternal food intake during pregnancy is unknown. To determine the expression of intestinal nutrient-sensors and satiety hormone transcripts and proteins across pregnancy in mice. Female C57BL/6J mice (10-12 weeks old) were randomized to mating and then tissue collection at early- (6.5 d), mid- (12.5 d) or late-pregnancy (17.5 d), or to an unmated age matched control group. Relative transcript expression of intestinal fatty acid, peptide and amino acid and carbohydrate chemoreceptors, as well as gut hormones was determined across pregnancy. The density of G-protein coupled receptor 93 (GPR93), free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 4, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) immunopositive cells was then compared between non-pregnant and late-pregnant mice. Duodenal GPR93 expression was lower in late pregnant than non-pregnant mice (P < 0.05). Ileal FFAR1 expression was higher at mid- than at early- or late-pregnancy. Ileal FFAR2 expression was higher at mid-pregnancy than in early pregnancy. Although FFAR4 expression was consistently lower in late-pregnant than non-pregnant mice (P < 0.001), the density of FFAR4 immunopositive cells was higher in the jejunum of late-pregnant than non-pregnant mice. A subset of protein and fatty acid chemoreceptor transcripts undergo region-specific change during murine pregnancy, which could augment hormone release and contribute to increased food intake. Further investigations are needed to determine the functional relevance of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia S Clarke
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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6
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Li RJW, Barros DR, Kuah R, Lim YM, Gao A, Beaudry JL, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Small intestinal CaSR-dependent and CaSR-independent protein sensing regulates feeding and glucose tolerance in rats. Nat Metab 2024; 6:39-49. [PMID: 38167726 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Proteins activate small intestinal calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and/or peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) to increase hormone secretion1-8, but the effect of small intestinal protein sensing and the mechanistic potential of CaSR and/or PepT1 in feeding and glucose regulation remain inconclusive. Here we show that, in male rats, CaSR in the upper small intestine is required for casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and GLP1 and GIP secretion, which was also dependent on PepT1 (ref. 9). PepT1, but not CaSR, is required for casein infusion to lower feeding. Upper small intestine casein sensing fails to regulate feeding, but not glucose tolerance, in high-fat-fed rats with decreased PepT1 but increased CaSR expression. In the ileum, a CaSR-dependent but PepT1-independent pathway is required for casein infusion to lower feeding and increase glucose tolerance in chow-fed rats, in parallel with increased PYY and GLP1 release, respectively. High fat decreases ileal CaSR expression and disrupts casein sensing on feeding but not on glucose control, suggesting an ileal CaSR-independent, glucose-regulatory pathway. In summary, we discover small intestinal CaSR- and PepT1-dependent and -independent protein sensing mechanisms that regulate gut hormone release, feeding and glucose tolerance. Our findings highlight the potential of targeting small intestinal CaSR and/or PepT1 to regulate feeding and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barros
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Gao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Kardan R, Hemmati J, Nazari M, Ahmadi A, Asghari B, Azizi M, Khaledi M, Arabestani MR. Novel therapeutic strategy for obesity through the gut microbiota-brain axis: A review article. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2024; 15:215-227. [PMID: 38807723 PMCID: PMC11129059 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.15.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: The interaction between commensal bacteria and the host is essential for health and the gut microbiota-brain axis plays a vital role in this regard. Obesity as a medical problem not only affect the health of the individuals, but also the economic and social aspects of communities. The presence of any dysbiosis in the composition of the gut microbiota disrupts in the gut microbiota-brain axis, which in turn leads to an increase in appetite and then obesity. Because common treatments for obesity have several drawbacks, the use of microbiota-based therapy in addition to treatment and prevention of obesity can have other numerous benefits for the individual. In this review, we intend to investigate the relationship between obesity and the gut microbiota-brain axis as well as novel treatment strategies based on this axis with an emphasis on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kardan
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this article
| | - Jaber Hemmati
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this article
| | - Mohsen Nazari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amjad Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Khaledi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1272955. [PMID: 38027512 PMCID: PMC10662325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome. EECs are hormone-producing cells expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium and have been leveraged by pharmaceuticals like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), terzepatide (Mounjaro), and retatrutide (Phase 2) for diabetes and weight control, and linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and visceral pain. This review focuses on role of intestinal EECs to communicate signals from the gut lumen to the brain. Canonically, EECs communicate information about the intestinal environment through a variety of hormones, dividing EECs into separate classes based on the hormone each cell type secretes. Recent studies have revealed more diverse hormone profiles and communication modalities for EECs including direct synaptic communication with peripheral neurons. EECs known as neuropod cells rapidly relay signals from gut to brain via a direct communication with vagal and primary sensory neurons. Further, this review discusses the complex information processing machinery within EECs, including receptors that transduce intraluminal signals and the ion channel complement that govern initiation and propagation of these signals. Deeper understanding of EEC physiology is necessary to safely treat devastating and pervasive conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie K. Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariana A. Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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van Baarle L, Stakenborg M, Matteoli G. Enteric neuro-immune interactions in intestinal health and disease. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101819. [PMID: 37632991 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is an autonomous neuronal circuit that regulates many processes far beyond the peristalsis in the gastro-intestinal tract. This circuit, consisting of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, can engage in many intercellular interactions shaping the homeostatic microenvironment in the gut. Perhaps the most well documented interactions taking place, are the intestinal neuro-immune interactions which are essential for the fine-tuning of oral tolerance. In the context of intestinal disease, compelling evidence demonstrates both protective and detrimental roles for this bidirectional neuro-immune signaling. This review discusses the different immune cell types that are recognized to engage in neuronal crosstalk during intestinal health and disease. Highlighting the molecular pathways involved in the neuro-immune interactions might inspire novel strategies to target intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies van Baarle
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Yin J, Zhao Z, Huang J, Xiao Y, Rehmutulla M, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Xiang M, Tong Q, Zhang Y. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals intestinal cell heterogeneity and identifies Ep300 as a potential therapeutic target in mice with acute liver failure. Cell Discov 2023; 9:77. [PMID: 37488127 PMCID: PMC10366100 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe life-threatening disease associated with the disorder of the gut-liver axis. However, the cellular characteristics of ALF in the gut and related therapeutic targets remain unexplored. Here, we utilized the D-GALN/LPS (D/L)-induced ALF model to characterize 33,216 single-cell transcriptomes and define a mouse ALF intestinal cellular atlas. We found that unique, previously uncharacterized intestinal immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, are responsive to ALF, and we identified the transcriptional profiles of these subsets during ALF. We also delineated the heterogeneity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and found that ALF-induced cell cycle arrest in intestinal stem cells and activated specific enterocyte and goblet cell clusters. Notably, the most significantly altered IECs, including enterocytes, intestinal stem cells and goblet cells, had similar activation patterns closely associated with inflammation from intestinal immune activation. Furthermore, our results unveiled a common Ep300-dependent transcriptional program that coordinates IEC activation during ALF, which was confirmed to be universal in different ALF models. Pharmacological inhibition of Ep300 with an inhibitor (SGC-CBP30) inhibited this cell-specific program, confirming that Ep300 is an effective target for alleviating ALF. Mechanistically, Ep300 inhibition restrained inflammation and oxidative stress in the dysregulated cluster of IECs through the P38-JNK pathway and corrected intestinal ecology by regulating intestinal microbial composition and metabolism, thereby protecting IECs and attenuating ALF. These findings confirm that Ep300 is a novel therapeutic target in ALF and pave the way for future pathophysiological studies on ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianzheng Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mewlude Rehmutulla
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Biqiong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingyi Tong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Asseri AH, Bakhsh T, Abuzahrah SS, Ali S, Rather IA. The gut dysbiosis-cancer axis: illuminating novel insights and implications for clinical practice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208044. [PMID: 37361202 PMCID: PMC10288883 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota, also known as the gut microbiota, comprises more than 100 trillion organisms, mainly bacteria. This number exceeds the host body cells by a factor of ten. The gastrointestinal tract, which houses 60%-80% of the host's immune cells, is one of the largest immune organs. It maintains systemic immune homeostasis in the face of constant bacterial challenges. The gut microbiota has evolved with the host, and its symbiotic state with the host's gut epithelium is a testament to this co-evolution. However, certain microbial subpopulations may expand during pathological interventions, disrupting the delicate species-level microbial equilibrium and triggering inflammation and tumorigenesis. This review highlights the impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development and progression of certain types of cancers and discusses the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies against cancer by manipulating the gut microbiota. By interacting with the host microbiota, we may be able to enhance the effectiveness of anticancer therapies and open new avenues for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Bakhsh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Besa E, Tembo MJ, Mulenga C, Mweetwa M, Choudhry N, Chandwe K, Storer C, Head R, Amadi B, Haritunians T, McGovern D, Kwenda G, Peiris M, Kelly P. Potential determinants of low circulating glucagon-like peptide 2 concentrations in Zambian children with non-responsive stunting. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:568-580. [PMID: 36744850 PMCID: PMC10103869 DOI: 10.1113/ep090492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Non-responsive stunting is characterised by a progressive decline of circulating glucagon-like peptide 2: what are the possible causes of this decline? What is the main finding and its importance? In contrast with the established loss of Paneth and goblet cells in environmental enteropathy, there was no evidence of a parallel loss of enteroendocrine cells as seen by positive tissue staining for chromogranin A. Transcriptomic and genomic analyses showed evidence of genetic transcripts that could account for some of the variability seen in circulating glucagon-like peptide 2 values. ABSTRACT Nutrient sensing determines digestive and hormonal responses following nutrient ingestion. We have previously reported decreased levels of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) in children with stunting. Here we demonstrate the presence of enteroendocrine cells in stunted children and explore potential pathways that may be involved in reduced circulating levels of GLP-2. At the time of performing diagnostic endoscopies for non-responsive stunted children, intestinal biopsies were collected for immunofluorescence staining of enteroendocrine cells and transcriptomic analysis. Circulating levels of GLP-2 were also measured and correlated with transcriptomic data. An exploratory genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on DNA samples (n = 158) to assess genetic contribution to GLP-2 variability. Intestinal tissue sections collected from non-responsive stunted children stained positive for chromogranin A (88/89), alongside G-protein-coupled receptors G-protein receptor 119 (75/87), free fatty acid receptor 3 (76/89) and taste 1 receptor 1 (39/45). Transcriptomic analysis found three pathways correlated with circulating GLP-2: sugar metabolism, epithelial transport, and barrier function, which likely reflect downstream events following receptor-ligand interaction. GWAS analysis revealed potential genetic contributions to GLP-2 half-life and receptor binding. Enteroendocrine cell loss was not identified in stunted Zambian children as has been observed for goblet and Paneth cells. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that GLP-2 has pleiotrophic actions on the intestinal mucosa in malnutrition, but further work is needed to dissect pathways leading to perturbations in nutrient sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Besa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Mizinga Jacqueline Tembo
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Chola Mulenga
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Monica Mweetwa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Naheed Choudhry
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Chad Storer
- Genome Technology Access Center at McDonnell Genome InstituteWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Richard Head
- Genome Technology Access Center at McDonnell Genome InstituteWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Beatrice Amadi
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterInflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterInflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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13
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Santos-Hernández M, Vivanco-Maroto SM, Miralles B, Recio I. Food peptides as inducers of CCK and GLP-1 secretion and GPCRs involved in enteroendocrine cell signalling. Food Chem 2023; 402:134225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Despite a short history since its first isolation, Akkermansia muciniphila has been extensively studied in relation to its effects on human metabolism. A recent human intervention study also demonstrated that the bacterium is safe to use for therapeutic purposes. The best-known effects of A. muciniphila in human health and disease relate to its ability to strengthen gut integrity, modulate insulin resistance, and protect the host from metabolic inflammation. A further molecular mechanism, induction of GLP-1 secretion through ICAM-2 receptor, was recently discovered with the identification of a new bacterial protein produced by A. muciniphila. However, other studies have suggested a detrimental role for A. muciniphila in specific host immune settings. Here, we evaluate the molecular, mechanistic effects of A. muciniphila in host health and suggest some of the missing links to be connected before the organism should be considered as a next-generation biotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Si
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyena Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Hyun Ju You Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,KoBioLabs, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Bio, Seoul National UniversityBio-MAX/N-, Seoul, Republic of Korea,GwangPyo Ko Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Peiris M, Aktar R, Reed D, Cibert-Goton V, Zdanaviciene A, Halder W, Robinow A, Corke S, Dogra H, Knowles CH, Blackshaw A. Decoy bypass for appetite suppression in obese adults: role of synergistic nutrient sensing receptors GPR84 and FFAR4 on colonic endocrine cells. Gut 2022; 71:928-937. [PMID: 34083384 PMCID: PMC8995825 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colonic enteroendocrine cells (EECs) store and release potent anorectic hormones that are key regulators of satiety. EECs express multiple nutrient sensing receptors, particularly for medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs): GPR84 and FFAR4. Here we show a non-surgical approach with targeted colonic delivery of MCFA, which induces EEC and neuronal activation leading to anorectic effects. DESIGN A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed in obese adults given combined GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists in colonic release capsules before meals. We measured serum hormones, energy intake and appetite perception. Cell type, activation by agonists and hormone/serotonin release were determined in human colonic explants. Mouse colonic afferent nerve responses to nutrients/mediators were recorded electrophysiologically. RESULTS Subjects receiving GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists had reduced overall calorific intake and increased postprandial levels of PYY versus placebo. Receptors including GPR84 and FFAR4 were coexpressed on human colonic EEC. Activation of GPR84 exclusively induced intracellular pERK, whereas FFAR4 selectively activated pCaMKII. Coactivation of GPR84 and FFAR4 induced both phosphoproteins, and superadditive release of GLP-1 and PYY. Nutrients and hormones convergently activated murine colonic afterent nerves via GLP-1, Y2 and 5-HT3 receptors. CONCLUSIONS Colonic GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists reduce energy intake and increase postprandial PYY in obese adults. Human colonic EECs coexpress these receptors, which activate cells via parallel intracellular pathways and synergistically evoke hormone release. Further synergism occurs in sensory nerve responses to MCFA and EEC mediators. Thus, synergistic activation of colonic endocrine cells via nutrient receptors is an important target for metabolic regulation. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04292236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Reed
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research, Queen's University, Kingston, Queensland, Canada
| | - Vincent Cibert-Goton
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ausra Zdanaviciene
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Writaja Halder
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam Robinow
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Corke
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Harween Dogra
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley Blackshaw
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Metformin: Expanding the Scope of Application-Starting Earlier than Yesterday, Canceling Later. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042363. [PMID: 35216477 PMCID: PMC8875586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Today the area of application of metformin is expanding, and a wealth of data point to its benefits in people without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Already in the population of people leading an unhealthy lifestyle, before the formation of obesity and prediabetes metformin smooths out the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. Being prescribed at this stage, metformin will probably be able to, if not prevent, then significantly reduce the progression of all subsequent metabolic changes. To a large extent, this review will discuss the proofs of the evidence for this. Another recent important change is a removal of a number of restrictions on its use in patients with heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and chronic kidney disease. We will discuss the reasons for these changes and present a new perspective on the role of increasing lactate in metformin therapy.
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17
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Identification and characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides from wheat gluten proteins. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Sun EW, Iepsen EW, Pezos N, Lumsden AL, Martin AM, Schober G, Isaacs NJ, Rayner CK, Nguyen NQ, de Fontgalland D, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Wattchow DA, Hansen T, Holm JC, Liou AP, Jackson VM, Torekov SS, Young RL, Keating DJ. A Gut-Intrinsic Melanocortin Signaling Complex Augments L-Cell Secretion in Humans. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:536-547.e2. [PMID: 33848536 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) are a key regulator of energy homeostasis. Brain-penetrant MC4R agonists have failed, as concentrations required to suppress food intake also increase blood pressure. However, peripherally located MC4R may also mediate metabolic benefits of MC4R activation. Mc4r transcript is enriched in mouse enteroendocrine L cells and peripheral administration of the endogenous MC4R agonist, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), triggers the release of the anorectic hormones Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in mice. This study aimed to determine whether pathways linking MC4R and L-cell secretion exist in humans. DESIGN GLP-1 and PYY levels were assessed in body mass index-matched individuals with or without loss-of-function MC4R mutations following an oral glucose tolerance test. Immunohistochemistry was performed on human intestinal sections to characterize the mucosal MC4R system. Static incubations with MC4R agonists were carried out on human intestinal epithelia, GLP-1 and PYY contents of secretion supernatants were assayed. RESULTS Fasting PYY levels and oral glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion were reduced in humans carrying a total loss-of-function MC4R mutation. MC4R was localized to L cells and regulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion from ex vivo human intestine. α-MSH immunoreactivity in the human intestinal epithelia was predominantly localized to L cells. Glucose-sensitive mucosal pro-opiomelanocortin cells provide a local source of α-MSH that is essential for glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in small intestine. CONCLUSION Our findings describe a previously unidentified signaling nexus in the human gastrointestinal tract involving α-MSH release and MC4R activation on L cells in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Outcomes from this study have direct implications for targeting mucosal MC4R to treat human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Eva W Iepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nektaria Pezos
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda L Lumsden
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nichole J Isaacs
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nam Q Nguyen
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Alice P Liou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard L Young
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Bitter Substances on GI Function, Energy Intake and Glycaemia-Do Preclinical Findings Translate to Outcomes in Humans? Nutrients 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33923589 PMCID: PMC8072924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter substances are contained in many plants, are often toxic and can be present in spoiled food. Thus, the capacity to detect bitter taste has classically been viewed to have evolved primarily to signal the presence of toxins and thereby avoid their consumption. The recognition, based on preclinical studies (i.e., studies in cell cultures or experimental animals), that bitter substances may have potent effects to stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and modulate gut motility, via activation of bitter taste receptors located in the GI tract, reduce food intake and lower postprandial blood glucose, has sparked considerable interest in their potential use in the management or prevention of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether findings from preclinical studies can be translated to health outcomes, including weight loss and improved long-term glycaemic control. This review examines information relating to the effects of bitter substances on the secretion of key gut hormones, gastric motility, food intake and blood glucose in preclinical studies, as well as the evidence from clinical studies, as to whether findings from animal studies translate to humans. Finally, the evidence that bitter substances have the capacity to reduce body weight and/or improve glycaemic control in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, and potentially represent a novel strategy for the management, or prevention, of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (P.R.); (V.B.); (M.H.)
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21
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Effect of Obesity on the Expression of Nutrient Receptors and Satiety Hormones in the Human Colon. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041271. [PMID: 33924402 PMCID: PMC8070384 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Receptors located on enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the colon can detect nutrients in the lumen. These receptors regulate appetite through a variety of mechanisms, including hormonal and neuronal signals. We assessed the effect of obesity on the expression of these G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and hormones at both mRNA and protein level. Methods: qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to examine colonic tissue from cohorts of patients from the Netherlands (proximal and sigmoid tissue) and the United Kingdom (tissue from across the colon) and patients were grouped by body mass index (BMI) value (BMI < 25 and BMI ≥ 25). Results: The mRNA expression of the hormones/signaling molecules serotonin, glucagon, peptide YY (PYY), CCK and somatostatin were not significantly different between BMI groups. GPR40 mRNA expression was significantly increased in sigmoid colon samples in the BMI ≥ 25 group, but not proximal colon. GPR41, GPR109a, GPR43, GPR120, GPRC6A, and CaSR mRNA expression were unaltered between low and high BMI. At the protein level, serotonin and PYY containing cell numbers were similar in high and low BMI groups. Enterochromaffin cells (EC) showed high degree of co-expression with amino acid sensing receptor, CaSR while co-expression with PYY containing L-cells was limited, regardless of BMI. Conclusions: While expression of medium/long chain fatty acid receptor GPR40 was increased in the sigmoid colon of the high BMI group, expression of other nutrient sensing GPCRs, and expression profiles of EECs involved in peripheral mechanisms of appetite regulation were unchanged. Collectively, these data suggest that in human colonic tissue, EEC and nutrient-sensing receptor expression profiles are not affected despite changes to BMI.
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22
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Sun EW, Martin AM, de Fontgalland D, Sposato L, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Wattchow DA, Colella AD, Chataway T, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Spencer NJ, Young RL, Keating DJ. Evidence for Glucagon Secretion and Function Within the Human Gut. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6127286. [PMID: 33534908 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic α cells in response to hypoglycemia and increases hepatic glucose output through hepatic glucagon receptors (GCGRs). There is evidence supporting the notion of extrapancreatic glucagon but its source and physiological functions remain elusive. Intestinal tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection of cancer. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to detect glucagon from mucosal lysate. Static incubations of mucosal tissue were performed to assess glucagon secretory response. Glucagon concentration was quantitated using a highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cholesterol uptake assay and an isolated murine colonic motility assay were used to assess the physiological functions of intestinal GCGRs. Fully processed glucagon was detected by mass spectrometry in human intestinal mucosal lysate. High glucose evoked significant glucagon secretion from human ileal tissue independent of sodium glucose cotransporter and KATP channels, contrasting glucose-induced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion. The GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 attenuated glucose-induced glucagon secretion from the human ileum. GCGR blockade significantly increased cholesterol uptake in human ileal crypt culture and markedly slowed ex vivo colonic motility. Our findings describe the human gut as a potential source of extrapancreatic glucagon and demonstrate a novel enteric glucagon/GCGR circuit with important physiological functions beyond glycemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Luigi Sposato
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alexander D Colella
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J Spencer
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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23
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Yang M, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Chemosensing in enteroendocrine cells: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:222-231. [PMID: 33449572 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are scattered chemosensory cells in the intestinal epithelium that release hormones with a wide range of actions on intestinal function, food intake and glucose homeostasis. The mechanisms by which gut hormones are secreted postprandially, or altered by antidiabetic agents and surgical interventions are of considerable interest for future therapeutic development. RECENT FINDINGS EECs are electrically excitable and express a repertoire of G-protein coupled receptors that sense nutrient and nonnutrient stimuli, coupled to intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Our knowledge of EEC function, previously developed using mouse models, has recently been extended to human cells. Gut hormone release in humans is enhanced by bariatric surgery, as well as by some antidiabetic agents including sodium-coupled glucose transporter inhibitors and metformin. SUMMARY EECs are important potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of their chemosensory mechanisms will enhance the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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24
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van Son J, Koekkoek LL, La Fleur SE, Serlie MJ, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Gut-Brain Axis in Obesity: Mechanisms and Future Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062993. [PMID: 33804250 PMCID: PMC7999163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gut and the brain is essential for energy homeostasis. In obesity, this homeostasis is disrupted, leading to a positive energy balance and weight gain. Obesity is a global epidemic that affects individual health and strains the socioeconomic system. Microbial dysbiosis has long been reported in obesity and obesity-related disorders. More recent literature has focused on the interaction of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on human brain and behavior. Developing strategies that target the gut microbiota could be a future approach for the treatment of obesity. Here, we review the microbiota–gut–brain axis and possible therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie van Son
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L. Koekkoek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Susanne E. La Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mireille J. Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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25
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Pizarroso NA, Fuciños P, Gonçalves C, Pastrana L, Amado IR. A Review on the Role of Food-Derived Bioactive Molecules and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Satiety Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:632. [PMID: 33669189 PMCID: PMC7919798 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The growing relevance of this metabolic disease lies in its association with other comorbidities. Obesity is a multifaceted disease where intestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), produced by enteroendocrine cells (EECs), have a pivotal role as signaling systems. Receptors for these hormones have been identified in the gut and different brain regions, highlighting the interconnection between gut and brain in satiation mechanisms. The intestinal microbiota (IM), directly interacting with EECs, can be modulated by the diet by providing specific nutrients that induce environmental changes in the gut ecosystem. Therefore, macronutrients may trigger the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) through mechanisms including specific nutrient-sensing receptors in EECs, inducing the secretion of specific hormones that lead to decreased appetite or increased energy expenditure. Designing drugs/functional foods based in bioactive compounds exploiting these nutrient-sensing mechanisms may offer an alternative treatment for obesity and/or associated metabolic diseases. Organ-on-a-chip technology represents a suitable approach to model multi-organ communication that can provide a robust platform for studying the potential of these compounds as modulators of the MGBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel R. Amado
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/ n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (N.A.P.); (P.F.); (C.G.); (L.P.)
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26
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Ye L, Bae M, Cassilly CD, Jabba SV, Thorpe DW, Martin AM, Lu HY, Wang J, Thompson JD, Lickwar CR, Poss KD, Keating DJ, Jordt SE, Clardy J, Liddle RA, Rawls JF. Enteroendocrine cells sense bacterial tryptophan catabolites to activate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 29:179-196.e9. [PMID: 33352109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium senses nutritional and microbial stimuli using epithelial sensory enteroendocrine cells (EEC). EECs communicate nutritional information to the nervous system, but whether they also relay signals from intestinal microbes remains unknown. Using in vivo real-time measurements of EEC and nervous system activity in zebrafish, we discovered that the bacteria Edwardsiella tarda activate EECs through the receptor transient receptor potential ankyrin A1 (Trpa1) and increase intestinal motility. Microbial, pharmacological, or optogenetic activation of Trpa1+EECs directly stimulates vagal sensory ganglia and activates cholinergic enteric neurons by secreting the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). A subset of indole derivatives of tryptophan catabolism produced by E. tarda and other gut microbes activates zebrafish EEC Trpa1 signaling. These catabolites also directly stimulate human and mouse Trpa1 and intestinal 5-HT secretion. These results establish a molecular pathway by which EECs regulate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways in response to microbial signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Munhyung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sairam V Jabba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel W Thorpe
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rodger A Liddle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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27
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Tough IR, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Synthetic G protein-coupled bile acid receptor agonists and bile acids act via basolateral receptors in ileal and colonic mucosa. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13943. [PMID: 32656959 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled bile acid (BA) receptor, GPBA (previously named TGR5), mediates BA gastrointestinal (GI) activities. Our aim was to elucidate the mucosal and motility responses to selective GPBA agonists compared with conjugated BA (eg, taurodeoxycholate, TDCA) in mouse and human colon. METHODS Ion transport responses to GPBA agonists or BAs were measured in mucosal preparations with intact submucous innervation, from C57Bl/6, PYY-/-, or GPBA-/- mice and compared with GPBA signaling in human colon. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying GPBA agonism in mucosae and on natural fecal pellet propulsion. KEY RESULTS GPBA agonist Merck V stimulated basolateral responses involving peptide YY (PYY), cholinergic, and 5-HT mechanisms in colonic mucosa. The PYY-mediated GPBA signal was glucose-sensitive. Luminal TDCA crossed the epithelial lining via the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT) and its inhibitor, GSK2330672 significantly reduced luminal, but not basolateral TDCA activity. Merck V also slowed natural fecal pellet progression in wild-type and PYY-/- colons but not in GPBA-/- colon, while TDCA increased motility in wild-type colon. The antimotile GPBA effect was reversed by blockade of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors or nitric oxide synthase, indicating involvement of GLP-1 and nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that several different targets within the lamina propria express GPBA, including L cells (that release PYY and GLP-1), enterochromaffin cells and neurons (that release 5-HT), and other enteric neurons. Furthermore, luminal-conjugated BAs require transport across the epithelium via ASBT in order to activate basolateral GPBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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28
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. Nutrient-sensing components of the mouse stomach and the gastric ghrelin cell. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13944. [PMID: 32666613 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of the gut to detect nutrients is critical to the regulation of gut hormone secretion, food intake, and postprandial blood glucose control. Ingested nutrients are detected by specific gut chemosensors. However, knowledge of these chemosensors has primarily been derived from the intestine, while available information on gastric chemosensors is limited. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient-sensing repertoire of the mouse stomach with particular emphasis on ghrelin cells. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of nutrient chemosensors (protein: G protein-coupled receptor 93 [GPR93], calcium-sensing receptor [CaSR], metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 [mGluR4]; fatty acids: CD36, FFAR2&4; sweet/umami taste: T1R3), taste transduction components (TRPM5, GNAT2&3), and ghrelin and ghrelin-processing enzymes (PC1/3, ghrelin O-acyltransferase [GOAT]) in the gastric corpus and antrum of adult male C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess protein expression of chemosensors (GPR93, T1R3, CD36, and FFAR4) and their co-localization with ghrelin. KEY RESULTS Most nutrient chemosensors had higher mRNA levels in the antrum compared to the corpus, except for CD36, GNAT2, ghrelin, and GOAT. Similar regional distribution was observed at the protein level. At least 60% of ghrelin-positive cells expressed T1R3 and FFAR4, and over 80% expressed GPR93 and CD36. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The cellular mechanisms for the detection of nutrients are expressed in a region-specific manner in the mouse stomach and gastric ghrelin cells. These gastric nutrient chemosensors may play a role modulating gastrointestinal responses, such as the inhibition of ghrelin secretion following food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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29
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Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Functional circuits and signal processing in the enteric nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4505-4522. [PMID: 32424438 PMCID: PMC7599184 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons and glial cells contained within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The major functions of the ENS that have been most studied include the regulation of local gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Other areas that have been gaining increased attention include its interaction with the immune system, with the gut microbiota and its involvement in the gut-brain axis, and neuro-epithelial interactions. Thus, the enteric circuitry plays a central role in intestinal homeostasis, and this becomes particularly evident when there are faults in its wiring such as in neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we first focus on the current knowledge on the cellular composition of enteric circuits. We then further discuss how enteric circuits detect and process external information, how these signals may be modulated by physiological and pathophysiological factors, and finally, how outputs are generated for integrated gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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30
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Shackley M, Ma Y, Tate EW, Brown AJH, Frost G, Hanyaloglu AC. Short Chain Fatty Acids Enhance Expression and Activity of the Umami Taste Receptor in Enteroendocrine Cells via a Gα i/o Pathway. Front Nutr 2020; 7:568991. [PMID: 33195366 PMCID: PMC7658341 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.568991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, butyrate and propionate, are produced by fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates by the gut microbiota and regulate appetite, adiposity, metabolism, glycemic control, and immunity. SCFAs act at two distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), FFAR2 and FFAR3 and are expressed in intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs), where they mediate anorectic gut hormone release. EECs also express other GPCRs that act as nutrient sensors, thus SCFAs may elicit some of their health-promoting effects by altering GPCR expression in EECs and enhance gut sensitivity to dietary molecules. Here, we identify that exposure of the murine EEC STC-1 cell line or intestinal organoids to physiological concentrations of SCFAs enhances mRNA levels of the umami taste receptors TASR1 and TASR3, without altering levels of the SCFA GPCRs, FFAR2 and FFAR3. Treatment of EECs with propionate or butyrate, but not acetate, increased levels of umami receptor transcripts, while propionate also reduced CCK expression. This was reversed by inhibiting Gαi/o signaling with pertussis toxin, suggesting that SCFAs act through FFAR2/3 to alter gene expression. Surprisingly, neither a FFAR3 nor a FFAR2 selective ligand could increase TASR1/TASR3 mRNA levels. We assessed the functional impact of increased TASR1/TASR3 expression using unique pharmacological properties of the umami taste receptor; namely, the potentiation of signaling by inosine monophosphate. Activation of umami taste receptor induced inositol-1-phosphate and calcium signaling, and butyrate pretreatment significantly enhanced such signaling. Our study reveals that SCFAs may contribute to EEC adaptation and alter EEC sensitivity to bioactive nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Shackley
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Ma
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary Frost
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Shen J, Mu C, Wang H, Huang Z, Yu K, Zoetendal EG, Zhu W. Stimulation of Gastric Transit Function Driven by Hydrolyzed Casein Increases Small Intestinal Carbohydrate Availability and Its Microbial Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000250. [PMID: 32945612 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) functions affect gut nutrient flow and microbial metabolism. Dietary peptides modulate GI functions and improve small intestinal health, but the mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to investigate whether dietary peptides affect small intestinal microbial metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. An ileal-cannulated pig model is adopted to explore the relationship between gut nutrient flow and microbial metabolism after treatment with hydrolyzed casein (peptides) or intact casein (Control)-based diet. The results demonstrate that hydrolyzed casein enhances microbial carbohydrate metabolism with higher Streptococcus abundance and higher lactate level in the ileum. Meanwhile, hydrolyzed casein increases ileal flows of nutrients, especially carbohydrate, leading to a higher carbohydrate availability in ileal digesta. To unveil the mechanisms, it is found that the hydrolyzed casein enhances the ghrelin signal and improves development of interstitial cells of Cajal and muscular layer in gastric corpus, indicating the enhanced upper GI transit function. In addition, hydrolyzed casein improves small intestinal health, as indicated by higher villus heights and luminal lactate concentrations in the jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, hydrolyzed casein stimulates upper GI transit function, enhances gut nutrient flow, and increases small intestinal carbohydrate availability and its microbial metabolism, which favor the small intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Shen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huisong Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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32
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Kaelberer MM, Rupprecht LE, Liu WW, Weng P, Bohórquez DV. Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:337-353. [PMID: 32101483 PMCID: PMC7573801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091619-022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Guided by sight, scent, texture, and taste, animals ingest food. Once ingested, it is up to the gut to make sense of the food's nutritional value. Classic sensory systems rely on neuroepithelial circuits to convert stimuli into signals that guide behavior. However, sensation of the gut milieu was thought to be mediated only by the passive release of hormones until the discovery of synapses in enteroendocrine cells. These are gut sensory epithelial cells, and those that form synapses are referred to as neuropod cells. Neuropod cells provide the foundation for the gut to transduce sensory signals from the intestinal milieu to the brain through fast neurotransmission onto neurons, including those of the vagus nerve. These findings have sparked a new field of exploration in sensory neurobiology-that of gut-brain sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maya Kaelberer
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Winston W Liu
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Peter Weng
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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33
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Kaelberer MM, Rupprecht LE, Liu WW, Weng P, Bohórquez DV. Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020. [PMID: 32101483 DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐neuro‐091619‐022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Guided by sight, scent, texture, and taste, animals ingest food. Once ingested, it is up to the gut to make sense of the food's nutritional value. Classic sensory systems rely on neuroepithelial circuits to convert stimuli into signals that guide behavior. However, sensation of the gut milieu was thought to be mediated only by the passive release of hormones until the discovery of synapses in enteroendocrine cells. These are gut sensory epithelial cells, and those that form synapses are referred to as neuropod cells. Neuropod cells provide the foundation for the gut to transduce sensory signals from the intestinal milieu to the brain through fast neurotransmission onto neurons, including those of the vagus nerve. These findings have sparked a new field of exploration in sensory neurobiology-that of gut-brain sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maya Kaelberer
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Winston W Liu
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Peter Weng
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Santos-Hernández M, Amigo L, Recio I. Induction of CCK and GLP-1 release in enteroendocrine cells by egg white peptides generated during gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem 2020; 329:127188. [PMID: 32516710 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary protein on the induction of intestinal hormones is recognised. However, little is known about the nature of the digestion products involved in this intestinal signalling. Our aim was to characterise egg white protein digestion products and study their ability to induce CCK and GLP-1 release in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. Intestinal digests triggered GLP-1 release at a higher rate than gastric digests. Peptides, but not free amino acids, showed a potent GLP-1 secretagogue effect, while proteins only had a modest effect. CCK was released in response to peptides and free amino acids but not proteins. Two hydrophobic negatively charged peptides triggered CCK release, while the highest GLP-1 response was found with a hydrophobic positively charged peptide, pointing to the involvement of different receptors or active sites. Identifying peptide sequences and receptors involved in hormonal secretion could open up new ways to control food intake and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Amigo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidra Recio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Calderon G, McRae A, Rievaj J, Davis J, Zandvakili I, Linker-Nord S, Burton D, Roberts G, Reimann F, Gedulin B, Vella A, LaRusso NF, Camilleri M, Gribble FM, Acosta A. Ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated bile acids improves glucose homeostasis via colonic GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine cells in human obesity and diabetes. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102759. [PMID: 32344198 PMCID: PMC7186521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bile acid (BA) pathway plays a role in regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism, based mainly on findings in animal models. Our aim was to determine whether the BA pathway is altered and correctable in human obesity and diabetes. Methods We conducted 3 investigations: 1) BA receptor pathways were studied in NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cell (EEC) line, whole human colonic mucosal tissue and in human colonic EEC isolated by Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (ex vivo) from endoscopically-obtained biopsies colon mucosa; 2) We characterized the BA pathway in 307 participants by measuring during fasting and postprandial levels of FGF19, 7αC4 and serum BA; 3) In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, 28-day trial, we studied the effect of ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated BAs (IC-CBAS) on glucose metabolism, incretins, and lipids, in participants with obesity and diabetes. Findings Human colonic GLP-1-producing EECs express TGR5, and upon treatment with bile acids in vitro, human EEC differentially expressed GLP-1 at the protein and mRNA level. In Ussing Chamber, GLP-1 release was stimulated by Taurocholic acid in either the apical or basolateral compartment. FGF19 was decreased in obesity and diabetes compared to controls. When compared to placebo, IC-CBAS significantly decreased postprandial glucose, fructosamine, fasting insulin, fasting LDL, and postprandial FGF19 and increased postprandial GLP-1 and C-peptide. Increase in faecal BA was associated with weight loss and with decreased fructosamine. Interpretations In humans, BA signalling machinery is expressed in colonic EECs, deficient in obesity and diabetes, and when stimulated with IC-CBAS, improved glucose homeostasis. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02871882, NCT02033876. Funding Research support and drug was provided by Satiogen Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, CA). AA, MC, and NFL report grants (AA- C-Sig P30DK84567, K23 DK114460; MC- NIH R01 DK67071; NFL- R01 DK057993) from the NIH. JR was supported by an Early Career Grant from Society for Endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Calderon
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Alison McRae
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Juraj Rievaj
- University of Cambridge, UK; Current affiliation: Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Judith Davis
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Inuk Zandvakili
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Sara Linker-Nord
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Geoffrey Roberts
- Current affiliation: Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | | | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | | | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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36
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Circadian regulation of appetite and time restricted feeding. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112873. [PMID: 32194073 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system plays an important role in the temporal regulation of metabolic processes as well as food intake to ensure energy efficiency. The 'master' clock is located within the superchiasmatic nucleus and receives input from the retina so that it can be entrained by the light:dark cycle. In turn, the master clock entrains other clocks in the central nervous system, including areas involved in energy homeostasis such as the arcuate nucleus, and the periphery (e.g. adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract). This master clock is reinforced by other zeitgebers such as the timing of food intake and activity. If these zeitgebers desynchronise, such as occurs in high fat diet-induced obesity or shift work conditions, it can lead to a misalignment of circadian clocks, disruption of metabolic processes and the development of metabolic disorders. The timing of food intake is a strong zeitgeber, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore time restricted feeding offers potential for the treatment of diet and shift work induced metabolic disorders. This review will focus on the role of the circadian system in food intake regulation and the effect of environment factors, such as high fat diet feeding or shift work, on the temporal regulation of food intake along with the benefits of time restricted feeding.
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37
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Tian M, Heng J, Song H, Zhang Y, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Branched chain amino acids stimulate gut satiety hormone cholecystokinin secretion through activation of the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 using an in vitro porcine jejunum model. Food Funct 2019; 10:3356-3367. [PMID: 31098606 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids involved in regulation of feed intake. The function of BCAAs on the central nervous system has been extensively studied, but effects of BCAAs on secretion of gut satiety hormones and their underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of gut hormones and amino acid receptors in the porcine GI tract and found cholecystokinin (CCK) and taste dimeric receptor type 1 member 1/3 (T1R1/T1R3) were predominantly expressed in the jejunum and functionally interrelated. We further evaluated the effects of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-valine, and BCAAs on CCK and T1R1/T1R3 expression in porcine jejunum tissue. Our data demonstrated that stimulation of porcine jejunum tissue with 10 mM l-leucine, l-isoleucine or BCAAs mix (l-leucine : l-isoleucine : l-valine = 1 : 0.51 : 0.63) for 2 hours significantly increased mRNA expression and protein abundance of T1R1/T1R3 and secretion of CCK (P < 0.05). However, the l-valine treatment only increased the mRNA and protein abundance of T1R1 and T1R3 (P < 0.05), but not CCK secretion (P > 0.10). l-Leucine-, l-isoleucine- or BCAAs mix-induced CCK secretion was significantly decreased after tissues were pretreated with lactisole, a T1R1/T1R3 inhibitor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased mRNA and protein abundance of T1R1/T1R3 were also largely attenuated by blocking T1R1/T1R3 with lactisole (P < 0.05). l-Leucine, l-isoleucine and BCAAs mix appeared to induce the gut satiety hormone CCK secretion through jejunal T1R1/T1R3. These results indicate over-supplementation with BCAAs in the diet might decrease food intake in swine and humans through gastrointestinal feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Mangan AM, Al Najim W, McNamara N, Martin WP, Antanaitis A, Bleiel SB, Kent RM, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Effect of Macronutrient Type and Gastrointestinal Release Site on PYY Response in Normal Healthy Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3661-3669. [PMID: 31127818 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enteroendocrine L cells release satiety inducing hormones in response to stimulation by luminal macronutrients. We sought to profile the differential effect of macronutrient type and site of release on circulating concentrations of the L cell-derived enteroendocrine hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine (amino acids 1 to 36) (PYY). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight healthy volunteers were recruited to a randomized, double-blinded, six-way crossover study. At each visit, the participants consumed a 500-kcal drink containing carbohydrate, protein, or fat in either gastric or small intestinal release formulations. Plasma PYY concentrations and hunger ratings were assessed for 3 hours after consumption of the test drink. The food intake was recorded thereafter at an ad libitum lunch. RESULTS Microcapsular formulations targeting the distal small intestinal delivery of fat, but not carbohydrate or protein, markedly enhance PYY release relative to macronutrient delivery in gastric release formulations. Food intake at an ad libitum meal was lowest after consumption of the formulation releasing fat at the distal small intestine. CONCLUSION Targeting of fat to the distal small intestine in delayed release microcapsules enhanced PYY release and was associated with reductions in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M Mangan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Werd Al Najim
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh McNamara
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William P Martin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrius Antanaitis
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad B Bleiel
- AnaBio Technologies Ltd., R&D Centre of Excellence and Production, Carrigtwohill, Ireland
| | - Robert M Kent
- AnaBio Technologies Ltd., R&D Centre of Excellence and Production, Carrigtwohill, Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang H, Murthy KS, Grider JR. Expression patterns of L-amino acid receptors in the murine STC-1 enteroendocrine cell line. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:471-483. [PMID: 31410629 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gut function depends on the detection and response to luminal contents. Luminal L-amino acids (L-AA) are detected by several receptors including metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 4 (mGluR1 and mGluR4), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), GPRC family C group 6 subtype A receptor (GPRC6A) and umami taste receptor heterodimer T1R1/T1R3. Here, we show that murine mucosal homogenates and STC-1 cells, a murine enteroendocrine cell line, express mRNA for all L-AA receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of all L-AA receptors on STC-1 with CaSR being most commonly expressed and T1R1 least expressed (35% versus 15% of cells); mGluRs and GPRC6a were intermediate (~ 20% of cells). Regarding coexpression of L-AA receptors, the mGluRs and T1R1 were similarly coexpressed with CaSR (10-12% of cells) whereas GPRC6a was coexpressed least (7% of cells). mGluR1 was coexpressed with GPRC6a in 11% of cells whereas coexpression between other receptors was less (2-8% of cells). CaSR and mGluR1 were coexpressed with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in 20-25% of cells whereas T1R1 and GPRC6a were coexpressed with GLP-1 and PYY less (8-12% of cells). Only mGluR4 showed differential coexpression with GLP-1 (13%) and PYY (21%). L-Phenylalanine (10 mM) caused a 3-fold increase in GLP-1 release, which was strongly inhibited by siRNA to CaSR indicating functional coupling of CaSR to GLP-1 release. The results suggest that not all STC-1 cells express (and coexpress) L-AA receptors to the same extent and that the pattern of response likely depends on the pattern of expression of L-AA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Karnam S Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - John R Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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40
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Zhao X, Schindell B, Li W, Ni L, Liu S, Wijerathne CUB, Gong J, Nyachoti CM, O K, Yang C. Distribution and localization of porcine calcium sensing receptor in different tissues of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2402-2413. [PMID: 30887022 PMCID: PMC6541828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors including calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important roles in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. However, molecular distribution of porcine CaSR (pCaSR) in different tissues, especially along the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract in weaned piglets, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and localization of pCaSR in the different tissues including intestinal segments of weaned piglets. Six male pigs were anesthetized and euthanized. Different tissues such as intestinal segments were collected. The pCaSR mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and localization were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein of pCaSR were detected in the kidney, lung, liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The pCaSR mRNA was much higher (five to 180 times) in the kidney when compared with other tissues (P < 0.05). The ileum had higher pCaSR mRNA and protein abundances than the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the pCaSR protein was mostly located in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. These results demonstrate that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. Further research is needed to confirm the expression of CaSR in the different types of epithelial cells isolated from weaned piglets and characterize the functions of pCaSR, its potential ligands and cell signaling pathways related to CaSR activation in enteroendocrine cells and potentially in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charith U B Wijerathne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Christiansen CB, Trammell SAJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Schoonjans K, Albrechtsen R, Gillum MP, Kuhre RE, Holst JJ. Bile acids drive colonic secretion of glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY in rodents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G574-G584. [PMID: 30767682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A large number of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-producing L cells are located in the colon, but little is known about their contribution to whole body metabolism. Since bile acids (BAs) increase GLP-1 and PYY release, and since BAs spill over from the ileum to the colon, we decided to investigate the ability of BAs to stimulate colonic GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Using isolated perfused rat/mouse colon as well as stimulation of the rat colon in vivo, we demonstrate that BAs significantly enhance secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from the colon with average increases of 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we find that responses depend on BA absorption followed by basolateral activation of the BA-receptor Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5. Surprisingly, the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter, which serves to absorb conjugated BAs, was not required for colonic conjugated BA absorption or conjugated BA-induced peptide secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that BAs represent a major physiological stimulus for colonic L-cell secretion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of isolated perfused rodent colon preparations we show that bile acids are potent and direct promoters of colonic glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY secretion. The study provides convincing evidence that basolateral Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5 activation is mediating the effects of bile acids in the colon and thus add to the existing literature described for L cells in the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Samuel Addison Jack Trammell
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Clinical Proteomics, Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Matthew Paul Gillum
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Lyte JM. Eating for 3.8 × 10 13: Examining the Impact of Diet and Nutrition on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Through the Lens of Microbial Endocrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:796. [PMID: 30761092 PMCID: PMC6361751 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of host-microbe neuroendocrine crosstalk, termed microbial endocrinology, suggests the impact of diet on host health and microbial viability is, in part, reliant upon nutritional modulation of shared host-microbe neuroendocrine axes. In the 1990's it was first recognized that neuroendocrine pathways are major components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and that diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota were correlated with changes in host behavior and cognition. A causative link, however, between nutritional-induced shifts in microbiota composition and change in host behavior has yet to be fully elucidated. Substrates found in food which are utilized by bacteria in the production of microbial-derived neurochemicals, which are structurally identical to those made by the host, likely represent a microbial endocrinology-based route by which the microbiota causally influence the host and microbial community dynamics via diet. For example, food safety is strongly impacted by the microbial production of biogenic amines. While microbial-produced tyramine found in cheese can elicit hypertensive crises, microorganisms which are common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract can convert L-histidine found in common foodstuffs to histamine and thereby precipitate allergic reactions. Hence, there is substantial evidence suggesting a microbial endocrinology-based role by which the gastrointestinal microbiota can utilize host dietary components to produce neuroactive molecules that causally impact the host. Conversely, little is known regarding the reverse scenario whereby nutrition-mediated changes in host neuroendocrine production affect microbial viability, composition, and/or function. Mechanisms in the direction of brain-to-gut, such as how host production of catecholamines drives diverse changes in microbial growth and functionality within the gut, require greater examination considering well-known nutritional effects on host stress physiology. As dietary intake mediates changes in host stress, such as the effects of caffeine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, it is likely that nutrition can impact host neuroendocrine production to affect the microbiota. Likewise, the plasticity of the microbiota to changes in host diet has been hypothesized to drive microbial regulation of host food preference via a host-microbe feedback loop. This review will focus on food as concerns microbial endocrinology with emphasis given to nutrition as a mediator of host-microbe bi-directional neuroendocrine crosstalk and its impact on microbial viability and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Sugar Responses of Human Enterochromaffin Cells Depend on Gut Region, Sex, and Body Mass. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020234. [PMID: 30678223 PMCID: PMC6412251 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived serotonin (5-HT) is released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells in response to nutrient cues, and acts to slow gastric emptying and modulate gastric motility. Rodent studies also evidence a role for gut-derived 5-HT in the control of hepatic glucose production, lipolysis and thermogenesis, and in mediating diet-induced obesity. EC cell number and 5-HT content is increased in the small intestine of obese rodents and human, however, it is unknown whether EC cells respond directly to glucose in humans, and whether their capacity to release 5-HT is perturbed in obesity. We therefore investigated 5-HT release from human duodenal and colonic EC cells in response to glucose, sucrose, fructose and α-glucoside (αMG) in relation to body mass index (BMI). EC cells released 5-HT only in response to 100 and 300 mM glucose (duodenum) and 300 mM glucose (colon), independently of osmolarity. Duodenal, but not colonic, EC cells also released 5-HT in response to sucrose and αMG, but did not respond to fructose. 5-HT content was similar in all EC cells in males, and colonic EC cells in females, but 3 to 4-fold higher in duodenal EC cells from overweight females (p < 0.05 compared to lean, obese). Glucose-evoked 5-HT release was 3-fold higher in the duodenum of overweight females (p < 0.05, compared to obese), but absent here in overweight males. Our data demonstrate that primary human EC cells respond directly to dietary glucose cues, with regional differences in selectivity for other sugars. Augmented glucose-evoked 5-HT release from duodenal EC is a feature of overweight females, and may be an early determinant of obesity.
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Yang J, Bai W, Zeng X, Cui C. γ-[Glu](n=1,2)-Phe/-Met/-Val stimulates gastrointestinal hormone (CCK and GLP-1) secretion by activating the calcium-sensing receptor. Food Funct 2019; 10:4071-4080. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00313d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to discover the effectiveness of dietary peptides (γ-[Glu](n=1,2)-Phe/-Met/-Val) as stimulators of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Chun Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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45
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Long-chain fatty acid-induced intracellular signaling in GPR120-expressing brush cells at the limiting ridge of the murine stomach. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:71-81. [PMID: 30560457 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brush cells at the gastric groove have been proposed to operate as sensory cells capable of sensing constituents of ingested food. Recent studies have indicated that these cells express GPR120 (also known as FFAR4), the G protein-coupled receptor for long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). However, functional implications of this receptor in brush cells have remained elusive. Here, we show that a great proportion of brush cells express GPR120. We used phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) as a readout to monitor brush cell responses to the LCFAs oleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Our results demonstrate that ERK1/2 phosphorylation is increased upon exposure to both fatty acids. Increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation is accompanied by upregulated mRNA and protein levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis. Immunohistochemical experiments confirmed that oleic acid caused ERK1/2 phosphorylation and induced COX-2 expression in brush cells. Our results indicate that LCFA sensing elicits a signaling process in brush cells that may be relevant for a local regulation of gastric functions.
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Goldspink DA, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Models and Tools for Studying Enteroendocrine Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3874-3884. [PMID: 30239642 PMCID: PMC6215081 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut hormones produced by gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells modulate key physiological processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, making them potential therapeutic candidates to treat obesity and diabetes. Understanding the function of enteroendocrine cells and the molecular mechanisms driving hormone production is a key step toward mobilizing endogenous hormone reserves in the gut as a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will discuss the variety of ex vivo and in vitro model systems driving this research and their contributions to our current understanding of nutrient-sensing mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Goldspink
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Fiona M. Gribble, DPhil, BM, BCh, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Tough IR, Forbes S, Cox HM. Signaling of free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 differs in colonic mucosa following selective agonism or coagonism by luminal propionate. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13454. [PMID: 30136343 PMCID: PMC6282569 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionate exhibits affinity for free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2, formerly GPR43) and FFA3 (GPR41). These two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed by enteroendocrine L cells that contain anorectic peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), while FFA3 is also expressed by enteric neurons. Few studies have investigated the individual roles of FFA2 and FFA3 in propionate's gastrointestinal (GI) effects. Here, we compared FFA2, FFA3, and propionate mucosal responses utilizing selective ligands including an FFA3 antagonist, in mouse and human colonic mucosa. METHODS Vectorial ion transport was measured in native colonic preparations from normal mouse and human colon with intact submucosal innervation. Endogenous fecal pellet propulsion was monitored in colons isolated from wild-type (WT) and PYY-/- mice. KEY RESULTS FFA2 and FFA3 signaling differed significantly. FFA2 agonism involved endogenous L cell-derived PYY and was glucose dependent, while FFA3 agonism was independent of PYY and glucose, but required submucosal enteric neurons for activity. Tonic FFA3 activity was observed in mouse and human colon mucosa. Apical propionate responses were a combination of FFA2-PYY mediation and FFA3 neuronal GLP-1- and CGRP-dependent signaling in mouse ascending colon mucosa. Propionate also slowed WT and PYY-/- colonic transit, and this effect was blocked by a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that luminal propionate costimulates FFA2 and FFA3 pathways, reducing anion secretion and slowing colonic motility; FFA2 via PYY mediation and FFA3 signaling by activation of enteric sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Tough
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Sarah Forbes
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Helen M. Cox
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
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Amin A, Neophytou C, Thein S, Martin NM, Alamshah A, Spreckley E, Bloom SR, Murphy KG. L-Arginine Increases Postprandial Circulating GLP-1 and PYY Levels in Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1721-1726. [PMID: 30358156 PMCID: PMC6220957 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The satiating effect of protein compared with other nutrients has been well described and is thought to be mediated, in part, by gut hormone release. Previously, it has been shown that oral L-arginine acts as a GLP-1 secretagogue both in vitro and in vivo in rodents. Here, the effect of L-arginine on gut hormone release in humans was investigated. METHODS The hypothesis was tested in two separate studies. The first study assessed the tolerability of oral L-arginine in healthy human subjects. The second study assessed the effect of oral L-arginine on gut hormone release following an ad libitum meal. Subjects were given L-arginine, glycine (control amino acid), or vehicle control in a randomized double-blind fashion. RESULTS At a dose of 17.1 mmol, L-arginine was well tolerated and stimulated the release of plasma GLP-1 (P < 0.05) and PYY (P < 0.001) following an ad libitum meal. Food diaries showed a trend toward lower energy intake and particularly fat intake following L-arginine treatment. CONCLUSIONS L-arginine can significantly elevate GLP-1 and PYY in healthy human volunteers in combination with a meal. Further work is required to investigate whether L-arginine may have utility in the suppression of appetite and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Amin
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christina Neophytou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shermaine Thein
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Niamh M Martin
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amin Alamshah
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Eleanor Spreckley
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kevin G. Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Peiris M, Aktar R, Raynel S, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Berthoud HR, Blackshaw LA. Effects of Obesity and Gastric Bypass Surgery on Nutrient Sensors, Endocrine Cells, and Mucosal Innervation of the Mouse Colon. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1529. [PMID: 30336615 PMCID: PMC6213226 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrient-sensing receptors located on enteroendocrine (EEC) cells modulate appetite via detection of luminal contents. Colonic 'tasting' of luminal contents may influence changes to appetite observed in obesity and after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. We assessed the effects of obesity and gastric bypass-induced weight loss on expression of nutrient-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), EEC and enterochromaffin (EC) cells and mucosal innervation. METHODS qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to study colonic tissue from (a) chow-fed/lean, (b) high-fat fed/obese, (c) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), and (d) calorie restriction-induced weight loss mice. RESULTS Expression of GPR41, GPR43, GPR40, GPR120, GPR84, GPR119, GPR93 and T1R3 was increased in obese mice. Obesity-induced overexpression of GPR41, 40, 84, and 119 further increased after RYGB whereas GPR120 and T1R3 decreased. RYGB increased TGR5 expression. L-cells, but not EC cells, were increased after RYGB. No differences in mucosal innervation by protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and GLP-1R-positive nerve fibers were observed. Stimulation of colonic mucosa with GPR41, GPR40, GPR85, GPR119, and TGR5 agonists increased cell activation marker expression. CONCLUSIONS Several nutrient-sensing receptors induced activation of colonic EEC. Profound adaptive changes to the expression of these receptors occur in response to diet and weight loss induced by RYGB or calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Sarah Raynel
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Zheng Hao
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Michael B Mumphrey
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Santos-Hernández M, Miralles B, Amigo L, Recio I. Intestinal Signaling of Proteins and Digestion-Derived Products Relevant to Satiety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10123-10131. [PMID: 30056702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Luminal nutrients stimulate enteroendocrine cells through the activation of specific receptors to release hormones that inhibit appetite and promote glucose homeostasis. While food protein is the macronutrient with the highest effect on satiety, the signaling on the protein digestion products at the gut is poorly understood. This perspective aims to highlight the existing gaps in the study of protein digestion products as signaling molecules in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Because dietary protein digestion can be modulated by the technological processes applied to food, it is possible to target gut receptors to control food intake by formulating specific food ingredients or protein preloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Miralles
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Lourdes Amigo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Isidra Recio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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