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Elkhamary A, Gerner I, Bileck A, Oreff GL, Gerner C, Jenner F. Comparative proteomic profiling of the ovine and human PBMC inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14939. [PMID: 38942936 PMCID: PMC11213919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation requires robust animal models. Sheep are commonly used in immune-related studies, yet the validity of sheep as animal models for immune and inflammatory diseases remains to be established. This cross-species comparative study analyzed the in vitro inflammatory response of ovine (oPBMCs) and human PBMCs (hPBMCs) using mass spectrometry, profiling the proteome of the secretome and whole cell lysate. Of the entire cell lysate proteome (oPBMCs: 4217, hPBMCs: 4574 proteins) 47.8% and in the secretome proteome (oPBMCs: 1913, hPBMCs: 1375 proteins) 32.8% were orthologous between species, among them 32 orthologous CD antigens, indicating the presence of six immune cell subsets. Following inflammatory stimulation, 71 proteins in oPBMCs and 176 in hPBMCs showed differential abundance, with only 7 overlapping. Network and Gene Ontology analyses identified 16 shared inflammatory-related terms and 17 canonical pathways with similar activation/inhibition patterns in both species, demonstrating significant conservation in specific immune and inflammatory responses. However, ovine PMBCs also contained a unique WC1+γδ T-cell subset, not detected in hPBMCs. Furthermore, differences in the activation/inhibition trends of seven canonical pathways and the sets of DAPs between sheep and humans, emphasize the need to consider interspecies differences in translational studies and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elkhamary
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - I Gerner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Oreff
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Peng S, Lin A, Jiang A, Zhang C, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Luo P, Bai Y. CTLs heterogeneity and plasticity: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:58. [PMID: 38515134 PMCID: PMC10956324 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play critical antitumor roles, encompassing diverse subsets including CD4+, NK, and γδ T cells beyond conventional CD8+ CTLs. However, definitive CTLs biomarkers remain elusive, as cytotoxicity-molecule expression does not necessarily confer cytotoxic capacity. CTLs differentiation involves transcriptional regulation by factors such as T-bet and Blimp-1, although epigenetic regulation of CTLs is less clear. CTLs promote tumor killing through cytotoxic granules and death receptor pathways, but may also stimulate tumorigenesis in some contexts. Given that CTLs cytotoxicity varies across tumors, enhancing this function is critical. This review summarizes current knowledge on CTLs subsets, biomarkers, differentiation mechanisms, cancer-related functions, and strategies for improving cytotoxicity. Key outstanding questions include refining the CTLs definition, characterizing subtype diversity, elucidating differentiation and senescence pathways, delineating CTL-microbe relationships, and enabling multi-omics profiling. A more comprehensive understanding of CTLs biology will facilitate optimization of their immunotherapy applications. Overall, this review synthesizes the heterogeneity, regulation, functional roles, and enhancement strategies of CTLs in antitumor immunity, highlighting gaps in our knowledge of subtype diversity, definitive biomarkers, epigenetic control, microbial interactions, and multi-omics characterization. Addressing these questions will refine our understanding of CTLs immunology to better leverage cytotoxic functions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yifeng Bai
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Han P, Zhang W, Wang D, Wu Y, Li X, Zhao S, Zhu M. Comparative transcriptome analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations and identification of critical regulators defining porcine thymocyte identity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339787. [PMID: 38384475 PMCID: PMC10879363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development and migration of T cells in the thymus and peripheral tissues are crucial for maintaining adaptive immunity in mammals. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying T cell development and thymocyte identity formation in pigs remain largely underexplored. Method Here, by integrating bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing data, we investigated regulatory signatures of porcine thymus and lymph node T cells. Results The comparison of T cell subpopulations derived from porcine thymus and lymph nodes revealed that their transcriptomic differences were influenced more by tissue origin than by T cell phenotypes, and that lymph node cells exhibited greater transcriptional diversity than thymocytes. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified the key modules and candidate hub genes regulating the heterogeneity of T cell subpopulations. Further, we integrated the porcine thymocyte dataset with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) dataset to systematically compare transcriptomic differences between T cell types from different tissues. Based on single-cell datasets, we further identified the key transcription factors (TFs) responsible for maintaining porcine thymocyte identity and unveiled that these TFs coordinately regulated the entire T cell development process. Finally, we performed GWAS of cell type-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 30 complex traits, and found that the DEGs in thymus-related and peripheral blood-related cell types, especially CD4_SP cluster and CD8-related cluster, were significantly associated with pig productive and reproductive traits. Discussion Our findings provide an insight into T cell development and lay a foundation for further exploring the porcine immune system and genetic mechanisms underlying complex traits in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Wu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjin Zhu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Maxwell M, Söderlund R, Härtle S, Wattrang E. Single-cell RNA-seq mapping of chicken peripheral blood leukocytes. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:124. [PMID: 38287279 PMCID: PMC10826067 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell transcriptomics provides means to study cell populations at the level of individual cells. In leukocyte biology this approach could potentially aid the identification of subpopulations and functions without the need to develop species-specific reagents. The present study aimed to evaluate single-cell RNA-seq as a tool for identification of chicken peripheral blood leukocytes. For this purpose, purified and thrombocyte depleted leukocytes from 4 clinically healthy hens were subjected to single-cell 3' RNA-seq. Bioinformatic analysis of data comprised unsupervised clustering of the cells, and annotation of clusters based on expression profiles. Immunofluorescence phenotyping of the cell preparations used was also performed. RESULTS Computational analysis identified 31 initial cell clusters and based on expression of defined marker genes 28 cluster were identified as comprising mainly B-cells, T-cells, monocytes, thrombocytes and red blood cells. Of the remaining clusters, two were putatively identified as basophils and eosinophils, and one as proliferating cells of mixed origin. In depth analysis on gene expression profiles within and between the initial cell clusters allowed further identification of cell identity and possible functions for some of them. For example, analysis of the group of monocyte clusters revealed subclusters comprising heterophils, as well as putative monocyte subtypes. Also, novel aspects of TCRγ/δ + T-cell subpopulations could be inferred such as evidence of at least two subtypes based on e.g., different expression of transcription factors MAF, SOX13 and GATA3. Moreover, a novel subpopulation of chicken peripheral B-cells with high SOX5 expression was identified. An overall good correlation between mRNA and cell surface phenotypic cell identification was shown. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we were able to identify and infer functional aspects of both previously well known as well as novel chicken leukocyte populations although some cell types. e.g., T-cell subtypes, proved more challenging to decipher. Although this methodology to some extent is limited by incomplete annotation of the chicken genome, it definitively has benefits in chicken immunology by expanding the options to distinguish identity and functions of immune cells also without access to species specific reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Maxwell
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pernold CPS, Lagumdzic E, Stadler M, Dolezal M, Jäckel S, Schmitt MW, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Species comparison: human and minipig PBMC reactivity under the influence of immunomodulating compounds in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1327776. [PMID: 38264655 PMCID: PMC10803596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the similarities between swine and humans, it is a logical consequence to use swine as a translational model in research and drug development, including non-clinical safety. Here, we compared the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from humans and minipigs under the influence of different compounds in vitro. We conducted a flow cytometry-based proliferation assay that focused on the T-cell response to three different stimuli: concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L), and staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). Furthermore, four approved immunosuppressive drugs-abatacept, belatacept, rapamycin, and tofacitinib-which are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or rejection in transplant recipients, were combined with the different stimuli. This allowed us to study the effect of suppressive drugs in comparison with the different stimuli in both species. We examined proliferating T cells (CD3+) and investigated the presence of TCR-αβ+ and TCR-γδ+ T cells. Differences in the response of T cells of the two species under these various conditions were evident. CD4+ T cells were more activated within humans, whereas CD8+ T cells were generally more abundant in swine. The effectiveness of the used humanized antibodies is most likely related to the conserved structure of CTLA-4 as abatacept induced a much stronger reduction in swine compared with belatacept. The reduction of proliferation of rapamycin and tofacitinib was highly dependent on the used stimuli. We further investigated the effect of the immunosuppressive compounds on antigen-specific restimulation of pigs immunized against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Treatment with all four compounds resulted in a clear reduction of the proliferative response, with rapamycin showing the strongest effect. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the effectiveness of suppressive compounds is highly dependent on the stimuli used and must be carefully selected to ensure accurate results. The results highlight the importance of considering the response of T cells in different species when evaluating the potential of an immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P. S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Yang B, Rutkowski N, Elisseeff J. The foreign body response: emerging cell types and considerations for targeted therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7730-7747. [PMID: 37904536 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The foreign body response (FBR) remains a clinical challenge in the field of biomaterials due to its ability to elicit a chronic and sustained immune response. Modulating the immune response to materials is a modern paradigm in tissue engineering to enhance repair while limiting fibrous encapsulation and implant isolation. Though the classical mediators of the FBR are well-characterized, recent studies highlight that our understanding of the cell types that shape the FBR may be incomplete. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of T cells, stromal-immune cell interactions, and senescent cells in the biomaterial response, particularly to synthetic materials. We emphasize future studies that will deepen the field's understanding of these cell types in the FBR, with the goal of identifying therapeutic targets that will improve implant integration. Finally, we briefly review several considerations that may influence our understanding of the FBR in humans, including rodent models, aging, gut microbiota, and sex differences. A better understanding of the heterogeneous host cell response during the FBR can enable the design and development of immunomodulatory materials that favor healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Yang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Natalie Rutkowski
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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von Heyl T, Klinger R, Aumann D, Zenner C, Alhussien M, Schlickenrieder A, Lengyel K, Vikkula HK, Mittermair T, Sid H, Schusser B. Loss of αβ but not γδ T cells in chickens causes a severe phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350503. [PMID: 37735713 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The availability of genetically modified mice has facilitated the study of mammalian T cells. No model has yet been developed to study these cells in chickens, an important livestock species with a high availability of γδ T cells. To investigate the role of γδ and αβ T cell populations in birds, we generated chickens lacking these T cell populations. This was achieved by genomic deletion of the constant region of the T cell receptor γ or β chain, leading to a complete loss of either γδ or αβ T cells. Our results show that a deletion of αβ T cells but not γδ T cells resulted in a severe phenotype in KO chickens. The αβ T cell KO chickens exhibited granulomas associated with inflammation of the spleen and the proventriculus. Immunophenotyping of αβ T cell KO chickens revealed a significant increase in monocytes and expectedly the absence of CD4+ T cells including FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Surprisingly there was no increase of γδ T cells. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in immunoglobulins, B lymphocytes, and changes in the bursa morphology. Our data reveal the consequences of T cell knockouts in chickens and provide new insights into their function in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa von Heyl
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Romina Klinger
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Dorothea Aumann
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Zenner
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Mohanned Alhussien
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Antonina Schlickenrieder
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Kamila Lengyel
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Hanna-Kaisa Vikkula
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Teresa Mittermair
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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8
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Bhat SA, Elnaggar M, Hall TJ, McHugo GP, Reid C, MacHugh DE, Meade KG. Preferential differential gene expression within the WC1.1 + γδ T cell compartment in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265038. [PMID: 37942326 PMCID: PMC10628470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, continues to cause significant issues for the global agriculture industry as well as for human health. An incomplete understanding of the host immune response contributes to the challenges of control and eradication of this zoonotic disease. In this study, high-throughput bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to characterise differential gene expression in γδ T cells - a subgroup of T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity and have known anti-mycobacterial response mechanisms. γδ T cell subsets are classified based on expression of a pathogen-recognition receptor known as Workshop Cluster 1 (WC1) and we hypothesised that bTB disease may alter the phenotype and function of specific γδ T cell subsets. Peripheral blood was collected from naturally M. bovis-infected (positive for single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) and IFN-γ ELISA) and age- and sex-matched, non-infected control Holstein-Friesian cattle. γδ T subsets were isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting (n = 10-12 per group) and high-quality RNA extracted from each purified lymphocyte subset (WC1.1+, WC1.2+, WC1- and γδ-) was used to generate transcriptomes using bulk RNA-seq (n = 6 per group, representing a total of 48 RNA-seq libraries). Relatively low numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between most cell subsets; however, 189 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the M. bovis-infected compared to the control groups for the WC1.1+ γδ T cell compartment (absolute log2 FC ≥ 1.5 and FDR P adj. ≤ 0.1). The majority of these DEGs (168) were significantly increased in expression in cells from the bTB+ cattle and included genes encoding transcription factors (TBX21 and EOMES), chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CCR7), granzymes (GZMA, GZMM, and GZMH) and multiple killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins indicating cytotoxic functions. Biological pathway overrepresentation analysis revealed enrichment of genes with multiple immune functions including cell activation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. In conclusion, γδ T cells have important inflammatory and regulatory functions in cattle, and we provide evidence for preferential differential activation of the WC1.1+ specific subset in cattle naturally infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A. Bhat
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Mahmoud Elnaggar
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Thomas J. Hall
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian P. McHugo
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian Reid
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran G. Meade
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ma W, Loving CL, Driver JP. From Snoot to Tail: A Brief Review of Influenza Virus Infection and Immunity in Pigs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1187-1194. [PMID: 37782856 PMCID: PMC10824604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology because they support replication of human, avian, and swine origin viruses and act as an IAV reservoir for pigs and other species, including humans. Moreover, novel IAVs with human pandemic potential may be generated in pigs. To minimize the threat of IAVs to human and swine health, it is crucial to understand host defense mechanisms that restrict viral replication and pathology in pigs. In this article, we review IAV strains circulating in the North American swine population, as well as porcine innate and acquired immune responses to IAV, including recent advances achieved through immunological tools developed specifically for swine. Furthermore, we highlight unique aspects of the porcine pulmonary immune system, which warrant consideration when developing vaccines and therapeutics to limit IAV in swine or when using pigs to model human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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10
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zheng K, Yang W, Wang S, Sun M, Jin Z, Zhang W, Ren H, Li C. Identification of immune infiltration-related biomarkers in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14153. [PMID: 37644056 PMCID: PMC10465496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory response of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and it is responsible for several cardiovascular ischemic events. The present study aimed to determine immune infiltration-related biomarkers in carotid atherosclerotic plaques (CAPs). Gene expression profiles of CAPs were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CAPs and control groups were screened by the "limma" package in R software. Immune cell infiltration between the CAPs and control groups was evaluated by the single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Key infiltrating immune cells in the CAPs group were screened by the Wilcoxon test and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identify immune cell-related genes. Hub genes were identified by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the gene's ability to differentiate between the CAPs and control groups. Finally, we constructed a miRNA-gene-transcription factor network of hub genes by using the ENCODE database. Eleven different types of immune infiltration-related cells were identified between the CAPs and control groups. A total of 1,586 differentially expressed immunity-related genes were obtained through intersection between DEGs and immune-related genes. Twenty hub genes were screened through the PPI network. Eventually, 7 genes (BTK, LYN, PTPN11, CD163, CD4, ITGAL, and ITGB7) were identified as the hub genes of CAPs, and these genes may serve as the estimable drug targets for patients with CAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengxing Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangde Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualiang Ren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunmin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Harmon C, Zaborowski A, Moore H, St Louis P, Slattery K, Duquette D, Scanlan J, Kane H, Kunkemoeller B, McIntyre CL, Scannail AN, Moran B, Anderson AC, Winter D, Brennan D, Brehm MA, Lynch L. γδ T cell dichotomy with opposing cytotoxic and wound healing functions in human solid tumors. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1122-1137. [PMID: 37474835 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are important tissue-resident, innate T cells that are critical for tissue homeostasis. γδ cells are associated with positive prognosis in most tumors; however, little is known about their heterogeneity in human cancers. Here, we phenotyped innate and adaptive cells in human colorectal (CRC) and endometrial cancer. We found striking differences in γδ subsets and function in tumors compared to normal tissue, and in the γδ subsets present in tumor types. In CRC, an amphiregulin (AREG)-producing subset emerges, while endometrial cancer is infiltrated by cytotoxic cells. In humanized CRC models, tumors induced this AREG phenotype in Vδ1 cells after adoptive transfer. To exploit the beneficial roles of γδ cells for cell therapy, we developed an expansion method that enhanced cytotoxic function and boosted metabolic flexibility, while eliminating AREG production, achieving greater tumor infiltration and tumor clearance. This method has broad applications in cellular therapy as an 'off-the-shelf' treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Harmon
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Zaborowski
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Haim Moore
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela St Louis
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Karen Slattery
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Duquette
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Scanlan
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Kane
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Britta Kunkemoeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire L McIntyre
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aine Ni Scannail
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Moran
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Des Winter
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal Brennan
- Gynecological Oncology Group, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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Su X, Yang S, Li Y, Xiang Z, Tao Q, Liu S, Yin Z, Zhong L, Lv X, Zhou L. γδ T cells recruitment and local proliferation in brain parenchyma benefit anti-neuroinflammation after cerebral microbleeds. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139601. [PMID: 37063908 PMCID: PMC10090560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are an early sign of many neurological disorders and accompanied by local neuroinflammation and brain damage. As important regulators of immune response and neuroinflammation, the biological behavior and role of γδ T cells after CMBs remain largely unknown.MethodsWe made a spot injury of microvessel in the somatosensory cortex to mimic the model of CMBs by two-photon laser and in vivo tracked dynamical behaviors of γδ T cells induced by CMBs using TCR-δGFP transgenic mice. Biological features of γδ T cells in the peri-CMBs parenchyma were decoded by flow cytometry and Raman spectra. In wildtype and γδ T cell-deficient mice, neuroinflammation and neurite degeneration in the peri-CMBs cortex were studied by RNAseq, immunostaining and in vivo imaging respectively.ResultsAfter CMBs, γδ T cells in the dural vessels were tracked to cross the meningeal structure and invade the brain parenchyma in a few days, where the division process of γδ T cells were captured. Parenchymal γδ T cells were highly expressed by CXCR6 and CCR6, similar to meningeal γδ T cells, positive for IL-17A and Ki67 (more than 98%), and they contained abundant substances for energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. In γδ T cell-deficient mice, cortical samples showed the upregulation of neuroinflammatory signaling pathways, enhanced glial response and M1 microglial polarization, and earlier neuronal degeneration in the peri-CMBs brain parenchyma compared with wildtype mice.ConclusionCMBs induce the accumulation and local proliferation of γδ T cells in the brain parenchyma, and γδ T cells exert anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects at the early stage of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Central Nervous System Regeneration (CNS) Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration (CNS) (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuxian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxiang Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongqin Xiang
- Laboratory for Neuroscience in Health and Disease, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Information Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengde Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Libing Zhou, ; Xiaoxu Lv, ; Liyun Zhong, ; Zhinan Yin,
| | - Liyun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Information Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Libing Zhou, ; Xiaoxu Lv, ; Liyun Zhong, ; Zhinan Yin,
| | - Xiaoxu Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Libing Zhou, ; Xiaoxu Lv, ; Liyun Zhong, ; Zhinan Yin,
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Central Nervous System Regeneration (CNS) Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration (CNS) (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Libing Zhou, ; Xiaoxu Lv, ; Liyun Zhong, ; Zhinan Yin,
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Soto-Olguín N, Zamora-Chimal J, Delgado-Domínguez J, Becker I. Leishmania mexicana Lipophosphoglycan Activates Dermal γδ T Cells with Participation of TLR2. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:122-129. [PMID: 36434381 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmania transmission by sand flies is detected by dermal cells that recognize ligands, such as lipophosphoglycan (LPG) on the promastigote glycocalyx. Resident dermal cells include γδ T cells, that recognize antigens by TCR or innate receptors, such as TLRs. We analyzed the response of dermal γδ T cells to Leishmania mexicana infections or inoculation of LPG, and whether parasite LPG activates γδ T cells through TLR2. METHODS We stimulated γδ T cells with LPG and analyzed colocalization of LPG and TLR2 by confocal microscopy. Activation of TLR2 was evaluated by IκBα phosphorylation. BALB/c mice were inoculated with L. mexicana or LPG in the dermis of earlobes, and LPG+ TLR2+ γδ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. TNF+ γδ T cells were examined in earlobe dermis by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Stimulation with purified LPG showed activation of TLR2 with IκBα phosphorylation in γδ T cells. Inoculation of L. mexicana parasites or LPG into earlobe dermis showed co-expression of LPG+ and TLR2+ in γδ T cells, demonstrating their interaction during infections. A subset of γδ T cells (LPG+ and TLR2-) provided evidence that additional receptors recognize LPG. Inoculation of LPG enhanced overall γδ T cell numbers, including those expressing TNF, whereas infection with the parasite mostly enhanced γδ T cells expressing TNF. CONCLUSION L. mexicana LPG is a ligand recognized by TLR2 on γδ-T cells leading to their activation, although contribution of other receptors cannot be ruled out and need to be analyzed to elucidate their contribution during Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Soto-Olguín
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Comparative Analysis of Different Inbred Chicken Lines Highlights How a Hereditary Inflammatory State Affects Susceptibility to Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030591. [PMID: 36992300 PMCID: PMC10052641 DOI: 10.3390/v15030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that susceptibility to avian influenza A virus in chickens is influenced by host genetics, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A previous study demonstrated that inbred line 0 chickens are more resistant to low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) infection than line CB.12 birds based on viral shedding, but the resistance was not associated with higher AIV-specific IFNγ responses or antibody titres. In this study, we investigated the proportions and cytotoxic capacity of T-cell subpopulations in the spleen and the early immune responses in the respiratory tract, analysing the innate immune transcriptome of lung-derived macrophages following in vitro stimulation with LPAI H7N1 or the TLR7 agonist R848. The more susceptible C.B12 line had a higher proportion of CD8αβ+ γδ and CD4+CD8αα+ αVβ1 T cells, and a significantly higher proportion of the CD8αβ+ γδ and CD8αβ+ αVβ1 T cells expressed CD107a, a surrogate marker of degranulation. Lung macrophages isolated from line C.B12 birds expressed higher levels of the negative regulator genes TRIM29 and IL17REL, whereas macrophages from line 0 birds expressed higher levels of antiviral genes including IRF10 and IRG1. After stimulation with R848, the macrophages from line 0 birds mounted a higher response compared to line C.B12 cells. Together, the higher proportion of unconventional T cells, the higher level of cytotoxic cell degranulation ex vivo and post-stimulation and the lower levels of antiviral gene expression suggest a potential role of immunopathology in mediating susceptibility in C.B12 birds.
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16
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Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018165. [PMID: 36620020 PMCID: PMC9814167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. Brucella zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, Bacillus abortus in cattle, B. melitensis in goats and sheep, and B. suis in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated Brucella vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type Brucella, and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address Brucella's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur via the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
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17
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Yu ED, Wang E, Garrigan E, Sutherland A, Khalil N, Kearns K, Pham J, Schulten V, Peters B, Frazier A, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Ex vivo assays show human gamma-delta T cells specific for common allergens are Th1-polarized in allergic donors. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100350. [PMID: 36590684 PMCID: PMC9795325 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells contribute to the pathology of many immune-related diseases; however, no ex vivo assays to study their activities are currently available. Here, we established a methodology to characterize human allergen-reactive γδ T cells in peripheral blood using an activation-induced marker assay targeting upregulated 4-1BB and CD69 expression. Broad and reproducible ex vivo allergen-reactive γδ T cell responses were detected in donors sensitized to mouse, cockroach, house dust mite, and timothy grass, but the response did not differ from that in non-allergic participants. The reactivity to 4 different allergen extracts was readily detected in 54.2%-100% of allergic subjects in a donor- and allergen-specific pattern and was abrogated by T cell receptor (TCR) blocking. Analysis of CD40L upregulation and intracellular cytokine staining revealed a T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized response against mouse and cockroach extract stimulation. These results support the existence of allergen-reactive γδ T cells and their potential use in rebalancing dysregulated Th2 responses in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalie Khalil
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kendall Kearns
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Pham
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gu W, Madrid DMC, Joyce S, Driver JP. A single-cell analysis of thymopoiesis and thymic iNKT cell development in pigs. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111050. [PMID: 35793622 PMCID: PMC9704770 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the porcine immune system remain poorly characterized, which poses a barrier to improving swine health and utilizing pigs as preclinical models. Here, we employ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to create a cell atlas of the early-adolescent pig thymus. Our data show conserved features as well as species-specific differences in cell states and cell types compared with human thymocytes. We also describe several unconventional T cell types with gene expression profiles associated with innate effector functions. This includes a cell census of more than 11,000 differentiating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which reveals that the functional diversity of pig iNKT cells differs substantially from the iNKT0/1/2/17 subset differentiation paradigm established in mice. Our data characterize key differentiation events in porcine thymopoiesis and iNKT cell maturation and provide important insights into pig T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institution for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Advantages and Challenges of Differential Immune Cell Count Determination in Blood and Milk for Monitoring the Health and Well-Being of Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060255. [PMID: 35737307 PMCID: PMC9229168 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge of the 21st century will be to provide the growing world population with a sustainable and secure supply of food. Consequently, the dairy farming’s primary task is to lower milk losses and other inefficiencies associated with diseased cows. Moreover, a shift from curative to preventive health management would be desirable for mastitis and a wide variety of other infectious and non-infectious cattle diseases, some of which are known to have profound negative effects on the performance and well-being of cows. Differential cell counting (DCC), a procedure that aims to determine the proportions of different somatic cell types in raw milk samples, has not only the potential to optimize mastitis diagnostics, but it could furthermore serve as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the general and overall health status of dairy cows. Based on a broad search of the literature, the practical utility of various types of DCC is summarized and discussed in this review. Since it might be of advantage to interpret DCC with the aid of data from studies in humans, differences between the immune systems of humans and dairy cattle, with a special focus on surface marker expression profiles and γδ (gamma delta) T-cell characteristics, are also described.
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Schäfer A, Franzoni G, Netherton CL, Hartmann L, Blome S, Blohm U. Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020274. [PMID: 35215216 PMCID: PMC8878497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell responses are impacted by the infection as well. The complex responses remain not well understood, and, consequently, there is no commercially available vaccine. Here, we review the current knowledge about the induction of antiviral T cell responses by cells of the myeloid lineage, as well as T cell responses in infected animals, recent efforts in vaccine research, and T cell epitopes present in ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | | | - Luise Hartmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1543; +49-38351-7-1236
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Defining the caprine γδ T cell WC1 multigenic array and evaluation of its expressed sequences and gene structure conservation among goat breeds and relative to cattle. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:347-365. [PMID: 35138437 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Workshop cluster 1 (WC1) molecules are part of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and act as hybrid co-receptors for the γδ T cell receptor and as pattern recognition receptors for binding pathogens. These members of the CD163 gene family are expressed on γδ T cells in the blood of ruminants. While the presence of WC1+ γδ T cells in the blood of goats has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies, there was no information available about the goat WC1 gene family. The caprine WC1 multigenic array was characterized here for number, structure and expression of genes, and similarity to WC1 genes of cattle and among goat breeds. We found sequence for 17 complete WC1 genes and evidence for up to 30 SRCR a1 or d1 domains which represent distinct signature domains for individual genes. This suggests substantially more WC1 genes than in cattle. Moreover, goats had seven different WC1 gene structures of which 4 are unique to goats. Caprine WC1 genes also had multiple transcript splice variants of their intracytoplasmic domains that eliminated tyrosines shown previously to be important for signal transduction. The most distal WC1 SRCR a1 domains were highly conserved among goat breeds, but fewer were conserved between goats and cattle. Since goats have a greater number of WC1 genes and unique WC1 gene structures relative to cattle, goat WC1 molecules may have expanded functions. This finding may impact research on next-generation vaccines designed to stimulate γδ T cells.
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22
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Razeghian-Jahromi I, Karimi Akhormeh A, Razmkhah M, Zibaeenezhad MJ. Immune system and atherosclerosis: Hostile or friendly relationship. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221092188. [PMID: 35410514 PMCID: PMC9009140 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease has remained a major health challenge despite enormous
progress in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Formation of
atherosclerotic plaque is a chronic process that is developmentally influenced
by intrinsic and extrinsic determinants. Inflammation triggers atherosclerosis,
and the fundamental element of inflammation is the immune system. The immune
system involves in the atherosclerosis process by a variety of immune cells and
a cocktail of mediators. It is believed that almost all main components of this
system possess a profound contribution to the atherosclerosis. However, they
play contradictory roles, either protective or progressive, in different stages
of atherosclerosis progression. It is evident that monocytes are the first
immune cells appeared in the atherosclerotic lesion. With the plaque growth,
other types of the immune cells such as mast cells, and T lymphocytes are
gradually involved. Each cell releases several cytokines which cause the
recruitment of other immune cells to the lesion site. This is followed by
affecting the expression of other cytokines as well as altering certain
signaling pathways. All in all, a mix of intertwined interactions determine the
final outcome in terms of mild or severe manifestations, either clinical or
subclinical. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to precisely understand the
kind and degree of contribution which is made by each immune component in order
to stop the growing burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this
review, we present a comprehensive appraisal on the role of immune cells in the
atherosclerosis initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Razeghian-Jahromi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, 571605Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Karimi Akhormeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, 571605Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Crider J, Quiniou SMA, Felch KL, Showmaker K, Bengtén E, Wilson M. A Comprehensive Annotation of the Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) T Cell Receptor Alpha/Delta, Beta, and Gamma Loci. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786402. [PMID: 34899754 PMCID: PMC8656973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete germline repertoires of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, T cell receptor (TR) loci, TRAD, TRB, and TRG were obtained by analyzing genomic data from PacBio sequencing. The catfish TRB locus spans 214 kb, and contains 112 TRBV genes, a single TRBD gene, 31 TRBJ genes and two TRBC genes. In contrast, the TRAD locus is very large, at 1,285 kb. It consists of four TRDD genes, one TRDJ gene followed by the exons for TRDC, 125 TRAJ genes and the exons encoding the TRAC. Downstream of the TRAC, are 140 TRADV genes, and all of them are in the opposite transcriptional orientation. The catfish TRGC locus spans 151 kb and consists of four diverse V-J-C cassettes. Altogether, this locus contains 15 TRGV genes and 10 TRGJ genes. To place our data into context, we also analyzed the zebrafish TR germline gene repertoires. Overall, our findings demonstrated that catfish possesses a more restricted repertoire compared to the zebrafish. For example, the 140 TRADV genes in catfish form eight subgroups based on members sharing 75% nucleotide identity. However, the 149 TRAD genes in zebrafish form 53 subgroups. This difference in subgroup numbers between catfish and zebrafish is best explained by expansions of catfish TRADV subgroups, which likely occurred through multiple, relatively recent gene duplications. Similarly, 112 catfish TRBV genes form 30 subgroups, while the 51 zebrafish TRBV genes are placed into 36 subgroups. Notably, several catfish and zebrafish TRB subgroups share ancestor nodes. In addition, the complete catfish TR gene annotation was used to compile a TR gene segment database, which was applied in clonotype analysis of an available gynogenetic channel catfish transcriptome. Combined, the TR annotation and clonotype analysis suggested that the expressed TRA, TRB, and TRD repertoires were generated by different mechanisms. The diversity of the TRB repertoire depends on the number of TRBV subgroups and TRBJ genes, while TRA diversity relies on the many different TRAJ genes, which appear to be only minimally trimmed. In contrast, TRD diversity relies on nucleotide additions and the utilization of up to four TRDD segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Crider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Kristianna L Felch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Kurt Showmaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Department of Data Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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24
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Crespo-Piazuelo D, Ramayo-Caldas Y, González-Rodríguez O, Pascual M, Quintanilla R, Ballester M. A Co-Association Network Analysis Reveals Putative Regulators for Health-Related Traits in Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784978. [PMID: 34899750 PMCID: PMC8662732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in awareness of antimicrobial resistance together with the societal demand of healthier meat products have driven attention to health-related traits in livestock production. Previous studies have reported medium to high heritabilities for these traits and described genomic regions associated with them. Despite its genetic component, health- and immunity-related traits are complex and its study by association analysis with genomic markers may be missing some information. To analyse multiple phenotypes and gene-by-gene interactions, systems biology approaches, such as the association weight matrix (AWM), allows combining genome wide association study results with network inference algorithms. The present study aimed to identify gene networks, key regulators and candidate genes associated to immunocompetence in pigs by integrating multiple health-related traits, enriched for innate immune phenotypes, using the AWM approach. The co-association network analysis unveiled a network comprised of 3,636 nodes (genes) and 451,407 edges (interactions), including a total of 246 regulators. From these, five genes (ARNT2, BRMS1L, MED12L, SUPT3H and TRIM25) were selected as key regulators as they were associated with the maximum number of genes with the minimum overlapping (1,827 genes in total). The five regulators were involved in pathways related to immunity such as lymphocyte differentiation and activation, platelet activation and degranulation, megakaryocyte differentiation, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and response to nitric oxide, among others, but also in immunometabolism. Furthermore, we identified genes co-associated with the key regulators previously reported as candidate genes (e.g., ANGPT1, CD4, CD36, DOCK1, PDE4B, PRKCE, PTPRC and SH2B3) for immunity traits in humans and pigs, but also new candidate ones (e.g., ACSL3, CXADR, HBB, MMP12, PTPN6, WLS) that were not previously described. The co-association analysis revealed new regulators associated with health-related traits in pigs. This approach also identified gene-by-gene interactions and candidate genes involved in pathways related to cell fate and metabolic and immune functions. Our results shed new light in the regulatory mechanisms involved in pig immunity and reinforce the use of the pig as biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Olga González-Rodríguez
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Mariam Pascual
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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25
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Ji N, Mukherjee N, Shu ZJ, Reyes RM, Meeks JJ, McConkey DJ, Gelfond JA, Curiel TJ, Svatek RS. γδ T Cells Support Antigen-Specific αβ T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses during BCG Treatment for Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1491-1503. [PMID: 34607803 PMCID: PMC8691423 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most effective intravesical agent at reducing recurrence for patients with high-grade, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nevertheless, response to BCG is variable and strategies to boost BCG efficacy have not materialized. Prior work demonstrated a requirement for either conventional αβ or nonconventional γδ T cells in mediating BCG treatment efficacy, yet the importance of T-cell antigen specificity for BCG's treatment effect is unclear. Here, we provide direct evidence to show that BCG increases the number of tumor antigen-specific αβ T cells in patients with bladder cancer and protects mice from subsequent same-tumor challenge, supporting BCG induction of tumor-specific memory and protection. Adoptive T-cell transfers of antigen-specific αβ T cells into immunodeficient mice challenged with syngeneic MB49 bladder tumors showed that both tumor and BCG antigen-specific αβ T cells contributed to BCG efficacy. BCG-specific antitumor immunity, however, also required nonconventional γδ T cells. Prior work shows that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin induces the proliferation and effector function of γδ T cells. Here, rapamycin increased BCG efficacy against both mouse and human bladder cancer in vivo in a γδ T cell-dependent manner. Thus, γδ T cells augment antitumor adaptive immune effects of BCG and support rapamycin as a promising approach to boost BCG efficacy in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zhen-Ju Shu
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ryan M Reyes
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Urology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J McConkey
- Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan A Gelfond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas.
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert S Svatek
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas.
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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26
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Ijaz A, Veldhuizen EJA, Broere F, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34832668 PMCID: PMC8618210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ijaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Gerner W, Mair KH, Schmidt S. Local and Systemic T Cell Immunity in Fighting Pig Viral and Bacterial Infections. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:349-372. [PMID: 34724393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. Over the last 15 years, a constantly growing toolbox with which to study T cell biology in pigs has allowed detailed investigations on these cells in various viral and bacterial infections. This review provides an overview on porcine CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells and the current knowledge on the differentiation of these cells following antigen encounter. Where available, the responses of these cells to viral infections like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, swine influenza A virus, and African swine fever virus are outlined. In addition, knowledge on the porcine T cell response to bacterial infections like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Salmonella Typhimurium is reviewed. For CD4 T cells, the response to the outlined infections is reflected toward the Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh/Treg paradigm for functional differentiation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
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28
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Dixon R, Preston SG, Dascalu S, Flammer PG, Fiddaman SR, McLoughlin K, Boyd A, Volf J, Rychlik I, Bonsall MB, Kaspers B, Smith AL. Repertoire analysis of γδ T cells in the chicken enables functional annotation of the genomic region revealing highly variable pan-tissue TCR gamma V gene usage as well as identifying public and private repertoires. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:719. [PMID: 34610803 PMCID: PMC8493715 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing interest in γδ T cells and their non-classical behaviour, most studies focus on animals with low numbers of circulating γδ T cells, such as mice and humans. Arguably, γδ T cell functions might be more prominent in chickens where these cells form a higher proportion of the circulatory T cell compartment. The TCR repertoire defines different subsets of γδ T cells, and such analysis is facilitated by well-annotated TCR loci. γδ T cells are considered at the cusp of innate and adaptive immunity but most functions have been identified in γδ low species. A deeper understanding of TCR repertoire biology in γδ high and γδ low animals is critical for defining the evolution of the function of γδ T cells. Repertoire dynamics will reveal populations that can be classified as innate-like or adaptive-like as well as those that straddle this definition. RESULTS Here, a recent discrepancy in the structure of the chicken TCR gamma locus is resolved, demonstrating that tandem duplication events have shaped the evolution of this locus. Importantly, repertoire sequencing revealed large differences in the usage of individual TRGV genes, a pattern conserved across multiple tissues, including thymus, spleen and the gut. A single TRGV gene, TRGV3.3, with a highly diverse private CDR3 repertoire dominated every tissue in all birds. TRGV usage patterns were partly explained by the TRGV-associated recombination signal sequences. Public CDR3 clonotypes represented varying proportions of the repertoire of TCRs utilising different TRGVs, with one TRGV dominated by super-public clones present in all birds. CONCLUSIONS The application of repertoire analysis enabled functional annotation of the TCRG locus in a species with a high circulating γδ phenotype. This revealed variable usage of TCRGV genes across multiple tissues, a pattern quite different to that found in γδ low species (human and mouse). Defining the repertoire biology of avian γδ T cells will be key to understanding the evolution and functional diversity of these enigmatic lymphocytes in an animal that is numerically more reliant on them. Practically, this will reveal novel ways in which these cells can be exploited to improve health in medical and veterinary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dixon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stefan Dascalu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Amy Boyd
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Bernd Kaspers
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig Maximillians University, Planegg, Germany
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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29
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Duan Y, Li G, Xu M, Qi X, Deng M, Lin X, Lei Z, Hu Y, Jia Z, Yang Q, Cao G, Liu Z, Wen Q, Li Z, Tang J, Zhang WK, Huang P, Zheng L, Flavell RA, Hao J, Yin Z. CFTR is a negative regulator of γδ T cell IFN-γ production and antitumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1934-1944. [PMID: 32669666 PMCID: PMC8322328 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CFTR, a chloride channel and ion channel regulator studied mostly in epithelial cells, has been reported to participate in immune regulation and likely affect the risk of cancer development. However, little is known about the effects of CFTR on the differentiation and function of γδ T cells. In this study, we observed that CFTR was functionally expressed on the cell surface of γδ T cells. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of CFTR both increased IFN-γ release by peripheral γδ T cells and potentiated the cytolytic activity of these cells against tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of γδ T cell IFN-γ production by CFTR were either TCR dependent or related to Ca2+ influx. CFTR was recruited to TCR immunological synapses and attenuated Lck-P38 MAPK-c-Jun signaling. In addition, CFTR was found to modulate TCR-induced Ca2+ influx and membrane potential (Vm)-induced Ca2+ influx and subsequently regulate the calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway in γδ T cells. Thus, CFTR serves as a negative regulator of IFN-γ production in γδ T cells and the function of these cells in antitumor immunity. Our investigation suggests that modification of the CFTR activity of γδ T cells may be a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Duan
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangqiang Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Xu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxia Deng
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejia Lin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Lei
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenghu Jia
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quanli Yang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guangchao Cao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Wen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Kevin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Interplay between γδT-Cell Metabolism and Tumour Microenvironment Offers Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:210026. [PMID: 34394978 PMCID: PMC7611484 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumour targeting using adoptive cell therapy has failed to reproduce the spectacular clinical successes seen with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies and B cell malignancies. Low in glucose, oxygen, pH and populated with suppressive cells, the solid tumour microenvironment (TME) remains a formidable obstacle to successful immune targeting. The use of atypical, tissue-tropic lymphocytes, such as γδT cells, may offer enhanced tumour trafficking over canonical αβT cells. Nonetheless, γδT cells too interact with the TME. The consequences of this interaction are poorly understood and of high translational relevance. Lopes and colleagues show that, in a murine context, low glucose environments preferentially retained pro-tumorigenic IL-17-producing γδT cells. Anti-tumorigenic IFN-γ-producing γδT cells, meanwhile, required high ambient glucose to survive and exert effector function. Unexpectedly, this metabolic imprinting was evident in the murine thymus, suggesting that the ontological separation of these functional subsets occurs early in their development. Elucidation of this relationship between TME glucose levels and γδT cell functionality in a human context is likely to carry significant implications for the development of γδT cell-based oncoimmunotherapeutics.
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Petersen B, Kammerer R, Frenzel A, Hassel P, Dau TH, Becker R, Breithaupt A, Ulrich RG, Lucas-Hahn A, Meyers G. Generation and first characterization of TRDC-knockout pigs lacking γδ T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14965. [PMID: 34294758 PMCID: PMC8298467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRDC-locus encodes the T cell receptor delta constant region, one component of the γδ T cell receptor which is essential for development of γδ T cells. In contrast to peptide recognition by αβ T cells, antigens activating γδ T cells are mostly MHC independent and not well characterized. Therefore, the function of γδ T cells and their contribution to protection against infections is still unclear. Higher numbers of circulating γδ T cells compared to mice, render the pig a suitable animal model to study γδ T cells. Knocking-out the porcine TRDC-locus by intracytoplasmic microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer resulted in healthy living γδ T cell deficient offspring. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that TRDC-KO pigs lack γδ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen cells. The composition of the remaining leucocyte subpopulations was not affected by the depletion of γδ T cells. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses in PBMC revealed a pattern of changes reflecting the impairment of known or expected γδ T cell dependent pathways. Histopathology did not reveal developmental abnormalities of secondary lymphoid tissues. However, in a vaccination experiment the KO pigs stayed healthy but had a significantly lower neutralizing antibody titer as the syngenic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Neustadt am Rbge./Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Insel Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Antje Frenzel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Neustadt am Rbge./Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Petra Hassel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Neustadt am Rbge./Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Tung Huy Dau
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Insel Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roswitha Becker
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Neustadt am Rbge./Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Neustadt am Rbge./Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Insel Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
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Aghaallaei N, Dick AM, Tsingos E, Inoue D, Hasel E, Thumberger T, Toyoda A, Leptin M, Wittbrodt J, Bajoghli B. αβ/γδ T cell lineage outcome is regulated by intrathymic cell localization and environmental signals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabg3613. [PMID: 34261656 PMCID: PMC8279519 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
αβ and γδ T cells are two distinct sublineages that develop in the vertebrate thymus. Thus far, their differentiation from a common progenitor is mostly understood to be regulated by intrinsic mechanisms. However, the proportion of αβ/γδ T cells varies in different vertebrate taxa. How this process is regulated in species that tend to produce a high frequency of γδ T cells is unstudied. Using an in vivo teleost model, the medaka, we report that progenitors first enter a thymic niche where their development into γδ T cells is favored. Translocation from this niche, mediated by chemokine receptor Ccr9b, is a prerequisite for their differentiation into αβ T cells. On the other hand, the thymic niche also generates opposing gradients of the cytokine interleukin-7 and chemokine Ccl25a, and, together, they influence the lineage outcome. We propose a previously unknown mechanism that determines the proportion of αβ/γδ lineages within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aghaallaei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Advaita M Dick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erika Tsingos
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daigo Inoue
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hasel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Maria Leptin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- EMBO, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hofmann T, Schmucker S, Grashorn M, Stefanski V. Short- and long-term consequences of stocking density during rearing on the immune system and welfare of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101243. [PMID: 34175797 PMCID: PMC8253997 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Already during early life, chickens need to cope with chronic stressors that can impair their health and welfare, with stocking density being one of the most influential factors. Nevertheless, there is a gap in research on the influence of stocking density on laying hens during rearing and in the subsequent laying period. This study therefore investigated how stocking density during rearing affects the immune system and welfare of pullets, and whether effects are persistent later in life. Pullets were reared at either low (13 birds/m2) or high (23 birds/m2) stocking densities but in identical group sizes from wk 7 to 17. Afterward, hens were kept at the same stocking density (2.4 birds/m2) until wk 28. Blood and tissue samples (spleen and cecal tonsils) were collected at the end of the rearing period and in the laying period. The parameters evaluated encompassed number and distribution of leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets in blood and lymphatic tissue, lymphocyte functionality, plasma corticosterone concentrations as well as behavior and physical appearance of hens. At the end of rearing, pullets kept under high stocking density had lower numbers of T lymphocytes, especially γδ T cells in blood, spleen, and cecal tonsils and displayed a higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. These effects are mostly persistent during the laying period, although stocking density was identical at this time. Furthermore, birds from the high stocking density group showed less active behavior, more pecking behavior and worse physical appearance throughout both examination periods. In conclusion, stocking density during rearing affects pullets' immune system and behavior not only in the rearing, but also subsequently in the laying period, indicating a strong correlation between health and welfare during rearing and the laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hofmann
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Grashorn
- Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Guriec N, Bussy F, Gouin C, Mathiaud O, Le Goff M, Delarue J, Collén PN. Activation of chicken gamma-delta T lymphocytes by a purified ulvan extract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110255. [PMID: 33965691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chicken γδ T lymphocytes are present in a variety of tissues such as blood, spleen and intestine. They constitute a major cytotoxic population. In chicken, Salmonella immunization as well as vaccination against Newcastle disease virus are accompanied by an increase of γδ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which may be activated, and thus represent a protective immune response. It has been published that activation of avian γδ T cells can occur in a MHC non-restricted manner. Ulvans are complex sulfated polysaccharides composed of disaccharide repetitions found in the cell walls of green algae belonging to the genus Ulva. We recently demonstrated that a purified ulvan extract activates chicken heterophils and monocytes in vivo through TLR2 and TLR4 receptors when given in drinking water. We demonstrate here, that the same extract given once in drinking water at 25 and 50 mg/l, results in increased membrane expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex class 2 as soon as day 2, as detected using flow cytometry. We conclude chicken γδ T lymphocytes to be activated, or at least primed, in vivo, with the extract. Further experiments are required to fully understand whether their activation or priming is the result of direct and/or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guriec
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, France.
| | - Pi Nyvall Collén
- Amadeite SAS, 56580, Bréhan, France; R&D Breizh, 56500 Moustoir Ac, France.
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35
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Ii T, Chambers JK, Segawa K, Uchida K. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma with hepatocytotropism in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211005914. [PMID: 33959376 PMCID: PMC8060769 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211005914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 14-year 3-month-old spayed female mixed-breed cat presented with jaundice,
anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Haemophagocytic syndrome associated with
lymphoma was suspected after cytological examination of the spleen. Despite
treatment with prednisolone, L-asparaginase and nimustine, the cat died 176
days after the initial presentation. Necropsy revealed splenomegaly and
hepatomegaly, without lymphadenopathy. Histopathologically, neoplastic
lymphoid cells infiltrated the hepatic sinusoid and splenic sinus. The
neoplastic lymphoid cells showed marked hepatocytotropism and contained
erythrocytes, which was also confirmed by electron microscopy.
Immunohistochemically, neoplastic lymphoid cells were positive for CD3, TIA1
(GMP-17) and granzyme B, and negative for CD8, CD20, CD56, CD57, CD79a and
Iba1. Based on these findings, the cat was diagnosed with hepatosplenic
T-cell lymphoma (HS-TCL) with hepatocytotropism. Relevance and novel information This case shows cytotoxic immunophenotype of HS-TCL in a cat, which has not
been demonstrated before. Severe hepatocytotropism and haemophagocytosis of
the neoplastic cells were likely to be associated with jaundice and anaemia,
respectively, and the poor outcome of the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Ii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Segawa
- Sagamihara Animal Medical Centre, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Skelton JK, Purcell R. Preclinical models for studying immune responses to traumatic injury. Immunology 2021; 162:377-388. [PMID: 32986856 PMCID: PMC7968398 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury initiates a large and complex immune response in the minutes after the initial insult, comprising of simultaneous pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In patients that survive the initial injury, these immune responses are believed to contribute towards complications such as the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. These post-traumatic complications affect a significant proportion of patients and are a major contributing factor for poor outcomes and an increased burden on healthcare systems. Therefore, understanding the immune responses to trauma is crucial for improving patient outcomes through the development of novel therapeutics and refining resuscitation strategies. In order to do this, preclinical animal models must mimic human immune responses as much as possible, and as such, we need to understand the constraints of each species in the context of trauma. A number of species have been used in this field; however, these models are limited by their genetic background and their capacity for recapitulating human immune function. This review provides a brief overview of the immune response in critically injured human patients and discusses the most commonly used species for modelling trauma, focusing on how their immune response to serious injury and haemorrhage compares to that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Purcell
- CBR DivisionDefence Science and Technology LaboratorySalisburyUK
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37
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Kulkarni SS, Falzarano D. Unique aspects of adaptive immunity in camelids and their applications. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:102-108. [PMID: 33751993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Camelidae have unique adaptive immunological features that are not widely observed in other species. All camelids are known to have three distinct IgG isotypes - IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. While IgG1 has a conventional antibody structure, both IgG2 and IgG3 are devoid of light chains and instead possess hypervariable regions in their heavy chain (VHH), while lacking the typical CH1 domain found in heavy chains. VHH domains are increasingly being utilized as "next generation" antibodies, as they have unique biochemical and structural properties including high pH stability as well as a lower molecular weight allowing for increased tissue penetration. These features of VHH domains offer a number of advantages for both biotechnology and clinical applications and are commonly termed "nanobodies". A second unique aspect of the camelid adaptive response is involves T cell-mediated immunity. Characterization of gamma delta (ꝩδ) T cells in camelid species has found they use somatic hypermutation in their T cell receptor gamma (TRG) and delta (TRD) loci to increase the structural stability of their ꝩδ T receptor. The use of somatic hyper mutation to increase the diversity of their T cell repertoire, is a feature that has not been observed in other mammalian species. In addition, in alpacas there is a unique subset of ꝩδ T cells called Vꝩ9Vδ2 T cells. Activation of these cells is dependent upon phosphoantigen (PAg)-mediated interaction with B7-like butyrophilin molecules (BTN-3). This makes alpacas the first species outside of primates to be identified with this unique subset and activation mechanism. Here we review some fundamentals of camelid adaptive immunity that make them distinct from other vertebrate species and their potential applications to human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarali S Kulkarni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Wawryk-Gawda E, Kowalska W, Janiszewska M, Bojarska-Junak A. γδ T Lymphocytes in Asthma: a Complicated Picture. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:4. [PMID: 33661375 PMCID: PMC7932949 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A minor subset (approximately 5%) of peripheral T cells has their TCR build up from γ and δ chains instead of α and β—those are the γδ T lymphocytes. They can be functionally divided into subsets, e.g., Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Tfh-, and Treg-like γδ T cells. They share some specifics of both innate and adaptive immunity, and are capable of rapid response to a range of stimuli, including some viral and bacterial infections. Atopic diseases, including asthma, are one of major health-related problems of modern western societies. Asthma is one of the most common airway diseases, affecting people of all ages and having potential life-threatening consequences. In this paper, we review the current knowledge about the involvement of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of asthma and its exacerbations. We summarize both the studies performed on human subjects as well as on the murine model of asthma. γδ T cells seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, different subsets probably perform opposite functions, e.g., symptom-exacerbating Vγ1 and symptom-suppressing Vγ4 in mice model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics With E-Learning Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Wu J, Abraham SN. The Roles of T cells in Bladder Pathologies. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:248-260. [PMID: 33536141 PMCID: PMC7914211 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play important roles in the skin and mucosal surfaces such as the gut and lung. Until recently the contributions of T cells to mammalian bladder immunity were largely unknown. With newer techniques, including single-cell RNA sequencing and reporter mice, an understanding is emerging of T cell roles in bladder diseases (bacterial infections, bladder cancer, chronic inflammation). In these pathologies, many bladder T cell responses can be harmful to the host through suboptimal clearance of bacteria or cancer cells, or by modulating autoinflammation. Recent findings suggest that T cell behavior might be influenced by resident T cell interactions with the bladder microbiota and other immunostimulants. Thus, regulating bladder T cell functions could emerge as a putative immunotherapy to treat some bladder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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40
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Abstract
The cornea is a special interface between the internal ocular tissue and the external environment that provides a powerful chemical, physical, and biological barrier against the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microbes. This protective effect is determined by the unique anatomical structure and cellular composition of the cornea, especially its locally resident innate immune cells, such as Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells (MCs), macrophages, γδ T lymphocytes, and innate lymphoid cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of these immune cells in terms of producing different cytokines and other growth factors in corneal homeostasis and its pathologic conditions. This review paper briefly describes the latest information on these resident immune cells by specifically analyzing research from our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Wei H, Jin C, Peng A, Xie H, Xie S, Feng Y, Xie A, Li J, Fang C, Yang Q, Qiu H, Qi Y, Yin Z, Wang X, Huang J. Characterization of γδT cells in lung of Plasmodium yoelii-infected C57BL/6 mice. Malar J 2021; 20:89. [PMID: 33588839 PMCID: PMC7885449 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has high morbidity and mortality rates in some parts of tropical and subtropical countries. Besides respiratory and metabolic function, lung plays a role in immune system. γδT cells have multiple functions in producing cytokines and chemokines, regulating the immune response by interacting with other cells. It remains unclear about the role of γδT cells in the lung of mice infected by malaria parasites. Methods Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to evaluate the frequency of γδT cells and the effects of γδT cells on the phenotype and function of B and T cells in Plasmodium yoelii-infected wild-type (WT) or γδTCR knockout (γδT KO) mice. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the lungs. Results The percentage and absolute number of γδT cells in the lung increased after Plasmodium infection (p < 0.01). More γδT cells were expressing CD80, CD11b, or PD-1 post-infection (p < 0.05), while less γδT cells were expressing CD34, CD62L, and CD127 post-infection (p < 0.05). The percentages of IL-4+, IL-5+, IL-6+, IL-21+, IL-1α+, and IL-17+ γδT cells were increased (p < 0.05), but the percentage of IFN-γ-expressing γδT cells decreased (p < 0.05) post-infection. The pathological changes in the lungs of the infected γδT KO mice were not obvious compared with the infected WT mice. The proportion of CD3+ cells and absolute numbers of CD3+ cells, CD3+ CD4+ cells, CD3+ CD8+ cells decreased in γδT KO infected mice (p < 0.05). γδT KO infected mice exhibited no significant difference in the surface molecular expression of T cells compared with the WT infected mice (p > 0.05). While, the percentage of IFN-γ-expressing CD3+ and CD3+ CD8+ cells increased in γδT KO infected mice (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the absolute numbers of the total, CD69+, ICOS+, and CD80+ B cells between the WT infected and γδT KO infected mice (p > 0.05). Conclusions The content, phenotype, and function of γδT cells in the lung of C57BL/6 mice were changed after Plasmodium infection. γδT cells contribute to T cell immune response in the progress of Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Anping Peng
- Biological Resource Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Nörenberg J, Jaksó P, Barakonyi A. Gamma/Delta T Cells in the Course of Healthy Human Pregnancy: Cytotoxic Potential and the Tendency of CD8 Expression Make CD56+ γδT Cells a Unique Lymphocyte Subset. Front Immunol 2021; 11:596489. [PMID: 33603738 PMCID: PMC7884463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, pregnancy is an immunological paradox. The semi-allogenic fetus must be accepted by the maternal immune system, while defense against pathogens and immune surveillance cannot be compromised. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play an important role in this immunological puzzle. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood CD56+ γδT cells from pregnant women (1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester) and non-pregnant women by multicolor flow cytometry. Interestingly, γδT cells represent almost half of CD3+/CD56+ cells. Among γδT cells, the CD56+ population expands in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. CD56+ γδT cells maintained a predominantly CD4–/CD8– or CD8+ phenotype, while CD56– γδT cells were in similar rates CD4–/CD8– or CD4+ during pregnancy. Investigation of the lysosomal degranulation marker CD107a revealed a preserved elevated rate of potentially cytotoxic CD56+ γδT cells in pregnancy, while their cytotoxic strength was reduced. Furthermore, CD56+ γδT cells continuously showed a higher prevalence of PD-1 expression. CD56+ γδT cells’ rate of PD-1 increased in the 1st trimester and decreased hereafter back to normal level. We correlated the cytotoxic potential and the expression of the inhibitory immune checkpoint PD-1 and were able to demonstrate that highly cytotoxic cells within this CD56+ γδT population tend to express PD-1, which might allow the inhibition of these cells after binding its ligand in the placenta. These findings should support the understanding of the complex processes, which ensure the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Nörenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pál Jaksó
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alíz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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43
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Yirsaw A, Baldwin CL. Goat γδ T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103809. [PMID: 32795585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goats are important food animals and are disseminated globally because of their high adaptability to varying environmental conditions and feeding regimes that provide them with a comparative advantage. Productivity is impacted by infectious diseases; this then contributes to societal poverty, food insecurity, and international trade restrictions. Since γδ T cells have been shown to have vital roles in immune responses in other mammals we reviewed the literature regarding what is known about their functions, distribution in tissues and organs and their responses to a variety of infections in goats. It has been shown that caprine γδ T cells produce interferon-γ and IL-17, are found in a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and constitute a significant population of blood mononuclear cells. Their representation in tissues and their functional responses may be altered concomitant with infection. This review summarizes caprine γδ T cell responses to Brucella melitensis, Fasciola hepatica, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), and Schistosoma bovis in infected or vaccinated goats. Caprine γδ T cells have also been evaluated in goats infected with M. caprae, Ehrilichia ruminantium, Haemonchus contortus and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus but found to have an unknown or limited response or role in either protective immunity or immunopathogenesis in those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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44
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Papadopoulou M, Sanchez Sanchez G, Vermijlen D. Innate and adaptive γδ T cells: How, when, and why. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:99-116. [PMID: 33146423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells comprise the third cell lineage of lymphocytes that use, like αβ T cells and B cells, V(D)J gene rearrangement with the potential to generate a highly diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. There is no obvious conservation of γδ T cell subsets (based on TCR repertoire and/or function) between mice and human, leading to the notion that human and mouse γδ T cells are highly different. In this review, we focus on human γδ T cells, building on recent studies using high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCR repertoire in various settings. We make then the comparison with mouse γδ T cell subsets highlighting the similarities and differences and describe the remarkable changes during lifespan of innate and adaptive γδ T cells. Finally, we propose mechanisms contributing to the generation of innate versus adaptive γδ T cells. We conclude that key elements related to the generation of the γδ TCR repertoire and γδ T cell activation/development are conserved between human and mice, highlighting the similarities between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
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45
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Putz EJ, Nally JE. Investigating the Immunological and Biological Equilibrium of Reservoir Hosts and Pathogenic Leptospira: Balancing the Solution to an Acute Problem? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2005. [PMID: 32922382 PMCID: PMC7456838 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a devastating zoonotic disease affecting people and animals across the globe. Pathogenic leptospires are excreted in urine of reservoir hosts which directly or indirectly leads to continued disease transmission, via contact with mucous membranes or a breach of the skin barrier of another host. Human fatalities approach 60,000 deaths per annum; though most vertebrates are susceptible to leptospirosis, complex interactions between host species and serovars of Leptospira can yield disease phenotypes that vary from asymptomatic shedding in reservoir hosts, to multi-organ failure in incidental hosts. Clinical symptoms of acute leptospirosis reflect the diverse range of pathogenic species and serovars that cause infection, the level of exposure, and the relationship of the pathogen with the given host. However, in all cases, pathogenic Leptospira are excreted into the environment via urine from reservoir hosts which are uniformly recognized as asymptomatic carriers. Therefore, the reservoir host serves as the cornerstone of persistent disease transmission. Although bacterin vaccines can be used to abate renal carriage and excretion in domestic animal species, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of immune-mediated host–pathogen interactions that facilitate persistent asymptomatic carriage. This review summarizes the current understanding of host–pathogen interactions in the reservoir host and prioritizes research to unravel mechanisms that allow for colonization but not destruction of the host. This information is required to understand, and ultimately control, the transmission of pathogenic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie J Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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Marchetti C, Borghetti P, Cacchioli A, Ferrari L, Armando F, Corradi A, Cantoni AM. Profile of gamma-delta (γδ) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of crossbreed dogs during stages of life and implication in aging. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:278. [PMID: 32771003 PMCID: PMC7414535 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on gamma-delta (γδ) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of dogs are scant, related only to healthy pure breed dogs and limited to a restricted age range. The aim of the study was to investigate the modulation of the γδ T lymphocyte (TCRγδ+) subpopulation in peripheral blood of crossbreed healthy dogs according to five identified stages of life: Puppy, Junior, Adult, Mature, Senior and to determine its implication in aging. A rigorous method of recruitment was used to minimize the influence of internal or external pressure on the immune response. Twenty-three intact female and twenty-four intact male dogs were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and immunophenotyping of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and γδ T cell subpopulations was performed. Results The percentage of γδ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes was comparable with the value of 2.5% published by Faldyna and co-workers (2001), despite the percentage reported was investigated in less arranged age range groups and coming from four different dog pure breeds, whereas our data were recorded on wider age range groups and coming from crossbreed dogs. Therefore, the γδ T cell percentage (2.5%) is consistent and points out that such value is breed-independent. Statistical analysis highlighted differences in both percentage and absolute γδ T cells according to the stage of life. γδ T cells decreased significantly in the peripheral blood of elder dogs (Senior group) in comparison with previous stages of life (Puppy, Junior, and Adult groups). Differences in γδ T cells are significant and they are reported, for the first time, related to dog aging. Conclusions The study confirms dogs to be among the animals with a low TCRγδ+ cell profile. A decrease of the TCRγδ+ subpopulation percentage was observed in elder dogs. TCRγδ+ cells of group S were different from those of groups P, J, and A. The differences are reported for the first time in dog aging. Identifying the stage of life when the decrease of γδ T lymphocytes starts can be useful for providing a rationale for drafting a wellness plan trial to support thymus immune functions and mitigate its functional exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Cacchioli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Lamers K, Baquero M, Karrow N, Hurtig M. Intra-articular xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy increases CD4 +CD25 + cells in synovial fluid. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 227:110085. [PMID: 32673892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease afflicting a substantial portion of the world's population with no currently available cure. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have been observed to have a mild beneficial effect in OA but the mechanism behind their action remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the lymphocytic response to a xenogeneic human umbilical cord-derived MSC-based cell therapy. A unilateral medial meniscal release model was employed in an ovine model of post-traumatic OA, with the contralateral limb employed as the control. A dose of 1.0 × 107 MSCs was administered to a subset of the OA group as well as to a normal sham-operated group. Synovial fluid was aspirated periodically for 13 weeks for flow cytometry analysis. At the termination of the study the stifle joints were collected and analyzed for potential pathologic changes. Cell therapy induced a transient influx of CD4+ leukocytes; there was a similar significant increase in the proportion of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi leukocytes in response to cell therapy, the latter being a subset that may be composed of regulatory T cells. There was no significant effect of the cell therapy treatment on the proportion of synovial fluid-derived CD8+ cells or BAQ44A+ B cells. iNOS expression of intimal lining macrophages was evident but reduced in the cell therapy OA group suggesting macrophage phenotype transformation. There were no inflammatory or histological changes that could be attributed to the cell therapy. Cell therapy induced chemotaxis of CD4+ cells to the joint but these cells were not associated with pathological changes, despite their expression of activation markers (CD25+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Lamers
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Monica Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Niel Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Mark Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Canada.
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48
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Antonacci R, Massari S, Linguiti G, Caputi Jambrenghi A, Giannico F, Lefranc MP, Ciccarese S. Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E624. [PMID: 32517024 PMCID: PMC7349638 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the principal actors of vertebrates' cell-mediated immunity. Like B cells, they can recognize an unlimited number of foreign molecules through their antigen-specific heterodimer receptors (TRs), which consist of αβ or γδ chains. The diversity of the TRs is mainly due to the unique organization of the genes encoding the α, β, γ, and δ chains. For each chain, multi-gene families are arranged in a TR locus, and their expression is guaranteed by the somatic recombination process. A great plasticity of the gene organization within the TR loci exists among species. Marked structural differences affect the TR γ (TRG) locus. The recent sequencing of multiple whole genome provides an opportunity to examine the TR gene repertoire in a systematic and consistent fashion. In this review, we report the most recent findings on the genomic organization of TRG loci in mammalian species in order to show differences and similarities. The comparison revealed remarkable diversification of both the genomic organization and gene repertoire across species, but also unexpected evolutionary conservation, which highlights the important role of the T cells in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Antonacci
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Linguiti
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Anna Caputi Jambrenghi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.J.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Giannico
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.J.); (F.G.)
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France;
| | - Salvatrice Ciccarese
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
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49
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Xu W, Lau ZWX, Fulop T, Larbi A. The Aging of γδ T Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1181. [PMID: 32397491 PMCID: PMC7290956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the "greying" of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently-resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Zandrea Wan Xuan Lau
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Anis Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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50
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Hammer SE, Leopold M, Prawits LM, Mair KH, Schwartz JC, Hammond JA, Ravens S, Gerner W, Saalmüller A. Development of a RACE-based RNA-Seq approach to characterize the T-cell receptor repertoire of porcine γδ T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103575. [PMID: 31846687 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that porcine γδ T cells exhibit a similar degree of functional plasticity as human and murine γδ T cells. Due to the high frequency of TCR-γδ+ cells in blood and secondary lymphatic organs, the pig is an attractive model to study these cells, especially their combined features of the innate and the adaptive immune system. Using a 5' RACE-like approach, we translated a human/murine NGS library preparation strategy to capture full-length V-(D)-J TRG and TRD clonotypes in swine. After oligo(dT) primed conversion of input RNA, the cDNA population was enriched for full-length V(D)J TCR transcripts with porcine-specific primers including Illumina adaptor sequences as overhangs for Illumina MiSeq analysis. After quality control and processing by FastQC and ea-utils, porcine TRG and TRD sequences were mapped against the human IMGT reference directory. Porcine blood-derived CD2+ and CD2‾ TCR-γδ+ cells exhibited two distinct clonotypes Vγ11JγP1 (74.6%) and Vγ10JγP1 (57.7%), respectively. Despite the high TCR-δ diversity among CD2+ cells (39 clonotypes), both subsets shared the same abundant Vδ1DδxJδ4 clonotype at approximately identically frequencies (CD2+: 31.2%; CD2‾: 37.0%). The flexible nature of this approach will facilitate the assessment of organ-specific phenotypes of γδ T cell subsets alongside with their respective TCR diversity at single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Melanie Leopold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Maria Prawits
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; CD Laboratory for an Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; CD Laboratory for an Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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