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Thanaraju A, Marzuki AA, Chan JK, Wong KY, Phon-Amnuaisuk P, Vafa S, Chew J, Chia YC, Jenkins M. Structural and functional brain correlates of socioeconomic status across the life span: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105716. [PMID: 38729281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
It is well-established that higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with improved brain health. However, the effects of SES across different life stages on brain structure and function is still equivocal. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise findings from life course neuroimaging studies that investigated the structural and functional brain correlates of SES across the life span. The results indicated that higher SES across different life stages were independently and cumulatively related to neural outcomes typically reflective of greater brain health (e.g., increased cortical thickness, grey matter volume, fractional anisotropy, and network segregation) in adult individuals. The results also demonstrated that the corticolimbic system was most commonly impacted by socioeconomic disadvantages across the life span. This review highlights the importance of taking into account SES across the life span when studying its effects on brain health. It also provides directions for future research including the need for longitudinal and multimodal research that can inform effective policy interventions tailored to specific life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Thanaraju
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia.
| | - Aleya A Marzuki
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jee Kei Chan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Kean Yung Wong
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Paveen Phon-Amnuaisuk
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Samira Vafa
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia
| | - Yook Chin Chia
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia
| | - Michael Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia
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Morita A, Fujiwara T, Murayama H, Machida M, Inoue S, Shobugawa Y. Association Between Trajectory of Socioeconomic Position and Regional Brain Volumes Related to Dementia: Results From the NEIGE Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glad269. [PMID: 38038280 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic position (SEP) has been linked to an increased risk of dementia. However, little is known about the association between SEP trajectory and regional brain volumes related to dementia. METHODS A random sample of community-dwelling older adults (n = 428, age = 73.1 ± 5.5) living in Tokamachi City (Niigata Prefecture, Japan) without medical histories of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression who underwent automated assessment of brain volumes on magnetic resonance imaging and responded to a self-administered questionnaire survey in 2017. We measured SEP in childhood (household SEP at age 15), young adulthood (education), mid-adulthood (the longest occupation), and late adulthood (current wealth), and further performed group-based trajectory analysis to identify lifetime trajectory patterns on SEP. Multivariate regression models were employed to investigate the association between SEP trajectories and 4 regional brain volumes related to the development of Alzheimer's disease (ie, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and the parahippocampus), the most common type of dementia. RESULTS We found 3 distinct SEP trajectories (stable middle class [68%], downward [23%], and upward [9%]). Compared to those who experienced stable middle class, older adults who experienced the upward SEP mobility had significantly larger hippocampus (β: 213.2, 95% confidence interval: 14.7, 411.8). On the other hand, older adults who experienced downward SEP mobility showed no significant differences in any of the 4 brain structural volumes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that upward life-course SEP mobility is associated with larger volumes of hippocampus in old age. SEP trajectory may offer us a useful lens to enhance our understanding of the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Morita
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murayama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Machida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Department of Active Ageing (donated by Tokamachi City, Niigata, Japan), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Barradas S, Lucumi DI, Mentz G, Agudelo DM. A prospective longitudinal approach to examine the association between social position in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with the control of hypertension during adulthood. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1296593. [PMID: 38680932 PMCID: PMC11045881 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1296593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is one of the main concerns in public health, since it is related with increased morbidity, and potential years of life lost in addition to loss of quality of life. This study aimed to assess: (1) the distribution of indicators of life course SEP in a cohort of Colombian patients with hypertension and (2) to assess the association of life course SEP and control of hypertension among this cohort of patients. Methods Data were obtained using the baseline survey of 258 patients from the Social Determinants and Inequities in the Control of Blood Hypertension Program (ProDSICHA). Mother occupation and housing conditions were measured with the Event History Calendar. Mother educational level was measured with the questionnaire developed by the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America (PERLA). Socioeconomic position during adulthood was measured using education, occupation, and income level based in the MacArthur Network. Results The group with a higher lifelong social position and the group of lower lifelong social position showed better control of hypertension (OR = 1.21; p <0.05; OR = 1.33; p < .05, respectively) compared to those whose social position throughout life varied the most. No statistical differences were found in the relations between single lifetime social position variables, and hypertension control in the three time points analyzed. Discussion These findings warrant further research to deeper our understanding on the role of a multidimensional and cumulative approach of social position in hypertension control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barradas
- School of Social and Human Sciences, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego I. Lucumi
- Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Graciela Mentz
- Statistician Lead, Anethesiology Department, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diana Maria Agudelo
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zheng X, Leng J, Ma H, Hu P. Physical "lying flat": The negative effect of personal relative deprivation on health-promoting lifestyles. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:414-419. [PMID: 38190854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social comparison is an inevitable aspect of human life, often leading to personal relative deprivation, wherein individuals experience a sense of unfair treatment when they perceive themselves as being at a disadvantage in comparison to others. Earlier research has observed a phenomenon called "lying flat" associated with personal relative deprivation, characterized by a lack of motivation for self-improvement. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether this pattern is suitable for the domains of health-promoting lifestyles given that health-promoting is driven by self-improvement motivation. METHODS In three studies conducted in China, an understudied non-Western society, we investigated the association between personal relative deprivation and health-promoting lifestyles by utilizing diverse measures and samples. RESULTS Findings from Study 1 (N = 12,465) indicated a negative relationship between personal relative deprivation and health-promoting behavior. This effect was particularly prominent among older individuals (Study 2, N = 11,378). Study 3 (N = 234) indirectly explored the possibility that a decreased priority given to health goals explains the reduced adoption of health-promoting behaviors when experiencing personal relative deprivation. LIMITATIONS First, all health-promoting lifestyles are self-reported. Second, the mechanism between PRD and health-promoting lifestyles was not directly examined. CONCLUSION Overall, this research confirms the physical "lying flat" phenomenon, highlighting that personal relative deprivation contributes to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Moreover, our findings also suggest that the lower significance placed on health goals relative to other life goals may serve as an underlying reason for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China.
| | - Jie Leng
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China.
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China.
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Chen E, Yu T, Ehrlich KB, Lam PH, Jiang T, McDade TW, Miller GE, Brody GH. Family Disadvantage, Education, and Health Outcomes Among Black Youths Over a 20-Year Period. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e242289. [PMID: 38551566 PMCID: PMC10980964 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Upward mobility (via educational attainment) is highly valued, but longitudinal associations with mental and physical health among Black youths are less understood. Objective To examine associations of childhood family disadvantage and college graduation with adult mental and physical health in Black youths followed up into adulthood. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal, prospective cohort study of Black youths from the state of Georgia who were studied for 20 years (ages 11 to 31 years) was conducted between 2001 and 2022. Participants for this study were drawn from the Strong African American Healthy Adults Program. Data analysis was conducted from April 2023 to January 2024. Exposures Family economic disadvantage (measured during the adolescent years) and college graduation (indicating upward mobility). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included mental health, substance use, and physical health. Mental health included a composite of internalizing and disruptive problems (anxiety, depression, anger, aggressive behaviors, and emotional reactivity). Substance use included a composite of smoking, drinking, and drug use. Physical health included metabolic syndrome (MetS) and proinflammatory phenotypes (immune cells mounting exaggerated cytokine responses to bacterial challenge and being insensitive to inhibitory signals from glucocorticoids). Mental and physical health measures were taken at age 31 and during the adolescent years. Linear and logistic regression analyses, as well as mediated moderation analyses, were conducted. Results The study population consisted of 329 Black youths (212 women [64%]; 117 men [36%]; mean [SD] age at follow-up, 31 [1] years). Compared with those who did not graduate college, those who graduated from college had 0.14 SD fewer mental health problems (b = -1.377; 95% CI, -2.529 to -0.226; β = -0.137; P = .02) and 0.13 SD lower levels of substance use (b = -0.114; 95% CI, -0.210 to -0.018; β = -0.131; P = .02). Residualized change scores revealed that college graduates showed greater decreases from age 16 to 31 years in mental health problems (b = -1.267; 95% CI, -2.360 to -0.174; β = -0.133; P = .02) and substance use problems (b = -0.116; 95% CI, -0.211 to -0.021; β = -0.136; P = .02). For physical health, significant interactions between childhood family disadvantage and college completion emerged in association with MetS (OR, 1.495; 95% CI, 1.111-2.012; P = .008) and proinflammatory phenotype (b = 0.051; 95% CI, 0.003 to 0.099; β = 0.131; P = .04). Among youths growing up in disadvantaged households, college completion was associated with a 32.6% greater likelihood of MetS (OR, 3.947; 95% CI, 1.003-15.502; P = .049) and 0.59 SD more proinflammatory phenotype (mean difference, 0.249, 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.497; P = .049). Conversely, among those from economically advantaged backgrounds, college completion was correlated with lower MetS and less proinflammatory phenotype. Findings held after controlling for body mass index at age 19 years. Conclusions and Relevance In this longitudinal cohort study of Black youths, graduating from college was associated with an adult profile of better mental health but poorer physical health among those from economic disadvantage. These findings suggest that developing interventions that foster healthy outcomes across multiple life domains may be important for ensuring that striving for upward mobility is not accompanied by unintended cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Katherine B. Ehrlich
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Phoebe H. Lam
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Jiang
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Thomas W. McDade
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Gregory E. Miller
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
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Love SAM, Collins JM, Anthony KM, Buchheit SF, Butler EN, Bey GS, Gondalia R, Hayden KM, Zannas AS, Bick AG, Manson JE, Desai PM, Natarajan P, Bhattacharya R, Jaiswal S, Barac A, Reiner A, Kooperberg C, Stewart JD, Whitsel EA. Individual and Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Status and Somatic Mutations Associated With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the Women's Health Initiative. Womens Health Issues 2024; 34:197-207. [PMID: 38061917 PMCID: PMC10978295 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), the expansion of leukemogenic mutations in white blood cells, has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality. OBJECTIVE We examined the relationship between individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) and CHIP and evaluated effect modification by interpersonal and intrapersonal resources. METHODS The study population included 10,799 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative without hematologic malignancy or antineoplastic medication use. Individual- and neighborhood (Census tract)-level SES were assessed across several domains including education, income, and occupation, and a neighborhood-level SES summary z-score, which captures multiple dimensions of SES, was generated. Interpersonal and intrapersonal resources were self-reports. CHIP was ascertained based on a prespecified list of leukemogenic driver mutations. Weighted logistic regression models adjusted for covariates were used to estimate risk of CHIP as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS The interval-scale neighborhood-level SES summary z-score was associated with a 3% increased risk of CHIP: OR (95% CI) = 1.03 (1.00-1.05), p = .038. Optimism significantly modified that estimate, such that among women with low/medium and high levels of optimism, the corresponding ORs (95% CIs) were 1.03 (1.02-1.04) and 0.95 (0.94-0.96), pInteraction < .001. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that reduced risk of somatic mutation may represent a biological pathway by which optimism protects contextually advantaged but at-risk women against age-related chronic disease and highlight potential benefits of long-term, positive psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly-Ann M Love
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Jason M Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurtis M Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sophie F Buchheit
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganga S Bey
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rahul Gondalia
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Surveillance and Analytics, Real-World Analytics Solutions, IQVIA, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Hayden
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony S Zannas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Institute for Trauma Recovery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pinkal M Desai
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Romit Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ana Barac
- Division of Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, District of Columbia; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alex Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - James D Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Park H, Kim J. Perceived social position, active engagement with life, and depressive symptoms among older adults. Soc Sci Med 2024; 345:116716. [PMID: 38428091 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the existing literature on the relationship between perceived social position (PSP) and depressive symptoms, there remain gaps in our understanding, particularly regarding the potential for asymmetric effects of increases and decreases in PSP and the underlying mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine whether increases and decreases in PSP are differentially associated with depressive symptoms and to explore the potential mediating role of active engagement with life in these associations. METHODS This study utilized data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), collected between 2008 and 2018, involving a sample of 3506 individuals aged 65 or older. Asymmetric fixed effects (FE) models were employed, which enable the estimation of differential effects for increases and decreases in PSP, while accounting for unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. To assess the mediating role of active engagement in life, Sobel mediation tests were conducted. RESULTS The asymmetric FE estimates revealed a stronger association between decreases in PSP and increases in depressive symptoms compared to the association between increases in PSP and decreases in depressive symptoms. The Sobel mediation tests indicated that formal social activities had the most substantial mediating effect, explaining 14% and 9% of the total effect mediated for increased and decreased PSP and depressive symptoms, respectively. Leisure/hobby activities explained 10% and 4% of the total effect mediated for increased and decreased PSP and depressive symptoms, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that increases and decreases in PSP have differential effects on depressive symptoms among older adults in Korea. Policy interventions aimed at improving the psychological well-being of older adults should prioritize efforts to both enhance PSP and minimize declines, as the latter can have a stronger negative impact on depressive symptoms. Active engagement in life may serve as a potential pathway for achieving the desired effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunJee Park
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chen E, Jiang T, Chen MA, Miller GE. Reflections on resilience. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38389301 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Resilience research has long sought to understand how factors at the child, family, school, community, and societal levels shape adaptation in the face of adversities such as poverty and war. In this article we reflect on three themes that may prove to be useful for future resilience research. First is the idea that mental and physical health can sometimes diverge, even in response to the same social process. A better understanding of explanations for this divergence will have both theoretical and public health implications when it comes to efforts to promote resilience. Second is that more recent models of stress suggest that stress can accelerate aging. Thus, we suggest that research on resilience may need to also consider how resilience strategies may need to be developed in an accelerated fashion to be effective. Third, we suggest that if psychological resilience interventions can be conducted in conjunction with efforts to enact system-level changes targeted at adversities, this may synergize the impact that any single intervention can have, creating a more coordinated and effective set of approaches for promoting resilience in young people who confront adversity in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle A Chen
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Barton AW, Yu T, Gong Q, Chen E, Miller GE, Brody GH. Skin-deep Resilience and Early Adolescence: Neighborhood Disadvantage, Executive Functioning, and Pubertal Development in Minority Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:284-293. [PMID: 38015355 PMCID: PMC10989318 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Skin-deep resilience, in which youth overcome adversity and achieve success in psychological and academic domains but at a cost to their physiological well-being, has been documented in late adolescence and adulthood. However, its potential to emerge at earlier developmental stages is unknown. To address this gap, secondary data analyses were executed using waves 1 and 2 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 7712; ages 9-10 years at baseline [mean: 9.92; SD = 0.63]; 47.1% female; 66.1% White, 13.4% Black, and 20.6% Hispanic). The results indicated high levels of executive functioning were associated with improved psychological and behavioral outcomes at one-year follow-up. However, for racial and ethnic minority (i.e., Black or Hispanic) youth from disadvantaged neighborhoods, high levels of executive functioning were also associated with accelerated pubertal development. No significant interaction was observed among White youth. The findings suggest the skin-deep resilience pattern may be evident in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Barton
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qiujie Gong
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Zang E, Tian M. Upward Mobility Context and Health Outcomes and Behaviors during Transition to Adulthood: The Intersectionality of Race and Sex. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2024:221465231223944. [PMID: 38279819 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231223944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates how upward mobility context affects health during transition to adulthood and its variations by race and sex. Using county-level upward mobility measures and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we apply propensity score weighting techniques to examine these relationships. Results show that low upward mobility context increases the likelihood of poor self-rated health, obesity, and cigarette use but decreases alcohol consumption probability. Conversely, high upward mobility context raises the likelihood of distress, chronic conditions, and alcohol use but reduces cigarette use likelihood. In low-opportunity settings, Black individuals have lower risks of chronic conditions and cigarette use than White men. In high-opportunity settings, Black women are more likely to experience depression and chronic conditions, and Black men are likelier to smoke than White men. Our findings emphasize the complex link between upward mobility context and health for different racial and sex groups.
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Chen E, Jiang T, Chen MA, Chiu RY, Miller GE. Resilience in children with chronic illness: Tests of the shift-and-persist and skin-deep resilience theories. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2264-2274. [PMID: 37340834 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated, and discusses the integration of, the shift-and-persist (SAP) and skin-deep resilience (SDR) theories. The SAP theory states that the combination of shifting (adjusting oneself to stressful situations through strategies like emotion regulation) and persisting (enduring adversity with strength by finding meaning and maintaining optimism) will be beneficial to physical health in children experiencing adversity. The SDR theory states that high striving/self-control will be beneficial to mental health but detrimental to physical health among those confronting adversity. This study investigated 308 children ages 8-17 experiencing the adversity of a chronic illness (asthma). SAP and SDR (striving/self-control) were assessed via questionnaires, and physical health (asthma symptoms, inflammatory profiles), mental health (anxiety/depression, emotional functioning), and behavioral (medication adherence, activity limitations, collaborative relationships with providers) outcomes were measured cross-sectionally. SAP was associated with better physical health, whereas SDR was associated with worse physical health. Both were associated with better mental health. Only SDR was associated with better behavioral outcomes. Implications of findings and discussion of how to integrate these theories are provided. We suggest that future interventions might seek to cultivate both SAP and SDR to promote overall better health and well-being across multiple domains in children experiencing adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle A Chen
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Y Chiu
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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12
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Jones EJ, Marsland AL, Kraynak TE, Votruba-Drzal E, Gianaros PJ. Subjective Social Status and Longitudinal Changes in Systemic Inflammation. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:951-964. [PMID: 37549189 PMCID: PMC10578390 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective social status (SSS) refers to a person's perception of their social rank relative to others and is cross-sectionally linked to systemic inflammation independently of objective socioeconomic status. PURPOSE We test the extent to which SSS relates to multiyear changes in inflammation, or if associations differ by race or sex. METHODS Healthy adults (N = 331; 30-51 years) completed a baseline visit and 278 participants returned for a second visit 2.85 years later. At both visits, participants underwent a fasting blood draw and completed community (SSSC) and US (SSSUS) versions of the MacArthur Scale. Multiple linear regression analyses examined change in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) predicted by each type of SSS, adjusting for time between visits, sex, race, age, body mass index, smoking, baseline inflammation, and objective socioeconomic status. Additional analyses further adjusted for hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Interactions examined moderations by sex and race. RESULTS Lower SSSC was longitudinally associated with greater IL-6 independently of all covariates, including education and income (β = -0.06), hopelessness (β = -0.06), and depressive symptoms (β = -0.06). Lower SSSUS was longitudinally associated with greater IL-6 independently of demographic covariates including education and income (β = -0.06), but was slightly attenuated after adjusting for hopelessness (β = -0.06) and depressive symptoms (β = -0.06). There were no associations for CRP or moderation by race or sex. CONCLUSIONS Lower SSS may be associated with greater circulating markers of inflammation over time as suggested by increases in IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Sun J, Lunkenheimer E, Lin D. Dimensions of child maltreatment and longitudinal diurnal cortisol patterns: The roles of resilience and child sex. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37746719 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Informed by the dimensional approach to adversity, this study disaggregated child maltreatment effects to examine how abuse versus neglect influenced cortisol at the baseline assessment and longitudinal changes in diurnal cortisol among a sample of Chinese children and adolescents (N = 312; aged 9-13 years; M age = 10.80, SD = 0.84; 67% boys). The moderating roles of resilience and sex differences in these associations were also explored. Results revealed distinct effects of abuse versus neglect on diurnal cortisol in girls, but not boys, which varied by the time scale of assessment and type of cortisol measure. Specifically, abuse was associated with girls' longitudinal changes in awakening cortisol, cortisol awakening response, and diurnal cortisol slope over one year, whereas neglect was associated with girls' awakening cortisol and cortisol awakening response at the baseline assessment. Further, resilience moderated the effects of abuse on girls' baseline awakening cortisol and longitudinal changes in diurnal cortisol slope, suggesting both the potential benefits and costs of resilience. Findings support the application of the dimensional approach to research on stress physiology and deepen our understanding of individual differences in the associations between child maltreatment and diurnal cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Sun
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erika Lunkenheimer
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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14
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Korous KM, Surachman A, Rogers CR, Cuevas AG. Parental education and epigenetic aging in middle-aged and older adults in the United States: A life course perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 333:116173. [PMID: 37595421 PMCID: PMC10530379 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic aging is one plausible mechanism by which socioeconomic status (SES) contributes to disparities in morbidity and mortality. Although the association between SES and epigenetic aging is well documented, the role of parental education into adulthood remains understudied. We examined (1) if parental education was independently associated with epigenetic aging, (2) whether upward educational mobility buffered this association, and (3) if the benefit of parental education was differentiated by race/ethnicity. Secondary data analysis of a subsample (n = 3875) of Non-Hispanic [NH] Black, Hispanic, NH White, and NH other race participants from the Venous Blood Study within Health and Retirement Study were examined. Thirteen clocks based on DNA methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites were used to calculate epigenetic aging. Participants' education (personal) and their report of their respective parent's education (parental; mother's and/or father's) were included as independent variables; several potential confounders were also included. Direct associations and interactions between parental and personal education were estimated via survey-weighted generalized linear models; marginal means for epigenetic aging were estimated and contrasts were made between the education subcategories. Analyses were also stratified by race/ethnicity. Our results showed that higher parental education was independently associated with slower epigenetic aging among four clocks, whereas higher personal education magnified this association among four different epigenetic clocks. Participants with the lowest parental and personal education had higher marginal means (i.e., accelerated aging) compared to participants with the highest parental and personal education, and there was little evidence of upward mobility. These associations were more frequently observed among NH White participants, whereas fewer were observed for Hispanic and NH Black participants. Overall, our findings support that early-life circumstances may be biologically embedded through epigenetic aging, which may also limit the biological benefits associated with one's own education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Korous
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Agus Surachman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rogers
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adolfo G Cuevas
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Brody GH, Yu T, Miller GE, Chen E. Longitudinal links between early adolescent temperament and inflammation among young black adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 152:106077. [PMID: 36931166 PMCID: PMC10201910 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research demonstrates that inflammation is involved in physical health problems that cause substantial morbidity and early mortality. Given inflammation's role in the etiology of chronic diseases, pediatric scientists have begun to study childhood factors that presage elevation of inflammatory biomarkers later in life. The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses designed to determine whether early adolescent emotionally intense and low attention temperaments forecast (a) inflammation at ages 25 and 29 years and (b) worsening levels of inflammation between these two data points. Toward this end, 307 Black children from the rural southeastern United States participated in an 18-year longitudinal study (mean age at baseline, 11.2 years) to determine whether and how early adolescent's behavioral styles or emotionally intense and low attention temperaments may be associated with absolute and worsening levels of inflammation in young adulthood. When children were 11-13 years of age, different teachers at each age provided assessments of emotionally intense and low attention temperaments. Thus, multiple measures of the same temperament constructs were obtained across 3 years for each participant. At age 25, participants provided data on their self-regulation abilities. Peripheral blood was collected at ages 25 and 29 years from which inflammation was quantified, using soluble urokinase plasminogen activator (suPAR), the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Covariates associated with inflammation in prior studies were also assessed; these included socioeconomic risk, gender, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), depressive symptoms, and medication use. An early adolescent emotionally intense temperament was associated directly with higher suPAR and cytokine levels at age 29, and with worsening cytokine levels between ages 25 and 29. A low attention temperament was associated with suPAR levels at age 29. Collectively, these observations highlight pathways that could underlie health risks associated with early adolescent temperaments. The findings suggest that emotionally intense and low-attention early adolescent temperaments forecast higher and worsening inflammation levels across young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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16
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Johnson S, Allen J, Fernandez L, Garikiparthy V, Renovato L, Land M, Favela L, Becerra K, Belmares R, Holland N, Chacon J. Closing the digital divide: Developing a platform to conduct training, outreach, and education for employment skills. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231154383. [PMID: 36756645 PMCID: PMC9900654 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231154383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
El Paso, Texas, like many communities along the United States/Mexico border, suffers from a lack of access to many social determinants of health, especially in low-income neighborhoods. These long-standing problems have only been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Health Education and Awareness Team (EP-HEAT) is an organization that was established with a focus on disseminating health information to the community. EP-HEAT received funding from Microsoft Corporation to facilitate technology education workshops for underserved populations. These workshops were held in English and Spanish and attempted to improve social determinants of health in the community which can be negatively exacerbated by a lack of digital inclusion. Community members who attended workshops completed a LinkedIn Learning Path, or both were offered an anonymous post-course survey with a mixed method questionnaire on how their knowledge of basic technology or job skills was improved by engaging with the provided workshops and learning paths. Overall, 80% of community members who participated in the workshops reported learning a new skill, and 91% of participants who started a LinkedIn Learning Path were able to finish. The workshops were well received by the community and highlighted the potential for these programs to enhance digital skills and upward workforce mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johnson
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jesse Allen
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Lorena Fernandez
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Veeravenkata Garikiparthy
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Laura Renovato
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Maria Land
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Leticia Favela
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Karina Becerra
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Belmares
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Holland
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Chacon
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of
Medicine, Texas Tech
Health Sciences Center El Paso, El
Paso, TX, USA,Jessica Chacon, Department of Medical
Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center
El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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17
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Chen E, Lam PH, Yu T, Brody GH. Racial Disparities in School Belonging and Prospective Associations With Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:141-148. [PMID: 36574239 PMCID: PMC9856891 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Importance School belonging has important implications for academic, psychological, and health outcomes, but the associations between racial disparities in school belonging and health have not been explored to date. Objective To examine associations between school-level racial disparities in belonging and cardiometabolic health into adulthood in a national sample of Black and White children, adolescents, and young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of a US national sample of 4830 Black and White students (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health) followed up for 13 years. The study was conducted from 1994 to 1995 for wave 1 and in 2008 for wave 4. Data were analyzed from June 14 to August 13, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures School-level racial disparities in belonging at baseline were calculated as the mean level of school belonging for Black students minus the mean level of school belonging for White students at the school that they attended when they were aged 12 to 20 years. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome were measured as outcomes for these same participants at 24 to 32 years of age. Results The study included 4830 students. For wave 1, mean (SD) age was 16.1 (1.7) years, and for wave 4, 29.0 (1.7) years. A total of 2614 (54.1%) were female, 2219 were non-Hispanic Black (45.9%), and 2611 were non-Hispanic White (54.1%). Among Black students, attending a school with a greater Black-White disparity in school belonging (more negative scores) was associated with an increased risk for diabetes (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.46-0.95]) and more risk factors for metabolic syndrome (rate ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.90-1.00]) in adulthood 13 years later. These associations persisted above individual-level controls (age, sex, and body mass index) and school-level controls (school size, percentage of Black students, and percentage of Black teachers) and were not explained by either an individual's own perception of school belonging or the mean level of belonging across the whole school. Conclusions and Relevance In this prospective cohort study of US students, racial disparities in school belonging were associated with risks for diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Black students. Among students, fostering a more equal sense of school belonging across racial groups may have implications for health disparities in the cardiometabolic domain into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Phoebe H. Lam
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
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18
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Wang Y, Hu M, Ding R, He P. The dynamic relationship between subjective social status and health: Evidence from a Chinese cohort study. Br J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1-21. [PMID: 35707905 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using nationally representative longitudinal data from 2010 to 2018 in China, this study systematically investigates the relationship between Subjective Social Status (SSS) and health (physical health and mental health) in the Chinese adult population. METHODS By applying between-within model, we disentangle the relationship between health outcomes and: (1) between-individual differences in SSS and (2) within-individual variations of SSS across time. In addition, to explore SSS mobility and trajectory, we further decomposed SSS into lagged SSS and the change between the current and lagged SSS (mobility). RESULTS We find that there is significantly positive and unique relationship (independent of Objective Social Status (OSS)) between SSS and physical and mental health. However, for physical health, we observed an Inverse-U effect of average SSS, after some point (SSS = 3.93), higher average SSS is associated with a score decrease. Through heterogeneity analysis, we find that for physical health, within- and between-effects decreases with age and for mental health, the within effect is only significant among the urban population. Individuals with high expected mobility are also found to have significantly better health. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the personal relative deprivation has negative, particularly salient and unique effects on the health of the Chinese population, and it is important to consider the dynamic nature of SSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshang Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxi Ding
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Zang E, Sobel ME, Luo L. The mobility effects hypothesis: Methods and applications. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 110:102818. [PMID: 36796994 PMCID: PMC9936082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss hypotheses researchers have put forth to explain how outcomes of socially mobile and immobile individuals might differ and/or how mobility experiences are related to outcomes of interest. Next, we examine the methodological literature on this topic, culminating in the development of the diagonal mobility model (DMM, also called the diagonal reference model in some studies), the primary tool of use since the 1980's. We then discuss some of the many applications of the DMM. Although the model was proposed to examine the effects of social mobility on outcomes of interest, the estimated relationships between mobility and outcomes that researchers have called mobility effects are more appropriately regarded as partial associations. When mobility is not associated with outcomes, as is often found in empirical work, the outcomes of movers from origin o to destination d are a weighted average of the outcomes of individuals who remained in states o and d respectively, and the weights capture the relative salience of origins and destinations in the acculturation process. In light of this attractive feature of the model, we briefly develop several generalizations of the current DMM that future researchers should also find useful. Finally, we propose new estimands of mobility effects, based on the explicit notion that a unit effect of mobility is a comparison of an individual with herself under two conditions, one in which she is mobile, the other in which she is immobile, and we discuss some of the challenges in identifying such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Zang
- Department of Sociology, Yale University, USA.
| | | | - Liying Luo
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, USA
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20
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Dronavalli M, Page A, Sperandei S, Uribe G, Huckel Schneider C, Eastwood J. Determinants and health outcomes of trajectories of social mobility in Australia. SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101336. [PMID: 36660174 PMCID: PMC9843487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate trajectories in socio-economic position (SEP) and the onset of a range of physical and mental health outcomes and commencement of treatment. Methods The Household Income and Labour Dynamics Australia (HILDA) study, a nationally representative prospective cohort study over the period 2001 to 2020 was used to define trajectories of SEP. Trajectories of low, low-middle, upper-middle and high SEP and decreasing (low-middle to upper-middle SEP) or increasing (upper-middle to lower-middle SEP) SEP were identified using k-longitudinal means. Cox-regression was used to assess SEP trajectories and physical (arthritis or osteoporosis, any cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension or high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease), and mental health (depression or anxiety) outcomes, and treatment commencement. Predictors of SEP trajectories were also investigated using multinomial logistic regression and random forests. Results Decreasing SEP had a higher relative risk of new onset illness than increasing SEP for all health outcomes. Increasing SEP had relative risk estimates that were more consistent with upper-middle income groups and decreasing SEP had a relative risk consistent with lower-middle income groups. In contrast, there was no socio-economic gradient in treatment commencement for physical health outcomes, or depression or anxiety, with the exception of arthritis or osteoporosis. Conclusion Decreasing SEP was associated with poor health outcomes, and increasing SEP with better health outcomes. A range of socio-demographic and psychosocial determinants of SEP trajectories were identified to inform policy responses that could modify trajectories of health inequalities in the Australian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Dronavalli
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia,Corresponding author.
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Sandro Sperandei
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Gabriela Uribe
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carmen Huckel Schneider
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Jones EJ, Schreier HMC. First-Generation College Students, Emotional Support, and Systemic Inflammation Following the College Transition. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:36-43. [PMID: 36220685 PMCID: PMC10456970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether emotional support moderates the association between college generation status and concurrent and prospective levels of systemic inflammation during the college transition among a sample of older U.S. adolescents. METHODS At an undergraduate tertiary institution, 41 first-generation college students (first-gens) and 46 continuing-generation college students (continuing-gens) in their first semester of college reported on basic demographic information and perceived emotional support. They also had their blood drawn midway through both the first and second semester to measure C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. An inflammatory composite for each semester was created by averaging the standardized scores for log-transformed C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. RESULTS Compared to continuing-gens, first-gens had greater systemic inflammation in the first semester regardless of their level of emotional support (B = 0.515, p = .003). However, emotional support moderated the association between college generation status and prospective systemic inflammation in the second semester (B = -0.525, p = .007) such that first-gens had greater systemic inflammation compared to continuing-gens, but only if they reported lower levels of emotional support (B = 0.826, p = .002). This moderation effect held after further adjusting for systemic inflammation in the first semester (B = -0.374, p = .022). Also discussed are results of secondary analyses examining sources of support. DISCUSSION Compared to continuing-gens, first-gens had greater systemic inflammation in the first semester irrespective of emotional support, suggesting all first-gens may stand to benefit from college resources provided early in the college transition. Furthermore, first-gens who reported lower levels of emotional support may benefit from additional college resources provided beyond the first semester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Hannah M C Schreier
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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22
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Iveson MH, Cox SR, Deary IJ. Intergenerational Social Mobility and Health in Later Life: Diagonal Reference Models Applied to the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2257-2264. [PMID: 35952386 PMCID: PMC9799199 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although commonly used to model associations between intergenerational social mobility and health, linear regression cannot estimate the contributions of origin, destination, and mobility independently. Nonlinear diagonal reference models (DRMs) have become a popular alternative and have been applied to various health outcomes, though few studies examine the impact of social mobility on later-life health. METHODS This study revisits health outcomes examined in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, using DRMs to assess the association between intergenerational social mobility and satisfaction with life, self-rated health, depression, and mortality from age 68-82 years. RESULTS After adjusting for sex, age, education, and childhood cognitive ability, there was no evidence of an association between intergenerational social mobility and later-life health; participants experiencing upward or downward mobility had similar odds of poor health outcomes as non-mobile participants. However, those from higher occupational social classes exhibited lower odds of mortality (p = .01), with a stronger contribution of adult (own) than of childhood (father's) social class (weights = 0.75 vs. 0.25). No other outcomes demonstrated significant associations with socioeconomic position. DISCUSSION This adds to evidence that social mobility does not influence variation in later-life health once other factors-including socioeconomic origins and destinations-are accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Iveson
- Address correspondence to: Matthew H. Iveson, PhD, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. E-mail:
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Social mobility across the lifecourse and DNA methylation age acceleration in adults in the UK. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22284. [PMID: 36566336 PMCID: PMC9790005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disadvantaged socio-economic position (SEP) is associated with greater biological age, relative to chronological age, measured by DNA methylation (positive 'age acceleration', AA). Social mobility has been proposed to ameliorate health inequalities. This study aimed to understand the association of social mobility with positive AA. Diagonal reference modelling and ordinary least square regression techniques were applied to explore social mobility and four measures of age acceleration (first-generation: 'Horvath', 'Hannum' and second-generation: 'Phenoage', DunedinPoAm) in n = 3140 participants of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Disadvantaged SEP in early life is associated with positive AA for three (Hannum, Phenoage and DunedinPoAm) of the four measures examined while the second generation biomarkers are associated with SEP in adulthood (p < 0.01). Social mobility was associated with AA measured with Hannum only such that compared to no mobility, upward mobility was associated with greater age independently of origin and destination SEP. Compared to continuously advantaged groups, downward mobility was associated with positive Phenoage (1.06y [- 0.03, 2.14]) and DunedinPoAm assessed AA (0.96y [0.24, 1.68]). For these two measures, upward mobility was associated with negative AA (Phenoage, - 0.65y [- 1.30, - 0.002]; DunedinPoAm, - 0.96y [- 1.47, - 0.46]) compared to continually disadvantaged groups. While we find some support for three models of lifecourse epidemiology with early life as a sensitive period, SEP across the lifecourse and social mobility for age acceleration measured with DNA methylation, our findings suggest that disadvantaged SEP across the lifecourse is most consistently associated with positive AA.
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Zhao X, Zheng Q, Maes JHR. Educational mobility and older adults' working memory updating ability: association and role of resilience. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36325945 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2141194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research revealed that a low childhood socioeconomic status, including low parental education, correlates with impaired executive functioning. However, there is a lack of research on the association of working memory updating (WMU) ability, which is one of the major components of executive functioning, and of resilience with educational mobility. The purpose of the present two studies was to further examine these associations. METHOD In Study 1, 180, 60-88-year old adults with different levels of educational mobility performed a WMU task. In Study 2, 130, 60-89-year old adults that had experienced different levels of upward educational mobility completed a WMU task and a resilience questionnaire. RESULTS Study 1 revealed that extent of educational mobility was significantly positively associated with WMU ability. Study 2 revealed significant positive associations among extent of educational mobility, resilience, and WMU task performance. CONCLUSION The results were discussed in terms of possible causal relations between the variables and implications for interventions that aim to enhance upward educational mobility and cognitive functioning in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoping Zheng
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nagae A, Asano K, Kotera Y. Moderating Effects of Striving to Avoid Inferiority on Income and Mental Health. Front Psychol 2022; 13:838991. [PMID: 35719576 PMCID: PMC9204202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people experience feelings of inferiority in their life. The concept of striving to avoid inferiority is a belief associated with the unwanted fear of being overlooked, missing out on opportunities for advancement, and active rejection. This study examined the effect of striving to avoid inferiority on mental health and well-being. We hypothesized that striving to avoid inferiority would modify the relationship among socioeconomic status, mental health, and well-being, therefore examined the effect of striving to avoid inferiority on the relationship between annual income, mental health, and well-being. The participants were 491 adults (241 men and 250 women). The results indicated that insecure striving (IS) in competition with others positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas secure non-striving (SNS) in acceptance of inferiority positively correlated with the satisfaction with life and negatively correlated with depression. The effect of striving to avoid inferiority on the relationship among annual income, mental health, and well-being indicated that SNS affected the relationships between annual income and well-being, annual income and depression, income and anxiety, and the interaction between IS and SNS. Moreover, the relationship between income and stress was influenced by SNS and the interaction between IS and SNS. These results indicated that SNS or the interaction between IS and SNS were the only variables regulating the relationship among annual income, mental health, and well-being. These findings suggested that accepting feelings of inferiority or striving to avoid inferiority influences the mental health and well-being of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Nagae
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Mejiro University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Chandler
- Address correspondence to Arnold Chandler, MS, P.O. Box 7775 #19629, San Francisco, CA 94120-7775. E-mail:
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Millanzi WC, Osaki KM, Kibusi SM. The effect of educational intervention on shaping safe sexual behavior based on problem-based pedagogy in the field of sex education and reproductive health: clinical trial among adolescents in Tanzania. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:262-290. [PMID: 35251774 PMCID: PMC8896187 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2046474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of adolescents are currently becoming sexually active before their 18th birthday having to battle with unsafe sexual behaviors, teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and school dropouts. The study designed and tested the effect of integrated reproductive health lesson materials in a Problem-Based pedagogy (PBP) to enhance safe sexual behaviors among adolescents in Tanzania. Methods Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial was adopted among 660 adolescents in Tanzania. The study consisted of three research arms including pure PBP, Hybrid PBP, and Lecture-Based Pedagogy (LBP). Sexual-risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-esteem Scale adopted from previous studies measured adolescents' sexual behaviors. A Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4 was used to analyze data. Descriptive analysis established adolescents' socio-demographic profiles. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) determined the effect of interventions on adolescents' intentions to practice safe sexual behaviors at a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5%. Results Adolescents' mean age was 15 ± 1.869 years. Sums of 57.5% (n = 380) were females. 39.5% of adolescents were sexually active whereas 44.8% of them initiated sexual intercourse by the age between 10 and 12 years. The end-line findings showed that 54.9% of adolescents in the LBP group demonstrated a significant intention to unsafe sexual behaviors against 26.3% and 30.9% of adolescents in the pure PBP and Hybrid PBP groups respectively. The Difference-In-Difference odds ratio for unsafe sexual behavior among adolescents in the Hybrid PBP and pure PBP was less (AOR = 0.30; p < 0.0001; 95%CI: 0.1398, 0.5559) and (AOR = 0.30, p < 0.0002; 95%CI: 0.1386, 0.5487) contrary to a control group respectively. Conclusion The integrated RH lesson materials in a PBP can change a spectrum of sexual behavior among adolescents in Tanzania. This study suggests school teachers and health workers work together to facilitate RH lessons using PBP to enhance safe sexual behaviors among adolescents for their healthy adulthood and future investment. Trial registration:Pan African Clinical Trial Registry identifier: PACTR202009656160779.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Millanzi
- Department of Nursing Management and Education, School of Nursing and Public Health, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kalafunja M Osaki
- Department of Science Education and Curriculum Studies, St. Augustine University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen M Kibusi
- Dean School of Nursing and Public Health, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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Doan SN, Yu SH, Wright B, Fung J, Saleem F, Lau AS. Resilience and Family Socialization Processes in Ethnic Minority Youth: Illuminating the Achievement-Health Paradox. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:75-92. [PMID: 35201542 PMCID: PMC8867687 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Youth in marginalized communities who "strive" to rise above adversity, including systemic racism and poverty, are considered "resilient." African-American, Latinx, and Asian-American youth often achieve admirable academic success despite limited social capital and high early life stress by adopting a "striving persistent behavioral style" (SPBS). SPBS may be supported by family socialization processes that facilitate reliance on self-regulation processes. Unfortunately, a young person's resilience in one domain (i.e., academic) can come at a cost in other domains, including physical and mental health morbidities that are under-identified and under-treated. Indeed, research suggests a link between SPBS in the face of adversity and later health morbidities among ethnic minority youth. Herein, we describe SPBS as an adaptation to minority stress that not only promotes social mobility but may also stoke physical and mental health disparities. We review how family processes related to academic, emotional, and ethnic-racial socialization can facilitate the striving persistent behavioral style. We emphasize the double bind that ethnic minority families are caught in and discuss directions for future research and clinical implications for individual and family-level interventions. While needed, we argue that individual and family-level interventions represent a near-term work around. Solutions and factors that shape the need for SPBS and its cost must be addressed structurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Doan
- Claremont Mckenna College and City of Hope National Medical Center, 880 N. Columbia Ave, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | | | | | - Joey Fung
- Fuller School of Psychology, Fullerton, USA
| | | | - Anna S Lau
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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