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Zivkovic A, Trifunovic S, Savic D, Milosevic K, Lavrnja I. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Influences GH-Axis in Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5837. [PMID: 38892024 PMCID: PMC11172041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage to the central nervous system (CNS) are the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its representative animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). There is scientific evidence for the involvement of growth hormone (GH) in autoimmune regulation. Previous data on the relationship between the GH/insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis and MS/EAE are inconclusive; therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the changes in the GH axis during acute monophasic EAE. The results show that the gene expression of Ghrh and Sst in the hypothalamus does not change, except for Npy and Agrp, while at the pituitary level the Gh, Ghrhr and Ghr genes are upregulated. Interestingly, the cell volume of somatotropic cells in the pituitary gland remains unchanged at the peak of the disease. We found elevated serum GH levels in association with low IGF-1 concentration and downregulated Ghr and Igf1r expression in the liver, indicating a condition resembling GH resistance. This is likely due to inadequate nutrient intake at the peak of the disease when inflammation in the CNS is greatest. Considering that GH secretion is finely regulated by numerous central and peripheral signals, the involvement of the GH/IGF-1 axis in MS/EAE should be thoroughly investigated for possible future therapeutic strategies, especially with a view to improving EAE disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Female
- Rats
- Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/pathology
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland/pathology
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Zivkovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Z.); (D.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Svetlana Trifunovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danijela Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Z.); (D.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarina Milosevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Z.); (D.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Z.); (D.S.); (K.M.)
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Maric I, López-Ferreras L, Bhat Y, Asker M, Börchers S, Bellfy L, Byun S, Kwapis JL, Skibicka KP. From the stomach to locus coeruleus: new neural substrate for ghrelin's effects on ingestive, motivated and anxiety-like behaviors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1286805. [PMID: 38026980 PMCID: PMC10679437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1286805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic hormone, has a well-established role in energy homeostasis, food reward, and emotionality. Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are known to play an important role in arousal, emotion, cognition, but recently have also been implicated in control of feeding behavior. Ghrelin receptors (the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) may be found in the LC, but the behavioral effects of ghrelin signaling in this area are still unexplored. Here, we first determined whether GHSR are present in the rat LC, and demonstrate that GHSR are expressed on noradrenergic neurons in both sexes. We next investigated whether ghrelin controls ingestive and motivated behaviors as well as anxiety-like behavior by acting in the LC. To pursue this idea, we examined the effects of LC GHSR stimulation and blockade on food intake, operant responding for a palatable food reward and, anxiety-like behavior in the open field (OF) and acoustic startle response (ASR) tests in male and female rats. Our results demonstrate that intra-LC ghrelin administration increases chow intake and motivated behavior for sucrose in both sexes. Additionally, females, but not males, exhibited a potent anxiolytic response in the ASR. In order to determine whether activation of GHSR in the LC was necessary for feeding and anxiety behavior control, we utilized liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), a newly identified endogenous GHSR antagonist. LEAP2 delivered specifically into the LC was sufficient to reduce fasting-induced chow hyperphagia in both sexes, but food reward only in females. Moreover, blockade of GHSR in the LC increased anxiety-like behavior measured in the ASR test in both sexes. Taken together, these results indicate that ghrelin acts in the LC to alter ingestive, motivated and anxiety-like behaviors, with a degree of sex divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Maric
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yashaswini Bhat
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Börchers
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Bellfy
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Suyeun Byun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Janine L. Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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Ghrelin/GHS-R1A antagonism in memory test and its effects on central molecular signaling involved in addiction in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 224:173528. [PMID: 36870422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Central ghrelin signaling seems to play important role in addiction as well as memory processing. Antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a promising tool for the unsatisfactory drug addiction therapy. However, molecular aspects of GHS-R1A involvement in specific brain regions remain unclear. The present study demonstrated for the first time that acute as well as subchronic (4 days) administration of the experimental GHS-R1A antagonist JMV2959 in usual intraperitoneal doses including 3 mg/kg, had no influence on memory functions tested in the Morris Water Maze in rats as well as no significant effects on the molecular markers linked with memory processing in selected brain areas in rats, specifically on the β-actin, c-Fos, two forms of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII, p-CaMKII) and the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB, p-CREB), within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum, and hippocampus (HIPP). Furthermore, following the methamphetamine intravenous self-administration in rats, the 3 mg/kg JMV2959 pretreatment significantly reduced or prevented the methamphetamine-induced significant decrease of hippocampal β-actin and c-Fos as well as it prevented the significant decrease of CREB in the NAC and mPFC. These results imply, that the GHS-R1A antagonist/JMV2959 might reduce/prevent some of the memory-linked molecular changes elicited by methamphetamine addiction within brain structures associated with memory (HIPP), reward (NAc), and motivation (mPFC), which may contribute to the previously observed significant JMV2959-induced reduction of the methamphetamine self-administration and drug-seeking behavior in the same animals. Further research is necessary to corroborate these results.
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Impaired Ghrelin Signaling Does Not Lead to Alterations of Anxiety-like Behaviors in Adult Mice Chronically Exposed to THC during Adolescence. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010144. [PMID: 36672651 PMCID: PMC9855766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As marijuana use during adolescence has been increasing, the need to understand the effects of its long-term use becomes crucial. Previous research suggested that marijuana consumption during adolescence increases the risk of developing mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Ghrelin is a peptide produced primarily in the gut and is important for feeding behavior. Recent studies have shown that ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), play important roles in mediating stress, as well as anxiety and depression-like behaviors in animal models. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration during late adolescence (P42-55) in GHSR (GHSR -/-) knockout mice and their wild-type littermates in relation to anxiety-like behaviors. We determined that continuous THC exposure during late adolescence did not lead to any significant alterations in the anxiety-like behaviors of adult mice, regardless of genotype, following a prolonged period of no exposure (1 month). These data indicate that in the presence of intact or impaired ghrelin/GHSR signaling, THC exposure during late adolescence has limited if any long-term impact on anxiety-like behaviors in mice.
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Zaia CTBV, Uchôa ET, Santos AATD, Ribeiro RCDA, Batista ACS, Crespigio J, Utida L, Moura GB, Brownlow ML, Garnica-Siqueira MC, Reis WL, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Zaia DAM. Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes hypophagia and metabolic changes: role of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and nitric oxide. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:102-110. [PMID: 36029978 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuromodulator present in the hypothalamus, plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is involved in ingestive responses and regulates the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. The main objectives of this study were to investigate metabolic changes established after different doses and times of VIP microinjection on the PVN, and the effect of VIP microinjection on the PVN on food intake and the role of NO in this control. In anesthetized rats, increased blood plasma glucose and insulin levels were observed following the doses of 40 and 80ng/g of body weight. At the dose of 40ng/g, VIP promoted hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia 5, 10, and 30min after microinjection, and increased free fatty acids and total lipids plasma levels after 5min, and triglycerides after 10min. In awake animals, once again, VIP administration increased plasmatic levels of glucose, free fatty acids, corticosterone, and insulin 10min after the microinjection. Moreover, VIP promoted hypophagia in the morning and night periods, and L-arginine (L-Arg) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) or a combination of both attenuated VIP-induced reduction on food intake. In addition, nitrate concentration in the PVN was decreased after VIP microinjection. Our data show that the PVN participates in the anorexigenic and metabolic effects of VIP, and that VIP-induced hypophagia is likely mediated by reduction of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Thaïs Bussamra Vieira Zaia
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Ernane Torres Uchôa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Rachel Cezar de Andrade Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Seidel Batista
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Crespigio
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Utida
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Galiano Brazuna Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milene Lara Brownlow
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Neuroendócrina e Metabolismo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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6
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Sustkova-Fiserova M, Charalambous C, Khryakova A, Certilina A, Lapka M, Šlamberová R. The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:761. [PMID: 35054944 PMCID: PMC8776007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin's/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin's/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sustkova-Fiserova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Chrysostomos Charalambous
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Khryakova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Alina Certilina
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marek Lapka
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Romana Šlamberová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Valentí V, Cienfuegos JA, Becerril Mañas S, Frühbeck G. Mechanism of bariatric and metabolic surgery: beyond surgeons, gastroenterologists and endocrinologists. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 112:229-233. [PMID: 32081018 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.6925/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric-metabolic surgery is the safest, most effective and long-lasting treatment for obesity and its associated co-morbidities, whether they be metabolic (type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) or cardiovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke). Due to the obesity pandemic, bariatric-metabolic surgery is the second most frequent intra-abdominal procedure and the gastroenterologist and the surgeon must be aware of the physiologic changes caused by the anatomic reconfiguration following surgery. Among the mechanisms of action, independent of the loss of weight and fat tissue, surgery leads to the release of gut hormones related to carbohydrate metabolism (the rapid and continuous release of insulin), appetite and degree of satiety (glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide Y-Y, grhelin). As a result, indications for surgery have been extended to earlier disease stages. Apart from the neurohormonal effects, changes in the metabolism of biliary acids and the microbiota have also been reported. The aim of this review is to describe the physiologic changes caused by bariatric-metabolic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gema Frühbeck
- Endocrinología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, España
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Walker S, Baum JI. Eggs as an affordable source of nutrients for adults and children living in food-insecure environments. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:178-186. [PMID: 34027973 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity affects an estimated 12% of households in the United States. Adults and children who experience food insecurity are increased risk for development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The negative health outcomes associated with food insecurity are multifactorial; however, many of them may be caused by limited nutritional intake and poor diet quality. Dietary intake of eggs may be an applicable solution for food-insecure families who are challenged by limited nutritional intake. Eggs contain a variety of nutrients that support metabolic health. For instance, eggs are a complete source of high-quality protein and contain 16 vitamins and minerals. Furthermore, eggs are cost efficient. When comparing the relationship between foods on the basis of calories and unit cost, the energy cost of eggs is significantly less when compared with that of other animal-protein foods such as meat, poultry, and fish. However, dietary intake of eggs is controversial in regard to cardiovascular health. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the role of eggs in the diet and the impact eggs have on health for adults and children living in a food-insecure environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Walker
- S. Walker and J.I. Baum are with the Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas. S. Walker and J.I. Baum are with the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - J I Baum
- S. Walker and J.I. Baum are with the Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas. S. Walker and J.I. Baum are with the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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10
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Yamada C. Relationship between Orexigenic Peptide Ghrelin Signal, Gender Difference and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073763. [PMID: 33916403 PMCID: PMC8038632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), which is one of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is involved in various physiological actions such as energy consumption, growth hormone secretion promoting action, and cardiovascular protective action. The ligand was searched for as an orphan receptor for a while, but the ligand was found to be acylated ghrelin (ghrelin) discovered by Kangawa and Kojima et al. in 1999. Recently, it has also been reported that dysregulation of GHS-R1a mediates reduced feeding in various diseases. On the other hand, since the physiological effects of ghrelin have been studied exclusively in male mice, few studies have been conducted on gender differences in ghrelin reactivity. In this review, we describe (1) the characteristics of GHS-R1a, (2) the role of ghrelin in hypophagia due to stress or anticancer drugs, and (3) the gender differences in the physiological effects of GHS-R1a and the influence of stress on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
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11
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Biased signaling: A viable strategy to drug ghrelin receptors for the treatment of obesity. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109976. [PMID: 33713808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global burden and a chronic ailment with damaging overall health effects. Ghrelin, an octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide hormone, is secreted from the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. Ghrelin acts on regions of the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis through its G protein-coupled receptor. Recently, several central pathways modulating the metabolic actions of ghrelin have been reported. While these signaling pathways can be inhibited or activated by antagonists or agonists, they can also be discriminatingly activated in a "biased" response to impart different degrees of activation in distinct pathways downstream of the receptor. Here, we review recent ghrelin biased signaling findings as well as characteristics of ghrelin hormone and its receptors pertinent for biased signaling. We then evaluate the feasibility for ghrelin receptor biased signaling as a strategy for the development of effective pharmacotherapy in obesity treatment.
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Ribeiro LF, Catarino T, Carvalho M, Cortes L, Santos SD, Opazo PO, Ribeiro LR, Oliveiros B, Choquet D, Esteban JA, Peça J, Carvalho AL. Ligand-independent activity of the ghrelin receptor modulates AMPA receptor trafficking and supports memory formation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/670/eabb1953. [PMID: 33593997 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological signals of hunger, satiety, and memory are interconnected. The role of the hormone ghrelin in regulating feeding and memory makes ghrelin receptors attractive targets for associated disorders. We investigated the effects of the high ligand-independent activity of the ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a on the physiology of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. Blocking this activity produced a decrease in the synaptic content of AMPA receptors in hippocampal neurons and a reduction in GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser845 Reducing the ligand-independent activity of GHS-R1a increased the surface diffusion of AMPA receptors and impaired AMPA receptor-dependent synaptic delivery induced by chemical long-term potentiation. Accordingly, we found that blocking this GHS-R1a activity impaired spatial and recognition memory in mice. These observations support a role for the ligand-independent activity of GHS-R1a in regulating AMPA receptor trafficking under basal conditions and in the context of synaptic plasticity that underlies learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Ribeiro
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tatiana Catarino
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,MIT-Portugal Bioengineering Systems Doctoral Program, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-85, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cortes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra D Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricio O Opazo
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lyn Rosenbrier Ribeiro
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (LBIM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, CNRS-Bordeaux University, US4 INSERM, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - José A Esteban
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - João Peça
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal. .,University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Sullivan KA, Grant CV, Jordan KR, Vickery SS, Pyter LM. Voluntary wheel running ameliorates select paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced sickness behaviors and associated melanocortin signaling. Behav Brain Res 2021; 399:113041. [PMID: 33279635 PMCID: PMC7856259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While chemotherapy remains a common cancer treatment, it is associated with debilitating side effects (e.g., anorexia, weight loss, and fatigue) that adversely affect patient quality of life and increase mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying taxane chemotherapy-induced side effects, and effective treatments to ameliorate them, are not well-established. Here, we tested the longitudinal relationship between a clinically-relevant paclitaxel regimen, inflammation, and sickness behaviors (loss of body mass, anorexia, fever, and fatigue) in adult, female mice. Furthermore, we sought to identify the extent to which voluntary exercise (wheel running) attenuates paclitaxel-induced sickness behaviors and underlying central pathways. Body mass and food intake decreased following six doses of chemotherapy treatment relative to vehicle controls, lasting less than 5 days after the last dose. Paclitaxel treatment also transiently decreased locomotion (open field test), voluntary wheel running, home-cage locomotion, and core body temperature without affecting motor coordination (rotarod task). Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic Il1b gene expression remained elevated in chemotherapy-treated mice at least 3 days after the last dose. Exercise intervention did not ameliorate fatigue or inflammation, but hastened recovery from paclitaxel-induced weight loss. Body mass recovery was associated with the wheel running-induced recovery of body composition, paclitaxel-induced alterations to hypothalamic melanocortin signaling, and associated peripheral circulating hormones (ghrelin and leptin). The present findings demonstrate the benefits of exercise on faster recovery from paclitaxel-induced body mass loss and deficits in melanocortin signaling and suggests the development of therapies targeting the melanocortin pathway to reduce paclitaxel-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Sullivan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Corena V Grant
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Selina S Vickery
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Janet R, Fournel A, Fouillen M, Derrington E, Corgnet B, Bensafi M, Dreher JC. Cognitive and hormonal regulation of appetite for food presented in the olfactory and visual modalities. Neuroimage 2021; 230:117811. [PMID: 33524577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate appetite is essential to avoid food over-consumption. The desire for a particular food can be triggered by its odor before it is even seen. Using fMRI, we identify the neural systems modulated by cognitive regulation when experiencing appetizing food stimuli presented in both olfactory and visual modalities, while being hungry. Regulatory instruction modulated bids for food items and inhalation patterns. Distinct brain regions were observed for up and down appetite-regulation, respectively the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and dorsolateral PFC. Food valuation engaged the ventromedial PFC and bilateral striatum. Furthermore, we identified a neurobiological marker for successful appetite upregulation. Individuals with higher blood levels of ghrelin were better at exercising up-regulation, and engaged the dmPFC more. These findings characterize the neural circuitry regulating food consumption within the healthy population and highlight how cognitive regulation modulates olfactomotor measures of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Janet
- CNRS-Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, 'Neuroeconomics, reward, and decision making laboratory', 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France
| | - A Fournel
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France
| | - M Fouillen
- CNRS-Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, 'Neuroeconomics, reward, and decision making laboratory', 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France
| | - E Derrington
- CNRS-Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, 'Neuroeconomics, reward, and decision making laboratory', 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France
| | | | - M Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France
| | - J C Dreher
- CNRS-Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, 'Neuroeconomics, reward, and decision making laboratory', 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISCMJ, F-69675 Lyon, France.
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15
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García-Cabrerizo R, Carbia C, O Riordan KJ, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis as a regulator of reward processes. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1495-1524. [PMID: 33368280 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our gut harbours trillions of microorganisms essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and host physiology in health and disease. In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in understanding the bidirectional pathway of communication between our microbiota and the central nervous system. With regard to reward processes there is accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies that this axis may be a key factor in gating reward valence. Focusing on the mesocorticolimbic pathway, we will discuss how the intestinal microbiota is involved in regulating brain reward functions, both in natural (i.e. eating, social or sexual behaviours) and non-natural reinforcers (drug addiction behaviours including those relevant to alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids and cannabinoids). We will integrate preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the microbiota-gut-brain axis could be implicated in the development of disorders associated with alterations in the reward system and how it may be targeted as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15065.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Hill CM, Laeger T, Dehner M, Albarado DC, Clarke B, Wanders D, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Qualls-Creekmore E, Solon-Biet SM, Simpson SJ, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. FGF21 Signals Protein Status to the Brain and Adaptively Regulates Food Choice and Metabolism. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2934-2947.e3. [PMID: 31167139 PMCID: PMC6579533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced dietary protein intake induces adaptive physiological changes in macronutrient preference, energy expenditure, growth, and glucose homeostasis. We demonstrate that deletion of the FGF21 co-receptor βKlotho (Klb) from the brain produces mice that are unable to mount a physiological response to protein restriction, an effect that is replicated by whole-body deletion of FGF21. Mice forced to consume a low-protein diet exhibit reduced growth, increased energy expenditure, and a resistance to diet-induced obesity, but the loss of FGF21 signaling in the brain completely abrogates that response. When given access to a higher protein alternative, protein-restricted mice exhibit a shift toward protein-containing foods, and central FGF21 signaling is essential for that response. FGF21 is an endocrine signal linking the liver and brain, which regulates adaptive, homeostatic changes in metabolism and feeding behavior during protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal M Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Thomas Laeger
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Madeleine Dehner
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Diana C Albarado
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Blaise Clarke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | | | - Susan J Burke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - J Jason Collier
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | | | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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17
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Farokhnia M, Portelli J, Lee MR, McDiarmid GR, Munjal V, Abshire KM, Battista JT, Browning BD, Deschaine SL, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Effects of exogenous ghrelin administration and ghrelin receptor blockade, in combination with alcohol, on peripheral inflammatory markers in heavy-drinking individuals: Results from two human laboratory studies. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146851. [PMID: 32339499 PMCID: PMC8715722 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ghrelin system has been garnering interest for its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Accordingly, targeting the ghrelin system is under investigation as a potential novel therapeutic approach. While alcohol provokes the immune system and inflammatory responses, ghrelin has potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to shed light on the "crosstalk" between ghrelin and inflammation by examining the effects of exogenous ghrelin administration and ghrelin receptor blockade on peripheral inflammatory markers in the context of two human laboratory studies with alcohol administration. Non-treatment-seeking, heavy-drinking individuals with alcohol dependence, the majority of whom were African American males, were enrolled. In the first randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study, participants underwent two experimental paradigms - an intravenous alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) and an intravenous alcohol clamp (IV-AC) - each consisting of two counterbalanced sessions (ghrelin, placebo). A loading dose of intravenous ghrelin (3 mcg/kg) or placebo, followed by a continuous ghrelin (16.9 ng/kg/min) or placebo infusion was administered. In the second dose-escalating, single-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory phase 1b study, participants were dosed with an oral ghrelin receptor blocker (PF-5190457) and underwent an oral alcohol challenge. Repeated blood samples were collected, and plasma concentrations of the following inflammatory markers were measured: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). During the IV-ASA experiment, significant drug × time interaction effects were observed for IL-6 (F3,36 = 3.345, p = 0.030) and IL-10 (F3,53.2 = 4.638, p = 0.006), indicating that ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly reduced blood concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, while increasing blood concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. No significant drug × time interaction effects were observed during the IV-AC experiment, possibly because of its much shorter duration and/or smaller sample. Treatment with PF-5190457, compared to placebo, had no significant effect on the inflammatory markers investigated. In conclusion, a supraphysiologic pharmacological challenge with exogenous ghrelin in heavy-drinking individuals produced anti-inflammatory effects in the context of intravenous alcohol administration. On the contrary, ghrelin receptor blockade did not lead to any change in the inflammatory markers included in this study. Mechanistic studies are required to better understand the interaction between ghrelin, alcohol, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States; Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeanelle Portelli
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mary R Lee
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gray R McDiarmid
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vikas Munjal
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelly M Abshire
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jillian T Battista
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brittney D Browning
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, United States; Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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18
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Kumar U, Singh S. Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072568. [PMID: 32272767 PMCID: PMC7177963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major social and health problems globally and often associated with various other pathological conditions. In addition to unregulated eating behaviour, circulating peptide-mediated hormonal secretion and signaling pathways play a critical role in food intake induced obesity. Amongst the many peptides involved in the regulation of food-seeking behaviour, somatostatin (SST) is the one which plays a determinant role in the complex process of appetite. SST is involved in the regulation of release and secretion of other peptides, neuronal integrity, and hormonal regulation. Based on past and recent studies, SST might serve as a bridge between central and peripheral tissues with a significant impact on obesity-associated with food intake behaviour and energy expenditure. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the role of SST in the modulation of multiple central and peripheral signaling molecules. In addition, we highlight recent progress and contribution of SST and its receptors in food-seeking behaviour, obesity (orexigenic), and satiety (anorexigenic) associated pathways and mechanism.
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19
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Lass J, Nielsen ML, Bjørnvad CR, Vitger AD, Cremer SE. Analytical performance of canine acylated and unacylated ghrelin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:748-753. [PMID: 31696557 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin is a major appetite-stimulating hormone. It circulates as acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG), which could have different metabolic actions in obesity. Our objective was to study the analytical performance of two new canine AG and UAG ELISAs using blood samples from healthy, normal-weight dogs. Additionally, the effect of a protease inhibitor (PI) on short-term sample storage was analyzed. METHODS The intra- and inter-assay precision for low, intermediate, and high AG and UAG concentrations, accuracy, limits of quantification (LQ), and detection limit (DL) of a blank sample were determined in ten healthy dogs. To study the effects of a PI on ghrelin concentrations, and AG and UAG concentrations were compared in five canine plasma samples stored for 1 month with (PI+), without (PI-), and with PI added at sample thawing (PI+th). RESULTS The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 1.8%-5.7% and 2.9%-6.4% for the AG assay, and 0.8%-7.5% and 2.8%-13.4% for the UAG assay, respectively. Accuracy analyses showed nonsignificant deviation from linearity for the AG (R2 = .99; Runs test: P = .37) and UAG (R2 = .99; Runs test: P = .42) assays. For the AG assay, the upper LQ was >1261 pg/mL, the lower LQ was 6.2 pg/mL, and the DL was 0.3 pg/mL. For the UAG assay, the upper LQ was >1785 pg/mL, the lower LQ was 16.3 pg/mL, and the DL was 1.8 pg/mL. No differences in the AG (P = .54) and UAG (P = .95) concentrations were detected in the plasma samples subjected to PI+, PI-, and PI+th. CONCLUSION The AG and UAG ELISA assays had acceptable precision, accuracy, lower LQ, and DLs, but upper LQ could not be established. An influence of the PI on short-term storage was not detectable. Long-term storage ± PI was not evaluated and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lass
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette L Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne D Vitger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe E Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Perello M, Cabral A, Cornejo MP, De Francesco PN, Fernandez G, Uriarte M. Brain accessibility delineates the central effects of circulating ghrelin. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12677. [PMID: 30582239 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. In the central nervous system, ghrelin signalling is able to recruit different neuronal targets that regulate the behavioural, neuroendocrine, metabolic and autonomic effects of the hormone. Notably, several studies using radioactive or fluorescent variants of ghrelin have found that the accessibility of circulating ghrelin into the mouse brain is both strikingly low and restricted to some specific brain areas. A variety of studies addressing central effects of systemically injected ghrelin in mice have also provided indirect evidence that the accessibility of plasma ghrelin into the brain is limited. Here, we review these previous observations and discuss the putative pathways that would allow plasma ghrelin to gain access into the brain together with their physiological implications. Additionally, we discuss some potential features regarding the accessibility of plasma ghrelin into the human brain based on the observations reported by studies that investigate the consequences of ghrelin administration to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perello
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Uriarte
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Han JE, Frasnelli J, Zeighami Y, Larcher K, Boyle J, McConnell T, Malik S, Jones-Gotman M, Dagher A. Ghrelin Enhances Food Odor Conditioning in Healthy Humans: An fMRI Study. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2643-2652.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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22
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Evidence Supporting a Role for the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Transporting Circulating Ghrelin into the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4120-4134. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Daina A, Giuliano C, Pietra C, Wang J, Chi Y, Zou Z, Li F, Yan Z, Zhou Y, Guainazzi A, Garcia Rubio S, Zoete V. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists as Potential Treatment against Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11039-11060. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Daina
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Research and Preclinical Development Department, Helsinn Healthcare, CH-6912 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Pietra
- Research and Preclinical Development Department, Helsinn Healthcare, CH-6912 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Junbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yushi Chi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zack Zou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fugang Li
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Zhonghua Yan
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Angelo Guainazzi
- Research and Development Department, Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc., Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United-States
| | - Silvina Garcia Rubio
- Research and Development Department, Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc., Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United-States
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Lausanne University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Route de la Corniche 9A, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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24
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Ramirez VT, van Oeffelen WEPA, Torres-Fuentes C, Chruścicka B, Druelle C, Golubeva AV, van de Wouw M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists. FASEB J 2018; 33:518-531. [PMID: 30020830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800655r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a] represents a promising pharmacologic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity and cachexia, via central appetite modulation. The GHSR-1a has a complex pharmacology, highlighted by G-protein-dependent and -independent downstream signaling pathways and high basal constitutive activity. The functional selectivity and signaling bias of many GHSR-1a-specific ligands has not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the pharmacologic properties of ghrelin, MK-0677, L692,585, and [d-Lys3]-growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (Dlys), JMV2959, and [d-Arg(1),d-Phe(5),d-Trp(7, 9),Leu(11)]-substance P (SP-analog). We investigated their effect on basal GHSR-1a constitutive signaling, ligand-directed downstream GHSR-1a signaling, functional selectivity, and signaling bias. Dlys behaved as a partial antagonist with a strong bias toward GHSR-1a-β-arrestin signaling, whereas JMV2959 acted as a full unbiased GHSR-1a antagonist. Moreover, the SP-analog behaved as an inverse agonist increasing G-protein-dependent signaling, but only at high concentrations, whereas, at low concentrations, the SP-analog attenuated β-arrestin-dependent signaling. Considering the limited success in the clinical development of GHSR-1a-targeted drugs so far, these findings provide a novel insight into the pharmacologic characteristics of GHSR-1a ligands and their signaling bias, which has important implications in the design of novel, more selective GHSR-1a ligands with predictable functional outcome and selectivity for preclinical and clinical drug development.-Ramirez, V. T., van Oeffelen, W. E. P. A., Torres-Fuentes, C., Chruścicka, B., Druelle, C., Golubeva, A. V., van de Wouw, M., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., Schellekens, H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Ramirez
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clementine Druelle
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Smith JK. Exercise, Obesity and CNS Control of Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:574. [PMID: 29867590 PMCID: PMC5965103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review details the manner in which the central nervous system regulates metabolic homeostasis in normal weight and obese rodents and humans. It includes a review of the homeostatic contributions of neurons located in the hypothalamus, the midbrain and limbic structures, the pons and the medullary area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, and vagus nucleus, and details how these brain regions respond to circulating levels of orexigenic hormones, such as ghrelin, and anorexigenic hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and leptin. It provides an insight as to how high intensity exercise may improve homeostatic control in overweight and obese subjects. Finally, it provides suggestions as to how further progress can be made in controlling the current pandemic of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Smith
- Departments of Academic Affairs and Biomedical Science, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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26
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Ralevski E, Horvath TL, Shanabrough M, Hayden R, Newcomb J, Petrakis I. Ghrelin is Supressed by Intravenous Alcohol and is Related to Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 52:431-438. [PMID: 28481974 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Evidence indicates that feeding-related peptides, such as ghrelin, have a role in the rewarding properties of addictive substances like alcohol. Oral alcohol administration significantly suppresses ghrelin. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of two doses of alcohol on ghrelin and examine if ghrelin levels predict the subjective effects of alcohol. Methods Healthy social drinkers (N = 20) participated in three, randomly assigned, and counterbalanced laboratory sessions. During each session they received a continuous IV infusion of either placebo (saline), low dose (40 mg%) or high dose (100 mg%) of alcohol. Participants were given a standardized, light breakfast 90 min before the start of the infusion. Ghrelin levels [acyl ghrelin (AG) and total ghrelin (TG)] were collected at four time points before, during and after the infusion. Subjective effects of alcohol, using the BAES, were evaluated before, during and after alcohol infusion. Results IV alcohol significantly reduced AG but not TG levels with no difference between the two doses of alcohol. The percent change (%∆) in AG suppression was substantial in both high dose (43.4%∆), and low dose (39.5%∆) of alcohol. Also, fasting AG and TG levels were significant predictors of alcohol stimulant and sedative effects. Higher fasting ghrelin levels were associated with longer and more intense subjective effects. Conclusions The results provide evidence that IV alcohol suppresses ghrelin levels similarly to oral alcohol. This study is the first to show that ghrelin predicts subjective effects of alcohol, suggesting that ghrelin may have a role in the rewarding mechanisms for alcohol. Short summary Intravenous alcohol infusion (low dose and high dose of alcohol) when compared to placebo (saline) significantly suppresses ghrelin in healthy social drinkers. Fasting ghrelin levels also predict subjective behavioral effects of alcohol. Those with higher fasting ghrelin levels tend to experience alcohol effects longer and more intensely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ralevski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., Ste 330 BML, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., Ste 330 BML, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., Ste 330 BML, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Hayden
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenelle Newcomb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ismene Petrakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, USA
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27
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Camargo-Silva G, Turones LC, da Cruz KR, Gomes KP, Mendonça MM, Nunes A, de Jesus IG, Colugnati DB, Pansani AP, Pobbe RLH, Santos R, Fontes MAP, Guatimosim S, de Castro CH, Ianzer D, Ferreira RN, Xavier CH. Ghrelin potentiates cardiac reactivity to stress by modulating sympathetic control and beta-adrenergic response. Life Sci 2018; 196:84-92. [PMID: 29366747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior evidence indicates that ghrelin is involved in the integration of cardiovascular functions and behavioral responses. Ghrelin actions are mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a (GHS-R1a), which is expressed in peripheral tissues and central areas involved in the control of cardiovascular responses to stress. AIMS In the present study, we assessed the role of ghrelin - GHS-R1a axis in the cardiovascular reactivity to acute emotional stress in rats. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS Ghrelin potentiated the tachycardia evoked by restraint and air jet stresses, which was reverted by GHS-R1a blockade. Evaluation of the autonomic balance revealed that the sympathetic branch modulates the ghrelin-evoked positive chronotropy. In isolated hearts, the perfusion with ghrelin potentiated the contractile responses caused by stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor, without altering the amplitude of the responses evoked by acetylcholine. Experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes revealed that ghrelin amplified the increases in calcium transient changes evoked by isoproterenol. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results indicate that the Ghrelin-GHS-R1a axis potentiates the magnitude of stress-evoked tachycardia by modulating the autonomic nervous system and peripheral mechanisms, strongly relying on the activation of cardiac calcium transient and beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Camargo-Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa Córdova Turones
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Kellen Rosa da Cruz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina Pereira Gomes
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Michelle Mendanha Mendonça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Allancer Nunes
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Itamar Guedes de Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Basile Colugnati
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Priscila Pansani
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Roger Luis Henschel Pobbe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Robson Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique de Castro
- Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Danielle Ianzer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Nassar Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT NanoBioFar), Brazil.
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28
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Abstract
Ghrelin and motilin are released from gastrointestinal endocrine cells during hunger, to act through G protein-coupled receptors that have closely related amino acid sequences. The actions of ghrelin are more complex than motilin because ghrelin also exists outside the GI tract, it is processed to des-acyl ghrelin which has activity, ghrelin can exist in truncated forms and retain activity, the ghrelin receptor can have constitutive activity and is subject to biased agonism and finally additional ghrelin-like and des-acyl ghrelin receptors are proposed. Both ghrelin and motilin can stimulate gastric emptying, acting via different pathways, perhaps influenced by biased agonism at the receptors, but research is revealing additional pathways of activity. For example, it is becoming apparent that reduction of nausea may be a key therapeutic target for ghrelin receptor agonists and perhaps for compounds that modulate the constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor. Reduction of nausea may be the mechanism through which gastroparesis symptoms are reduced. Intriguingly, a potential ability of motilin to influence nausea is also becoming apparent. Ghrelin interacts with digestive function through its effects on appetite, and ghrelin antagonists may have a place in treating Prader-Willi syndrome. Unlike motilin, ghrelin receptor agonists also have the potential to treat constipation by acting at the lumbosacral defecation centres. In conclusion, agonists of both ghrelin and motilin receptors hold potential as treatments for specific subsets of digestive system disorders.
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29
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Zallar LJ, Farokhnia M, Tunstall BJ, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. The Role of the Ghrelin System in Drug Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:89-119. [PMID: 29056157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, a significant volume of research has implicated the appetitive hormone ghrelin in the mechanisms underlying drug use and addiction. From a neuroscientific standpoint, ghrelin modulates both reward and stress pathways, two key drivers of substance use behaviors. Previous investigations support a connection between the ghrelin system and alcohol, stimulants, and tobacco use in both animals and humans, while the research on opioids and cannabis is scarce. In general, upregulation of the ghrelin system seems to enhance craving for drugs as well as substances use. On the other hand, acute and chronic exposure to drugs of abuse influences the ghrelin system at different levels. This chapter summarizes the literature on the relationship between the ghrelin system and substance-related behaviors. We also review recent work investigating the ghrelin system as a potential pharmacological target for treating substance use disorders and discuss the need for additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia J Zallar
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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30
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Abtahi S, Mirza A, Howell E, Currie PJ. Ghrelin enhances food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in a nitric oxide dependent manner. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:9-14. [PMID: 28552460 PMCID: PMC6885356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we sought to investigate interactions between hypothalamic nitric oxide (NO) and ghrelin signaling on food intake and energy substrate utilization as measured by the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Guide cannulae were unilaterally implanted in either the arcuate (ArcN) or paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were pretreated with subcutaneous (2.5-10mg/kg/ml) or central (0-100pmol) N-nitro-l-Arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) followed by 50pmol of ghrelin administered into either the ArcN or PVN. Both l-NAME and ghrelin were microinjected at the onset of the active cycle and food intake and RER were assessed 2h postinjection. RER was measured as the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expelled relative to the volume of oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2) using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. Our results demonstrated that peripheral and central l-NAME pretreatment dose-dependently attenuated ghrelin induced increases in food intake and RER in either the ArcN or PVN. In fact the 100pmol dose largely reversed the metabolic effects of ghrelin in both anatomical regions. These findings suggest that ghrelin enhancement of food intake and carbohydrate oxidation in the rat ArcN and PVN is NO-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Abtahi
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaisha Mirza
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erin Howell
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paul J Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA.
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31
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Mason BL. Feeding Systems and the Gut Microbiome: Gut-Brain Interactions With Relevance to Psychiatric Conditions. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 58:574-580. [PMID: 28716445 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical and mental health is dependent on the environment, and feeding is a prime example of this environmental exchange. While the hypothalamus controls both feeding behavior and the stress response, the integration of the neural control centers and the peripheral gut allows for disruption in the gastrointestinal systems and dysfunctional communication to the brain. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with the physiology controlling feeding behavior and its implications for psychiatric conditions, such as anorexia nervosa and depression. Growing understanding of how integrated bacterial life is in the body has shown that gut bacteria regulate basic physiologic processes and are implicated in various disease states and contribute to regulation of mood. Responses to stress have effects on feeding behavior and mood and the regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota could contribute to the dysfunction seen in patients with psychiatric illnesses. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota may contribute to dysfunction in psychiatric illnesses. New opportunities to modulate existing gut microbiota using probiotics could be novel targets for clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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32
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Ferré S. Hormones and Neuropeptide Receptor Heteromers in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Targets for the Treatment of Loss of Control of Food Intake and Substance Use Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:167-183. [PMID: 28580231 PMCID: PMC5432584 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-017-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hormones and neuropeptides represent biological correlates of internal homeostatic signals detected and integrated in the hypothalamus, which establishes a robust functional connection with the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The hypothalamus-VTA connection determines the ability of these signals to influence central dopaminergic neurotransmission and, therefore, their ability to increase responsiveness to their reward-associated stimuli and to establish appropriate associative learning. The hypothalamus also provides the main source of the multiple neuropeptides that are released in the VTA. With volume transmission of neuropeptides and hormones, extrasynaptic receptors within the VTA provide a fine-tune mechanism, which depends on the ability of molecularly different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to form heteromers. GPCR heteromer is defined as a macromolecular complex composed of at least two different receptor units (protomers) with biochemical properties that are demonstrably different from those of its individual components. GPCR heteromers can provide unique allosteric properties to specific ligands, which provides new avenues for drug development. We have identified specific GPCR heteromers in the VTA that integrate orexin and CRF neurotransmission and opioid and galanin neurotransmission, which play a very significant role in the modulation of dopaminergic neuronal activity and which can constitute targets for the treatment of loss of control of food intake and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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33
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Suppression of GHS-R in AgRP Neurons Mitigates Diet-Induced Obesity by Activating Thermogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040832. [PMID: 28420089 PMCID: PMC5412416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone released primarily from the gut, signals the hypothalamus to stimulate growth hormone release, enhance appetite and promote weight gain. The ghrelin receptor, aka Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R), is highly expressed in the brain, with highest expression in Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamus. We recently reported that neuron-specific deletion of GHS-R completely prevents diet-induced obesity (DIO) in mice by activating non-shivering thermogenesis. To further decipher the specific neuronal circuits mediating the metabolic effects of GHS-R, we generated AgRP neuron-specific GHS-R knockout mice (AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f). Our data showed that GHS-R in AgRP neurons is required for ghrelin’s stimulatory effects on growth hormone secretion, acute food intake and adiposity, but not for long-term total food intake. Importantly, deletion of GHS-R in AgRP neurons attenuated diet-induced obesity (DIO) and enhanced cold-resistance in mice fed high fat diet (HFD). The HFD-fed knockout mice showed increased energy expenditure, and exhibited enhanced thermogenic activation in both brown and subcutaneous fat; this implies that GHS-R suppression in AgRP neurons enhances sympathetic outflow. In summary, our results suggest that AgRP neurons are key site for GHS-R mediated thermogenesis, and demonstrate that GHS-R in AgRP neurons plays crucial roles in governing energy utilization and pathogenesis of DIO.
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34
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Yuge K, Hara M, Okabe R, Nakamura Y, Okamura H, Nagamitsu S, Yamashita Y, Orimoto K, Kojima M, Matsuishi T. Ghrelin improves dystonia and tremor in patients with Rett syndrome: A pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2017; 377:219-223. [PMID: 28477699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia occurs in approximately 60% of patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) and severely impairs their quality of life. However, an effective standard therapy has not been established. In a previous study, ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in patients with RTT, in particular, among patients over 10years old. This prompted speculation that ghrelin may play an important role in RTT. OBJECTIVES Four patients, including two adults, with severe dystonia and tremor, were recruited. METHODS Ghrelin was intravenously administered at a dose of 3μg/kg, once-daily for 3days, followed by once every 3weeks. Objective evaluation was performed, including scoring for different clinical features (SDCF), the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS The SDCF, BFMDRS, autonomic dysfunction and VAS scores were markedly improved in two patients with severe dystonia and head tremor. CONCLUSION Ghrelin may improve extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yuge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Munetsugu Hara
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Rumiko Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Okamura
- Cognitive and Molecular Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Orimoto
- Department of General Medicine, Fureai Higashitotuka Hospital, 16-8 Totukaku Kamishinano, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University School of Medicine, Hyakunen-kouen 1-1, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
| | - Toyojiro Matsuishi
- Research Center for Children and Research Center for Rett syndrome, St. Mary's Hospital, 422 Tsubukuhonmachi, Kurume 830-8543, Japan.
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Donald JA, Hamid NKA, McLeod JL. The role of leptin and ghrelin in appetite regulation in the Australian Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, during long-term water deprivation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:201-208. [PMID: 27102941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water deprivation of the Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, induced a biphasic pattern of food intake with an initial hypophagia that was followed by an increased, and then sustained food intake. The mice lost approximately 20% of their body mass and there was a loss of white adipose tissue. Stomach ghrelin mRNA was significantly higher at day 2 of water deprivation but then returned to the same levels as water-replete (day 0) mice for the duration of the experiment. Plasma ghrelin was unaffected by water deprivation except at day 10 where it was significantly increased. Plasma leptin levels decreased at day 2 and day 5 of water deprivation, and then increased significantly by the end of the water deprivation period. Water deprivation caused a significant decrease in skeletal muscle leptin mRNA expression at days 2 and 5, but then it returned to day 0 levels by day 29. In the hypothalamus, water deprivation caused a significant up-regulation in both ghrelin and neuropeptide Y mRNA expression, respectively. In contrast, hypothalamic GHSR1a mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated. A significant increase in LepRb mRNA expression was observed at days 17 and 29 of water deprivation. This study demonstrated that the sustained food intake in N. alexis during water deprivation was uncoupled from peripheral appetite-regulating signals, and that the hypothalamus appears to play an important role in regulating food intake; this may contribute to the maintenance of fluid balance in the absence of free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Donald
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environmental, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environmental, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Janet L McLeod
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Sominsky L, Ziko I, Nguyen TX, Andrews ZB, Spencer SJ. Early life disruption to the ghrelin system with over-eating is resolved in adulthood in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yoshimoto K, Nagao M, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Ueda S, Kitamura Y, Nishimura K, Inden M, Marunaka Y, Hattori H, Murakami K, Tokaji M, Ochi K. Enhanced alcohol-drinking behavior associated with active ghrelinergic and serotoninergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
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A role for leptin-regulated neurocircuitry in subordination stress. Physiol Behav 2016; 178:144-150. [PMID: 27887997 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The visible burrow system produces a distinct combination of psychological and metabolic stress on, primarily, subordinate individuals that results in pronounced physiologic and behavioral dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying the consequences of chronic subordination stress are largely unknown. The simplest mechanistic explanation is that adaptations within brain systems with overlapping functions of both psychological and metabolic control provide immediate benefits that result in lasting susceptibility to diseases, disorders, and increased mortality rates in subordinates. Circuits regulated by leptin adapt to fluctuating levels of energy storage, such that the loss of leptin action within leptin-regulated neurocircuitry results in dysfunction in physiologic and behavioral systems implicated in the consequences of chronic social subordination. Thus, leptin-regulated neurocircuitry may provide a window into understanding the consequences of social subordination stress. This review examines the neural systems of leptin physiology implicated in social subordination stress: energy balance, motivation, HPA axis, and glycemic control.
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Sommer S, Hauber W. Ghrelin receptor activation in the ventral tegmental area amplified instrumental responding but not the excitatory influence of Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental responding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt B:210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The glucagon-like peptide-1 analog exendin-4 antagonizes the effect of acyl ghrelin on the respiratory exchange ratio. Neuroreport 2016; 27:992-6. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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43
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Cornejo MP, Hentges ST, Maliqueo M, Coirini H, Becu-Villalobos D, Elias CF. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:10.1111/jne.12395. [PMID: 27114114 PMCID: PMC4956544 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Given the current environment in most developed countries, it is a challenge to maintain a good balance between calories consumed and calories burned, although maintenance of metabolic balance is key to good health. Therefore, understanding how metabolic regulation is achieved and how the dysregulation of metabolism affects health is an area of intense research. Most studies focus on the hypothalamus, which is a brain area that acts as a key regulator of metabolism. Among the nuclei that comprise the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus is one of the major mediators in the regulation of food intake. The regulation of energy balance is also a key factor ensuring the maintenance of any species as a result of the dependence of reproduction on energy stores. Adequate levels of energy reserves are necessary for the proper functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This review discusses valuable data presented in the 2015 edition of the International Workshop of Neuroendocrinology concerning the fundamental nature of the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamus and the impact on energy balance and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent on the Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Shane T. Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Medicine West Division, School of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hector Coirini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine [(IBYME), dependent on CONICET] and Department of Human Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine [(IBYME), dependent on CONICET], Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carol F. Elias
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Gillard L, Billiauws L, Stan-Iuga B, Ribeiro-Parenti L, Jarry AC, Cavin JB, Cluzeaud F, Mayeur C, Thomas M, Freund JN, Lacorte JM, Le Gall M, Bado A, Joly F, Le Beyec J. Enhanced Ghrelin Levels and Hypothalamic Orexigenic AgRP and NPY Neuropeptide Expression in Models of Jejuno-Colonic Short Bowel Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28345. [PMID: 27323884 PMCID: PMC4914859 DOI: 10.1038/srep28345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients developing hyperphagia have a better outcome. Gastrointestinal endocrine adaptations help to improve intestinal functions and food behaviour. We investigated neuroendocrine adaptations in SBS patients and rat models with jejuno-ileal (IR-JI) or jejuno-colonic (IR-JC) anastomosis with and without parenteral nutrition. Circulating levels of ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and GLP-2 were determined in SBS rat models and patients. Levels of mRNA for proglucagon, PYY and for hypothalamic neuropeptides were quantified by qRT-PCR in SBS rat models. Histology and immunostaining for Ki67, GLP-1 and PYY were performed in SBS rats. IR-JC rats, but not IR-JI, exhibited significantly higher crypt depths and number of Ki67-positive cells than sham. Fasting and/or postprandial plasma ghrelin and PYY concentrations were higher, or tend to be higher, in IR-JC rats and SBS-JC patients than in controls. Proglucagon and Pyy mRNA levels were significantly enhanced in IR-JC rats. Levels of mRNA coding hypothalamic orexigenic NPY and AgRP peptides were significantly higher in IR-JC than in sham rats. We demonstrate an increase of plasma ghrelin concentrations, major changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides levels and greater induction of PYY in SBS-JC rats and patients suggesting that jejuno-colonic continuity creates a peculiar environment promoting further gut-brain adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gillard
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Lore Billiauws
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Gastroentérologie et d’Assistance nutritive, Clichy, France
| | - Bogdan Stan-Iuga
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Lara Ribeiro-Parenti
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jarry
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Cluzeaud
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Camille Mayeur
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Noël Freund
- INSERM UMR_S1113, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lacorte
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, F-75013, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, F-75651, Paris, Cedex
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - André Bado
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - Francisca Joly
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Gastroentérologie et d’Assistance nutritive, Clichy, France
| | - Johanne Le Beyec
- Inserm UMR1149, UFR de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Unity, AP-HP, F-75890 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, F-75651, Paris, Cedex
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
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45
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Yavari A, Stocker CJ, Ghaffari S, Wargent ET, Steeples V, Czibik G, Pinter K, Bellahcene M, Woods A, Martínez de Morentin PB, Cansell C, Lam BYH, Chuster A, Petkevicius K, Nguyen-Tu MS, Martinez-Sanchez A, Pullen TJ, Oliver PL, Stockenhuber A, Nguyen C, Lazdam M, O'Dowd JF, Harikumar P, Tóth M, Beall C, Kyriakou T, Parnis J, Sarma D, Katritsis G, Wortmann DDJ, Harper AR, Brown LA, Willows R, Gandra S, Poncio V, de Oliveira Figueiredo MJ, Qi NR, Peirson SN, McCrimmon RJ, Gereben B, Tretter L, Fekete C, Redwood C, Yeo GSH, Heisler LK, Rutter GA, Smith MA, Withers DJ, Carling D, Sternick EB, Arch JRS, Cawthorne MA, Watkins H, Ashrafian H. Chronic Activation of γ2 AMPK Induces Obesity and Reduces β Cell Function. Cell Metab 2016; 23:821-36. [PMID: 27133129 PMCID: PMC4873618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology determining systemic energy homeostasis, the treatment of obesity remains a medical challenge. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as an attractive strategy for the treatment of obesity and its complications. AMPK is a conserved, ubiquitously expressed, heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase whose short-term activation has multiple beneficial metabolic effects. Whether these translate into long-term benefits for obesity and its complications is unknown. Here, we observe that mice with chronic AMPK activation, resulting from mutation of the AMPK γ2 subunit, exhibit ghrelin signaling-dependent hyperphagia, obesity, and impaired pancreatic islet insulin secretion. Humans bearing the homologous mutation manifest a congruent phenotype. Our studies highlight that long-term AMPK activation throughout all tissues can have adverse metabolic consequences, with implications for pharmacological strategies seeking to chronically activate AMPK systemically to treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Yavari
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Claire J Stocker
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Sahar Ghaffari
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Edward T Wargent
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Violetta Steeples
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gabor Czibik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Katalin Pinter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mohamed Bellahcene
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angela Woods
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Céline Cansell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - André Chuster
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kasparas Petkevicius
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy J Pullen
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Alexander Stockenhuber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chinh Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Merzaka Lazdam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jacqueline F O'Dowd
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Parvathy Harikumar
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Mónika Tóth
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Craig Beall
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julia Parnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dhruv Sarma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George Katritsis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Diana D J Wortmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew R Harper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robin Willows
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Silvia Gandra
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victor Poncio
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Nathan R Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - László Tretter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charles Redwood
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark A Smith
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eduardo B Sternick
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Houman Ashrafian
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical Science Group, New Medicines, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK.
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Brockway ET, Krater KR, Selva JA, Wauson SER, Currie PJ. Impact of [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 and feeding status on hypothalamic ghrelin-induced stress activation. Peptides 2016; 79:95-102. [PMID: 27020248 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin administration directly into hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus (ArcN) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), alters the expression of stress-related behaviors. In the present study we investigated the effect of feeding status on the ability of ghrelin to induce stress and anxiogenesis. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with guide cannula targeting either the ArcN or PVN. In the first experiment we confirmed that ArcN and PVN ghrelin treatment produced anxiety-like behavior as measured using the elevated plus maze (EPM) paradigm. Ghrelin was administered during the early dark cycle. Immediately after microinjections rats were placed in the EPM for 5min. Both ArcN and PVN treatment reduced open arm exploration. The effect was attenuated by pretreatment with the ghrelin 1a receptor antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6. In a separate group of animals ghrelin was injected into either nucleus and rats were returned to their home cages for 60min with free access to food. An additional group of rats was returned to home cages with no food access. After 60min with or without food access all rats were tested in the EPM. Results indicated that food consumption just prior to EPM testing reversed the avoidance of the open arms of the EPM. In contrast, rats injected with ghrelin, placed in their home cage for 60min without food, and subsequently tested in the EPM, exhibited an increased avoidance of the open arms, consistent with stress activation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ghrelin 1a receptor blockade and feeding status appear to impact the ability of ArcN and PVN ghrelin to elicit stress and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Brockway
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Katherine R Krater
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Joaquín A Selva
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Shelby E R Wauson
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Paul J Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States.
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Navarro G, Aguinaga D, Angelats E, Medrano M, Moreno E, Mallol J, Cortés A, Canela EI, Casadó V, McCormick PJ, Lluís C, Ferré S. A Significant Role of the Truncated Ghrelin Receptor GHS-R1b in Ghrelin-induced Signaling in Neurons. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13048-62. [PMID: 27129257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The truncated non-signaling ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue R1b (GHS-R1b) has been suggested to simply exert a dominant negative role in the trafficking and signaling of the full and functional ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a. Here we reveal a more complex modulatory role of GHS-R1b. Differential co-expression of GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b, both in HEK-293T cells and in striatal and hippocampal neurons in culture, demonstrates that GHS-R1b acts as a dual modulator of GHS-R1a function: low relative GHS-R1b expression potentiates and high relative GHS-R1b expression inhibits GHS-R1a function by facilitating GHS-R1a trafficking to the plasma membrane and by exerting a negative allosteric effect on GHS-R1a signaling, respectively. We found a preferential Gi/o coupling of the GHS-R1a-GHS-R1b complex in HEK-293T cells and, unexpectedly, a preferential Gs/olf coupling in both striatal and hippocampal neurons in culture. A dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist blocked ghrelin-induced cAMP accumulation in striatal but not hippocampal neurons, indicating the involvement of D1R in the striatal GHS-R1a-Gs/olf coupling. Experiments in HEK-293T cells demonstrated that D1R co-expression promotes a switch in GHS-R1a-G protein coupling from Gi/o to Gs/olf, but only upon co-expression of GHS-R1b. Furthermore, resonance energy transfer experiments showed that D1R interacts with GHS-R1a, but only in the presence of GHS-R1b. Therefore, GHS-R1b not only determines the efficacy of ghrelin-induced GHS-R1a-mediated signaling but also determines the ability of GHS-R1a to form oligomeric complexes with other receptors, promoting profound qualitative changes in ghrelin-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,
| | - David Aguinaga
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Angelats
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Medrano
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Cortés
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter J McCormick
- the School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Carme Lluís
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- the Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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48
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Roles of calcium and Mitochondria-Associated Membranes in the development of obesity and diabetes. MEDICINA UNIVERSITARIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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49
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Yamada C, Saegusa Y, Nahata M, Sadakane C, Hattori T, Takeda H. Influence of Aging and Gender Differences on Feeding Behavior and Ghrelin-Related Factors during Social Isolation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140094. [PMID: 26448274 PMCID: PMC4598162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress due to social isolation is known to cause abnormal feeding behaviors, but the influences of gender and aging on subchronic stress-induced changes in feeding behaviors are unknown. Thus, we examined the changes in body weight, food intake, and orexigenic ghrelin-related factors during 2 weeks of isolation stress in young and aged mice. Food intake increased significantly in young mice in the isolation group compared with the group-housed control throughout the experimental period. This isolation-induced increase in food intake was not observed in aged mice. In young mice, there were no significant differences in body weight between the isolated group and group-housed control up to 2 weeks. However, aged male mice exhibited significant weight loss at 2 weeks and a similar tendency was observed in aged female mice. Young male mice, but not female mice, had significantly increased (2.2-fold) plasma acylated ghrelin levels after 1 week of isolation compared with the group-housed control. A significant but lower increase (1.3-fold) was also observed in aged male mice. Hypothalamic preproghrelin gene expression decreased significantly with isolation in young male mice, whereas it increased significantly in female mice. The expression levels of NPY and AGRP in the hypothalamus, which are transmitted by elevated peripheral ghrelin signals, increased significantly in isolated young male mice, whereas the AGRP expression levels decreased significantly in young female mice. Isolation caused no significant differences in the expression levels of these genes in aged mice. In isolation, young female mice exhibited markedly increased dark- and light-phase locomotor activities compared with male mice, whereas male and female aged mice exhibited no obvious increases in activity immediately after the dark phase started. We conclude that the gender-specific homeostatic regulatory mechanisms required to maintain body weight operated during subchronic psychological stress in young mice but not in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Obesity ensues from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure that results from gene-environment interactions, which favour a positive energy balance. A society that promotes unhealthy food and encourages sedentary lifestyle (that is, an obesogenic environment) has become a major contributory factor in excess fat deposition in individuals predisposed to obesity. Energy homeostasis relies upon control of energy intake as well as expenditure, which is in part determined by the themogenesis of brown adipose tissue and mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Several areas of the brain that constitute cognitive and autonomic brain systems, which in turn form networks involved in the control of appetite and thermogenesis, also contribute to energy homeostasis. These networks include the dopamine mesolimbic circuit, as well as the opioid, endocannabinoid and melanocortin systems. The activity of these networks is modulated by peripheral factors such as hormones derived from adipose tissue and the gut, which access the brain via the circulation and neuronal signalling pathways to inform the central nervous system about energy balance and nutritional status. In this Review, I focus on the determinants of energy homeostasis that have emerged as prominent factors relevant to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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