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Nery EK, Caddah MK, Michelangeli FA, Nogueira A. An evolutionary disruption of the buzz pollination syndrome in neotropical montane plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16367. [PMID: 38956979 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Under pollinator limitations, specialized pollination syndromes may evolve toward contrasting responses: a generalized syndrome with increased pollinator attraction, pollinator reward, and pollen transfer capacity; or the selfing syndrome with increased self-pollen deposition, but reduced pollinator attraction and pollen transfer capacity. The buzz-pollination syndrome is specialized to explore female vibrating bees as pollinators. However, vibrating bees become less-active pollinators at montane areas of the Atlantic Forest (AF) domain. This study investigated whether the specialized buzz-pollination syndrome would evolve toward an alternative floral syndrome in montane areas of the AF domain, considering a generalized and the selfing syndromes as alternative responses. METHODS We utilized a lineage within the buzz-pollinated Miconia as study system, contrasting floral traits between montane AF-endemic and non-endemic species. We measured and validated floral traits that were proxies for pollinator attraction, reward access, pollen transfer capacity, and self-pollen deposition. We inferred the evolution of floral trait via phylogenetic comparative methods. RESULTS AF-endemic species have selectively evolved greater reward access and more frequently had generalist pollination. Nonetheless, AF-endemic species also have selectively evolved toward lower pollen transfer capacity and greater self pollination. These patterns indicated a complex evolutionary process that has jointly favored a generalized and the selfing syndromes. CONCLUSIONS The buzz pollination syndrome can undergo an evolutionary disruption in montane areas of the AF domain. This floral syndrome is likely more labile than often assumed, allowing buzz-pollinated plants to reproduce in environments where vibrating bees are less-reliable pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo K Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara K Caddah
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Anselmo Nogueira
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Agarwal R, Althoff DM. Extreme specificity in obligate mutualism-A role for competition? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11628. [PMID: 38911491 PMCID: PMC11190587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Obligate mutualisms, reciprocally obligate beneficial interactions, are some of the most important mutualisms on the planet, providing the basis for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, the formation and persistence of terrestrial ecosystems and the establishment and expansion of coral reefs. In addition, these mutualisms can also lead to the diversification of interacting partner species. Accompanying this diversification is a general pattern of a high degree of specificity among interacting partner species. A survey of obligate mutualisms demonstrates that greater than half of these systems have only one or two mutualist species on each side of the interaction. This is in stark contrast to facultative mutualisms that can have dozens of interacting mutualist species. We posit that the high degree of specificity in obligate mutualisms is driven by competition within obligate mutualist guilds that limits species richness. Competition may be particularly potent in these mutualisms because mutualistic partners are totally dependent on each other's fitness gains, which may fuel interspecific competition. Theory and the limited number of empirical studies testing for the role of competition in determining specificity suggest that competition may be an important force that fuels the high degree of specificity. Further empirical research is needed to dissect the relative roles of trait complementarity, mutualism regulation, and competition among mutualist guild members in determining mutualism specificity at local scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Agarwal
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
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3
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Burgunter-Delamare B, Shetty P, Vuong T, Mittag M. Exchange or Eliminate: The Secrets of Algal-Bacterial Relationships. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:829. [PMID: 38592793 PMCID: PMC10974524 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Algae and bacteria have co-occurred and coevolved in common habitats for hundreds of millions of years, fostering specific associations and interactions such as mutualism or antagonism. These interactions are shaped through exchanges of primary and secondary metabolites provided by one of the partners. Metabolites, such as N-sources or vitamins, can be beneficial to the partner and they may be assimilated through chemotaxis towards the partner producing these metabolites. Other metabolites, especially many natural products synthesized by bacteria, can act as toxins and damage or kill the partner. For instance, the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii establishes a mutualistic partnership with a Methylobacterium, in stark contrast to its antagonistic relationship with the toxin producing Pseudomonas protegens. In other cases, as with a coccolithophore haptophyte alga and a Phaeobacter bacterium, the same alga and bacterium can even be subject to both processes, depending on the secreted bacterial and algal metabolites. Some bacteria also influence algal morphology by producing specific metabolites and micronutrients, as is observed in some macroalgae. This review focuses on algal-bacterial interactions with micro- and macroalgal models from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and summarizes the advances in the field. It also highlights the effects of temperature on these interactions as it is presently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertille Burgunter-Delamare
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Prateek Shetty
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Trang Vuong
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Burin G, Campbell LCE, Renner SS, Kiers ET, Chomicki G. Mutualisms drive plant trait evolution beyond interaction-related traits. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14379. [PMID: 38361469 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mutualisms have driven the evolution of extraordinary structures and behavioural traits, but their impact on traits beyond those directly involved in the interaction remains unclear. We addressed this gap using a highly evolutionarily replicated system - epiphytes in the Rubiaceae forming symbioses with ants. We employed models that allow us to test the influence of discrete mutualistic traits on continuous non-mutualistic traits. Our findings are consistent with mutualism shaping the pace of morphological evolution, strength of selection and long-term mean of non-mutualistic traits in function of mutualistic dependency. While specialised and obligate mutualisms are associated with slower trait change, less intimate, facultative and generalist mutualistic interactions - which are the most common - have a greater impact on non-mutualistic trait evolution. These results challenge the prevailing notion that mutualisms solely affect the evolution of interaction-related traits via stabilizing selection and instead demonstrate a broader role for mutualisms in shaping trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Zwolak R, Clement D, Sih A, Schreiber SJ. Granivore abundance shapes mutualism quality in plant-scatterhoarder interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1840-1850. [PMID: 38044708 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Conditional mutualisms involve costs and benefits that vary with environmental factors, but mechanisms driving these dynamics remain poorly understood. Scatterhoarder-plant interactions are a prime example of this phenomenon, as scatterhoarders can either increase or reduce plant recruitment depending on the balance between seed dispersal and predation. We explored factors that drive the magnitude of net benefits for plants in this interaction using a mathematical model, with parameter values based on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis). We measured benefits as the percentage of germinating seeds, and examined how varying rodent survival (reflecting, e.g. changes in predation pressure), the rate of seed loss to other granivores, the abundance of alternative food resources, and changes in masting patterns affect the quality of mutualism. We found that increasing granivore abundance can degrade the quality of plant-scatterhoarder mutualism due to increased cache pilferage. Scatterhoarders are predicted to respond by increasing immediate consumption of gathered seeds, leading to higher costs and reduced benefits for plants. Thus, biotic changes that are detrimental to rodent populations can be beneficial for tree recruitment due to adaptive behavior of rodents. When scatterhoarder populations decline too drastically (< 5 individuals ha-1 ); however, tree recruitment may also suffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Dale Clement
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Center of Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Center of Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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6
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Meyer KM, Muscettola IE, Vasconcelos ALS, Sherman JK, Metcalf CJE, Lindow SE, Koskella B. Conspecific versus heterospecific transmission shapes host specialization of the phyllosphere microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2067-2079.e5. [PMID: 38029741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In disease ecology, pathogen transmission among conspecific versus heterospecific hosts is known to shape pathogen specialization and virulence, but we do not yet know if similar effects occur at the microbiome level. We tested this idea by experimentally passaging leaf-associated microbiomes either within conspecific or across heterospecific plant hosts. Although conspecific transmission results in persistent host-filtering effects and more within-microbiome network connections, heterospecific transmission results in weaker host-filtering effects but higher levels of interconnectivity. When transplanted onto novel plants, heterospecific lines are less differentiated by host species than conspecific lines, suggesting a shift toward microbiome generalism. Finally, conspecific lines from tomato exhibit a competitive advantage on tomato hosts against those passaged on bean or pepper, suggesting microbiome-level host specialization. Overall, we find that transmission mode and previous host history shape microbiome diversity, with repeated conspecific transmission driving microbiome specialization and repeated heterospecific transmission promoting microbiome generalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Meyer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Isabella E Muscettola
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ana Luisa S Vasconcelos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Julia K Sherman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Steven E Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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7
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Diarra U, Osborne-Naikatini T. Isolation, characterization and screening of actinomycetes associated with fijian ant-plant symbioses. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169. [PMID: 37938888 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In the search for novel therapeutics to combat the ongoing antimicrobial resistance crisis, scientists are turning to underexplored environments. Defensive mutualisms between hymenopteran insects and actinomycetes represent important reservoirs for bioactive compounds. In this study, we examined the association between actinomycetes and Squamellaria ant-plants spanning three different ant and plant species combinations (Squamellaria imberbis-Philidris nagasau, Squamellaria tenuiflora- Technomyrmex vitiensis, and Squamellaria tenuiflora-Tetramorium insolens). Eight Squamellaria plants were sampled including four containing T. vitiensis, three containing P. nagasau, and a single plant containing T. insolens. A total of 47 actinomycetes were obtained from the sampled material, with 5, 16, and 26 isolates originating from cuticle, tissue, and nest samples, respectively. Cross-streaking tests showed that 12 out of 47 isolates inhibited bacterial pathogens. The most frequently inhibited pathogens in the cross-streaking tests were S. aureus and E. coli while S. enterica was the least inhibited. Among the three primary screening media used, ISP2 agar was the most suitable for secondary metabolism as more isolates exhibited antibacterial activity when grown on the medium. TFS2010 and TFS2003, which matched to Streptomyces gramineus (>99% similarity), were the most bioactive isolates in cross-streaking tests. TFS2010 displayed the strong antibacterial on Nutrient agar, Mueller Hinton agar, and ISP2 agar while TFS2003 only exhibited strong antibacterial activity on Nutrient agar. Furthermore, a difference in potency of extracts based on batch culture medium was noted in TFS2010. DNA was extracted from 19 isolates and followed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing. Analysis of sequence data revealed the presence of six genera, including Amycolatopsis, Asanoa, Jiangella, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, and Streptomyces, with the latter being the most abundant taxon. Among these, three isolates (PNS3002, PNS3005, and TFS3001) are likely to represent new species while one (TFS2015) is likely to be a member of a novel genus. Our work represents the first attempt to study actinomycetes from Squamellaria-ant mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Diarra
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Tamara Osborne-Naikatini
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
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8
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Chen S, Zhou A, Xu Y. Symbiotic Bacteria Regulating Insect-Insect/Fungus/Virus Mutualism. INSECTS 2023; 14:741. [PMID: 37754709 PMCID: PMC10531535 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria associated with insects potentially provide many beneficial services and have been well documented. Mutualism that relates to insects is widespread in ecosystems. However, the interrelation between "symbiotic bacteria" and "mutualism" has rarely been studied. We introduce three systems of mutualism that relate to insects (ants and honeydew-producing Hemiptera, fungus-growing insects and fungi, and plant persistent viruses and vector insects) and review the species of symbiotic bacteria in host insects, as well as their functions in host insects and the mechanisms underlying mutualism regulation. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and role of symbiotic bacteria, based on metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiology, will be required for describing the entire interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Aiming Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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9
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Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Krah FS, Cornwell WK, Zanne AE, Abrego N, Anderson IC, Andrew CJ, Baldrian P, Bässler C, Bissett A, Chaudhary VB, Chen B, Chen Y, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Deveautour C, Egidi E, Flores-Moreno H, Golan J, Heilmann-Clausen J, Hempel S, Hu Y, Kauserud H, Kivlin SN, Kohout P, Lammel DR, Maestre FT, Pringle A, Purhonen J, Singh BK, Veresoglou SD, Větrovský T, Zhang H, Rillig MC, Powell JR. Symbiotic status alters fungal eco-evolutionary offspring trajectories. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1523-1534. [PMID: 37330626 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite host-fungal symbiotic interactions being ubiquitous in all ecosystems, understanding how symbiosis has shaped the ecology and evolution of fungal spores that are involved in dispersal and colonization of their hosts has been ignored in life-history studies. We assembled a spore morphology database covering over 26,000 species of free-living to symbiotic fungi of plants, insects and humans and found more than eight orders of variation in spore size. Evolutionary transitions in symbiotic status correlated with shifts in spore size, but the strength of this effect varied widely among phyla. Symbiotic status explained more variation than climatic variables in the current distribution of spore sizes of plant-associated fungi at a global scale while the dispersal potential of their spores is more restricted compared to free-living fungi. Our work advances life-history theory by highlighting how the interaction between symbiosis and offspring morphology shapes the reproductive and dispersal strategies among living forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Franz-Sebastian Krah
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carrie J Andrew
- Biology Department, Oberlin College & Conservatory, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Claus Bässler
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrew Bissett
- Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UPO (BioFun). Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Coline Deveautour
- AGHYLE Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jacob Golan
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob Heilmann-Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, China
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Evogene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel R Lammel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, Alicante, Spain
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenna Purhonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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Ramana JV, Tylianakis JM, Ridgway HJ, Dickie IA. Root diameter, host specificity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition among native and exotic plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:301-310. [PMID: 36967581 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant root systems rely on a functionally diverse range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to, among other benefits, extend their nutrient foraging. Extended nutrient foraging is likely of greatest importance to coarse-rooted plants, yet few studies have examined the link between root traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition. Here, we examine the relationship between root diameter and the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in a range of native and exotic plant species. We characterized the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of 30 co-occurring native and exotic montane grassland/shrubland plant species in New Zealand. We found that plant root diameter and native/exotic status both strongly correlated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition. Coarse-rooted plants had a lower diversity of mycorrhizal fungi compared with fine-rooted plants and associated less with generalist fungal partners. Exotic plants had a lower diversity of fungi and fewer associations with nondominant families of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared with native plants. These observational patterns suggest that plants may differentially associate with fungal partners based on their root traits, with coarse-rooted plants being more specific in their associations. Furthermore, exotic plants may associate with dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal taxa as a strategy in invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Ramana
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J Ridgway
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
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11
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Kahnt B, Theodorou P, Grimm-Seyfarth A, Onstein RE. When lizards try out a more plant-based lifestyle: The macroevolution of mutualistic lizard-plant-interactions (Squamata: Sauria/Lacertilia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107839. [PMID: 37290582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollination and seed dispersal of plants by animals are key mutualistic processes for the conservation of plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Although different animals frequently act as pollinators or seed dispersers, some species can provide both functions, so-called 'double mutualists', suggesting that the evolution of pollination and seed dispersal may be linked. Here, we assess the macroevolution of mutualistic behaviours in lizards (Lacertilia) by applying comparative methods to a phylogeny comprising 2,838 species. We found that both flower visitation (potential pollination) (recorded in 64 species [2.3% of total] across 9 families) and seed dispersal (recorded in 382 species [13,5% of total] across 26 families) have evolved repeatedly in Lacertilia. Furthermore, we found that seed dispersal activity pre-dated flower visitation and that the evolution of seed dispersal activity and flower visitation was correlated, illustrating a potential evolutionary mechanism behind the emergence of double mutualisms. Finally, we provide evidence that lineages with flower visitation or seed dispersal activity have higher diversification rates than lineages lacking these behaviours. Our study illustrates the repeated innovation of (double) mutualisms across Lacertilia and we argue that island settings may provide the ecological conditions under which (double) mutualisms persist over macroevolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kahnt
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth
- Department of Conservation Biology and Social-Ecological Systems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg, 2 2333CR Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Campbell LCE, Kiers ET, Chomicki G. The evolution of plant cultivation by ants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:271-282. [PMID: 36372647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outside humans, true agriculture was previously thought to be restricted to social insects farming fungus. However, obligate farming of plants by ants was recently discovered in Fiji, prompting a re-examination of plant cultivation by ants. Here, we generate a database of plant cultivation by ants, identify three main types, and show that these interactions evolved primarily for shelter rather than food. We find that plant cultivation evolved at least 65 times independently for crops (~200 plant species), and 15 times in farmer lineages (~37 ant taxa) in the Neotropics and Asia/Australasia. Because of their high evolutionary replication, and variation in partner dependence, these systems are powerful models to unveil the steps in the evolution and ecology of insect agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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13
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Liu Q, Turlings TCJ, Li Y. Can herbivores sharing the same host plant be mutualists? Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:509-511. [PMID: 36863968 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Resource partitioning is considered to be a prerequisite for coexisting species to evolve from competition to mutualism. This is uniquely different for two major pest insects of rice. These herbivores preferentially opt to coinfest the same host plants, and through plant-mediated mechanisms, cooperatively utilize these plants in a mutualistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences and College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences and College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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14
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Weevil Carbohydrate Intake Triggers Endosymbiont Proliferation: A Trade-Off between Host Benefit and Endosymbiont Burden. mBio 2023; 14:e0333322. [PMID: 36779765 PMCID: PMC10127669 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional symbioses between insects and intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) are a major force of adaptation, allowing animals to colonize nutrient-poor ecological niches. Many beetles feeding on tyrosine-poor substrates rely on a surplus of aromatic amino acids produced by bacterial endosymbionts. This surplus of aromatic amino acids is crucial for the biosynthesis of a thick exoskeleton, the cuticle, which is made of a matrix of chitin with proteins and pigments built from tyrosine-derived molecules, providing an important defensive barrier against biotic and abiotic stress. Other endosymbiont-related advantages for beetles include faster development and improved fecundity. The association between Sitophilus oryzae and the Sodalis pierantonius endosymbiont represents a unique case study among beetles: endosymbionts undergo an exponential proliferation in young adults concomitant with the cuticle tanning, and then they are fully eliminated. While endosymbiont clearance, as well as total endosymbiont titer, are host-controlled processes, the mechanism triggering endosymbiont exponential proliferation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that endosymbiont exponential proliferation relies on host carbohydrate intake, unlike the total endosymbiont titer or the endosymbiont clearance, which are under host genetic control. Remarkably, insect fecundity was preserved, and the cuticle tanning was achieved, even when endosymbiont exponential proliferation was experimentally blocked, except in the context of a severely unbalanced diet. Moreover, a high endosymbiont titer coupled with nutrient shortage dramatically impacted host survival, revealing possible environment-dependent disadvantages for the host, likely due to the high energy cost of exponentially proliferating endosymbionts. IMPORTANCE Beetles thriving on tyrosine-poor diet sources often develop mutualistic associations with endosymbionts able to synthesize aromatic amino acids. This surplus of aromatic amino acids is used to reinforce the insect's protective cuticle. An exceptional feature of the Sitophilus oryzae/Sodalis pierantonius interaction is the exponential increase in endosymbiotic titer observed in young adult insects, in concomitance with cuticle biosynthesis. Here, we show that host carbohydrate intake triggers endosymbiont exponential proliferation, even in conditions that lead to the detriment of the host survival. In addition, when hosts thrive on a balanced diet, endosymbiont proliferation is dispensable for several host fitness traits. The endosymbiont exponential proliferation is therefore dependent on the nutritional status of the host, and its consequences on host cuticle biosynthesis and survival depend on food quality and availability.
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15
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Quintero E, Rodríguez-Sánchez F, Jordano P. Reciprocity and interaction effectiveness in generalised mutualisms among free-living species. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:132-146. [PMID: 36450595 PMCID: PMC10099531 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions among free-living species generally involve low-frequency interactions and highly asymmetric dependence among partners, yet our understanding of factors behind their emergence is still limited. Using individual-based interactions of a super-generalist fleshy-fruited plant with its frugivore assemblage, we estimated the Resource Provisioning Effectiveness (RPE) and Seed Dispersal Effectiveness (SDE) to assess the balance in the exchange of resources. Plants were highly dependent on a few frugivore species, while frugivores interacted with most individual plants, resulting in strong asymmetries of mutual dependence. Interaction effectiveness was mainly driven by interaction frequency. Despite highly asymmetric dependences, the strong reliance on quantity of fruit consumed determined high reciprocity in rewards between partners (i.e. higher energy provided by the plant, more seedlings recruited), which was not obscured by minor variations in the quality of animal or plant service. We anticipate reciprocity will emerge in low-intimacy mutualisms where the mutualistic outcome largely relies upon interaction frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Quintero
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Uchiumi Y, Sato M, Sasaki A. Evolutionary double suicide in symbiotic systems. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:87-98. [PMID: 36331163 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutualism is thought to face a threat of coextinction cascade because the loss of a member species could lead to the extinction of the other member. Despite this common emphasis on the perils of such knock-on effect, hitherto, the evolutionary causes leading to extinction have been less emphasised. Here, we examine how extinction could be triggered in mutualism and whether an evolutionary response to partner loss could prevent collateral extinctions, by theoretically examining the coevolution of the host exploitation by symbionts and host dependence on symbiosis. Our model reveals that mutualism is more vulnerable to co-extinction through adaptive evolution (evolutionary double suicide) than parasitism. Additionally, it shows that the risk of evolutionary double suicide rarely promotes the backward evolution to an autonomous (non-symbiotic) state. Our results provide a new perspective on the evolutionary fragility of mutualism and the rarity of observed evolutionary transitions from mutualism to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Uchiumi
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Liberal Arts, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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17
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Büttner H, Pidot SJ, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Endofungal bacteria boost anthelminthic host protection with the biosurfactant symbiosin. Chem Sci 2022; 14:103-112. [PMID: 36605741 PMCID: PMC9769094 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective protection of soil fungi from predators is crucial for their survival in the niche. Thus, fungi have developed efficient defence strategies. We discovered that soil beneficial Mortierella fungi employ a potent cytotoxin (necroxime) against fungivorous nematodes. Interestingly, this anthelminthic agent is produced by bacterial endosymbionts (Candidatus Mycoavidus necroximicus) residing within the fungus. Analysis of the symbiont's genome indicated a rich biosynthetic potential, yet nothing has been known about additional metabolites and their potential synergistic functions. Here we report that two distinct Mortierella endosymbionts produce a novel cyclic lipodepsipeptide (symbiosin), that is clearly of bacterial origin, but has striking similarities to various fungal specialized metabolites. The structure and absolute configuration of symbiosin were fully elucidated. By comparative genomics of symbiosin-positive strains and in silico analyses of the deduced non-ribosomal synthetases, we assigned the (sym) biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed an assembly line model. Bioassays revealed that symbiosin is not only an antibiotic, in particular against mycobacteria, but also exhibits marked synergistic effects with necroxime in anti-nematode tests. By functional analyses and substitution experiments we found that symbiosin is a potent biosurfactant and that this particular property confers a boost in the anthelmintic action, similar to formulations of therapeutics in human medicine. Our findings illustrate that "combination therapies" against parasites already exist in ecological contexts, which may inspire the development of biocontrol agents and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Büttner
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute792 Elizabeth StreetMelbourne3000Australia
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745 JenaGermany,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743 JenaGermany
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18
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The monitoring of plant physiology and ecology:from materials to flexible devices. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Lloyd-Jones DJ, St Clair JJH, Cram DL, Yassene O, van der Wal JEM, Spottiswoode CN. When wax wanes: competitors for beeswax stabilize rather than jeopardize the honeyguide–human mutualism. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221443. [PMID: 36448420 PMCID: PMC9709655 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mutualisms are exploited by third-party species, which benefit without providing anything in return. Exploitation can either destabilize or promote mutualisms, via mechanisms that are highly dependent on the ecological context. Here we study a remarkable bird–human mutualism, in which wax-eating greater honeyguides (
Indicator indicator
) guide humans (
Homo sapiens
) to wild bees' nests, in an exchange of knowledge about the location of nests for access to the wax combs inside. We test whether the depletion of wax by mammalian and avian exploiter species either threatens or stabilizes the mutualism. Using camera traps, we monitored feeding visits to wax comb made available following honey harvests. We found that greater honeyguides face competition for wax from conspecifics and nine exploiter species, five of which were not previously known to consume wax. Our results support the hypothesis that heterospecific exploiters stabilize the mutualism, because wax depletion by these competitors probably limits feeding opportunities for conspecific exploiters, favouring the early-arriving individual that guided humans to the bees’ nest. These findings highlight the importance of the ecological context of species interactions and provide further evidence for how mutualisms can persist because of, and not in spite of, exploitation by third-party species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lloyd-Jones
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - James J. H. St Clair
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Dominic L. Cram
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Orlando Yassene
- Mariri Environmental Centre, Concession L5 South, Niassa Special Reserve, Niassa Province, Mozambique
| | | | - Claire N. Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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20
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Park J, Davis K, Lajoie G, Parfrey LW. Alternative approaches to identify core bacteria in Fucus distichus microbiome and assess their distribution and host-specificity. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:55. [PMID: 36384808 PMCID: PMC9670562 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying meaningful ecological associations between host and components of the microbiome is challenging. This is especially true for hosts such as marine macroalgae where the taxonomic composition of the microbiome is highly diverse and variable in space and time. Identifying core taxa is one way forward but there are many methods and thresholds in use. This study leverages a large dataset of microbial communities associated with the widespread brown macroalga, Fucus distichus, across sites and years on one island in British Columbia, Canada. We compare three different methodological approaches to identify core taxa at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level from this dataset: (1) frequency analysis of taxa on F. distichus performed over the whole dataset, (2) indicator species analysis (IndVal) over the whole dataset that identifies frequent taxa that are enriched on F. distichus in comparison to the local environment, and (3) a two-step IndVal method that identifies taxa that are consistently enriched on F. distichus across sites and time points. We then investigated a F. distichus time-series dataset to see if those core taxa are seasonally consistent on another remote island in British Columbia, Canada. We then evaluate host-specificity of the identified F. distichus core ASVs using comparative data from 32 other macroalgal species sampled at one of the sites. RESULTS We show that a handful of core ASVs are consistently identified by both frequency analysis and IndVal approaches with alternative definitions, although no ASVs were always present on F. distichus and IndVal identified a diverse array of F. distichus indicator taxa across sites on Calvert Island in multiple years. Frequency analysis captured a broader suit of taxa, while IndVal was better at identifying host-specific microbes. Finally, two-step IndVal identified hundreds of indicator ASVs for particular sites/timepoints but only 12 that were indicators in a majority (> 6 out of 11) of sites/timepoints. Ten of these ASVs were also indicators on Quadra Island, 250 km away. Many F. distichus-core ASVs are generally found on multiple macroalgal species, while a few ASVs are highly specific to F. distichus. CONCLUSIONS Different methodological approaches with variable set thresholds influence core identification, but a handful of core taxa are apparently identifiable as they are widespread and temporally associated with F. distichus and enriched in comparison to the environment. Moreover, we show that many of these core ASVs of F. distichus are found on multiple macroalgal hosts, indicating that most occupy a macroalgal generalist niche rather than forming highly specialized associations with F. distichus. Further studies should test whether macroalgal generalists or specialists are more likely to engage in biologically important exchanges with host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsoo Park
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Katherine Davis
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Geneviève Lajoie
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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21
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Rawat D, Sharma U, Poria P, Finlan A, Parker B, Sharma RS, Mishra V. Iron-dependent mutualism between Chlorella sorokiniana and Ralstonia pickettii forms the basis for a sustainable bioremediation system. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:83. [PMID: 36407791 PMCID: PMC9476460 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic communities of autotrophic microalgae and heterotrophic bacteria perform complex tasks of nutrient acquisition and tackling environmental stress but remain underexplored as a basis for the bioremediation of emerging pollutants. In industrial monoculture designs, poor iron uptake by microalgae limits their productivity and biotechnological efficacy. Iron supplementation is expensive and ineffective because iron remains insoluble in an aqueous medium and is biologically unavailable. However, microalgae develop complex interkingdom associations with siderophore-producing bacteria that help solubilize iron and increase its bioavailability. Using dye degradation as a model, we combined environmental isolations and synthetic ecology as a workflow to design a simplified microbial community based on iron and carbon exchange. We established a mutualism between the previously non-associated alga Chlorella sorokiniana and siderophore-producing bacterium Ralstonia pickettii. Siderophore-mediated increase in iron bioavailability alleviated Fe stress for algae and increased the reductive iron uptake mechanism and bioremediation potential. In exchange, C. sorokiniana produced galactose, glucose, and mannose as major extracellular monosaccharides, supporting bacterial growth. We propose that extracellular iron reduction by ferrireductase is crucial for azoreductase-mediated dye degradation in microalgae. These results demonstrate that iron bioavailability, often overlooked in cultivation, governs microalgal growth, enzymatic processes, and bioremediation potential. Our results suggest that phototrophic communities with an active association for iron and carbon exchange have the potential to overcome challenges associated with micronutrient availability, while scaling up bioremediation designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Rawat
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Department of Environmental Studies, Janki Devi Memorial College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Udita Sharma
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Pankaj Poria
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Arran Finlan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Brenda Parker
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Delhi School of Climate Change & Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies on Mountain & Hill Environment, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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22
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Morillo-Lopez V, Sjaarda A, Islam I, Borisy GG, Mark Welch JL. Corncob structures in dental plaque reveal microhabitat taxon specificity. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:145. [PMID: 36064650 PMCID: PMC9446765 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human mouth is a natural laboratory for studying how bacterial communities differ across habitats. Different bacteria colonize different surfaces in the mouth-teeth, tongue dorsum, and keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia-despite the short physical distance between these habitats and their connection through saliva. We sought to determine whether more tightly defined microhabitats might have more tightly defined sets of resident bacteria. A microhabitat may be characterized, for example, as the space adjacent to a particular species of bacterium. Corncob structures of dental plaque, consisting of coccoid bacteria bound to filaments of Corynebacterium cells, present an opportunity to analyze the community structure of one such well-defined microhabitat within a complex natural biofilm. Here, we investigate by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging the composition of the cocci decorating the filaments. RESULTS The range of taxa observed in corncobs was limited to a small subset of the taxa present in dental plaque. Among four major groups of dental plaque streptococci, two were the major constituents of corncobs, including one that was the most abundant Streptococcus species in corncobs despite being relatively rare in dental plaque overall. Images showed both Streptococcus types in corncobs in all individual donors, suggesting that the taxa have different ecological roles or that mechanisms exist for stabilizing the persistence of functionally redundant taxa in the population. Direct taxon-taxon interactions were observed not only between the Streptococcus cells and the central corncob filament but also between Streptococcus cells and the limited subset of other plaque bacteria detected in the corncobs, indicating species ensembles involving these taxa as well. CONCLUSIONS The spatial organization we observed in corncobs suggests that each of the microbial participants can interact with multiple, albeit limited, potential partners, a feature that may encourage the long-term stability of the community. Additionally, our results suggest the general principle that a precisely defined microhabitat will be inhabited by a small and well-defined set of microbial taxa. Thus, our results are important for understanding the structure and organizing principles of natural biofilms and lay the groundwork for future work to modulate and control biofilms for human health. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Morillo-Lopez
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Alexandra Sjaarda
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Imon Islam
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Gary G. Borisy
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jessica L. Mark Welch
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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23
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Asar Y, Ho SYW, Sauquet H. Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: were they unlinked? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:858-869. [PMID: 35568622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article, we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for angiosperms and major clades of insects; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm-insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm-insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled until the end of the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Asar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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24
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Abstract
Hereditary symbioses have the potential to drive transgenerational effects, yet the mechanisms responsible for transmission of heritable plant symbionts are still poorly understood. The leaf symbiosis between Dioscorea sansibarensis and the bacterium Orrella dioscoreae offers an appealing model system to study how heritable bacteria are transmitted to the next generation. Here, we demonstrate that inoculation of apical buds with a bacterial suspension is sufficient to colonize newly formed leaves and propagules, and to ensure transmission to the next plant generation. Flagellar motility is not required for movement inside the plant but is important for the colonization of new hosts. Further, tissue-specific regulation of putative symbiotic functions highlights the presence of two distinct subpopulations of bacteria in the leaf gland and at the shoot meristem. We propose that bacteria in the leaf gland dedicate resources to symbiotic functions, while dividing bacteria in the shoot tip ensure successful colonization of meristematic tissue, glands, and propagules. Compartmentalization of intrahost populations together with tissue-specific regulation may serve as a robust mechanism for the maintenance of mutualism in leaf symbiosis.
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25
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Hojo MK. Evolution of chemical interactions between ants and their mutualist partners. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100943. [PMID: 35691585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutualism is the reciprocal exploitation of interacting participants and is vulnerable to nonrewarding cheating. Ants are dominant insects in most terrestrial ecosystems, and some aphids and lycaenid butterfly species provide them with nutritional nectar rewards and employ ants as bodyguards. In this review, I discuss how chemical communication based on condition-dependent signaling and recognition plasticity regulate the payoff of interacting participants. I argue that the selfishness of both participants explains the signaling and communication among participants and contributes to the stability of these mutualisms. Uncovering the origin and maintenance of mutualistic association of ants will come from future research on ant collective behavior, the genetic and neural basis of cooperation, and a deeper understanding of the costs and benefits of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru K Hojo
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
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26
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Zachar I, Boza G. The Evolution of Microbial Facilitation: Sociogenesis, Symbiogenesis, and Transition in Individuality. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.798045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic cooperation is widespread, and it seems to be a ubiquitous and easily evolvable interaction in the microbial domain. Mutual metabolic cooperation, like syntrophy, is thought to have a crucial role in stabilizing interactions and communities, for example biofilms. Furthermore, cooperation is expected to feed back positively to the community under higher-level selection. In certain cases, cooperation can lead to a transition in individuality, when freely reproducing, unrelated entities (genes, microbes, etc.) irreversibly integrate to form a new evolutionary unit. The textbook example is endosymbiosis, prevalent among eukaryotes but virtually lacking among prokaryotes. Concerning the ubiquity of syntrophic microbial communities, it is intriguing why evolution has not lead to more transitions in individuality in the microbial domain. We set out to distinguish syntrophy-specific aspects of major transitions, to investigate why a transition in individuality within a syntrophic pair or community is so rare. We review the field of metabolic communities to identify potential evolutionary trajectories that may lead to a transition. Community properties, like joint metabolic capacity, functional profile, guild composition, assembly and interaction patterns are important concepts that may not only persist stably but according to thought-provoking theories, may provide the heritable information at a higher level of selection. We explore these ideas, relating to concepts of multilevel selection and of informational replication, to assess their relevance in the debate whether microbial communities may inherit community-level information or not.
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27
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Breusing C, Genetti M, Russell SL, Corbett-Detig RB, Beinart RA. Horizontal transmission enables flexible associations with locally adapted symbiont strains in deep-sea hydrothermal vent symbioses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115608119. [PMID: 35349333 PMCID: PMC9168483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115608119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceIn marine ecosystems, transmission of microbial symbionts between host generations occurs predominantly through the environment. Yet, it remains largely unknown how host genetics, symbiont competition, environmental conditions, and geography shape the composition of symbionts acquired by individual hosts. To address this question, we applied population genomic approaches to four species of deep-sea hydrothermal vent snails that live in association with chemosynthetic bacteria. Our analyses show that environment is more important to strain-level symbiont composition than host genetics and that symbiont strains show genetic variation indicative of adaptation to the distinct geochemical conditions at each vent site. This corroborates a long-standing hypothesis that hydrothermal vent invertebrates affiliate with locally adapted symbiont strains to cope with the variable conditions characterizing their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Breusing
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Maximilian Genetti
- Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Shelbi L. Russell
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | | | - Roxanne A. Beinart
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882
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28
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Ruotsalainen AL, Kauppinen M, Wäli PR, Saikkonen K, Helander M, Tuomi J. Dark septate endophytes: mutualism from by-products? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:247-254. [PMID: 34756535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are abundantly colonized by dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in virtually all ecosystems. DSE fungi are functionally heterogeneous and their relationships with plants range from antagonistic to mutualistic. Here, we consider the role of by-product benefits in DSE and other root-fungal symbioses. We compared host investments against symbiont-derived benefits for the host plant and categorized these benefits as by-products or benefits requiring reciprocal investment from the host. By-product benefits may provide the variability required for the evolution of invested mutualisms between the host and symbiont. We suggest that DSE could be considered as 'a by-product mutualist transitional phase' in the evolution of cooperative mycorrhizal symbionts from saprotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Ruotsalainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, POB 3000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Miia Kauppinen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Piippa R Wäli
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, POB 3000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie 6, FI-96200 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Tuomi
- Meritie 43, FI-29900 Merikarvia, Finland
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29
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Chomicki G, Beinart R, Prada C, Ritchie KB, Weber MG. Editorial: Symbiotic Relationships as Shapers of Biodiversity. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Vostinar AE, Skocelas KG, Lalejini A, Zaman L. Symbiosis in Digital Evolution: Past, Present, and Future. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.739047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis, the living together of unlike organisms as symbionts, is ubiquitous in the natural world. Symbioses occur within and across all scales of life, from microbial to macro-faunal systems. Further, the interactions between symbionts are multimodal in both strength and type, can span from parasitic to mutualistic within one partnership, and persist over generations. Studying the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiosis in natural or laboratory systems poses a wide range of challenges, including the long time scales at which symbioses evolve de novo, the limited capacity to experimentally control symbiotic interactions, the weak resolution at which we can quantify interactions, and the idiosyncrasies of current model systems. These issues are especially challenging when seeking to understand the ecological effects and evolutionary pressures on and of a symbiosis, such as how a symbiosis may shift between parasitic and mutualistic modes and how that shift impacts the dynamics of the partner population. In digital evolution, populations of computational organisms compete, mutate, and evolve in a virtual environment. Digital evolution features perfect data tracking and allows for experimental manipulations that are impractical or impossible in natural systems. Furthermore, modern computational power allows experimenters to observe thousands of generations of evolution in minutes (as opposed to several months or years), which greatly expands the range of possible studies. As such, digital evolution is poised to become a keystone technique in our methodological repertoire for studying the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbioses. Here, we review how digital evolution has been used to study symbiosis, and we propose a series of open questions that digital evolution is well-positioned to answer.
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31
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Rogers HS, Donoso I, Traveset A, Fricke EC. Cascading Impacts of Seed Disperser Loss on Plant Communities and Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012221-111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal is key to the persistence and spread of plant populations. Because the majority of plant species rely on animals to disperse their seeds, global change drivers that directly affect animals can cause cascading impacts on plant communities. In this review, we synthesize studies assessing how disperser loss alters plant populations, community patterns, multitrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. We argue that the magnitude of risk to plants from disperser loss is shaped by the combination of a plant species’ inherent dependence on seed dispersal and the severity of the hazards faced by their dispersers. Because the factors determining a plant species’ risk of decline due to disperser loss can be related to traits of the plants and dispersers, our framework enables a trait-based understanding of change in plant community composition and ecosystem functioning. We discuss how interactions among plants, among dispersers, and across other trophic levels also mediate plant community responses, and we identify areas for future research to understand and mitigate the consequences of disperser loss on plants globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haldre S. Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Isabel Donoso
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Evan C. Fricke
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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32
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Vidal MC, Anneberg TJ, Curé AE, Althoff DM, Segraves KA. The variable effects of global change on insect mutualisms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:46-52. [PMID: 33771734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect mutualisms are essential for reproduction of many plants, protection of plants and other insects, and provisioning of nutrients for insects. Disruption of these mutualisms by global change can have important implications for ecosystem processes. Here, we assess the general effects of global change on insect mutualisms, including the possible impacts on mutualistic networks. We find that the effects of global change on mutualisms are extremely variable, making broad patterns difficult to detect. We require studies focusing on changes in cost-benefit ratios, effects of partner dependency, and degree of specialization to further understand how global change will influence insect mutualism dynamics. We propose that rapid coevolution is one avenue by which mutualists can ameliorate the effects of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C Vidal
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | - Thomas J Anneberg
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Biology Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anne E Curé
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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33
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Zeng Y, Wiens JJ. Do mutualistic interactions last longer than antagonistic interactions? Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211457. [PMID: 34493078 PMCID: PMC8424312 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are crucial and ubiquitous across organisms. However, it remains unclear how long these interactions last over macroevolutionary timescales, and whether the nature of these interactions (mutualistic versus antagonistic) helps predict how long they persist. Here, we estimated the ages of diverse species interactions, based on phylogenies from 60 studies spanning the Tree of Life. We then tested if mutualistic interactions persist longer than antagonistic interactions. We found that the oldest mutualisms were significantly older than the oldest antagonisms across all organisms, and within plants, fungi, bacteria and protists. Surprisingly, this pattern was reversed in animals, with the oldest mutualisms significantly younger than the oldest antagonisms. We also found that many mutualisms were maintained for hundreds of millions of years (some greater than 1 billion years), providing strong evidence for the long-term stability of mutualisms and for niche conservatism in species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zeng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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34
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Counsell CWW, Donahue MJ. Protection mutualists affect colonization and establishment of host‐associated species in a coral reef cryptofauna community. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie W. W. Counsell
- Fairfield Univ. Fairfield CT USA
- Univ. of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Honolulu HI USA
- Hawai‘i Inst. of Marine Biology Kāne‘ohe HI USA
| | - Megan J. Donahue
- Univ. of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Honolulu HI USA
- Hawai‘i Inst. of Marine Biology Kāne‘ohe HI USA
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35
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Osvatic JT, Wilkins LGE, Leibrecht L, Leray M, Zauner S, Polzin J, Camacho Y, Gros O, van Gils JA, Eisen JA, Petersen JM, Yuen B. Global biogeography of chemosynthetic symbionts reveals both localized and globally distributed symbiont groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104378118. [PMID: 34272286 PMCID: PMC8307296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104378118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ocean, most hosts acquire their symbionts from the environment. Due to the immense spatial scales involved, our understanding of the biogeography of hosts and symbionts in marine systems is patchy, although this knowledge is essential for understanding fundamental aspects of symbiosis such as host-symbiont specificity and evolution. Lucinidae is the most species-rich and widely distributed family of marine bivalves hosting autotrophic bacterial endosymbionts. Previous molecular surveys identified location-specific symbiont types that "promiscuously" form associations with multiple divergent cooccurring host species. This flexibility of host-microbe pairings is thought to underpin their global success, as it allows hosts to form associations with locally adapted symbionts. We used metagenomics to investigate the biodiversity, functional variability, and genetic exchange among the endosymbionts of 12 lucinid host species from across the globe. We report a cosmopolitan symbiont species, Candidatus Thiodiazotropha taylori, associated with multiple lucinid host species. Ca. T. taylori has achieved more success at dispersal and establishing symbioses with lucinids than any other symbiont described thus far. This discovery challenges our understanding of symbiont dispersal and location-specific colonization and suggests both symbiont and host flexibility underpin the ecological and evolutionary success of the lucinid symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T Osvatic
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28209 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lukas Leibrecht
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthieu Leray
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Sarah Zauner
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Polzin
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yolanda Camacho
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Olivier Gros
- UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, Département de Biologie, Université des Antilles, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe
| | - Jan A van Gils
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research,1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jillian M Petersen
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedict Yuen
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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36
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Nelsen MP, Leavitt SD, Heller K, Muggia L, Lumbsch HT. Macroecological diversification and convergence in a clade of keystone symbionts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6279059. [PMID: 34014310 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are classic models of symbiosis, and one of the most frequent nutritional modes among fungi. The ecologically and geographically widespread lichen-forming algal (LFA) genus Trebouxia is one of the best-studied groups of LFA and associates with over 7000 fungal species. Despite its importance, little is known about its diversification. We synthesized twenty years of publicly available data by characterizing the ecological preferences of this group and testing for time-variant shifts in climatic regimes over a distribution of trees. We found evidence for limited shifts among regimes, but that disparate lineages convergently evolved similar ecological tolerances. Early Trebouxia lineages were largely forest specialists or habitat generalists that occupied a regime whose extant members occur in moderate climates. Trebouxia then convergently diversified in non-forested habitats and expanded into regimes whose modern representatives occupy wet-warm and cool-dry climates. We rejected models in which climatic diversification slowed through time, suggesting climatic diversification is inconsistent with that expected under an adaptive radiation. In addition, we found that climatic and vegetative regime shifts broadly coincided with the evolution of biomes and associated or similar taxa. Together, our work illustrates how this keystone symbiont from an iconic symbiosis evolved to occupy diverse habitats across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nelsen
- The Field Museum, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Steven D Leavitt
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 4102 Life Science Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Kathleen Heller
- The Field Museum, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.,Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- The Field Museum, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
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37
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Li E, de Jonge R, Liu C, Jiang H, Friman VP, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM, Jousset A. Rapid evolution of bacterial mutualism in the plant rhizosphere. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3829. [PMID: 34158504 PMCID: PMC8219802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While beneficial plant-microbe interactions are common in nature, direct evidence for the evolution of bacterial mutualism is scarce. Here we use experimental evolution to causally show that initially plant-antagonistic Pseudomonas protegens bacteria evolve into mutualists in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana within six plant growth cycles (6 months). This evolutionary transition is accompanied with increased mutualist fitness via two mechanisms: (i) improved competitiveness for root exudates and (ii) enhanced tolerance to the plant-secreted antimicrobial scopoletin whose production is regulated by transcription factor MYB72. Crucially, these mutualistic adaptations are coupled with reduced phytotoxicity, enhanced transcription of MYB72 in roots, and a positive effect on plant growth. Genetically, mutualism is associated with diverse mutations in the GacS/GacA two-component regulator system, which confers high fitness benefits only in the presence of plants. Together, our results show that rhizosphere bacteria can rapidly evolve along the parasitism-mutualism continuum at an agriculturally relevant evolutionary timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqin Li
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany ,grid.452299.1Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chen Liu
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henan Jiang
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ville-Petri Friman
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668University of York, Department of Biology, York, UK
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. H. M. Bakker
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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O'Brien PA, Andreakis N, Tan S, Miller DJ, Webster NS, Zhang G, Bourne DG. Testing cophylogeny between coral reef invertebrates and their bacterial and archaeal symbionts. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3768-3782. [PMID: 34060182 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates harbour a complex suite of bacterial and archaeal symbionts, a subset of which are probably linked to host health and homeostasis. Within a complex microbiome it can be difficult to tease apart beneficial or parasitic symbionts from nonessential commensal or transient microorganisms; however, one approach is to detect strong cophylogenetic patterns between microbial lineages and their respective hosts. We employed the Procrustean approach to cophylogeny (PACo) on 16S rRNA gene derived microbial community profiles paired with COI, 18S rRNA and ITS1 host phylogenies. Second, we undertook a network analysis to identify groups of microbes that were co-occurring within our host species. Across 12 coral, 10 octocoral and five sponge species, each host group and their core microbiota (50% prevalence within host species replicates) had a significant fit to the cophylogenetic model. Independent assessment of each microbial genus and family found that bacteria and archaea affiliated to Endozoicomonadaceae, Spirochaetaceae and Nitrosopumilaceae have the strongest cophylogenetic signals. Further, local Moran's I measure of spatial autocorrelation identified 14 ASVs, including Endozoicomonadaceae and Spirochaetaceae, whose distributions were significantly clustered by host phylogeny. Four co-occurring subnetworks were identified, each of which was dominant in a different host group. Endozoicomonadaceae and Spirochaetaceae ASVs were abundant among the subnetworks, particularly one subnetwork that was exclusively comprised of these two bacterial families and dominated the octocoral microbiota. Our results disentangle key microbial interactions that occur within complex microbiomes and reveal long-standing, essential microbial symbioses in coral reef invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A O'Brien
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Nikos Andreakis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Shangjin Tan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - David G Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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39
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Zardi GI, Monsinjon JR, McQuaid CD, Seuront L, Orostica M, Want A, Firth LB, Nicastro KR. Foul-weather friends: Modelling thermal stress mitigation by symbiotic endolithic microbes in a changing environment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2549-2560. [PMID: 33772983 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature extremes are predicted to intensify with climate change. These extremes are rapidly emerging as a powerful driver of species distributional changes with the capacity to disrupt the functioning and provision of services of entire ecosystems, particularly when they challenge ecosystem engineers. The subsequent search for a robust framework to forecast the consequences of these changes mostly ignores within-species variation in thermal sensitivity. Such variation can be intrinsic, but can also reflect species interactions. Intertidal mussels are important ecosystem engineers that host symbiotic endoliths in their shells. These endoliths unexpectedly act as conditionally beneficial parasites that enhance the host's resistance to intense heat stress. To understand how this relationship may be altered under environmental change, we examined the conditions under which it becomes advantageous by reducing body temperature. We deployed biomimetic sensors (robomussels), built using shells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) that were or were not infested by endoliths, at nine European locations spanning a temperature gradient across 22°of latitude (Orkney, Scotland to the Algarve, Portugal). Daily wind speed and solar radiation explained the maximum variation in the difference in temperature between infested and non-infested robomussels; the largest difference occurred under low wind speed and high solar radiation. From the robomussel data, we inferred body temperature differences between infested and non-infested mussels during known heatwaves that induced mass mortality of the mussel Mytilus edulis along the coast of the English Channel in summer 2018 to quantify the thermal advantage of endolith infestation during temperature extremes. Under these conditions, endoliths provided thermal buffering of between 1.7°C and 4.8°C. Our results strongly suggest that sustainability of intertidal mussel beds will increasingly depend on the thermal buffering provided by endoliths. More generally, this work shows that biomimetic models indicate that within-species thermal sensitivity to global warming can be modulated by species interactions, using an intertidal host-symbiont relationship as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo I Zardi
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jonathan R Monsinjon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | - Laurent Seuront
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
- Department of Marine Energy and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Mauricio Orostica
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Andrew Want
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot Watt University Orkney Campus, Stromness, UK
| | - Louise B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Katy R Nicastro
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- CCMAR, CIMAR Associated Laboratory, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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40
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Westhoek A, Clark LJ, Culbert M, Dalchau N, Griffiths M, Jorrin B, Karunakaran R, Ledermann R, Tkacz A, Webb I, James EK, Poole PS, Turnbull LA. Conditional sanctioning in a legume- Rhizobium mutualism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025760118. [PMID: 33941672 PMCID: PMC8126861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025760118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes are high in protein and form a valuable part of human diets due to their interaction with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia. Plants house rhizobia in specialized root nodules and provide the rhizobia with carbon in return for nitrogen. However, plants usually house multiple rhizobial strains that vary in their fixation ability, so the plant faces an investment dilemma. Plants are known to sanction strains that do not fix nitrogen, but nonfixers are rare in field settings, while intermediate fixers are common. Here, we modeled how plants should respond to an intermediate fixer that was otherwise isogenic and tested model predictions using pea plants. Intermediate fixers were only tolerated when a better strain was not available. In agreement with model predictions, nodules containing the intermediate-fixing strain were large and healthy when the only alternative was a nonfixer, but nodules of the intermediate-fixing strain were small and white when the plant was coinoculated with a more effective strain. The reduction in nodule size was preceded by a lower carbon supply to the nodule even before differences in nodule size could be observed. Sanctioned nodules had reduced rates of nitrogen fixation, and in later developmental stages, sanctioned nodules contained fewer viable bacteria than nonsanctioned nodules. This indicates that legumes can make conditional decisions, most likely by comparing a local nodule-dependent cue of nitrogen output with a global cue, giving them remarkable control over their symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Westhoek
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
- Systems Biology Doctoral Training Centre, Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, OX1 3NP Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Clark
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Culbert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dalchau
- Biological Computation, Microsoft Research Cambridge, CB1 2FB Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Jorrin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ramakrishnan Karunakaran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Ledermann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Tkacz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Euan K James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, DD2 5DA Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom;
| | - Lindsay A Turnbull
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, United Kingdom;
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41
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Manriquez B, Muller D, Prigent-Combaret C. Experimental Evolution in Plant-Microbe Systems: A Tool for Deciphering the Functioning and Evolution of Plant-Associated Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619122. [PMID: 34025595 PMCID: PMC8137971 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural environments, microbial communities must constantly adapt to stressful environmental conditions. The genetic and phenotypic mechanisms underlying the adaptive response of microbial communities to new (and often complex) environments can be tackled with a combination of experimental evolution and next generation sequencing. This combination allows to analyse the real-time evolution of microbial populations in response to imposed environmental factors or during the interaction with a host, by screening for phenotypic and genotypic changes over a multitude of identical experimental cycles. Experimental evolution (EE) coupled with comparative genomics has indeed facilitated the monitoring of bacterial genetic evolution and the understanding of adaptive evolution processes. Basically, EE studies had long been done on single strains, allowing to reveal the dynamics and genetic targets of natural selection and to uncover the correlation between genetic and phenotypic adaptive changes. However, species are always evolving in relation with other species and have to adapt not only to the environment itself but also to the biotic environment dynamically shaped by the other species. Nowadays, there is a growing interest to apply EE on microbial communities evolving under natural environments. In this paper, we provide a non-exhaustive review of microbial EE studies done with systems of increasing complexity (from single species, to synthetic communities and natural communities) and with a particular focus on studies between plants and plant-associated microorganisms. We highlight some of the mechanisms controlling the functioning of microbial species and their adaptive responses to environment changes and emphasize the importance of considering bacterial communities and complex environments in EE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Prigent-Combaret
- UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, VetAgro Sup, CNRS, INRAE, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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42
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Ginete DR, Goodrich-Blair H. From Binary Model Systems to the Human Microbiome: Factors That Drive Strain Specificity in Host-Symbiont Associations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.614197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are ubiquitous and can have significant impact on hosts. These impacts can vary in the sign (positive or negative) and degree depending on the identity of the interacting partners. Studies on host-symbiont associations indicate that subspecies (strain) genetic variation can influence interaction outcomes, making it necessary to go beyond species-level distinction to understand host-symbiont dynamics. In this review, we discuss examples of strain specificity found in host-symbiont associations, from binary model systems to the human microbiome. Although host and bacterial factors identified as mediators for specificity could be distinct at the molecular level, they generally fall into two broad functional categories: (1) those that contribute a required activity in support of the association and (2) those involved in antagonistic interactions with organisms outside of the association. We argue here based on current literature that factors from these two categories can work in concert to drive strain specificity and that this strain specificity must be considered to fully understand the molecular and ecological dynamics of host-symbiont associations, including the human microbiome.
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43
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Stephens V, Matthews L, Cornelissen JP, Rowlands H. Building Novel Supply Chain Theory Using “Metaphorical Imagination”. JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jscm.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neuenkamp L, Zobel M, Koorem K, Jairus T, Davison J, Öpik M, Vasar M, Moora M. Light availability and light demand of plants shape the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in their roots. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:426-437. [PMID: 33319429 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis trade photosynthetically derived carbon for fungal-provided soil nutrients. However, little is known about how plant light demand and ambient light conditions influence root-associating AM fungal communities. We conducted a manipulative field experiment to test whether plants' shade-tolerance influences their root AM fungal communities in open and shaded grassland sites. We found similar light-dependent shifts in AM fungal community structure for experimental bait plant roots and the surrounding soil. Yet, deviation from the surrounding soil towards lower AM fungal beta-diversity in the roots of shade-intolerant plants in shade suggested preferential carbon allocation to specific AM fungi in conditions where plant-assimilated carbon available to fungi was limited. We conclude that favourable environmental conditions widen the plant biotic niche, as demonstrated here with optimal light availability reducing plants' selectivity for specific AM fungi, and promote compatibility with a larger number of AM fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Neuenkamp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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45
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Weiler J, Zilio G, Zeballos N, Nørgaard L, Conce Alberto WD, Krenek S, Kaltz O, Bright L. Among-Strain Variation in Resistance of Paramecium caudatum to the Endonuclear Parasite Holospora undulata: Geographic and Lineage-Specific Patterns. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603046. [PMID: 33381098 PMCID: PMC7767928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance is a key determinant in interactions between hosts and their parasites. Understanding the amount and distribution of variation in this trait between strains can provide insights into (co)evolutionary processes and their potential to shape patterns of diversity in natural populations. Using controlled inoculation in experimental mass cultures, we investigated the quantitative variation in resistance to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata across a worldwide collection of strains of its ciliate host Paramecium caudatum. We combined the observed variation with available information on the phylogeny and biogeography of the strains. We found substantial variation in resistance among strains, with upper-bound values of broad-sense heritability >0.5 (intraclass correlation coefficients). Strain estimates of resistance were repeatable between laboratories and ranged from total resistance to near-complete susceptibility. Early (1 week post inoculation) measurements provided higher estimates of resistance heritability than did later measurements (2-3 weeks), possibly due to diverging epidemiological dynamics in replicate cultures of the same strains. Genetic distance (based on a neutral marker) was positively correlated with the difference in resistance phenotype between strains (r = 0.45), essentially reflecting differences between highly divergent clades (haplogroups) within the host species. Haplogroup A strains, mostly European, were less resistant to the parasite (49% infection prevalence) than non-European haplogroup B strains (28%). At a smaller geographical scale (within Europe), strains that are geographically closer to the parasite origin (Southern Germany) were more susceptible to infection than those from further away. These patterns are consistent with a picture of local parasite adaptation. Our study demonstrates ample natural variation in resistance on which selection can act and hints at symbiont adaptation producing signatures in geographic and lineage-specific patterns of resistance in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Weiler
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
| | - Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Zeballos
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Nørgaard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sascha Krenek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lydia Bright
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
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46
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Mathis KA, Bronstein JL. Our Current Understanding of Commensalism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Commensalisms, interactions between two species in which one species benefits and the other experiences no net effect, are frequently mentioned in the ecological literature but are surprisingly little studied. Here we review and synthesize our limited understanding of commensalism. We then argue that commensalism is not a single type of interaction; rather, it is a suite of phenomena associated with distinct ecological processes and evolutionary consequences. For each form of commensalism we define, we present evidence for how, where, and why it occurs, including when it is evolutionarily persistent and when it is an occasional outcome of interactions that are usually mutualistic or antagonistic. We argue that commensalism should be of great interest in the study of species interactions due to its location at the center of the continuum between positive and negative outcomes. Finally, we offer a roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A. Mathis
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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