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Yadav J, Chaudhary A, Tripathi T, Janjua D, Joshi U, Aggarwal N, Chhokar A, Keshavam CC, Senrung A, Bharti AC. Exosomal transcript cargo and functional correlation with HNSCC patients' survival. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1144. [PMID: 39272022 PMCID: PMC11395213 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV status in a subset of HNSCC is linked with distinct treatment outcomes. Present investigation aims to elucidate the distinct clinicopathological features of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and investigate their association with the HNSCC patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total RNA of exosomes from HPV-positive (93VU147T) and HPV-negative (OCT-1) HNSCC cells was isolated, and the transcripts were estimated using Illumina HiSeq X. The expression of altered transcripts and their clinical relevance were further analyzed using publicly available cancer transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses identified 3785 differentially exported transcripts (DETs) in HPV-positive exosomes compared to HPV-negative exosomes. DETs that regulate the protein machinery, cellular redox potential, and various neurological disorder-related pathways were over-represented in HPV-positive exosomes. TCGA database revealed the clinical relevance of altered transcripts. Among commonly exported abundant transcripts, SGK1 and MAD1L1 showed high expression, which has been correlated with poor survival in HNSCC patients. In the top 20 DETs of HPV-negative exosomes, high expression of FADS3, SGK3, and TESK2 correlated with poor survival of the HNSCC patients in the TCGA database. CONCLUSION Overall, our study demonstrates that HPV-positive and HPV-negative cells' exosomes carried differential transcripts cargo that may be related to pathways associated with neurological disorders. Additionally, the altered transcripts identified have clinical relevance, correlating with patient survival in HNSCC, thereby highlighting their potential as biomarkers and as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Apoorva Chaudhary
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Divya Janjua
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Udit Joshi
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Chetkar Chandra Keshavam
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anna Senrung
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Zoology, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India.
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2
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Leno-Durán E, Arrabal L, Roldán S, Medina I, Alcántara-Domínguez C, García-Cabrera V, Saiz J, Barbas C, Sánchez MJ, Entrala-Bernal C, Fernández-Rosado F, Lorente JA, Gutierrez-Ríos P, Martínez-Gonzalez LJ. Identification of SYNJ1 in a Complex Case of Juvenile Parkinsonism Using a Multiomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9754. [PMID: 39273702 PMCID: PMC11396201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the genetic causes underlying the juvenile parkinsonism (JP) diagnosed in a girl with several family members diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). To achieve this, whole-exome sequencing, analysis of CAG repeats, RNA sequencing analysis on fibroblasts, and metabolite identification were performed. As a result, a homozygous missense mutation SNP T>C (rs2254562) in synaptojamin 1 (SYNJ1), which has been implicated in the regulation of membrane trafficking in the synaptic vesicles, was identified. Additionally, we observed overexpression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), Cdc37, GPX1, and GPX4 and lower expression of ceruloplasmin in the patient compared to the control. We also found changes in sphingolipid, inositol, and inositol phosphate metabolism. These findings help to clarify the mechanisms of JP and suggest that the etiology of JP in the patient may be multifactorial. This is the first report of the rs2254562 mutation in the SYNJ gene identified in a JP patient with seizures and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Leno-Durán
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa Arrabal
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Roldán
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Medina
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Alcántara-Domínguez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Victor García-Cabrera
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Saiz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bionanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28926 Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bionanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28926 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), 18080 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Entrala-Bernal
- Lorgen G.P., PT, Ciencias de la Salud-Business Innovation Centre (BIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jose Antonio Lorente
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Genetic Identification, Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine-PTS, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Luis Javier Martínez-Gonzalez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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3
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Shantaraman A, Dammer EB, Ugochukwu O, Duong DM, Yin L, Carter EK, Gearing M, Chen-Plotkin A, Lee EB, Trojanowski JQ, Bennett DA, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Higginbotham L. Network proteomics of the Lewy body dementia brain reveals presynaptic signatures distinct from Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:60. [PMID: 39107789 PMCID: PMC11302177 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lewy body dementia (LBD), a class of disorders comprising Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), features substantial clinical and pathological overlap with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identification of biomarkers unique to LBD pathophysiology could meaningfully advance its diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), we measured over 9,000 proteins across 138 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissues from a University of Pennsylvania autopsy collection comprising control, Parkinson's disease (PD), PDD, and DLB diagnoses. We then analyzed co-expression network protein alterations in those with LBD, validated these disease signatures in two independent LBD datasets, and compared these findings to those observed in network analyses of AD cases. The LBD network revealed numerous groups or "modules" of co-expressed proteins significantly altered in PDD and DLB, representing synaptic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathophysiology. A comparison of validated LBD signatures to those of AD identified distinct differences between the two diseases. Notably, synuclein-associated presynaptic modules were elevated in LBD but decreased in AD relative to controls. We also found that glial-associated matrisome signatures consistently elevated in AD were more variably altered in LBD, ultimately stratifying those LBD cases with low versus high burdens of concurrent beta-amyloid deposition. In conclusion, unbiased network proteomic analysis revealed diverse pathophysiological changes in the LBD frontal cortex distinct from alterations in AD. These results highlight the LBD brain network proteome as a promising source of biomarkers that could enhance clinical recognition and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantharaman Shantaraman
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Obiadada Ugochukwu
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luming Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E Kathleen Carter
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lenora Higginbotham
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Kluge A, Schaeffer E, Bunk J, Sommerauer M, Röttgen S, Schulte C, Roeben B, von Thaler AK, Welzel J, Lucius R, Heinzel S, Xiang W, Eschweiler GW, Maetzler W, Suenkel U, Berg D. Detecting Misfolded α-Synuclein in Blood Years before the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2024; 39:1289-1299. [PMID: 38651526 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) already in the prodromal phase of the disease has become a priority objective for opening a window for early disease-modifying therapies. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate a blood-based α-synuclein seed amplification assay (α-syn SAA) as a novel biomarker for diagnosing PD in the prodromal phase. METHODS In the TREND study (University of Tuebingen) biennial blood samples of n = 1201 individuals with/without increased risk for PD were taken prospectively over 4 to 10 years. We retrospectively analyzed blood samples of 12 participants later diagnosed with PD during the study to detect and amplify pathological α-syn conformers derived from neuronal extracellular vesicles using (1) immunoblot analyses with an antibody against these conformers and (2) an α-syn-SAA. Additionally, blood samples of n = 13 healthy individuals from the TREND cohort and n = 20 individuals with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) from the University Hospital Cologne were analyzed. RESULTS All individuals with PD showed positive immunoblots and a positive α-syn SAA at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, all PD patients showed a positive α-syn SAA 1 to 10 years before clinical diagnosis. In the iRBD cohort, 30% showed a positive α-syn SAA. All healthy controls had a negative SAA. CONCLUSIONS We here demonstrate the possibility to detect and amplify pathological α-syn conformers in peripheral blood up to 10 years before the clinical diagnosis of PD in individuals with and without iRBD. The findings of this study indicate that this blood-based α-syn SAA assay has the potential to serve as a diagnostic biomarker for prodromal PD. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sommerauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sinah Röttgen
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Roeben
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina von Thaler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julius Welzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard W Eschweiler
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Ma ZL, Wang ZL, Zhang FY, Liu HX, Mao LH, Yuan L. Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1813-1830. [PMID: 37815899 PMCID: PMC11272192 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized pathologically by dopaminergic neuron loss and the formation of Lewy bodies, which are enriched with aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). PD currently has no cure, but therapeutic strategies are available to alleviate symptoms. Early diagnosis can greatly improve therapeutic interventions, but the clinical diagnosis of PD remains challenging and depends mainly on clinical features and imaging tests. Efficient and specific biomarkers are crucial for the diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation of PD. Here, we reviewed the biomarkers of PD in different tissues and biofluids, along with the current clinical biochemical detection methods. We found that the sensitivity and specificity of single biomarkers are limited, and selecting appropriate indicators for combined detection can improve the diagnostic accuracy of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei-yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-xun Liu
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-hong Mao
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Bernhardt AM, Nemati M, Boros FA, Hopfner F, Levin J, Mollenhauer B, Winkler J, Zerr I, Zunke F, Höglinger G. α-Synuclein Seed Amplification Assays from Blood-Based Extracellular Vesicles in Parkinson's Disease: An Evaluation of the Evidence. Mov Disord 2024; 39:1269-1271. [PMID: 38989741 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maximilian Bernhardt
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Mojtaba Nemati
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus Elena Clinic, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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7
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Krawczuk D, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. Clinical Application of Blood Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Present and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8132. [PMID: 39125699 PMCID: PMC11311320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of complex diseases characterized by a progressive loss of neurons and degeneration in different areas of the nervous system. They share similar mechanisms, such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury, resulting in neuronal loss. One of the biggest challenges in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases is their heterogeneity. Clinical symptoms are usually present in the advanced stages of the disease, thus it is essential to find optimal biomarkers that would allow early diagnosis. Due to the development of ultrasensitive methods analyzing proteins in other fluids, such as blood, huge progress has been made in the field of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. The application of protein biomarker measurement has significantly influenced not only diagnosis but also prognosis, differentiation, and the development of new therapies, as it enables the recognition of early stages of disease in individuals with preclinical stages or with mild symptoms. Additionally, the introduction of biochemical markers into routine clinical practice may improve diagnosis and allow for a stratification group of people with higher risk, as well as an extension of well-being since a treatment could be started early. In this review, we focus on blood biomarkers, which could be potentially useful in the daily medical practice of selected neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Krawczuk
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (D.K.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (D.K.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (D.K.); (A.K.-P.)
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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8
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Chen Z, Li W, Meng B, Xu C, Huang Y, Li G, Wen Z, Liu J, Mao Z. Neuronal-enriched small extracellular vesicles trigger a PD-L1-mediated broad suppression of T cells in Parkinson's disease. iScience 2024; 27:110243. [PMID: 39006478 PMCID: PMC11246066 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Many clinical studies indicate a significant decrease of peripheral T cells in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is currently no mechanistic explanation for this important observation. Here, we found that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from in vitro and in vivo PD models suppressed IL-4 and INF-γ production from both purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and inhibited their activation and proliferation. Furthermore, neuronal-enriched sEVs (NEEVs) isolated from plasma of A53T-syn mice and culture media of human dopaminergic neurons carrying A53T-syn mutation also suppressed Th1 and Th2 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, the suppressed phenotype induced by NEEVs was associated with altered programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) level in T cells. Blocking PD-L1 with an anti-PD-L1 antibody or a small molecule inhibitor BMS-1166 reversed T cell suppression. Our study provides the basis for exploring peripheral T cells in PD pathogenesis and as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yiqi Huang
- The Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guanglu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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9
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Kluge A, Iranzo A. Biofluid Detection of Pathological α-Synuclein in the Prodromal Phase of Synucleinopathies. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230429. [PMID: 38995801 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are disorders characterized by the aggregation and deposition of pathological α-synuclein conformers. The underlying neurodegenerative processes begin years or decades before the onset of cardinal motor symptoms. This prodromal phase may manifest with various signs or symptoms. However, there are no current standardized laboratory tests to ascertain the progression and conversion of prodromal conditions such as mild cognitive impairment, isolated REM sleep behavior disorder or pure autonomic failure. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the diagnostic possibilities using human biofluids as source material to detect pathological α-synuclein in the prodromal phase of synucleinopathies. Our review identified eight eligible studies, that investigated pathological α-synuclein conformers using cerebrospinal fluid from patients with prodromal signs of synulceinopathies to differentiate this patient group from non-synucleinopathies, while only one study investigated this aspect using blood as medium. While previous studies clearly demonstrated a high diagnostic performance of α-synuclein seed amplification assays for differentiating synucleinopathies with Lewy bodies from healthy controls, only few analyses were performed focussing on individuals with prodromal disease. Nevertheless, results for the early detection of α-synuclein seeds using α-synuclein seed amplification assays were promising and may be of particular relevance for future clinical trials and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Kiel University, Germany
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Sleep Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona University, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Spain
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10
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Zanirati G, Dos Santos PG, Alcará AM, Bruzzo F, Ghilardi IM, Wietholter V, Xavier FAC, Gonçalves JIB, Marinowic D, Shetty AK, da Costa JC. Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation of Biomarkers and Treatment for Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7371. [PMID: 39000479 PMCID: PMC11242541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been widely established that the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs (sEVs), shed by different cell types into biofluids, helps to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies are also exploring the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles naturally enriched with therapeutic microRNAs and proteins for treating various diseases. In addition, EVs released by various neural cells play a crucial function in the modulation of signal transmission in the brain in physiological conditions. However, in pathological conditions, such EVs can facilitate the spread of pathological proteins from one brain region to the other. On the other hand, the analysis of EVs in biofluids can identify sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression. This review discusses the potential therapeutic use of stem cell-derived EVs in several central nervous system diseases. It lists their differences and similarities and confers various studies exploring EVs as biomarkers. Further advances in EV research in the coming years will likely lead to the routine use of EVs in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Gabrielli Dos Santos
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Allan Marinho Alcará
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bruzzo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Machado Ghilardi
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Wietholter
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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11
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Zarkali A, Thomas GEC, Zetterberg H, Weil RS. Neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease in an era of targeted interventions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5661. [PMID: 38969680 PMCID: PMC11226684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in Parkinson's disease is the variability in symptoms and rates of progression, underpinned by heterogeneity of pathological processes. Biomarkers are urgently needed for accurate diagnosis, patient stratification, monitoring disease progression and precise treatment. These were previously lacking, but recently, novel imaging and fluid biomarkers have been developed. Here, we consider new imaging approaches showing sensitivity to brain tissue composition, and examine novel fluid biomarkers showing specificity for pathological processes, including seed amplification assays and extracellular vesicles. We reflect on these biomarkers in the context of new biological staging systems, and on emerging techniques currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Zarkali
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK
- Movement Disorders Centre, UCL, London, UK
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12
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Janssen Daalen JM, Meinders MJ, Mathur S, van Hees HWH, Ainslie PN, Thijssen DHJ, Bloem BR. Randomized controlled trial of intermittent hypoxia in Parkinson's disease: study rationale and protocol. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:212. [PMID: 38909201 PMCID: PMC11193237 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease for which no disease-modifying therapies exist. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that repeated exposure to intermittent hypoxia might have short- and long-term benefits in PD. In a previous exploratory phase I trial, we demonstrated that in-clinic intermittent hypoxia exposure is safe and feasible with short-term symptomatic effects on PD symptoms. The current study aims to explore the safety, tolerability, feasibility, and net symptomatic effects of a four-week intermittent hypoxia protocol, administered at home, in individuals with PD. METHODS/DESIGN This is a two-armed double-blinded randomized controlled trial involving 40 individuals with mild to moderate PD. Participants will receive 45 min of normobaric intermittent hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen 0.16 for 5 min interspersed with 5 min normoxia), 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Co-primary endpoints include nature and total number of adverse events, and a feasibility-tolerability questionnaire. Secondary endpoints include Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part II and III scores, gait tests and biomarkers indicative of hypoxic dose and neuroprotective pathway induction. DISCUSSION This trial builds on the previous phase I trial and aims to investigate the safety, tolerability, feasibility, and net symptomatic effects of intermittent hypoxia in individuals with PD. Additionally, the study aims to explore induction of relevant neuroprotective pathways as measured in plasma. The results of this trial could provide further insight into the potential of hypoxia-based therapy as a novel treatment approach for PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05948761 (registered June 20th, 2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules M Janssen Daalen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical BioSciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjan J Meinders
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hieronymus W H van Hees
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- University of British Columbia, Center for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical BioSciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Park C, Weerakkody JS, Schneider R, Miao S, Pitt D. CNS cell-derived exosome signatures as blood-based biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426700. [PMID: 38966760 PMCID: PMC11222337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers require the reproducible capture of disease-associated changes and are ideally sensitive, specific and accessible with minimal invasiveness to patients. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that have gained attention as potential biomarkers. They are released by all cell types and carry molecular cargo that reflects the functional state of the cells of origin. These characteristics make them an attractive means of measuring disease-related processes within the central nervous system (CNS), as they cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and can be captured in peripheral blood. In this review, we discuss recent progress made toward identifying blood-based protein and RNA biomarkers of several neurodegenerative diseases from circulating, CNS cell-derived exosomes. Given the lack of standardized methodology for exosome isolation and characterization, we discuss the challenges of capturing and quantifying the molecular content of exosome populations from blood for translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Park
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sheng Miao
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David Pitt
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Bravo-Miana RDC, Arizaga-Echebarria JK, Otaegui D. Central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles: the next generation of neural circulating biomarkers? Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:32. [PMID: 38898538 PMCID: PMC11186231 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is integrated by glial and neuronal cells, and both release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in CNS homeostasis. EVs could be one of the best candidates to operate as nanosized biological platforms for analysing multidimensional bioactive cargos, which are protected during systemic circulation of EVs. Having a window into the molecular level processes that are happening in the CNS could open a new avenue in CNS research. This raises a particular point of interest: can CNS-derived EVs in blood serve as circulating biomarkers that reflect the pathological status of neurological diseases? L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a widely reported biomarker to identify CNS-derived EVs in peripheral blood. However, it has been demonstrated that L1CAM is also expressed outside the CNS. Given that principal data related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease were obtained using L1CAM-positive EVs, efforts to overcome present challenges related to its specificity are required. In this sense, other surface biomarkers for CNS-derived EVs, such as glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), among others, have started to be used. Establishing a panel of EV biomarkers to analyse CNS-derived EVs in blood could increase the specificity and sensitivity necessary for these types of studies. This review covers the main evidence related to CNS-derived EVs in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples of patients with neurological diseases, focusing on the reported biomarkers and the technical possibilities for their isolation. EVs are emerging as a mirror of brain physiopathology, reflecting both localized and systemic changes. Therefore, when the technical hindrances for EV research and clinical applications are overcome, novel disease-specific panels of EV biomarkers would be discovered to facilitate transformation from traditional medicine to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Del Carmen Bravo-Miana
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Jone Karmele Arizaga-Echebarria
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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15
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Pérez-Carbonell L, Iranzo A. REM sleep and neurodegeneration. J Sleep Res 2024:e14263. [PMID: 38867555 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Several brainstem, subcortical and cortical areas are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The alteration of these structures as a result of a neurodegenerative process may therefore lead to REM sleep anomalies. REM sleep behaviour disorder is associated with nightmares, dream-enacting behaviours and increased electromyographic activity in REM sleep. Its isolated form is a harbinger of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies, and neuroprotective interventions are advocated. This link might also be present in patients taking antidepressants, with post-traumatic stress disorder, or with a history of repeated traumatic head injury. REM sleep likely contributes to normal memory processes. Its alteration has also been proposed to be part of the neuropathological changes occurring in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Carbonell
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Neurology Service, Sleep Disorders Centre, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Tao H, Gao B. Exosomes for neurodegenerative diseases: diagnosis and targeted therapy. J Neurol 2024; 271:3050-3062. [PMID: 38605227 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurodegenerative diseases are still challenging clinical issues, with no curative interventions available and early, accurate diagnosis remaining difficult. Finding solutions to them is of great importance. In this review, we discuss possible exosomal diagnostic biomarkers and explore current explorations in exosome-targeted therapy for some common neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into the clinical transformation of exosomes in this field. RECENT FINDINGS The burgeoning research on exosomes has shed light on their potential applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. As a type of extracellular vesicles, exosomes are capable of crossing the blood - brain barrier and exist in various body fluids, whose components can reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain. In addition, they can deliver specific drugs to brain tissue, and even possess certain therapeutic effects themselves. And the recent advancements in engineering modification technology have further enabled exosomes to selectively target specific sites, facilitating the possibility of targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The unique properties of exosomes give them great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and provide novel ideas for dealing with such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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17
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Nogueras‐Ortiz CJ, Eren E, Yao P, Calzada E, Dunn C, Volpert O, Delgado‐Peraza F, Mustapic M, Lyashkov A, Rubio FJ, Vreones M, Cheng L, You Y, Hill AF, Ikezu T, Eitan E, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Single-extracellular vesicle (EV) analyses validate the use of L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) as a reliable biomarker of neuron-derived EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12459. [PMID: 38868956 PMCID: PMC11170079 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) with L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM)-specific antibodies has been widely used to identify blood biomarkers of CNS disorders. However, full methodological validation requires demonstration of L1CAM in individual NDEVs and lower levels or absence of L1CAM in individual EVs from other cells. Here, we used multiple single-EV techniques to establish the neuronal origin and determine the abundance of L1CAM-positive EVs in human blood. L1CAM epitopes of the ectodomain are shown to be co-expressed on single-EVs with the neuronal proteins β-III-tubulin, GAP43, and VAMP2, the levels of which increase in parallel with the enrichment of L1CAM-positive EVs. Levels of L1CAM-positive EVs carrying the neuronal proteins VAMP2 and β-III-tubulin range from 30% to 63%, in contrast to 0.8%-3.9% of L1CAM-negative EVs. Plasma fluid-phase L1CAM does not bind to single-EVs. Our findings support the use of L1CAM as a target for isolating plasma NDEVs and leveraging their cargo to identify biomarkers reflecting neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Nogueras‐Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erden Eren
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pamela Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Francheska Delgado‐Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alexey Lyashkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research BranchIntramural Research Program/National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael Vreones
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yang You
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco Campus for Jewish LivingSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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18
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Shu H, Zhang P, Gu L. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluid as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:831-842. [PMID: 38170418 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluids can be used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains in controversy. This study evaluates diagnostic potential of alpha-synuclein for PD in various peripheral body fluids using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS Studies published before October 2022 were searched in Web of Science and PubMed databases. The results were computed using the STATA 12.0 statistical software. RESULTS In plasma, PD patients exhibited elevated alpha-synuclein levels relative to healthy controls (HCs) [standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42 to 1.15] with a sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.89) and a specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90-0.98). Higher plasma alpha-synuclein levels were correlated with longer disease durations, higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, and higher Hoehn and Yahr stages in PD patients. Plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein levels (SMD = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.30 to 3.35), ratio of plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein to total alpha-synuclein (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.19 to 2.33), and erythrocytic alpha-synuclein levels were also increased in PD patients (SMD = 6.57, 95% CI = 3.55 to 9.58). In serum, there was no significant difference in alpha-synuclein levels between PD patients and HCs (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI = - 0.27 to 1.34). In saliva, reduced alpha-synuclein levels were observed in PD patients (SMD = - 0.85, 95% CI = - 1.67 to - 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Alpha-synuclein levels in plasma, plasma neural-derived exosome, erythrocyte, and saliva may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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19
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Kim KY, Shin KY, Chang KA. Potential Exosome Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5307. [PMID: 38791346 PMCID: PMC11121363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Given its prevalence, reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis are required. Exosomal proteins within extracellular nanovesicles are promising candidates for diagnostic, screening, prognostic, and disease monitoring purposes in neurological diseases such as PD. This review aims to evaluate the potential of extracellular vesicle proteins or miRNAs as biomarkers for PD. A comprehensive literature search until January 2024 was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, to identify relevant studies reporting exosome biomarkers in blood samples from PD patients. Out of 417 articles screened, 47 studies were selected for analysis. Among exosomal protein biomarkers, α-synuclein, tau, Amyloid β 1-42, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) were identified as significant markers for PD. Concerning miRNA biomarkers, miRNA-24, miR-23b-3p, miR-195-3p, miR-29c, and mir-331-5p are promising across studies. α-synuclein exhibited increased levels in PD patients compared to control groups in twenty-one studies, while a decrease was observed in three studies. Our meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in total exosomal α-synuclein levels between PD patients and healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.369, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.893 to 1.846, p < 0.001), although these results are limited by data availability. Furthermore, α-synuclein levels significantly differ between PD patients and healthy controls (SMD = 1.471, 95% CI = 0.941 to 2.002, p < 0.001). In conclusion, certain exosomal proteins and multiple miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and assessment of disease progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Shin
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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20
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Maity S, Huang Y, Kilgore MD, Thurmon AN, Vaasjo LO, Galazo MJ, Xu X, Cao J, Wang X, Ning B, Liu N, Fan J. Mapping dynamic molecular changes in hippocampal subregions after traumatic brain injury through spatial proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38735925 PMCID: PMC11089002 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in diverse molecular responses, challenging traditional proteomic studies that measure average changes at tissue levels and fail to capture the complexity and heterogeneity of the affected tissues. Spatial proteomics offers a solution by providing insights into sub-region-specific alterations within tissues. This study focuses on the hippocampal sub-regions, analyzing proteomic expression profiles in mice at the acute (1 day) and subacute (7 days) phases of post-TBI to understand subregion-specific vulnerabilities and long-term consequences. METHODS Three mice brains were collected from each group, including Sham, 1-day post-TBI and 7-day post-TBI. Hippocampal subregions were extracted using Laser Microdissection (LMD) and subsequently analyzed by label-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS The spatial analysis reveals region-specific protein abundance changes, highlighting the elevation of FN1, LGALS3BP, HP, and MUG-1 in the stratum moleculare (SM), suggesting potential immune cell enrichment post-TBI. Notably, established markers of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, IGHM and B2M, exhibit specific upregulation in the dentate gyrus bottom (DG2) independent of direct mechanical injury. Metabolic pathway analysis identifies disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism, coupled with activated cholesterol synthesis pathways enriched in SM at 7-Day post-TBI and subsequently in deeper DG1 and DG2 suggesting a role in neurogenesis and the onset of recovery. Coordinated activation of neuroglia and microtubule dynamics in DG2 suggest recovery mechanisms in less affected regions. Cluster analysis revealed spatial variations post-TBI, indicative of dysregulated neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis and further predisposition to neurological disorders. TBI-induced protein upregulation (MUG-1, PZP, GFAP, TJP, STAT-1, and CD44) across hippocampal sub-regions indicates shared molecular responses and links to neurological disorders. Spatial variations were demonstrated by proteins dysregulated in both or either of the time-points exclusively in each subregion (ELAVL2, CLIC1 in PL, CD44 and MUG-1 in SM, and SHOC2, LGALS3 in DG). CONCLUSIONS Utilizing advanced spatial proteomics techniques, the study unveils the dynamic molecular responses in distinct hippocampal subregions post-TBI. It uncovers region-specific vulnerabilities and dysregulated neuronal processes, and potential recovery-related pathways that contribute to our understanding of TBI's neurological consequences and provides valuable insights for biomarker discovery and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Maity
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mitchell D Kilgore
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Abbigail N Thurmon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Maria J Galazo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane University Translational Sciences Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Jia Fan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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21
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Wang X, Li A, Fan H, Li Y, Yang N, Tang Y. Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke: Therapeutic Potential and Prospective. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1227-1254. [PMID: 37728588 PMCID: PMC11081164 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Astrocytes are special glial cells within the central nervous system and play important roles in mediating neuroprotection and repair processes during stroke. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles released from cells that facilitate intercellular communication in stroke by delivering proteins, lipids, and RNA to target cells. Recently, accumulating evidence suggested that astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) are actively involved in mediating numerous biological processes including neuroprotection and neurorepair in stroke and they are realized as an excellent therapeutic approach for treating stroke. In this review we systematically summarize the up-to-date research on ADEVs in stroke, and prospects for its potential as a novel therapeutic target for stroke. We also provide an overview of the effects and functions of ADEVs on stroke recovery, which may lead to developing clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Huaju Fan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Nana Yang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Liu C, Su Y, Ma X, Wei Y, Qiao R. How close are we to a breakthrough? The hunt for blood biomarkers in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2563-2576. [PMID: 38379501 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), being the second largest neurodegenerative disease, poses challenges in early detection, resulting in a lack of timely treatment options to effectively manage the disease. By the time clinical diagnosis becomes possible, more than 60% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients have already degenerated. Therefore, early diagnosis or identification of warning signs is crucial for the prompt and timely beginning of the treatment. However, conducting invasive or complex diagnostic procedures on asymptomatic patients can be challenging, making routine blood tests a more feasible approach in such cases. Numerous studies have been conducted over an extended period to search for effective diagnostic biomarkers in blood samples. However, thus far, no highly effective biomarkers have been confirmed. Besides classical proteins like α-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn and oligomeric α-syn, other molecules involved in disease progression should also be given equal attention. In this review, we will not only discuss proposed biomarkers that are currently under investigation but also delve into the mechanisms underlying the disease, focusing on processes such as α-syn misfolding, intercellular transmission and the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim is to provide an updated overview of molecules based on these processes that may potentially serve as blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Yu L, Yang M, Han B, Luo J, Jing R. Model fusion for predicting unconventional proteins secreted by exosomes using deep learning. Proteomics 2024:e2300184. [PMID: 38643383 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Unconventional secretory proteins (USPs) are vital for cell-to-cell communication and are necessary for proper physiological processes. Unlike classical proteins that follow the conventional secretory pathway via the Golgi apparatus, these proteins are released using unconventional pathways. The primary modes of secretion for USPs are exosomes and ectosomes, which originate from the endoplasmic reticulum. Accurate and rapid identification of exosome-mediated secretory proteins is crucial for gaining valuable insights into the regulation of non-classical protein secretion and intercellular communication, as well as for the advancement of novel therapeutic approaches. Although computational methods based on amino acid sequence prediction exist for predicting unconventional proteins secreted by exosomes (UPSEs), they suffer from significant limitations in terms of algorithmic accuracy. In this study, we propose a novel approach to predict UPSEs by combining multiple deep learning models that incorporate both protein sequences and evolutionary information. Our approach utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract protein sequence information, while various densely connected neural networks (DNNs) are employed to capture evolutionary conservation patterns.By combining six distinct deep learning models, we have created a superior framework that surpasses previous approaches, achieving an ACC score of 77.46% and an MCC score of 0.5406 on an independent test dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lezheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Han
- GCP Center/Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Basic Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Runyu Jing
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ishiguro Y, Tsunemi T, Shimada T, Yoroisaka A, Ueno SI, Takeshige-Amano H, Hatano T, Inoue Y, Saiki S, Hattori N. Extracellular vesicles contain filamentous alpha-synuclein and facilitate the propagation of Parkinson's pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149620. [PMID: 38359614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the pathological deposition of a-synuclein (a-syn) inclusions, known as Lewy bodies/neurites. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in facilitating the spreading of Lewy pathology between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. We analyzed serum EVs obtained from patients with PD (n = 142), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n = 18), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n = 28), rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (n = 31), and controls (n = 105). While we observed a significant reduction in the number of EVs in PD compared to controls (p = 0.006), we also noted a substantial increase in filamentous α-synuclein within EVs in PD compared to controls (p < 0.0001), MSA (0.012), and PSP (p = 0.03). Further analysis unveiled the role of EVs in facilitating the transmission of filamentous α-synuclein between neurons and from peripheral blood to the CNS. These findings highlight the potential utility of serum α-synuclein filaments within EVs as diagnostic markers for synucleinopathies and underscore the significance of EVs in promoting the dissemination of filamentous α-synuclein throughout the entire body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taiji Tsunemi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neurology, Koto Hospital, 6-8-5 Ojima, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0072, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Asako Yoroisaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeshige-Amano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Saiki
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Tenkubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaragi, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Taha HB, Bogoniewski A. Analysis of biomarkers in speculative CNS-enriched extracellular vesicles for parkinsonian disorders: a comprehensive systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:1680-1706. [PMID: 38103086 PMCID: PMC10973014 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), exhibit overlapping early-stage symptoms, complicating definitive diagnosis despite heterogeneous cellular and regional pathophysiology. Additionally, the progression and the eventual conversion of prodromal conditions such as REM behavior disorder (RBD) to PD, MSA, or DLB remain challenging to predict. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-enclosed structures released by cells, playing a vital role in communicating cell-state-specific messages. Due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the peripheral circulation, measuring biomarkers in blood-isolated speculative CNS enriched EVs has become a popular diagnostic approach. However, replication and independent validation remain challenging in this field. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of speculative CNS-enriched EVs for parkinsonian disorders. METHODS We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review and meta-analysis, covering 18 studies with a total of 1695 patients with PD, 253 with MSA, 21 with DLB, 172 with PSP, 152 with CBS, 189 with RBD, and 1288 HCs, employing either hierarchical bivariate models or univariate models based on study size. RESULTS Diagnostic accuracy was moderate for differentiating patients with PD from HCs, but revealed high heterogeneity and significant publication bias, suggesting an inflation of the perceived diagnostic effectiveness. The bias observed indicates that studies with non-significant or lower effect sizes were less likely to be published. Although results for differentiating patients with PD from those with MSA or PSP and CBS appeared promising, their validity is limited due to the small number of involved studies coming from the same research group. Despite initial reports, our analyses suggest that using speculative CNS-enriched EV biomarkers may not reliably differentiate patients with MSA from HCs or patients with RBD from HCs, due to their lesser accuracy and substantial variability among the studies, further complicated by substantial publication bias. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the moderate, yet unreliable diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in speculative CNS-enriched EVs in differentiating parkinsonian disorders, highlighting the presence of substantial heterogeneity and significant publication bias. These observations reinforce the need for larger, more standardized, and unbiased studies to validate the utility of these biomarkers but also call for the development of better biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aleksander Bogoniewski
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Singh G, Mehra A, Arora S, Gugulothu D, Vora LK, Prasad R, Khatri DK. Exosome-mediated delivery and regulation in neurological disease progression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130728. [PMID: 38467209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs), membranous structures originating from diverse biological sources, have recently seized the attention of researchers due to their theranostic potential for neurological diseases. Released actively by various cells, including stem cells, adipose tissue, and immune cells, EXOs wield substantial regulatory influence over the intricate landscape of neurological complications, exhibiting both positive and negative modulatory effects. In AD, EXOs play a pivotal role in disseminating and breaking down amyloid-β protein. Moreover, EXOs derived from mesenchymal stem cells showcase a remarkable capacity to mitigate pro-inflammatory phenotypes by regulating miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. These vesicles possess the unique ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, governing the aggregation of mutant huntingtin protein. Understanding the exosomal functions within the CNS holds significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy in neurological diseases. This review intricately examines the regulatory mechanisms involving EXOs in neurological disease development, highlighting therapeutic prospects and exploring their utility in exosome-based nanomedicine for various neurological complications. Additionally, the review highlights the challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain, emphasizing the complexities inherent in this critical aspect of neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India
| | - Ankit Mehra
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanchit Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), M.B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Dalapathi Gugulothu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), M.B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Moonsuk Medical Research Building, 516, 5th floor, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India; Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Zhang G, Li L, Kong Y, Xu D, Bao Y, Zhang Z, Liao Z, Jiao J, Fan D, Long X, Dai J, Xie C, Meng Z, Zhang Z. Vitamin D-binding protein in plasma microglia-derived extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker for major depressive disorder. Genes Dis 2024; 11:1009-1021. [PMID: 37692510 PMCID: PMC10491883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
No well-established biomarkers are available for the clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) is altered in plasma and postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissues of MDD patients. Thereby, the role of VDBP as a potential biomarker of MDD diagnosis was further assessed. Total extracellular vesicles (EVs) and brain cell-derived EVs (BCDEVs) were isolated from the plasma of first-episode drug-naïve or drug-free MDD patients and well-matched healthy controls (HCs) in discovery (20 MDD patients and 20 HCs) and validation cohorts (88 MDD patients and 38 HCs). VDBP level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from chronic glucocorticoid-induced depressed rhesus macaques or prelimbic cortex from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressed mice and wild control groups was measured to evaluate its relationship with VDBP in plasma microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (MDEVs). VDBP was significantly decreased in MDD plasma MDEVs compared to HCs, and negatively correlated with HAMD-24 score with the highest diagnostic accuracy among BCDEVs. VDBP in plasma MDEVs was decreased both in depressed rhesus macaques and mice. A positive correlation of VDBP in MDEVs with that in CSF was detected in depressed rhesus macaques. VDBP levels in prelimbic cortex microglia were negatively correlated with those in plasma MDEVs in depressed mice. The main results suggested that VDBP in plasma MDEVs might serve as a prospective candidate biomarker for MDD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Zhiting Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhixiang Liao
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaojing Long
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Sciences-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Sciences-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Wang W, Sun H, Duan H, Sheng G, Tian N, Liu D, Sun Z. Isolation and usage of exosomes in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14677. [PMID: 38497529 PMCID: PMC10945885 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are vesicles secreted by all types of mammalian cells. They are characterized by a double-layered lipid membrane structure. They serve as carriers for a plethora of signal molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Their unique capability of effortlessly crossing the blood-brain barrier underscores their critical role in the progression of various neurological disorders. This includes, but is not limited to, diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ischemic stroke. Establishing stable and mature methods for isolating exosomes is a prerequisite for the study of exosomes and their biomedical significance. The extraction technologies of exosomes include differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, polymer coprecipitation, immunoaffinity capture, microfluidic, and so forth. Each extraction technology has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the extraction standards of exosomes have not been unified internationally. AIMS This review aimed to showcase the recent advancements in exosome isolation techniques and thoroughly compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Furthermore, the significant research progress made in using exosomes for diagnosing and treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been emphasized. CONCLUSION The varying isolation methods result in differences in the concentration, purity, and size of exosomes. The efficient separation of exosomes facilitates their widespread application, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hong Sun
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Gang Sheng
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Na Tian
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dingyi Liu
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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Wang Q, Wang H, Zhao X, Han C, Liu C, Li Z, Du T, Sui Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Cai G, Meng F. Transcriptome sequencing of circular RNA reveals the involvement of hsa-SCMH1_0001 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14435. [PMID: 37664885 PMCID: PMC10916443 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that can take part in intercellular communication. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs characterized by covalently closed-loop structures, which perform a crucial function in many diseases. AIM To clarify the expression and function of exosomal circRNSs of PD patients and look for circRNAs that might be related to the pathogenesis of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined circRNA and mRNA expression profiles in peripheral exosomes from PD patients (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 15) using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, functional annotation, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Correlation analysis was performed between the expression levels of the circRNAs and the clinical characteristics of PD patients. The binding miRNAs and target genes were predicted using TargetScanHuman, miRDB, and miRTarBase. The predicted target genes were compared with the differentially expressed mRNAs in sequencing results. RESULTS According to the NGS, 62 upregulated and 37 downregulated circRNAs in the PD group were screened out. Correlation analysis revealed that hsa-SCMH1_0001 has strong clinical relevance. We identified 17 potential binding miRNAs of hsa-SCMH1_0001 with 149 potential target genes. ARID1A and C1orf115 belong to the intersection of the predicted target genes and the differentially expressed mRNAs obtained by sequencing. CONCLUSION This study suggested that hsa-SCMH1_0001 and its target genes ARID1A and C1orf115 are downregulated in PD patients and may be involved in the occurrence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
- National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Xuemin Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunlei Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Zhibao Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Yunpeng Sui
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yilei Xiao
- Department of NeurosurgeryLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Institute of NeuroscienceFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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Bhomia M, Feng Y, Deleon P, Robertson CS, Kobeissy F, Wang KK, Knollmann-Ritschel B. Transcriptomic Signatures of Neuronally Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveal the Presence of Olfactory Receptors in Clinical Samples from Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2777. [PMID: 38474024 PMCID: PMC10931597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury to the brain by external forces which can lead to cellular damage and the disruption of normal central nervous system functions. The recently approved blood-based biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 can only detect injuries which are detectable on CT, and are not sensitive enough to diagnose milder injuries or concussion. Exosomes are small microvesicles which are released from the cell as a part of extracellular communication in normal as well as diseased states. The objective of this study was to identify the messenger RNA content of the exosomes released by injured neurons to identify new potential blood-based biomarkers for TBI. Human severe traumatic brain injury samples were used for this study. RNA was isolated from neuronal exosomes and total transcriptomic sequencing was performed. RNA sequencing data from neuronal exosomes isolated from serum showed mRNA transcripts of several neuronal genes. In particular, mRNAs of several olfactory receptor genes were present at elevated concentrations in the neuronal exosomes. Some of these genes were OR10A6, OR14A2, OR6F1, OR1B1, and OR1L1. RNA sequencing data from exosomes isolated from CSF showed a similar elevation of these olfactory receptors. We further validated the expression of these samples in serum samples of mild TBI patients, and a similar up-regulation of these olfactory receptors was observed. The data from these experiments suggest that damage to the neurons in the olfactory neuroepithelium as well as in the brain following a TBI may cause the release of mRNA from these receptors in the exosomes. Hence, olfactory receptors can be further explored as biomarkers for the diagnosis of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Bhomia
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.F.); (P.D.); (B.K.-R.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Yanru Feng
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.F.); (P.D.); (B.K.-R.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Piper Deleon
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.F.); (P.D.); (B.K.-R.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (F.K.); (K.K.W.)
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (F.K.); (K.K.W.)
| | - Barbara Knollmann-Ritschel
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.F.); (P.D.); (B.K.-R.)
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31
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Kumar A, Nader MA, Deep G. Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as "Liquid Biopsy" for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:199-227. [PMID: 38351075 PMCID: PMC10877757 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple diseases and disorders. The feasibility of enriching specific subpopulations of EVs from biofluids based on their unique surface markers has opened novel opportunities to gain molecular insight from various tissues and organs, including the brain. Over the past decade, EVs in bodily fluids have been extensively studied for biomarkers associated with various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders, substance use disorders, human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cancer/treatment-induced neurodegeneration. These studies have focused on the isolation and cargo characterization of either total EVs or brain cells, such as neuron-, astrocyte-, microglia-, oligodendrocyte-, pericyte-, and endothelial-derived EVs from biofluids to achieve early diagnosis and molecular characterization and to predict the treatment and intervention outcomes. The findings of these studies have demonstrated that EVs could serve as a repetitive and less invasive source of valuable molecular information for these neurological disorders, supplementing existing costly neuroimaging techniques and relatively invasive measures, like lumbar puncture. However, the initial excitement surrounding blood-based biomarkers for brain-related diseases has been tempered by challenges, such as lack of central nervous system specificity in EV markers, lengthy protocols, and the absence of standardized procedures for biological sample collection, EV isolation, and characterization. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in the EV field, supported by improved isolation methods and sensitive assays for cargo characterization, brain cell-derived EVs continue to offer unparallel opportunities with significant translational implications for various neurological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extracellular vesicles present a less invasive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders. Characterizing these vesicles in biofluids holds the potential to yield valuable molecular information, thereby significantly impacting the development of novel biomarkers for various neurological disorders. This paper has reviewed the methodology employed to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from various brain cells in biofluids, their utility in enhancing the molecular understanding of neurodegeneration, and the potential challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Gagan Deep
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
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Zhang C, Zheng K, Li C, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Xia L, Ma Y, Wyss HM, Cheng X, He S. Single-Molecule Protein Analysis by Centrifugal Droplet Immuno-PCR with Magnetic Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1872-1879. [PMID: 38225884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Detecting proteins in ultralow concentrations in complex media is important for many applications but often relies on complicated techniques. Herein, a single-molecule protein analyzer with the potential for high-throughput applications is reported. Gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles with DNA-labeled antibodies were used for target recognition and separation. The immunocomplex was loaded into microdroplets generated with centrifugation. Immuno-PCR amplification of the DNA enabled the quantification of proteins at the level of single molecules. As an example, ultrasensitive detection of α-synuclein, a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, is achieved. The limit of detection was determined to be ∼50 aM in buffer and ∼170 aM in serum. The method exhibited high specificity and could be used to analyze post-translational modifications such as protein phosphorylation. This study will inspire wider studies on single-molecule protein detection, especially in disease diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Kaixin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Microsystems Research Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ranran Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Linxiao Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hans M Wyss
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Microsystems Research Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Ningbo 310050, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Sailing He
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Ningbo 310050, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden
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Xu X, Iqbal Z, Xu L, Wen C, Duan L, Xia J, Yang N, Zhang Y, Liang Y. Brain-derived extracellular vesicles: Potential diagnostic biomarkers for central nervous system diseases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:83-96. [PMID: 37877617 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanovesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space and contain functional biomolecules, e.g. signaling receptors, bioactive lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, which can serve as biomarkers. Neurons and glial cells secrete EVs, contributing to various physiological and pathological aspects of brain diseases. EVs confer their role in the bidirectional crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery owing to their distinctive ability to cross the unique blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, EVs in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine can be intriguing biomarkers, enabling the minimally invasive diagnosis of CNS diseases. Although there has been an enormous interest in evaluating EVs as promising biomarkers, the lack of ultra-sensitive approaches for isolating and detecting brain-derived EVs (BDEVs) has hindered the development of efficient biomarkers. This review presents the recent salient findings of exosomal biomarkers, focusing on brain disorders. We summarize highly sensitive sensors for EV detection and state-of-the-art methods for single EV detection. Finally, the prospect of developing advanced EV analysis approaches for the non-invasive diagnosis of brain diseases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zoya Iqbal
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Caining Wen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ningning Yang
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Yuanmin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Shantaraman A, Dammer EB, Ugochukwu O, Duong DM, Yin L, Carter EK, Gearing M, Chen-Plotkin A, Lee EB, Trojanowski JQ, Bennett DA, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Higginbotham L. Network Proteomics of the Lewy Body Dementia Brain Reveals Presynaptic Signatures Distinct from Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576728. [PMID: 38328211 PMCID: PMC10849701 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lewy body dementia (LBD), a class of disorders comprising Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), features substantial clinical and pathological overlap with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identification of biomarkers unique to LBD pathophysiology could meaningfully advance its diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), we measured over 9,000 proteins across 138 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissues from a University of Pennsylvania autopsy collection comprising control, Parkinson's disease (PD), PDD, and DLB diagnoses. We then analyzed co-expression network protein alterations in those with LBD, validated these disease signatures in two independent LBD datasets, and compared these findings to those observed in network analyses of AD cases. The LBD network revealed numerous groups or "modules" of co-expressed proteins significantly altered in PDD and DLB, representing synaptic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathophysiology. A comparison of validated LBD signatures to those of AD identified distinct differences between the two diseases. Notably, synuclein-associated presynaptic modules were elevated in LBD but decreased in AD relative to controls. We also found that glial-associated matrisome signatures consistently elevated in AD were more variably altered in LBD, ultimately stratifying those LBD cases with low versus high burdens of concurrent beta-amyloid deposition. In conclusion, unbiased network proteomic analysis revealed diverse pathophysiological changes in the LBD frontal cortex distinct from alterations in AD. These results highlight the LBD brain network proteome as a promising source of biomarkers that could enhance clinical recognition and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantharaman Shantaraman
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Obiadada Ugochukwu
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luming Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E. Kathleen Carter
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lenora Higginbotham
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chopra A, Outeiro TF. Aggregation and beyond: alpha-synuclein-based biomarkers in synucleinopathies. Brain 2024; 147:81-90. [PMID: 37526295 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is clinically known for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulation of intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions rich in alpha-synuclein called 'Lewy bodies' and 'Lewy neurites'. Together with dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease is part of a group of disorders called synucleinopathies. Currently, diagnosis of synucleinopathies is based on the clinical assessment which often takes place in advanced disease stages. While the causal role of alpha-synuclein aggregates in these disorders is still debatable, measuring the levels, types or seeding properties of different alpha-synuclein species hold great promise as biomarkers. Recent studies indicate significant differences in peptide, protein and RNA levels in blood samples from patients with Parkinson's disease. Seed amplification assays using CSF, blood, skin biopsy, olfactory swab samples show great promise for detecting synucleinopathies and even for discriminating between different synucleinopathies. Interestingly, small extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, display differences in their cargoes in Parkinson's disease patients versus controls. In this update, we focus on alpha-synuclein aggregation and possible sources of disease-related species released in extracellular vesicles, which promise to revolutionize the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avika Chopra
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Yan S, Jiang C, Janzen A, Barber TR, Seger A, Sommerauer M, Davis JJ, Marek K, Hu MT, Oertel WH, Tofaris GK. Neuronally Derived Extracellular Vesicle α-Synuclein as a Serum Biomarker for Individuals at Risk of Developing Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:59-68. [PMID: 38048087 PMCID: PMC10696516 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) often predate the movement disorder by decades. Currently, there is no blood biomarker to define this prodromal phase. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether α-synuclein in neuronally derived serum-extracellular vesicles identifies individuals at risk of developing PD and related dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPANTS This retrospective, cross-sectional multicenter study of serum samples included the Oxford Discovery, Marburg, Cologne, and Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohorts. Participants were recruited from July 2013 through August 2023 and samples were analyzed from April 2022 through September 2023. The derivation group (n = 170) included participants with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and controls. Two validation groups were used: the first (n = 122) included participants with iRBD and controls and the second (n = 263) included nonmanifest GBA1N409S gene carriers, participants with iRBD or hyposmia, and available dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography, healthy controls, and patients with sporadic PD. Overall the study included 199 participants with iRBD, 20 hyposmic participants with available dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography, 146 nonmanifest GBA1N409S gene carriers, 21 GBA1N409S gene carrier patients with PD, 50 patients with sporadic PD, and 140 healthy controls. In the derivation group and validation group 1, participants with polysomnographically confirmed iRBD were included. In the validation group 2, at-risk participants with available Movement Disorder Society prodromal markers and serum samples were included. Among 580 potential participants, 4 were excluded due to alternative diagnoses. EXPOSURES Clinical assessments, imaging, and serum collection. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES L1CAM-positive extracellular vesicles (L1EV) were immunocaptured from serum. α-Synuclein and syntenin-1 were measured by electrochemiluminescence. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) with 95% CIs evaluated biomarker performance. Probable prodromal PD was determined using the updated Movement Disorder Society research criteria. Multiple linear regression models assessed the association between L1EV α-synuclein and prodromal markers. RESULTS Among 576 participants included, the mean (SD) age was 64.30 (8.27) years, 394 were male (68.4%), and 182 were female (31.6%). A derived threshold of serum L1EV α-synuclein distinguished participants with iRBD from controls (AUC = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) and those with more than 80% probability of having prodromal PD from participants with less than 5% probability (AUC = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.89). Subgroup analyses revealed that specific combinations of prodromal markers were associated with increased L1EV α-synuclein levels. Across all cohorts, L1EV α-synuclein differentiated participants with more than 80% probability of having prodromal PD from current and historic healthy control populations (AUC = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.93), irrespective of initial diagnosis. L1EV α-synuclein was increased in at-risk participants with a positive cerebrospinal fluid seed amplification assay and was above the identified threshold in 80% of cases (n = 40) that phenoconverted to PD or related dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE L1EV α-synuclein in combination with prodromal markers should be considered in the stratification of those at high risk of developing PD and related Lewy body diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Yan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Barber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aline Seger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Sommerauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michele T. Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - George K. Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Schaeffer E, Kluge A, Schulte C, Deuschle C, Bunk J, Welzel J, Maetzler W, Berg D. Association of Misfolded α-Synuclein Derived from Neuronal Exosomes in Blood with Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis and Duration. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:667-679. [PMID: 38669557 PMCID: PMC11191501 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Misfolded α-synuclein can be detected in blood samples of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients by a seed amplification assay (SAA), but the association with disease duration is not clear, yet. Objective In the present study we aimed to elucidate whether seeding activity of misfolded α-synuclein derived from neuronal exosomes in blood is associated with PD diagnosis and disease duration. Methods Cross-sectional samples of PD patients were analyzed and compared to samples of age- and gender-matched healthy controls using a blood-based SAA. Presence of α-synuclein seeding activity and differences in seeding parameters, including fluorescence response (in arbitrary units) at the end of the amplification assay (F60) were analyzed. Additionally, available PD samples collected longitudinally over 5-9 years were included. Results In the cross-sectional dataset, 79 of 80 PD patients (mean age 69 years, SD = 8; 56% male) and none of the healthy controls (n = 20, mean age 70 years, SD = 10; 55% male) showed seeding activity (sensitivity 98.8%). When comparing subgroups divided by disease duration, longer disease duration was associated with lower α-synuclein seeding activity (F60: p < 0.001). In the longitudinal analysis 10/11 patients showed a gradual decrease of α-synuclein seeding activity over time. Conclusions This study confirms the high sensitivity of the blood-based α-synuclein SAA applied here. The negative association of α-synuclein seeding activity in blood with disease duration makes this parameter potentially interesting as biomarker for future studies on the pathophysiology of disease progression in PD, and for biologically oriented trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julius Welzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Giloteaux L, Glass KA, Germain A, Franconi CJ, Zhang S, Hanson MR. Dysregulation of extracellular vesicle protein cargo in female myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome cases and sedentary controls in response to maximal exercise. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12403. [PMID: 38173127 PMCID: PMC10764978 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, physical exercise improves cardiovascular health and muscle strength, alleviates fatigue and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Although exercise is suggested as a lifestyle intervention to manage various chronic illnesses, it negatively affects people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), who suffer from exercise intolerance. We hypothesized that altered extracellular vesicle (EV) signalling in ME/CFS patients after an exercise challenge may contribute to their prolonged and exacerbated negative response to exertion (post-exertional malaise). EVs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography from the plasma of 18 female ME/CFS patients and 17 age- and BMI-matched female sedentary controls at three time points: before, 15 min, and 24 h after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis and their protein cargo was quantified using Tandem Mass Tag-based (TMT) proteomics. The results show that exercise affects the EV proteome in ME/CFS patients differently than in healthy individuals and that changes in EV proteins after exercise are strongly correlated with symptom severity in ME/CFS. Differentially abundant proteins in ME/CFS patients versus controls were involved in many pathways and systems, including coagulation processes, muscle contraction (both smooth and skeletal muscle), cytoskeletal proteins, the immune system and brain signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Giloteaux
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Katherine A. Glass
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Arnaud Germain
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Carl J. Franconi
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of BiotechnologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Maureen R. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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Huber CC, Wang H. Pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomes in neurodegenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:75-79. [PMID: 37488847 PMCID: PMC10479842 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect millions of people worldwide, and the prevalence of these disorders is only projected to rise as the number of people over 65 will drastically increase in the coming years. While therapies exist to aid in symptomatic relief, effective treatments that can stop or reverse the progress of each neurodegenerative disease are lacking. Recently, research on the role of extracellular vesicles as disease markers and therapeutics has been intensively studied. Exosomes, 30-150 nm in diameter, are one type of extracellular vesicles facilitating cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes are thought to play a role in disease propagation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Accordingly, the exosomes derived from the patients are an invaluable source of disease biomarkers. On the other hand, exosomes, especially those derived from stem cells, could serve as a therapeutic for these disorders, as seen by a rapid increase in clinical trials investigating the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes in different neurological diseases. This review summarizes the pathological burden and therapeutic approach of exosomes in neurodegenerative disorders. We also highlight how heat shock increases the yield of exosomes while still maintaining their therapeutic efficacy. Finally, this review concludes with outstanding questions that remain to be addressed in exosomal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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40
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Sandau US, Magaña SM, Costa J, Nolan JP, Ikezu T, Vella LJ, Jackson HK, Moreira LR, Palacio PL, Hill AF, Quinn JF, Van Keuren‐Jensen KR, McFarland TJ, Palade J, Sribnick EA, Su H, Vekrellis K, Coyle B, Yang Y, Falcón‐Perez JM, Nieuwland R, Saugstad JA. Recommendations for reproducibility of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12397. [PMID: 38158550 PMCID: PMC10756860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, transparent fluid derived from blood plasma that protects the brain and spinal cord against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, clears metabolic waste and transports extracellular components to remote sites in the brain. Given its contact with the brain and the spinal cord, CSF is the most informative biofluid for studies of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to other components, CSF contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cargoes (e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins), and that can have biological functions within and beyond the CNS. Thus, CSF EVs likely serve as both mediators of and contributors to communication in the CNS. Accordingly, their potential as biomarkers for CNS diseases has stimulated much excitement for and attention to CSF EV research. However, studies on CSF EVs present unique challenges relative to EV studies in other biofluids, including the invasive nature of CSF collection, limited CSF volumes and the low numbers of EVs in CSF as compared to plasma. Here, the objectives of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles CSF Task Force are to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies by providing current reporting and best practices, and recommendations and reporting guidelines, for CSF EV studies. To accomplish this, we created and distributed a world-wide survey to ISEV members to assess methods considered 'best practices' for CSF EVs, then performed a detailed literature review for CSF EV publications that was used to curate methods and resources. Based on responses to the survey and curated information from publications, the CSF Task Force herein provides recommendations and reporting guidelines to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies in seven domains: (i) CSF Collection, Processing, and Storage; (ii) CSF EV Separation/Concentration; (iii) CSF EV Size and Number Measurements; (iv) CSF EV Protein Studies; (v) CSF EV RNA Studies; (vi) CSF EV Omics Studies and (vii) CSF EV Functional Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da RepúblicaOeirasPortugal
| | - John P. Nolan
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc.Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades TropicalesUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joanna Palade
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Eric A. Sribnick
- Department of NeurosurgeryNationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireUK
| | - You Yang
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasMadridSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Malvankar MM, Deme P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Eren E, Thomas AG, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Mustapic M, Huang M, Coleman K, Joe TR, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Kapogiannis D, Slusher BS. Inhibiting tau-induced elevated nSMase2 activity and ceramides is therapeutic in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 38049923 PMCID: PMC10694940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) propagation between neurons along synaptically connected networks, in part via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV biogenesis is triggered by ceramide enrichment at the plasma membrane from neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2)-mediated cleavage of sphingomyelin. We report, for the first time, that human tau expression elevates brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity. METHODS To determine the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting this elevation, we evaluated PDDC, the first potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor in the transgenic PS19 AD mouse model. Additionally, we directly evaluated the effect of PDDC on tau propagation in a mouse model where an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding P301L/S320F double mutant human tau was stereotaxically-injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. The contralateral transfer of the double mutant human tau to the dentate gyrus was monitored. We examined ceramide levels, histopathological changes, and pTau content within EVs isolated from the mouse plasma. RESULTS Similar to human AD, the PS19 mice exhibited increased brain ceramide levels and nSMase2 activity; both were completely normalized by PDDC treatment. The PS19 mice also exhibited elevated tau immunostaining, thinning of hippocampal neuronal cell layers, increased mossy fiber synaptophysin immunostaining, and glial activation, all of which were pathologic features of human AD. PDDC treatment reduced these changes. The plasma of PDDC-treated PS19 mice had reduced levels of neuronal- and microglial-derived EVs, the former carrying lower pTau levels, compared to untreated mice. In the tau propagation model, PDDC normalized the tau-induced increase in brain ceramides and significantly reduced the amount of tau propagation to the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS PDDC is a first-in-class therapeutic candidate that normalizes elevated brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity, leading to the slowing of tau spread in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Medhinee M Malvankar
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pragney Deme
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erden Eren
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Meixiang Huang
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kaleem Coleman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Pathology 517, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Xue Y, Riva N, Zhao L, Shieh JS, Chin YT, Gatt A, Guo JJ. Recent advances of exosomes in soft tissue injuries in sports medicine: A critical review on biological and biomaterial applications. J Control Release 2023; 364:90-108. [PMID: 37866405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Sports medicine is generally associated with soft tissue injuries including muscle injuries, meniscus and ligament injuries, tendon ruptures, tendinopathy, rotator cuff tears, and tendon-bone healing during injuries. Tendon and ligament injuries are the most common sport injuries accounting for 30-40% of all injuries. Therapies for tendon injuries can be divided into surgical and non-surgical methods. Surgical methods mainly depend on the operative procedures, the surgeons and postoperative interventions. In non-surgical methods, cell therapy with stem cells and cell-free therapy with secretome of stem cell origin are current directions. Exosomes are the main paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) containing biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Compared with MSCs, MSC-exosomes (MSC-exos) possess the capacity to escape phagocytosis and achieve long-term circulation. In addition, the functions of exosomes from various cell sources in soft tissue injuries in sports medicine have been gradually revealed in recent years. Along with the biological and biomaterial advances in exosomes, exosomes can be designed as drug carriers with biomaterials and exosome research is providing promising contributions in cell biology. Exosomes with biomaterial have the potential of becoming one of the novel therapeutic modalities in regenerative researches. This review summarizes the derives of exosomes in soft tissue regeneration and focuses on the biological and biomaterial mechanism and advances in exosomal therapy in soft tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulun Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital/The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Lingying Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health of PR China, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ju-Sheng Shieh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Chin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Gatt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Department of Haematology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Jiong Jiong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Taha HB, Ati SS. Evaluation of α-synuclein in CNS-originating extracellular vesicles for Parkinsonian disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3741-3755. [PMID: 37416941 PMCID: PMC10651986 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Parkinsonian disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), share early motor symptoms but have distinct pathophysiology. As a result, accurate premortem diagnosis is challenging for neurologists, hindering efforts for disease-modifying therapeutic discovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain cell-state-specific biomolecules and can cross the blood-brain barrier to the peripheral circulation, providing a unique central nervous system (CNS) insight. This meta-analysis evaluated blood-isolated neuronal and oligodendroglial EVs (nEVs and oEVs) α-synuclein levels in Parkinsonian disorders. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, the meta-analysis included 13 studies. An inverse-variance random-effects model quantified effect size (SMD), QUADAS-2 assessed risk of bias and publication bias was evaluated. Demographic and clinical variables were collected for meta-regression. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 1,565 patients with PD, 206 with MSA, 21 with DLB, 172 with PSP, 152 with CBS and 967 healthy controls (HCs). Findings suggest that combined concentrations of nEVs and oEVs α-syn is higher in patients with PD compared to HCs (SMD = 0.21, p = 0.021), while nEVs α-syn is lower in patients with PSP and CBS compared to patients with PD (SMD = -1.04, p = 0.0017) or HCs (SMD = -0.41, p < 0.001). Additionally, α-syn in nEVs and/or oEVs did not significantly differ in patients with PD vs. MSA, contradicting the literature. Meta-regressions show that demographic and clinical factors were not significant predictors of nEVs or oEVs α-syn concentrations. CONCLUSION The results highlight the need for standardized procedures and independent validations in biomarker studies and the development of improved biomarkers for distinguishing Parkinsonian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shomik S. Ati
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Vijiaratnam N, Foltynie T. How should we be using biomarkers in trials of disease modification in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2023; 146:4845-4869. [PMID: 37536279 PMCID: PMC10690028 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent validation of the α-synuclein seed amplification assay as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has formed the backbone for a proposed staging system for incorporation in Parkinson's disease clinical studies and trials. The routine use of this biomarker should greatly aid in the accuracy of diagnosis during recruitment of Parkinson's disease patients into trials (as distinct from patients with non-Parkinson's disease parkinsonism or non-Parkinson's disease tremors). There remain, however, further challenges in the pursuit of biomarkers for clinical trials of disease modifying agents in Parkinson's disease, namely: optimizing the distinction between different α-synucleinopathies; the selection of subgroups most likely to benefit from a candidate disease modifying agent; a sensitive means of confirming target engagement; and the early prediction of longer-term clinical benefit. For example, levels of CSF proteins such as the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase may assist in prognostication or allow enrichment of appropriate patients into disease modifying trials of agents with this enzyme as the target; the presence of coexisting Alzheimer's disease-like pathology (detectable through CSF levels of amyloid-β42 and tau) can predict subsequent cognitive decline; imaging techniques such as free-water or neuromelanin MRI may objectively track decline in Parkinson's disease even in its later stages. The exploitation of additional biomarkers to the α-synuclein seed amplification assay will, therefore, greatly add to our ability to plan trials and assess the disease modifying properties of interventions. The choice of which biomarker(s) to use in the context of disease modifying clinical trials will depend on the intervention, the stage (at risk, premotor, motor, complex) of the population recruited and the aims of the trial. The progress already made lends hope that panels of fluid biomarkers in tandem with structural or functional imaging may provide sensitive and objective methods of confirming that an intervention is modifying a key pathophysiological process of Parkinson's disease. However, correlation with clinical progression does not necessarily equate to causation, and the ongoing validation of quantitative biomarkers will depend on insightful clinical-genetic-pathophysiological comparisons incorporating longitudinal biomarker changes from those at genetic risk with evidence of onset of the pathophysiology and those at each stage of manifest clinical Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosen Vijiaratnam
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Yan S, Jiang C, Davis JJ, Tofaris GK. Methodological considerations in neuronal extracellular vesicle isolation for α-synuclein biomarkers. Brain 2023; 146:e95-e97. [PMID: 37224515 PMCID: PMC10629756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Yan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Guo M, Wang L, Yin Z, Chen F, Lei P. Small extracellular vesicles as potential theranostic tools in central nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115407. [PMID: 37683594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs), a subset of extracellular vesicles with a bilateral membrane structure, contain biological cargoes, such as lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. sEVs are crucial mediators of intercellular communications in the physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Because of the special structure and complex pathogenesis of the brain, central nervous system disorders are characterized by high mortality and morbidity. Increasing evidence has focused on the potential of sEVs in clinical application for central nervous system disorders. sEVs are emerging as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic tool with high sensitivity, low immunogenicity, superior safety profile, and high transfer efficiency. This review highlighted the development of sEVs in central nervous system disorder clinical application. We also outlined the role of sEVs in central nervous system disorders and discussed the limitations of sEVs in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Couto B, Fox S, Tartaglia MC, Rogaeva E, Antwi J, Bhakta P, Kovacs GG, Lang AE. The Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre: Creation and Initial Experience. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:845-852. [PMID: 36600512 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development and initial experience of a clinical research program in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) in Canada: The Rossy PSP Centre, to share the data acquisition tools adopted, and to report preliminary results. METHODS Extensive demographic and longitudinal clinical information is collected every 6 months using standardized forms. Biofluids are collected for biobanking and genetic analysis, and many patients are enrolled in neuroimaging research protocols. Brain donation is an important component of the program, and standardized processing protocols have been established, including very short death to autopsy times in patients undergoing medical assistance in dying. RESULTS Between Oct 2019 and Dec 2021, 132 patients were screened, 91 fulfilling criteria for PSP and 19 for CBS; age 71 years; 41% female; duration 5 years, age-of-onset 66 years. The most common symptoms at onset were postural instability and falls (45%), cognitive-behavioral changes (22%), and Parkinsonism (9%). The predominant clinical phenotype was Richardson syndrome (82%). Levodopa and amantadine resulted in partial and short-lasting benefit. CONCLUSIONS The Rossy PSP Centre has been established to advance clinical and basic research in PSP and related tauopathies. The extent of the clinical data collected permits deep phenotyping of patients and allows for future clinical and basic research. Preliminary results showed expected distribution of phenotypes, demographics, and response to symptomatic treatments in our cohort. Longitudinal data will provide insight into the early diagnosis and management of PSP. Future steps include enrollment of patients in earlier stages, development of biomarkers, and fast-tracking well-characterized patients into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Couto
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Fox
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Antwi
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Puja Bhakta
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huang J, Yuan X, Chen L, Hu B, Wang H, Huang W. The Biology, Pathological Roles of Exosomes and Their Clinical Application in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2023; 531:24-38. [PMID: 37689233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high global incidence and places a great burden on the patient, their family and society. Early diagnosis of PD is the key to hindering the progression process and may enable treatment to partially reverse the disease course. Exosomes are lipid bilayers with a diameter of 40-160 nm (average ∼100 nm), show a cup-shaped structure in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and contain different types of nucleic acids and proteins. On the one hand, several molecules contained in exosomes are correlated with PD pathology. On the other hand, biomarkers based on exosomes have gradually become diagnostic tools in PD. Since exosomes can freely cross the blood-brain barrier, CNS-derived exosomes obtained from the periphery have the potential to be a powerful marker for early PD diagnosis. Of course, exosomes also have great potential as drug delivery systems due to their low toxicity, lipid solubility and immunological inertness. However, there is still a lack of standardized, efficient, and ultrasensitive methods for the isolation of exosomes, hindering the development of effective biomarkers. Therefore, this review describes the biological characteristics of exosomes, exosome extraction methods, and the pathological role, diagnostic/therapeutic value of exosomes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- The department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People,s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China.
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Zhang YP, Lobanova E, Emin D, Lobanov SV, Kouli A, Williams-Gray CH, Klenerman D. Imaging Protein Aggregates in Parkinson's Disease Serum Using Aptamer-Assisted Single-Molecule Pull-Down. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15254-15263. [PMID: 37782556 PMCID: PMC10585954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of soluble α-synuclein (α-syn) and amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates is associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Current methods mainly focus on the measurement of the aggregate concentration and are unable to determine their heterogeneous size and shape, which potentially also change during the development of PD due to increased protein aggregation. In this work, we introduce aptamer-assisted single-molecule pull-down (APSiMPull) combined with super-resolution fluorescence imaging of α-syn and Aβ aggregates in human serum from early PD patients and age-matched controls. Our diffraction-limited imaging results indicate that the proportion of α-syn aggregates (α-syn/(α-syn+Aβ)) can be used to distinguish PD and control groups with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85. Further, super resolution fluorescence imaging reveals that PD serums have a higher portion of larger and rounder α-syn aggregates than controls. Little difference was observed for Aβ aggregates. Combining these two metrics, we constructed a new biomarker and achieved an AUC of 0.90. The combination of the aggregate number and morphology provides a new approach to early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu P. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- UK
Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeniia Lobanova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- UK
Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Derya Emin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- UK
Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey V. Lobanov
- Medical
Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonina Kouli
- Department
of Clinical Neurosciences, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Klenerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- UK
Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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