Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites

Microbiome analysis reveals the inducing effect of Pseudomonas on prostatic hyperplasia via activating NF-κB signalling

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent disease among middle-aged and elderly males, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Dysbiosis of the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in various human diseases. Prostate tissue also contains a unique microbiome, and its dysbiosis has been proposed to contribute to prostate diseases. Here, we obtained prostate tissues and preoperative catheterized urine from 24 BPH individuals, and 8 normal prostate samples as controls, which followed strict aseptic measures. Using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), we found the disparities in the microbiome composition between normal and BPH tissues, with Pseudomonas significantly enriched in BPH tissues, as confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Additionally, we showed that the prostate microbiome differed from the urine microbiome. In vitro experiments revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas activated NF-κB signalling, leading to inflammation, proliferation, and EMT processes, while inhibiting apoptosis in prostatic cells. Overall, our research determines the presence of microbiome dysbiosis in BPH, and suggests that Pseudomonas, as the dominant microflora, may promote the progression of BPH through LPS activation of NF-κB signalling.

A risk-prediction score about colorectal lesions based on the Chinese population of high-risk participants aged 50-65 years

OBJECTIVES

The present study aims to develop an effective risk-prediction score (RPS) to improve screening efficiency and contribute to secondary prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC).

STUDY DESIGN

Screening for colorectal lesions.

METHODS

14,398 high-risk individuals aged 50-65 years were included. The baseline characteristics of participants with and without colorectal lesions (CL) were compared using a Chi-squared test. The overall population was randomly split into a training set and a test set in the ratio of 80% and 20%. One-factor and multifactor logistic regression analyses were performed in the training set to construct the RPS (scores of 0-9.62). Area under curve (AUC) was calculated as an estimate of predictive performance using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve in the test set.

RESULTS

In the study population, being male, advanced age, current or previous smoking, weekly alcohol consumption, high body mass index (BMI ≥24 kg/m2), and previously detected colonic polyp were associated with higher risk of CL. Compared to the low-risk group (0-2.31 points), the ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the moderate-risk group (2.31-3.85 points) and high-risk group (3.85-8.42 points) were 1.58 (1.44, 1.73) and 2.52 (2.30, 2.76), respectively. For every 1-point increase in score, participants had a 27% increased risk of CL (OR:1.27, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.30). For participants with CL predicted by RPS, the area under the working characteristic curve was 0.61 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our RPS can quickly and efficiently identify multiple lesions of the colorectum. Combining RPS with existing screening strategies facilitates the identification of very high-risk individuals and may help to prevent CRC.

Lactobacillus plantarum Ameliorates Colorectal Cancer by Ameliorating the Intestinal Barrier through the CLA-PPAR-γ Axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-largest cancer worldwide. Lactobacillus can regulate the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms of Lactobacillus that alleviate CRC remained unknown. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on CRC and its potential mechanism. CCFM8661 treatment significantly ameliorated CRC compared with phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) treatment in ApcMin/+ mice. In addition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was proved to be the key metabolite for CCFM8661 in ameliorating CRC by molecular biology techniques. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) was proved to be the key receptor in ameliorating CRC by inhibitor intervention experiments. Moreover, supplementation with CCFM8661 ameliorated CRC by producing CLA to inhibit NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines, up-regulate ZO-1, Claudin-1, and MUC2, and promote tumor cell apoptosis in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner. Metagenomic analysis showed that CCFM8661 treatment significantly increased Odoribacter splanchnicus, which could ameliorate CRC by repairing the intestinal barrier. Clinical results showed that intestinal CLA, butyric acid, PPAR-γ, and Lactobacillus were significantly decreased in CRC patients, and these indicators were significantly negatively correlated with CRC. CCFM8661 alleviated CRC by ameliorating the intestinal barrier through the CLA-PPAR-γ axis. These results will promote the development of dietary probiotic supplements for CRC.

Mechanism of probiotics in the intervention of colorectal cancer: a review

The human microbiome interacts with the host mainly in the intestinal lumen, where putrefactive bacteria are suggested to promote colorectal cancer (CRC). In contrast, probiotics and their isolated components and secreted substances, display anti-tumor properties due to their ability to modulate gut microbiota composition, promote apoptosis, enhance immunity, resist oxidation and alter metabolism. Probiotics help to form a solid intestinal barrier against damaging agents via altering the gut microbiota and preventing harmful microbes from colonization. Probiotic strains that specifically target essential proteins involved in the process of apoptosis can overcome CRC resistance to apoptosis. They can increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, essential in preventing carcinogenesis, and eliminate cancer cells by activating T cell-mediated immune responses. There is a clear indication that probiotics optimize the antioxidant system, decrease radical generation, and detect and degrade potential carcinogens. In this review, the pathogenic mechanisms of pathogens in CRC and the recent insights into the mechanism of probiotics in CRC prevention and therapy are discussed to provide a reference for the actual application of probiotics in CRC.

Transcription factor ZEB1 coordinating with NuRD complex to promote oncogenesis through glycolysis in colorectal cancer

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive primary intestinal malignancy with the third-highest incidence and second-highest mortality among all cancer types worldwide. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate cell development and differentiation owing to their ability to recognize specific DNA sequences upstream of genes. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between TFs, the etiology of tumors, and therapeutic approaches. Here, we aimed to explore prognosis-related TFs and comprehend their carcinogenic mechanisms, thereby offering novel insights into the diagnosis and management of CRC.

Materials and Methods

Differentially expressed TFs between CRC and normal tissues were identified leveraging The Cancer Genome Atlas database, Weighted correlation network analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to identify prognosis-related TFs. The cellular functions of hub TF zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were determined using by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine and cell invasion assays in CRC cells. RNA-sequencing, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, and gene set enrichment analyses were used to identify the cellular processes in which ZEB1 participates. Immunoaffinity purification, silver staining mass spectrometry, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were conducted to search for proteins that might interact with ZEB1 and the target genes they jointly regulate.

Results

Thirteen central TFs related to prognosis were identified through bioinformatics analysis techniques. Among these TFs, ZEB1 emerged as the TF most closely associated with CRC, as determined through a combination of regulatory network diagrams, survival curves, and phenotype analyses. ZEB1 promotes CRC cell growth by recruiting the NuRD(MTA1) complex, and the ZEB1/NuRD(MTA1) complex transcriptionally represses glycolysis-associated tumor suppressor genes.

Conclusion

Our study not only identified a hub biomarker related to CRC prognosis but also revealed the specific molecular mechanisms through which ZEB1 affects cancer progression. These insights provide crucial evidence for the diagnosis of CRC and potential treatment opportunities.

Emerging chemophysiological diversity of gut microbiota metabolites

Human physiology is profoundly influenced by the gut microbiota, which generates a wide array of metabolites. These microbiota-derived compounds serve as signaling molecules, interacting with various cellular targets in the gastrointestinal tract and distant organs, thereby impacting our immune, metabolic, and neurobehavioral systems. Recent advancements have unveiled unique physiological functions of diverse metabolites derived from tryptophan (Trp) and bile acids (BAs). This review highlights the emerging chemophysiological diversity of these metabolites and discusses the role of chemical and biological tools in analyzing and therapeutically manipulating microbial metabolism and host targets, with the aim of bridging the chemical diversity with physiological complexity in host-microbe molecular interactions.

Gut microbiota and immunosenescence in cancer

Cancer is generally defined as a disease of aging. With aging, the composition, diversity and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota occur changes, with a decline of beneficial commensal microbes triggered by intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., diet, drugs and chronic health conditions). Nowadays, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. At the same time, aging is accompanied by changes in innate and adaptive immunity, known as immunosenescence, as well as chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging. The elevated cancer incidence and mortality in the elderly are linked with aging-associated alterations in the gut microbiota that elicit systemic metabolic alterations, leading to immune dysregulation with potentially tumorigenic effects. The gut microbiota and immunosenescence might both affect the response to treatment in cancer patients. In-depth understanding of age-associated alterations in the gut microbiota and immunity will shed light on the risk of cancer development and progression in the elderly. Here, we describe the aging-associated changes of the gut microbiota in cancer, and review the evolving understanding of the gut microbiota-targeted intervention strategies. Furthermore, we summarize the knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and its impact on cancer. Finally, we discuss the latest knowledge about the relationships between gut microbiota and immunosenescence, with implications for cancer therapy. Intervention strategies targeting the gut microbiota may attenuate inflammaging and rejuvenate immune function to provide antitumor benefits in elderly patients.

Vitamin A carotenoids, but not retinoids, mediate the impact of a healthy diet on gut microbial diversity

BACKGROUND

Vitamin A is essential for physiological processes like vision and immunity. Vitamin A's effect on gut microbiome composition, which affects absorption and metabolism of other vitamins, is still unknown. Here we examined the relationship between gut metagenome composition and six vitamin A-related metabolites (two retinoid: -retinol, 4 oxoretinoic acid (oxoRA) and four carotenoid metabolites, including beta-cryptoxanthin and three carotene diols).

METHODS

We included 1053 individuals from the TwinsUK cohort with vitamin A-related metabolites measured in serum and faeces, diet history, and gut microbiome composition assessed by shotgun metagenome sequencing. Results were replicated in 327 women from the ZOE PREDICT-1 study.

RESULTS

Five vitamin A-related serum metabolites were positively correlated with microbiome alpha diversity (r = 0.15 to r = 0.20, p < 4 × 10-6). Carotenoid compounds were positively correlated with the short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Coprococcus eutactus. Retinol was not associated with any microbial species. We found that gut microbiome composition could predict circulating levels of carotenoids and oxoretinoic acid with AUCs ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 using random forest models, but not retinol (AUC = 0.52). The healthy eating index (HEI) was strongly associated with gut microbiome diversity and with all carotenoid compounds, but not retinoids. We investigated the mediating role of carotenoid compounds on the effect of a healthy diet (HEI) on gut microbiome diversity, finding that carotenoids significantly mediated between 18 and 25% of the effect of HEI on gut microbiome alpha diversity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show strong links between circulating carotene compounds and gut microbiome composition and potential links to a healthy diet pattern.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on Broiler Health: Integrated Microbial and Metabolomics Analysis

Given China's prohibition on the utilization of antibiotics as feed additives in 2020, we aim to investigate nutrition additives that are both efficient and safe. Lactobacillus, a well-recognized beneficial probiotic, has explicitly been investigated for its effects on health status of the host and overall impact on food industry. To evaluate effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LW) supplementation on broiler chicken, we conducted comprehensive multi-omics analysis, growth performance evaluation, RT-qPCR analysis, and immunofluorescence. The findings revealed that LW supplementation resulted in a substantial progress in growth performance (approximately 205 g increase in final body weight in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01)). Additionally, LW exhibited promising potential for enhancing antioxidant properties of serum and promoting gut integrity and growth as evidenced by improved antioxidant indices (p < 0.01), intestinal villus morphology (p < 0.01), and enhanced gut barrier function (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the multi-omics analysis, including 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, revealed an enrichment of beneficial microbes in the gut of broilers that were supplemented with LW, while simultaneously depleting harmful microorganisms. Moreover, a noteworthy modification was observed in gut metabolic profiling subsequent to the execution of the probiotic strategy. Specifically, variations were noticed in the levels of metabolites and metabolic pathways such as parathyroid hormone synthesis, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, oxidative phosphorylation, and mineral absorption. Taken together, our findings validate that LW administration produces valuable effects on the health and growth performance of broilers owing to its capability to boost the gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal metabolism. Present findings signify the potential of LW as a dietary additive to promote growth and development in broiler chickens.

Reciprocal interactions between lncRNAs and MYC in colorectal cancer: partners in crime

Proto-oncogenic MYC is frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the past decades, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in cancers, acting as scaffolds, molecular decoys, post-transcriptional regulators, and others. Interestingly, lncRNAs are able to control MYC expression both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. It is suggested that the reciprocal interaction of MYC and lncRNAs often occurs in CRC. MYC can affect the cell fate by promoting or inhibiting the transcription of some lncRNAs. At the same time, some lncRNAs can also affect MYC expression or transcriptional activity, and in turn decide the cell fate. In this review we summarized the current knowledge about the MYC and lncRNA axis, focusing on its mutual regulation, roles in CRC, and proposed potential therapeutic prospects for CRC treatment.

Gut microbiota affects the activation of STING pathway and thus participates in the progression of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

More and more studies showed that gut microbiota was closely related to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the specific pathway of gut microbiota regulating CRC development is still unknown.

METHODS

We collected fecal samples from 14 CRC patients and 20 normal volunteers for 16 S sequencing analysis. At the same time, 14 CRC patients' tumors and their adjacent tissues were collected for the detection of STING pathway related protein level. Mice were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) to establish an animal model of CRC, and antibiotics were given at the same time to evaluate the influence of gut microbiota on STING pathway and whether it was involved in regulating the tumor development of CRC mice.

RESULTS

The sequencing results showed that compared with the normal group, the gut microbiota gut microbiota of CRC patients changed significantly at different species classification levels. At the level of genus, Akkermansia, Ligilactobacillus and Subdoligranulum increased the most in CRC patients, while Bacteroides and Dialister decreased sharply. The expression of STING-related protein was significantly down-regulated in CRC tumor tissues. Antibiotic treatment of CRC mice can promote the development of tumor and inhibit the activation of STING pathway.

CONCLUSION

Gut microbiota participates in CRC progress by mediating STING pathway activation.

Chronic Exposure to Both Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes Alters Ileum and Colon Turnover, Immune Function, and Barrier Integrity in Mice

Although the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the development of several intestinal diseases is well documented, the impact of e-cigarette aerosol (e-cig) on digestive health is largely unknown. To compare the effects of e-cig and CS on mouse ileum and colon, animals were chronically exposed for 6 months by nose-only inhalation to e-cig at 18 or 30 W power, or to 3R4F CS. Results showed that e-cig exposure decreased colon cell proliferation. Several other proliferative defects were observed in response to both e-cig and CS exposure, including up- and down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein levels in the ileum and colon, respectively. E-cig and CS exposure reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the ileum. In the colon, both exposures disrupted gene expression of cytokines and T cell transcription factors. For tight junction genes, ZO-1- and occludin-protein expression levels were reduced in the ileum and colon, respectively, by e-cig and CS exposure. The 16S sequencing of microbiota showed specific mild dysbiosis, according to the type of exposure. Overall, e-cig exposure led to altered proliferation, inflammation, and barrier function in both the ileum and colon, and therefore may be a gut hazard on par with conventional CS.

Colorectal cancer

Despite decreased incidence rates in average-age onset patients in high-income economies, colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in the world, with increasing rates in emerging economies. Furthermore, early onset colorectal cancer (age ≤50 years) is of increasing concern globally. Over the past decade, research advances have increased biological knowledge, treatment options, and overall survival rates. The increase in life expectancy is attributed to an increase in effective systemic therapy, improved treatment selection, and expanded locoregional surgical options. Ongoing developments are focused on the role of sphincter preservation, precision oncology for molecular alterations, use of circulating tumour DNA, analysis of the gut microbiome, as well as the role of locoregional strategies for colorectal cancer liver metastases. This overview is to provide a general multidisciplinary perspective of clinical advances in colorectal cancer.

The Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Development of Gastric Cancers

Chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori is considered the principal cause of gastric cancers, but evidence has accumulated regarding the impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the development of gastric cancers. Several possible mechanisms, including the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, have been proposed for smoking-induced gastric carcinogenesis. On the other hand, local acetaldehyde exposure and ethanol-induced mucosal inflammation have been proposed as the mechanisms involved in the development of gastric cancers in heavy alcohol drinkers. In addition, genetic polymorphisms are also considered to play a pivotal role in smoking-related and alcohol-related gastric carcinogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of gastric cancers in relation to tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption.

Respiratory diseases and gut microbiota: relevance, pathogenesis, and treatment

Preclinical evidence has firmly established a bidirectional interaction among the lung, gut, and gut microbiome. There are many complex communication pathways between the lung and intestine, which affect each other's balance. Some metabolites produced by intestinal microorganisms, intestinal immune cells, and immune factors enter lung tissue through blood circulation and participate in lung immune function. Altered gut-lung-microbiome interactions have been identified in rodent models and humans of several lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, asthma, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that microbial therapies can prevent and treat respiratory diseases, but it is unclear whether this association is a simple correlation with the pathological mechanisms of the disease or the result of causation. In this review, we summarize the complex and critical link between the gut microbiota and the lung, as well as the influence and mechanism of the gut microbiota on respiratory diseases, and discuss the role of interventions such as prebiotics and fecal bacteria transplantation on respiratory diseases. To provide a reference for the rational design of large-scale clinical studies, the direct application of microbial therapy to respiratory-related diseases can reduce the incidence and severity of diseases and accompanying complications.

Biological and Clinical Characteristics of Proximal Colon Cancer: Far from Its Anatomical Subsite

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease which can be divided into proximal colon cancer, distal colon cancer and rectal cancer according to the anatomical location of the tumor. Each anatomical location of colorectal cancer exhibits distinct characteristics in terms of incidence, clinical manifestations, molecular phenotypes, treatment, and prognosis. Notably, proximal colon cancer differs significantly from cancers of other anatomical subsites. An increasing number of studies have highlighted the presence of unique tumor biological characteristics in proximal colon cancer. Gaining a deeper understanding of these characteristics will facilitate accurate diagnosis and treatment approaches.

The Diagnosis of Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease-Present and Future

Crohn's disease (CD) progresses with periods of remission and exacerbations. During exacerbations, chronic inflammation leads to tissue destruction. As a result, intestinal fibrosis may develop in response to the ongoing inflammatory process. Fibrosis in CD should be considered the result of the response of the intestinal wall (over) to the presence of inflammation in the deep structures of the intestinal wall. In the absence of ideal noninvasive methods, endoscopic evaluation in combination with biopsy, histopathological analysis, stool analysis, and blood analysis remains the gold standard for assessing both inflammation and fibrosis in CD. On the contrary, the ability to identify markers of intestinal fibrosis would help to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic methods to detect early stages of fibrosis. It is speculated that miRNAs may, in the future, become biomarkers for early noninvasive diagnosis in the treatment of intestinal fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to summarise existing diagnostic methods for Crohn's disease and present recent scientific reports on molecular testing.

Unhealthy lifestyle factors and the risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal association between unhealthy lifestyle style factors and the risk of colorectal cancer, with the aim of preventing the occurrence of colorectal cancer by modifying unhealthy lifestyles. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was employed in this study, utilizing the inverse-variance weighted method as the primary research method. This MR analysis analyzed data of 3022 colorectal cancer cases and 174,006 controls from the FinnGen database. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with unhealthy lifestyle factors were selected as instrumental variables (IVs), including two obesity-related indicators, BMI (body mass index) and WHR (waist-to-hip ratio). Four phenotypes of smoking (smoking initiation, ever smoked, smoking per day, smoking cessation) and one phenotype of alcohol consumption (drinks per week). Four phenotypes of physical activity (accelerometer-based physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, vigorous physical activity, strenuous sports or other exercises). All SNPs were obtained from published genome-wide association studies. The study found that the obesity-related indicator, higher WHR (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.12-1.70; P = 0.002) were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, and two smoking phenotypes, cigarettes per day(OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.01-1.68; P = 0.042)and smoking initiation (OR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.15-10.55; P = 0.028), were potentially associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, there was no evidence to suggest that physical activities and alcohol consumption were associated with colorectal cancer (all p > 0.05). In addition, the study detected no pleiotropy (all p > 0.05). This MR analysis indicates a causal association between a higher waist-to-hip ratio and the risk of colorectal cancer and a suggestive association between smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer among Europeans. These findings contribute to the understanding of the etiology of colorectal cancer and have potential implications for its prevention.

Role of sulfidogenic members of the gut microbiota in human disease

The human gut flora comprises a dynamic network of bacterial species that coexist in a finely tuned equilibrium. The interaction with intestinal bacteria profoundly influences the host's development, metabolism, immunity, and overall health. Furthermore, dysbiosis, a disruption of the gut microbiota, can induce a variety of diseases, not exclusively associated with the intestinal tract. The increased consumption of animal protein, high-fat and high-sugar diets in Western countries has been implicated in the rise of chronic and inflammatory illnesses associated with dysbiosis. In particular, this diet leads to the overgrowth of sulfide-producing bacteria, known as sulfidogenic bacteria, which has been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer, among other disorders. Sulfidogenic bacteria include sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio spp.) and Bilophila wadsworthia among others, which convert organic and inorganic sulfur compounds to sulfide through the dissimilatory sulfite reduction pathway. At high concentrations, sulfide is cytotoxic and disrupts the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and mucus barrier, triggering inflammation. Besides producing sulfide, B. wadsworthia has revealed significant pathogenic potential, demonstrated in the ability to cause infection, adhere to intestinal cells, promote inflammation, and compromise the integrity of the colonic mucus layer. This review delves into the mechanisms by which taurine and sulfide-driven gut dysbiosis contribute to the pathogenesis of sulfidogenic bacteria, and discusses the role of these gut microbes, particularly B. wadsworthia, in human diseases.

A Mendelian randomization study on the causal effects of cigarette smoking on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis

Background

Liver fibrosis significantly impacts public health globally. Untreated liver fibrosis eventually results in cirrhosis. Cigarette smoking is the main etiologic factor for various diseases. However, the causal effects of cigarette smoking on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis have yet to be fully elucidated.

Methods

In this study, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to assess the association between cigarette smoking, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected as instrumental variables from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of European ancestry. Patients were divided into six exposure categories as follows: "ever smoked," "pack years of smoking," "age of smoking initiation," "smoking status: never," "smoking status: current," and "smoking status: previous." The outcomes of this study included liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. MR-Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighted, simple mode, and weighted mode were selected as the analysis methods. Cochran's Q and the MR-PRESSO tests were conducted to measure heterogeneity. The MR-Egger method was performed to evaluate horizontal pleiotropy, while the "leave-one-out" analysis was performed for sensitivity testing.

Results

The results of this study showed that having a smoking history increases the risk of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis ["ever smoked": odds ratio (OR) = 5.704, 95% CI: 1.166-27.910, p = 0.032; "smoking status: previous": OR = 99.783, 95% CI: 2.969-3.353e+03, p = 0.010]. A negative correlation was observed between patients who never smoked and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis ("smoking status: never": OR = 0.171, 95% CI: 0.041-0.719, p = 0.016). However, there were no significant associations between "smoking status: current," "pack years of smoking," and "age of smoking initiation" and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cigarette smoking did not have a significant horizontal pleiotropic effect on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The "Leave-one-out" sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were stable.

Conclusion

The study confirmed the causal effects of cigarette smoking on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

NUP43 promotes PD-L1/nPD-L1/PD-L1 feedback loop via TM4SF1/JAK/STAT3 pathway in colorectal cancer progression and metastatsis

Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis, facilitating tumor cell evasion from immune surveillance. PD-L1 can be detected in the tumor cell nucleus and exert an oncogenic effect by nuclear translocation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and liver metastasis (CCLM) are among the most lethal diseases worldwide, but the mechanism of PD-L1 nuclear translocation in CRC and CCLM remains to be fully understood. In this study, using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening combined with RNA-seq, we found that the oncogenic factor NUP43 impacted the process of PD-L1 nuclear translocation by regulating the expression level of the PD-L1 chaperone protein IPO5. Subsequent investigation revealed that this process could stimulate the expression of tumor-promoting factor TM4SF1 and further activate the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which ultimately enhanced the transcription of PD-L1, thus establishing a PD-L1-nPD-L1-PD-L1 feedback loop that ultimately promoted CRC progression and CCLM. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel role for nPD-L1 in CRC, identifies the PD-L1-nPD-L1-PD-L1 feedback loop in CRC, and provides a therapeutic strategy for CRC patients.

When smoke meets gut: deciphering the interactions between tobacco smoking and gut microbiota in disease development

Tobacco smoking is a prevalent and detrimental habit practiced worldwide, increasing the risk of various diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and cancer. Although previous research has explored the detrimental health effects of tobacco smoking, recent studies suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in these outcomes. Numerous tobacco smoke components, such as nicotine, are found in the gastrointestinal tract and interact with gut microbiota, leading to lasting impacts on host health and diseases. This review delves into the ways tobacco smoking and its various constituents influence gut microbiota composition and functionality. We also summarize recent advancements in understanding how tobacco smoking-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects host health. Furthermore, this review introduces a novel perspective on how changes in gut microbiota following smoking cessation may contribute to withdrawal syndrome and the degree of health improvements in smokers.

Cellular senescence gene TACC3 associated with colorectal cancer risk via genetic and DNA methylated alteration

Cell senescence genes play a vital role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, a process that may involve the triggering of genetic variations and reversible phenotypes caused by epigenetic modifications. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Using CellAge and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases and in-house RNA-seq data, DNA methylation-modified cellular senescence genes (DMCSGs) were validated by Support Vector Machine and correlation analyses. In 1150 cases and 1342 controls, we identified colorectal cancer risk variants in DMCSGs. The regulatory effects of gene, variant, and DNA methylation were explored through dual-luciferase and 5-azacytidine treatment experiments, complemented by multiple database analyses. Biological functions of key gene were evaluated via cell proliferation assays, SA-β-gal staining, senescence marker detection, and immune infiltration analyses. The genetic variant rs4558926 in the downstream of TACC3 was significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR = 1.35, P = 3.22 × 10-4). TACC3 mRNA expression increased due to rs4558926 C > G and decreased DNA methylation levels. The CpG sites in the TACC3 promoter region were regulated by rs4558926. TACC3 knockdown decreased proliferation and senescence in colorectal cancer cells. In addition, subjects with high-TACC3 expression presented an immunosuppressive microenvironment. These findings provide insights into the involvement of genetic variants of cellular senescence genes in the development and progression of colorectal cancer.

Efficacy and regulatory strategies of gut microbiota in immunotherapy: a narrative review

Background and Objective

With advances in gut microbiome research, it has been recognized that the gut microbiome has an important and far-reaching impact on many human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, more and more researchers are focusing on the treatment of gut flora in tumors. In this article, we present a review of the mechanisms of gut microbes in tumor immunotherapy and related studies to provide reference for further research and insights into the clinical application of gut microbes.

Methods

Between April 25, 2023, and November 25, 2023, we searched for articles published only in English between 1984 and 2023 using the databases PubMed, American Medical Association and Elsevier ScienceDirect using the keywords "gut microbiology" and "tumor" or "immunotherapy".

Key Content and Findings

The gastrointestinal tract contains the largest number of microorganisms in the human body. Microorganisms are involved in regulating many physiological activities of the body. Studies have shown that gut microbes and their derivatives are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of inflammations and tumors, and changes in their abundance and proportion affect the degree of cancer progression and sensitivity to immunotherapy. Gut microbiota-based drug research is ongoing, and some anti-tumor studies have entered the clinical trial stage.

Conclusions

The abundance and proportion of intestinal microorganisms influence the susceptibility of tumors to tumor immunotherapy. This article reviewed the effects and mechanisms of gut microbes on tumor immunotherapy to further explore the medical value of gut microbes in tumor immunotherapy.

Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of CRC across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to CRC. Prevention is the most effective method for controlling CRC. Primary prevention includes determining and avoiding modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary factors) as well as increasing protective factors (e.g., physical activity, aspirin). Further studies, especially randomized, controlled trials, are needed to clarify the association between CRC incidence and exposure to different risk factors or protective factors. Detection and removal of precancerous colorectal lesions is also an effective strategy for controlling CRC. Multiple factors, both at the individual and community levels (e.g., patient preferences, availability of screening modalities, costs, benefits, and adverse events), should be taken into account in designing and implementing CRC screening programs. Health policymakers should consider the best decision in identifying the starting age and selection of the most effective screening strategies for the target population. This review aims to present updated evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of CRC.

SARS-Cov-2 spike induces intestinal barrier dysfunction through the interaction between CEACAM5 and Galectin-9

Background

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5), as a typical tumor marker, has been found to exert immunomodulatory effects in many diseases. We previously reported the clinical and molecular evidences supporting that SARS-Cov-2 infected the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and found a reduction of CEACAM5 in COVID-19 patients' feces which associated with gut dysbiosis. Yet the role of CEACAM5 in GI infection is ill-defined.

Methods

Mice models were established through intraperitoneally injecting with recombinant viral spike-Fc to mimic the intestinal inflammation. We collected duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon samples after 6h, 2 days, 4 days and 7 days of spike-Fc or control-Fc injection to perform proteomic analysis. Blood was collected from healthy donors and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were separated by density gradient centrifugation, then CD4+ T cells were isolated with magnetic beads and co-cultured with Caco-2 cells.

Results

In addition to intestinal CEACAM5, the expression of tight junction and the percent of CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly decreased in spike-Fc group compared to control (p < 0.05), accompanied with increased level of inflammatory factors. The KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), tight junction, focal adhesion, adherens junction and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified the interaction between CEACAM5 and Galectin-9 that was also verified by molecular docking and co-IP assay. We further confirmed a reduction of CEACAM5 in SARS-CoV-2 spike stimulated enterocytes could promote the expression of Galectin-9 protein in CD4+T cells. Then it gave rise to the increasing release of inflammatory factors and increased apoptosis of CD4+T cells by inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Ultimately intestinal barrier dysfunction happened.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that CEACAM5 overexpression and Galectin-9 knockdown played a protective role in intestinal barrier injury upon spike-Fc stimulation. Collectively, our findings identified firstly that SARS-CoV-2 spike induced intestinal barrier dysfunction through the interaction between CEACAM5 and Galectin-9. The result provides potential therapeutic targets in intestinal barrier dysfunction for treating severe COVID patients.

Bufei Huoxue capsule attenuates COPD-related inflammation and regulates intestinal microflora, metabolites

Background: Bufei Huoxue capsule (BFHX) is widely used for the clinical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the effects on COPD and the underlying mechanism of BFHX. The process and methods: In this study, we established a COPD mouse model through cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheal instillation. Subsequently, BFHX was orally administrated to COPD mice, and their pulmonary function, lung pathology, and lung inflammation, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell count and classification and cytokines, were analyzed. In addition, the anti-oxidative stress ability of BFHX was detected by Western blotting, and the bacterial diversity, abundance, and fecal microbiome were examined using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Outcome: BFHX was shown to improve pulmonary function, suppress lung inflammation, decrease emphysema, and increase anti-oxidative stress, whereas 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that BFHX can dynamically regulate the diversity, composition, and distribution of the intestinal flora microbiome and regulate the lysine degradation and phenylalanine metabolism of COPD mice. These results highlight another treatment option for COPD and provide insights into the mechanism of BFHX.

The Past and Future of Inflammation as a Target to Cancer Prevention

Inflammation is an essential defense mechanism in which innate immune cells are coordinately activated on encounter of harmful stimuli, including pathogens, tissue injury, and toxic compounds and metabolites to neutralize and eliminate the instigator and initiate healing and regeneration. Properly terminated inflammation is vital to health, but uncontrolled runaway inflammation that becomes chronic begets a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases and increases cancer risk. Making damaged tissues behave as "wounds that do not heal" and sustaining the production of growth factors whose physiologic function is tissue healing, chronic inflammation accelerates cancer emergence from premalignant lesions. In 1863, Rudolf Virchow, a leading German pathologist, suggested a possible association between inflammation and tumor formation, but it took another 140 years to fully elucidate and appreciate the tumorigenic role of inflammation. Key findings outlined molecular events in the inflammatory cascade that promote cancer onset and progression and enabled a better appreciation of when and where inflammation should be inhibited. These efforts triggered ongoing research work to discover and develop inflammation-reducing chemopreventive strategies for decreasing cancer risk and incidence.

Gut microbiome-metabolites axis: A friend or foe to colorectal cancer progression

An expanding corpus of research robustly substantiates the complex interrelation between gut microbiota and the onset, progression, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Investigations in both animal models and human subjects have consistently underscored the role of gut bacteria in a variety of metabolic activities, driven by dietary intake. These activities include amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate fermentation, and the generation and regulation of bile acids. These metabolic derivatives, in turn, have been identified as significant contributors to the progression of colorectal cancer. This thorough review meticulously explores the dynamic interaction between gut bacteria and metabolites derived from the breakdown of amino acids, fatty acid metabolism, and bile acid synthesis. Notably, bile acids have been recognized for their potential carcinogenic properties, which may expedite tumor development. Extensive research has revealed a reciprocal influence of gut microbiota on the intricate spectrum of colorectal cancer pathologies. Furthermore, strategies to modulate gut microbiota, such as dietary modifications or probiotic supplementation, may offer promising avenues for both the prevention and adjunctive treatment of colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, additional research is imperative to corroborate these findings and enhance our comprehension of the underlying mechanisms in colorectal cancer development.

The human microbiome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Current understandings and clinical implications

The research of the human microbiome in the preceding decade has yielded novel perspectives on human health and diseases. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly males, which negatively affects the life quality. Existing evidence has indicated that the human microbiome, including urinary, intra-prostate, gut, oral and blood microbiome may exert a significant impact on the natural progression of BPH. The dysbiosis of the microbiome may induce inflammation at either a local or systemic level, thereby affecting the BPH. Moreover, metabolic syndrome (MetS) caused by the microbiome can also be involved in the development of BPH. Additionally, alterations in the microbiome composition during the senility process may serve as another cause of the BPH. Here, we summarize the influence of human microbiome on BPH and explore how the microbiome is linked to BPH through inflammation, MetS, and senility. In addition, we propose promising areas of investigation and discuss the implications for advancing therapeutic approaches.

Colorectal cancer screening utilization among breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors

PURPOSE

To examine whether sociodemographic characteristics, access to care, risk behavior factors, and chronic health conditions were associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening utilization among breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors.

METHODS

We analyzed the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data on 9780 eligible cancer survivors. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between guideline-concordant CRC screening and the mentioned characteristics.

RESULTS

Overall, 81.9%, 65%, 88%,78.1%, and 80.1% of breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors received CRC screening, respectively (p-value < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, breast, cervical, and skin cancer survivors aged 60 years or older were associated with higher odds of receiving CRC screening. Respondents that had their recency of routine checkup two or more years before had lower odds of having CRC screening among cervical (OR = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.02-0.22), prostate (OR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14-0.49), and skin cancer (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.36-0.70) survivors. The presence of chronic diseases was also associated with guideline-concordant CRC screening among breast, prostate, and skin cancer survivors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide important evidence on potential factors that are associated with guideline-concordant CRC screening utilization across different cancer survivors, which include older age, recency of routine checkup, and multiple chronic diseases. Moreover, variation in CRC screening utilization across cancer survivors may highlight missed opportunities for secondary cancer prevention.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Establishing clear CRC screening guidelines and including patient-provider communication on recommendation in cancer survivorship care may increase adherence to CRC screening.

The relationship of cancer history and chronic disease status to colorectal cancer screening: A cross-sectional analysis of 2020-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

PURPOSE

We examined whether having a history of cancer and chronic diseases was associated with guideline-concordant colorectal cancer (CRC) screening utilization.

METHODS

Self-reported data from the 2020 and 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in Oregon and West Virginia were used. Guideline-concordant CRC screening was the outcome of interest. The exposure was having a personal history of cancer, chronic diseases, or both. Multivariable logistic regressions were applied to assess the abovementioned association.

RESULTS

Among 10,373 respondents aged 45-75 years, 75.5% of those with a history of cancer and chronic diseases had guideline-concordant CRC screening use versus 52.8% of those without any history (p-value < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, having a history of cancer (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.11-2.71), chronic diseases (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.14-1.59), and both cancer and chronic diseases (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.62-2.82) were positively associated with screening uptake compared to respondents without any history. Regardless of disease history, older age was associated with greater CRC screening uptake (p-value < 0.05). Among respondents with chronic diseases only or without any condition, those with a health care provider had 1.7-fold and 2.7-fold increased odds of receiving CRC screening, respectively. However, current smokers were 28% and 34% less likely to be screened for CRC among those with chronic diseases only and without any conditions, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Having a personal history of cancer and chronic diseases appears to be positively associated with guideline-concordant CRC screening use. Effective implementation of patient-centered communication through primary care initiatives may increase adherence to CRC screening recommendations.

Tumor-associated microbiota in colorectal cancer with vascular tumor thrombus and neural invasion and association with clinical prognosis

Neural invasion (NI) and vascular tumor thrombus (VT) are associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we apply 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in patients with CRC to determine the microbial differences. A discovery cohort, including 30 patients with NI, 23 with VT, and 35 with double-negative CRC tissue, is utilized. Then, we analyze the relationship between the specific bacterial taxa and indicators of different dimensions in separate cohorts. In the discovery cohort, the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome distinctly differ between the tumor and nontumor tissues in the NI and VT groups. A high abundance of Cupriavidus is found to be related to a short survival time of NI CRC, while Herbaspirillum is a potential microbial biomarker predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC with NI or VT. Moreover, the abundance of Cupriavidus or Herbaspirillum is associated with some clinical patient characteristics and prognosis, respectively. In conclusion, this study is the first to comprehensively elaborate the differences in the gut microbiota of patients with CRC with different invasion statuses and to prove the relationship between some gut microbiota and clinical patient characteristics.

Association between the gut microbiota, inflammatory factors, and colorectal cancer: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors primarily affecting individuals over the age of 50 years. Recent studies have suggested that the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, a community of microorganisms in the human gut, is closely associated with the occurrence and development of CRC. Additionally, inflammatory factors (IFs) have also been reported to play a significant role in the development of CRC. However, the causal relationships between the gut microbiota, IFs, and CRC remain unclear.

Methods

In this study, we performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to explore the causal relationship between the gut microbiota, IFs, and CRC. The gut microbiota GWAS data were obtained from the MiBioGen study, while the IFs GWAS data were derived from the comprehensive analysis of three independent cohorts. Causal relationship analysis was conducted using appropriate instrumental variables (IVs) and statistical models.

Results

MR analysis of the gut microbiota and CRC revealed a negative correlation between the Lachnospiraceae species in the gut and CRC risk, while a positive correlation was observed between Porphyromonadaceae species, Lachnospiraceae UCG010 genus, Lachnospira genus, and Sellimonas genus in the gut, and CRC risk. Additionally, we observed a causal relationship between IL-10 and CRC risk. These findings suggest that the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota might be associated with an increased risk of CRC and that specific bacterial groups may play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of CRC.

Conclusion

Using MR analysis, this study revealed the causal relationships between the gut microbiota, IFs, and CRC. The negative correlation between the Lachnospiraceae species in the gut and CRC risk, as well as the causal relationship between IL-10 and CRC, provide important clues for the potential roles of gut microbiota regulation and inflammatory factor control in the prevention and treatment of CRC.

Research reviews and prospects of gut microbiota in liver cirrhosis: a bibliometric analysis (2001-2023)

INTRODUCTION

The gut-liver axis has emerged as a focal point in chronic liver disorders, prompting more research into the role of the gut microbiota in liver cirrhosis. In individuals with liver cirrhosis, changes in the structure and function of the gut microbiota are closely tied to clinical prognosis. However, there is a scarcity of bibliometric evaluations conducted in this particular field.

METHODS

This study is aiming to conduct a complete analysis of the knowledge structure and centers pertaining to gut microbiota in liver cirrhosis using bibliometric methods. Publications on gut microbiota and liver cirrhosis from 2001 to 2023 are sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection. For the bibliometric analysis, we employ VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix".

RESULTS

Our study encompasses a comprehensive collection of 3109 articles originating from 96 countries, with notable contributions from leading nations such as the United States and China. The quantity of publications concerning the gut microbiota of liver cirrhosis rises annually. The University of California San Diego, Virginia Commonwealth University, Zhejiang University are the primary research institutions. World Journal of Gastroenterology publishes the most papers in this field, while hepatology is the most frequently co-cited journal. These publications come from a total of 15,965 authors, and the most prolific authors are Bajaj Jasmohan S., Schnabl Bernd and Gillevet Patrick M., while the most co-cited authors are Bajaj Jasmohan S., Younossi Zobair M., and Reiner Wiest. In addition, "dysbiosis", "gut microbiota", "intestinal barrier", "fecal microbiota transplantation", and "complement-system" are the primary keywords of research trends in recent years.

DISCUSSION

This study offering a comprehensive insight into the research dynamics surrounding gut microbiota in patients with liver cirrhosis. It delineates the current research frontiers and hotspots, serving as a valuable guide for scholars.

Chronic Stress Dampens Lactobacillus Johnsonii-Mediated Tumor Suppression to Enhance Colorectal Cancer Progression

Colorectal cancer development and outcome are impacted by modifiable risk factors, including psychologic stress. The gut microbiota has also been shown to be linked to psychologic factors. Here, we found a marked deteriorative effect of chronic stress in multiple colorectal cancer models, including chemically induced (AOM/DSS), genetically engineered (APCmin/+), and xenograft tumor mouse models. RNA sequencing data from colon tissues revealed that expression of stemness-related genes was upregulated in the stressed colorectal cancer group by activated β-catenin signaling, which was further confirmed by results from ex vivo organoid analyses as well as in vitro and in vivo cell tumorigenicity assays. 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiota showed that chronic stress disrupted gut microbes, and antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation abolished the stimulatory effects of chronic stress on colorectal cancer progression. Stressed colorectal cancer mice displayed a significant decrease in Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) abundance, which was inversely correlated with tumor load. Moreover, protocatechuic acid (PCA) was identified as a beneficial metabolite produced by L. johnsonii based on metabolome sequencing and LC/MS-MS analysis. Replenishment of L. johnsonii or PCA blocked chronic stress-induced colorectal cancer progression by decreasing β-catenin expression. Furthermore, PCA activated the cGMP pathway, and the cGMP agonist sildenafil abolished the effects of chronic stress on colorectal cancer. Altogether, these data identify that stress impacts the gut microbiome to support colorectal cancer progression.

SIGNIFICANCE

Chronic stress stimulates cancer stemness by reducing the intestinal abundance of L. johnsonii and its metabolite PCA to enhance β-catenin signaling, forming a basis for potential strategies to circumvent stress-induced cancer aggressiveness. See related commentary by McCollum and Shah, p. 645.

The hidden threat: Environmental toxins and their effects on gut microbiota

The human gut microbiota (GM), which consists of a complex and diverse ecosystem of bacteria, plays a vital role in overall wellness. However, the delicate balance of this intricate system is being compromised by the widespread presence of environmental toxins. The intricate connection between contaminants in the environment and human well-being has garnered significant attention in recent times. Although many environmental pollutants and their toxicity have been identified and studied in laboratory settings and animal models, there is insufficient data concerning their relevance to human physiology. Consequently, research on the toxicity of environmental toxins in GM has gained prominence in recent years. Various factors, such as air pollution, chemicals, heavy metals, and pesticides, have a detrimental impact on the composition and functioning of the GM. This comprehensive review aims to comprehend the toxic effects of numerous environmental pollutants, including antibiotics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, heavy metals, and pesticides, on GM by examining recent research findings. The current analysis concludes that different types of environmental toxins can lead to GM dysbiosis and have various potential adverse effects on the well-being of animals. We investigate the alterations to the GM composition induced by contaminants and their impact on overall well-being, providing a fresh perspective on research related to pollutant exposure.

Causal relationships between coffee intake, apolipoprotein B and gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers: univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization

PURPOSE

Coffee intake and apolipoprotein B levels have been linked to gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers in numerous recent studies. However, whether these associations are all causal remains unestablished. This study aimed to assess the potential causal associations of apolipoprotein B and coffee intake with the risk of gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers using Mendelian randomization analysis.

METHODS

In this study, we utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to access the causal effects of coffee intake and apolipoprotein B on gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. The summary statistics of coffee intake (n = 428,860) and apolipoprotein B (n = 439,214) were obtained from the UK Biobank. In addition, the summary statistics of gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and esophageal cancer were obtained from the FinnGen biobank (n = 218,792). Inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode were applied to examine the causal relationship between coffee intake, apolipoprotein B and gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. MR-Egger intercept test, Cochran's Q test, and leave-one-out analysis were performed to evaluate possible heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Steiger filtering and bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis were performed to evaluate the possible reverse causality.

RESULTS

The result of the inverse variance weighted method indicated that apolipoprotein B levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.392, 95% CI 1.027-1.889, P = 0.0333) and colorectal cancer (OR = 1.188, 95% CI 1.001-1.411, P = 0.0491). Furthermore, multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis also revealed a positive association between apolipoprotein B levels and colorectal cancer risk, but the effect of apolipoprotein B on gastric cancer risk disappeared after adjustment of coffee intake, body mass index or lipid-related traits. However, we did not discover any conclusive evidence linking coffee intake to gastric, colorectal, or esophageal cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested a causal association between genetically increased apolipoprotein B levels and higher risk of colorectal cancer. No causal relationship was observed between coffee intake and gastric, colorectal, or esophageal cancers.

Study on the relationship between tea polyphenols alleviating osteoporosis and the changes of microorganism-metabolite-intestinal barrier

Tea polyphenols are known to alleviate osteoporosis; however, the role of intestinal flora in this process has not been studied. This research employed 16s rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabonomics to investigate the potential link between osteoporosis mitigation and changes in intestinal flora. MicroCT and tissue staining results demonstrated that tea polyphenols improved bone microstructure, modulated bone metabolism, and significantly alleviated osteoporosis. The administration of tea polyphenols led to alterations in the intestinal flora's composition, marked by increased abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and decreased prevalence of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides. Concurrently, the levels of serum metabolites such as Spermidine and 5,6-Dihydrouracil, associated with intestinal microorganisms, underwent significant changes. These variations in intestinal flora and metabolites are closely linked to bone metabolism. Furthermore, tea polyphenols partially repaired intestinal barrier damage, potentially due to shifts in intestinal flora and their metabolites. Overall, our findings suggest that tea polyphenol intervention modifies the intestinal flora and serum metabolites in osteoporotic mice, which could contribute to the repair of intestinal barrier damage and thereby mitigate osteoporosis. This discovery aids in elucidating the mechanism behind tea polyphenols' osteoporosis-relieving effects.

Sulfation of chondroitin and bile acids converges to antagonize Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibit APC deficiency-induced gut tumorigenesis

Sulfation is a crucial and prevalent conjugation reaction involved in cellular processes and mammalian physiology. 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase 2 (PAPSS2) is the primary enzyme to generate the universal sulfonate donor PAPS. The involvement of PAPSS2-mediated sulfation in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation-promoted colonic carcinogenesis has not been reported. Here, we showed that the expression of PAPSS2 was decreased in human colon tumors along with cancer stages, and the lower expression of PAPSS2 was correlated with poor prognosis in advanced colon cancer. Gut epithelial-specific heterozygous Apc deficient and Papss2-knockout (ApcΔgut-HetPapss2Δgut) mice were created, and the phenotypes were compared to the spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis of ApcΔgut-Het mice. ApcΔgut-HetPapss2Δgut mice were more sensitive to gut tumorigenesis, which was mechanistically accounted for by the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway due to the suppression of chondroitin sulfation and inhibition of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (TLE3) gene regulatory axis. Chondroitin sulfate supplementation in ApcΔgut-HetPapss2Δgut mice alleviated intestinal tumorigenesis. In summary, we have uncovered the protective role of PAPSS2-mediated chondroitin sulfation and bile acids-FXR-TLE3 activation in the prevention of gut carcinogenesis via the antagonization of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Chondroitin sulfate may be explored as a therapeutic agent for Papss2 deficiency-associated colonic carcinogenesis.

The role of gut microbiota in intestinal disease: from an oxidative stress perspective

Recent studies have indicated that gut microbiota-mediated oxidative stress is significantly associated with intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to increase when the gut microbiota is dysregulated, especially when several gut bacterial metabolites are present. Although healthy gut microbiota plays a vital role in defending against excessive oxidative stress, intestinal disease is significantly influenced by excessive ROS, and this process is controlled by gut microbiota-mediated immunological responses, DNA damage, and intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal disease from an oxidative stress perspective. In addition, we also provide a summary of the most recent therapeutic approaches for preventing or treating intestinal diseases by modifying gut microbiota.

Berberine improved the microbiota in lung tissue of colon cancer and reversed the bronchial epithelial cell changes caused by cancer cells

Objective

The lung is a common organ for colon cancer metastasis, and the objective of this experiment was to explore the protective effect of berberine on lung tissue or alveolar epithelial cells induced by colon cancer.

Methods

Thirty-six BALB/c nude mice were used to establish a xenograft model of colon cancer with the HT29 cell line and were treated with berberine and probiotics. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were induced by conditioned medium (CM) from the colon cancer cell lines HT29 and RKO and were treated with berberine. Lung tissues were collected to detect the changes in the microbiota using 16S rDNA sequencing and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in BEAS-2B cells was detected by cellular immunofluorescence. The changes in cell proliferation were detected by the CCK-8 assay. Western blotting was used to detect E-cadherin, N-cadherin, collagen I, fibronectin, PDGF-β, and RAD51 expression in BEAS-2B cells.

Results

The richness and evenness of the microbiota in the lung tissues of mice with colon cancer were significantly lower than those of the control group. Berberine significantly increased the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, Bacteroidales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus and Acinetobacter in the lung tissue of mice with colon cancer, with reduced abundances of Actinobacteria, Bacillales, Staphylococcaceae and Staphylococcus. Berberine or probiotics significantly increased the alpha diversity of the lung microbiota. Compared with probiotics, berberine significantly enhanced the abundance of microbiota involved in the metabolism of lysosomes, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio. Berberine increased IL-6 and IL-10 and decreased IL-17 and IFN-γ expression in lung tissue (P > 0.05), but berberine-probiotics significantly decreased IL-17 and IFN-γ and increased IL-10 expression (P < 0.05). Colon cancer cells could not induce BEAS-2B proliferation but decreased the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and altered the expression of extracellular matrix-related proteins (collagen I, fibronectin, and PDGF-β), which were reversed by berberine. Berberine increased RAD51 expression in BEAS-2B cells, which had been decreased by HT29 and RKO CM treatment.

Conclusion

Berberine can selectively regulate the abundance of some microbiomes of lung tissue in colon cancer, improve the inflammatory response in lung tissue, and antagonize the cancerous stimulation of colon cancer cells to lung tissue cells by regulating the bronchial epithelial cell phenotype, extracellular matrix remodelling and the expression of the repair gene RAD51.

Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies Transmembrane p24 Trafficking Protein 1 (TMED1) as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Cancer

Several TMED protein family members are overexpressed in malignant tumors and associated with tumor progression. TMED1 belongs to the TMED protein family and is involved in protein vesicular trafficking. However, the expression level and biological role of TMED1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, the integration of patient survival and multi-omics data (immunohistochemical staining, transcriptomics, and proteomics) revealed that the highly expressed TMED1 was related to the poor prognosis in CRC. Crystal violet staining indicated the cell growth was reduced after knocking down TMED1. Moreover, the flow cytometry results showed that TMED1 knockdown could increase cell apoptosis. The expression of TMED1 was positively correlated with other TMED family members (TMED2, TMED4, TMED9, and TMED10) in CRC, and the protein-protein interaction network suggested its potential impact on immune regulation. Furthermore, TMED1 expression was positively associated with the infiltration levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and endothelial cells and negatively correlated with the infiltration levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. At last, the CTRP and GDSC datasets on the GSCA platform were used to analyze the relationship between TMED1 expression and drug sensitivity (IC50). The result found that the elevation of TMED1 was positively correlated with IC50 and implied it could increase the drug resistance of cancer cells. This research revealed that TMED1 is a novel prognostic biomarker in CRC and provided a valuable strategy for analyzing potential therapeutic targets of malignant tumors.

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Nutrition and Its Relationship to Epigenetics

The intestinal microbiota is a community of microorganisms inhabiting the human intestines, potentially influencing both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human body. Existing evidence suggests that nutrients can influence the modulation of the gut microbiota. However, there is still limited evidence regarding the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on the human gut microbiota through epigenetic modification. It is plausible that maintaining an adequate dietary intake of vitamin D, iron, fibre, zinc and magnesium may have a beneficial effect on alleviating inflammation in the body, reducing oxidative stress, and improving the condition of the intestinal microbiota through various epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, epigenetics involves alterations in the phenotype of a cell without changing its fundamental DNA sequence. It appears that the modulation of the microbiota by various nutrients may lead to epigenetic regulation. The correlations between microbiota and epigenetics are potentially interdependent. Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to identify the complex relationships between diet, gut microbiota, and epigenetic regulation. These interactions could play a crucial role in systemic health.

Modified Gexia-Zhuyu Tang inhibits gastric cancer progression by restoring gut microbiota and regulating pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Gexia-Zhuyu Tang (GZT), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is used to treat a variety of diseases. However, its roles in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of modified GZT in GC.

METHODS

The effects of modified GZT on GC were investigated by constructing mouse xenograft models with MFC cell line. The fecal samples from low-dose, high-dose, and without modified GZT treatment groups were collected for the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Histopathological alterations of mice were evaluated using the hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis with Ki67 and GSDMD was performed to measure tissue cell proliferation and pyroptosis, respectively. Proteins associated with pyroptosis, invasion, and metastasis were detected by Western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess inflammation-related factors levels.

RESULTS

Modified GZT inhibited GC tumor growth and reduced metastasis and invasion-related proteins expression levels, including CD147, VEGF, and MMP-9. Furthermore, it notably promoted caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis, as evidenced by a dose-dependent increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, and LDH levels, along with elevated protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. Additionally, modified GZT increased species abundance and diversity of the intestinal flora. FMT assay identified that modified GZT inhibited GC tumor progression through regulation of intestinal flora.

CONCLUSIONS

Modified GZT treatment may promote pyroptosis by modulating gut microbiota in GC. This study identifies a new potential approach for the GC clinical treatment.

Natural products targeting the MAPK-signaling pathway in cancer: overview

PURPOSE

This article summarizes natural products that target the MAPK-signaling pathway in cancer therapy. The classification, chemical structures, and anti-cancer mechanisms of these natural products are elucidated, and comprehensive information is provided on their potential use in cancer therapy.

METHODS

Using the PubMed database, we searched for keywords, including "tumor", "cancer", "natural product", "phytochemistry", "plant chemical components", and "MAPK-signaling pathway". We also screened for compounds with well-defined structures that targeting the MAPK-signaling pathway and have anti-cancer effects. We used Kingdraw software and Adobe Photoshop software to draw the chemical compound structural diagrams.

RESULTS

A total of 131 papers were searched, from which 85 compounds with well-defined structures were selected. These compounds have clear mechanisms for targeting cancer treatment and are mainly related to the MAPK-signaling pathway. Examples include eupatilin, carvacrol, oridonin, sophoridine, diosgenin, and juglone. These chemical components are classified as flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroidal saponins, and quinones.

CONCLUSIONS

Certain MAPK pathway inhibitors have been used for clinical treatment. However, the clinical feedback has not been promising because of genomic instability, drug resistance, and side effects. Natural products have few side effects, good medicinal efficacy, a wide range of sources, individual heterogeneity of biological activity, and are capable of treating disease from multiple targets. These characteristics make natural products promising drugs for cancer treatment.

Diallyl trisulfide inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung cancer via modulating gut microbiota and the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway

Smoking is the primary risk factor for developing lung cancer. Chemoprevention could be a promising strategy to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer. Recently, we reported that A/J mice exposed to tobacco smoke carcinogens displayed the reshaping of gut microbiota. Additionally, garlic oil was found to effectively inhibit the carcinogenic effects of tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in lung tumorigenesis. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), which is the predominant compound in garlic oil, exhibits various biological activities. To further explore the chemopreventive action and potential mechanism of DATS on lung tumorigenesis, we established a lung adenocarcinoma model in A/J mice stimulated by NNK. Subsequently, we employed multi-omics combined molecular biology technologies to clarify the mechanism. The results indicated that DATS significantly decreased the number of lung tumors in NNK induced A/J mice. Interestingly, we discovered that DATS could modulate gut microbiota, particularly increasing the abundance of F. rodentium, which has inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Mechanistically, DATS could activate the PPARγ pathway, leading to the negative regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and subsequent suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory factors. Collectively, these findings provide support for DATS as a potential novel chemopreventive agent for tobacco carcinogen-induced lung cancer.

Advancing lifelong precision medicine for cardiovascular diseases through gut microbiota modulation

The gut microbiome is known as the tenth system of the human body that plays a vital role in the intersection between health and disease. The considerable inter-individual variability in gut microbiota poses both challenges and great prospects in promoting precision medicine in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this review, based on the development, evolution, and influencing factors of gut microbiota in a full life circle, we summarized the recent advances on the characteristic alteration in gut microbiota in CVDs throughout different life stages, and depicted their pathological links in mechanism, as well as the highlight achievements of targeting gut microbiota in CVDs prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Personalized strategies could be tailored according to gut microbiota characteristics in different life stages, including gut microbiota-blood metabolites combined prediction and diagnosis, dietary interventions, lifestyle improvements, probiotic or prebiotic supplements. However, to fulfill the promise of a lifelong cardiovascular health, more mechanism studies should progress from correlation to causality and decipher novel mechanisms linking specific microbes and CVDs. It is also promising to use the burgeoning artificial intelligence and machine learning to target gut microbiota for developing diagnosis system and screening for new therapeutic interventions.