1
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Pilley SE, Awad D, Latumalea D, Esparza E, Zhang L, Shi X, Unfried M, Wang S, Mulondo R, Kashyap SB, Moaddeli D, Sajjakulnukit P, Sutton D, Wong H, Coakley AJ, Garcia G, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Liu S, Yu B, Tu WB, Kennedy BK, Lyssiotis CA, Mullen PJ. A metabolic atlas of mouse aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592445. [PMID: 38746230 PMCID: PMC11092783 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Humans are living longer, but this is accompanied by an increased incidence of age-related chronic diseases. Many of these diseases are influenced by age-associated metabolic dysregulation, but how metabolism changes in multiple organs during aging in males and females is not known. Answering this could reveal new mechanisms of aging and age-targeted therapeutics. In this study, we describe how metabolism changes in 12 organs in male and female mice at 5 different ages. Organs show distinct patterns of metabolic aging that are affected by sex differently. Hydroxyproline shows the most consistent change across the dataset, decreasing with age in 11 out of 12 organs investigated. We also developed a metabolic aging clock that predicts biological age and identified alpha-ketoglutarate, previously shown to extend lifespan in mice, as a key predictor of age. Our results reveal fundamental insights into the aging process and identify new therapeutic targets to maintain organ health.
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Keita S, Diop S, Lekiashvili S, Chabaane E, Nelson E, Strullu M, Arfeuille C, Guimiot F, Domet T, Duchez S, Evrard B, Darde T, Larghero J, Verhoeyen E, Cumano A, Macintyre EA, Kasraian Z, Jouen F, Goodhardt M, Garrick D, Chalmel F, Alhaj Hussen K, Canque B. Distinct subsets of multi-lymphoid progenitors support ontogeny-related changes in human lymphopoiesis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112618. [PMID: 37294633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in lymphocyte production patterns occurring across human ontogeny remain poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that human lymphopoiesis is supported by three waves of embryonic, fetal, and postnatal multi-lymphoid progenitors (MLPs) differing in CD7 and CD10 expression and their output of CD127-/+ early lymphoid progenitors (ELPs). In addition, our results reveal that, like the fetal-to-adult switch in erythropoiesis, transition to postnatal life coincides with a shift from multilineage to B lineage-biased lymphopoiesis and an increase in production of CD127+ ELPs, which persists until puberty. A further developmental transition is observed in elderly individuals whereby B cell differentiation bypasses the CD127+ compartment and branches directly from CD10+ MLPs. Functional analyses indicate that these changes are determined at the level of hematopoietic stem cells. These findings provide insights for understanding identity and function of human MLPs and the establishment and maintenance of adaptative immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Keita
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Diop
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France; Laboratoire Cognitions Humaine et Artificielle (CHArt) EA 4004 FED 4246, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Shalva Lekiashvili
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Emna Chabaane
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Nelson
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion Strullu
- Service d'Hémato-Immunologie Pédiatrique, Inserm U1131, Université de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Arfeuille
- Service d'Hémato-Immunologie Pédiatrique, Inserm U1131, Université de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- INSERM UMR 1141, Service de Biologie du Développement, Université de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Domet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, CIC de Biothérapies, Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Duchez
- Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Tri Cellulaire, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jerome Larghero
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, CIC de Biothérapies, Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Lyon, France; Centre Mediterranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Nice, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit of Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Team 2, INSERM Unité 1151, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Laboratoire d'Onco-Hématologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zeinab Kasraian
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Team 2, INSERM Unité 1151, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Laboratoire d'Onco-Hématologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Jouen
- Laboratoire Cognitions Humaine et Artificielle (CHArt) EA 4004 FED 4246, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michele Goodhardt
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - David Garrick
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Kutaiba Alhaj Hussen
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France; Service de Biochimie, Université de Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Canque
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.
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3
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Lesteberg KE, Araya P, Waugh KA, Chauhan L, Espinosa JM, Beckham JD. Severely ill and high-risk COVID-19 patients exhibit increased peripheral circulation of CD62L+ and perforin+ T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113932. [PMID: 36817450 PMCID: PMC9932815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has led to over 400 million reported cases worldwide. COVID-19 disease ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and may be impacted by individual immune differences. Methods We used multiparameter flow cytometry to compare CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in severe (ICU admitted) and non-severe (admitted to observational unit) hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Results We found that patients with severe COVID- 19 had greater frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing CD62L compared to non-severe patients and greater frequencies of perforin+ CD8+ T cells compared to recovered patients. Furthermore, greater frequencies of CD62L+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were seen in severely ill diabetic patients compared to non-severe and non-diabetic patients, and increased CD62L+ CD4+ T cells were also seen in severely ill patients with hypertension. Discussion This is the first report to show that CD62L+ T cells and perforin+ T cells are associated with severe COVID-19 illness and are significantly increased in patients with high-risk pre-existing conditions including older age and diabetes. These data provide a potential biological marker for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katherine A. Waugh
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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4
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Xu L, Wei C, Chen Y, Wu Y, Shou X, Chen W, Lu D, Sun H, Li W, Yu B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Lei Z, Tang R, Zhu J, Li Y, Lu L, Zhou H, Zhou S, Su C, Chen X. IL-33 induces thymic involution-associated naive T cell aging and impairs host control of severe infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6881. [PMID: 36371464 PMCID: PMC9653498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe infection commonly results in immunosuppression, which leads to impaired pathogen clearance or increased secondary infection in both humans and animals. However, the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that IL-33 results in immunosuppression by inducing thymic involution-associated naive T cell dysfunction with aberrant expression of aging-associated genes and impairs host control of infection in mouse disease models of schistosomiasis or sepsis. Furthermore, we illustrate that IL-33 triggers the excessive generation of medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) IV (thymic tuft cells) in a Pou2f3-dependent manner, as a consequence, disturbs mTEC/cortical TEC (cTEC) compartment and causes thymic involution during severe infection. More importantly, IL-33 deficiency, the anti-IL-33 neutralizing antibody treatment, or IL-33 receptor ST2 deficient thymus transplantation rescues T cell immunity to better control infection in mice. Our findings not only uncover a link between severe infection-induced IL-33 and thymic involution-mediated naive T cell aging, but also suggest that targeting IL-33 or ST2 is a promising strategy to rejuvenate T cell immunity to better control severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Respiratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Shou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Di Lu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Sun
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Beibei Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- grid.452511.6Department of Blood Transfusion, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- grid.452511.6Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiong Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Linrong Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Su
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
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5
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Das S, Nasim F, Mishra R, Mishra R. Thymic and Peripheral T-cell Polarization in an Experimental Model of Russell's Viper Venom-induced Acute Kidney Injury. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1452-1470. [PMID: 34380374 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1960369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Venom pathology is not restricted to the direct toxic effects of venom. Immunoinflammatory alteration as the etiology of snake venom-induced acute kidney injury (SAKI) is a less trodden path toward the development of alternative therapeutic approach. In the present study, we have associated the crest of renal damage stage to the immunological alteration, as reflected in thymic and peripheral T cell polarization in the murine model of SAKI. Renal injury in mice was confirmed from significant dysuresis and adversely altered biochemical renal markers. Histopathological alterations, as revealed by marked tubular and glomerular damage, reaffirmed kidney injury. SAKI is accompanied by significant inflammatory changes as indicated by neutrophilic leucocytosis, increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and plasma CRP levels. Thymic immunophenotyping revealed significantly increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cell, and CD25+ both single positive population (p = .017-0.010) and CD44-CD25+ double negative population (DN3) (p = .002) accompanied by an insignificantly reduced CD4+ helper T cells (p = .451). Peripheral immunophenotyping revealed similar pattern as indicated by reduced helper T cells (p = .002) associated with significantly elevated cytotoxic T cells (p = .009) and CD25+ subset of both helper (p = .002) and cytotoxic (p = .024) T cells. The IL-10+ subset of both CD25+ and CD25- T cells were also found to be significantly elevated in the SAKI group (p ≤ 0.020) suggesting an immunosuppressive phenotype in SAKI. It can be concluded that T cells responds to venom-induced renal injury particularly through IL-10+ reparative phenotypes which are known for their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyasi Das
- Department of Physiology, Ananda Mohan College, Kolkata, India
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Farhat Nasim
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Roshnara Mishra
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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6
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Novak RM, Armon C, Battalora L, Buchacz K, Li J, Ward D, Carlson K, Palella FJ. Aging, trends in CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, and clinical outcomes with persistent HIV suppression in a dynamic cohort of ambulatory HIV patients. AIDS 2022; 36:815-827. [PMID: 35013081 PMCID: PMC11004734 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age blunts CD4+ lymphocyte cell count/μl (CD4+) improvements observed with antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced viral suppression among people with HIV (PWH). Prolonged viral suppression reduces immune dysregulation, reflected by rising CD4+/CD8+ ratios (CD4+/CD8+). We studied CD4+/CD8+ over time to determine whether it predicts risk for select comorbidities and mortality among aging PWH with viral suppression. METHODS We studied HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants prescribed ART during 2000-2018 who achieved a viral load less than 200 copies/ml on or after 1 January 2000, and remained virally suppressed at least 1 year thereafter. We modeled associations of CD4+/CD8+ with select incident comorbidities and all-cause mortality using Cox regression and controlling for demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Of 2480 eligible participants,1145 (46%) were aged less than 40 years, 835 (34%) 40-49 years, and 500 (20%) ≥ 50 years. At baseline, median CD4+/CD8+ was 0.53 (interquartile range: 0.30-0.84) and similar among all age groups (P = 0.18). CD4+/CD8+ values and percentage of participants with CD4+/CD8+ at least 0.70 increased within each age group (P < 0.001 for all). CD4+/CD8+ increase was greatest for PWH aged less than 40 years at baseline. In adjusted models, most recent CD4+/CD8+less than 1.00 and less than 0.70 were independently associated with higher risk of non-AIDS cancer and mortality, respectively. CONCLUSION Pretreatment immune dysregulation may persist as indicated by CD4+/CD8+ less than 0.70. Persistent viral suppression can improve immune dysregulation over time, reducing comorbidity, and mortality risk. Monitoring CD4+/CD8+ among ART-treated PWH with lower values provide a means to assess for mortality and comorbidity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Armon
- Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Linda Battalora
- Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Kate Buchacz
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Frank J. Palella
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Wang H, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Thymic Microenvironment: Interactions Between Innate Immune Cells and Developing Thymocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885280. [PMID: 35464404 PMCID: PMC9024034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a crucial organ for the development of T cells. T cell progenitors first migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus. During the journey to become a mature T cell, progenitors require interactions with many different cell types within the thymic microenvironment, such as stromal cells, which include epithelial, mesenchymal and other non-T-lineage immune cells. There are two crucial decision steps that are required for generating mature T cells: positive and negative selection. Each of these two processes needs to be performed efficiently to produce functional MHC-restricted T cells, while simultaneously restricting the production of auto-reactive T cells. In each step, there are various cell types that are required for the process to be carried out suitably, such as scavengers to clean up apoptotic thymocytes that fail positive or negative selection, and antigen presenting cells to display self-antigens during positive and negative selection. In this review, we will focus on thymic non-T-lineage immune cells, particularly dendritic cells and macrophages, and the role they play in positive and negative selection. We will also examine recent advances in the understanding of their participation in thymus homeostasis and T cell development. This review will provide a perspective on how the thymic microenvironment contributes to thymocyte differentiation and T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker,
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8
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Zhao Q, Dai R, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Shu Z, Zhou L, Ding Y, Tang X, Zhao X. Trends in TREC values according to age and gender in Chinese children and their clinical applications. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:529-538. [PMID: 34405301 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) are small circularized DNA elements produced during rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. Because TRECs are fairly stable, do not replicate during mitosis, and are not diluted during division of naïve T cells (Dion et al. [1]), they are suitable for assessing the number of newly formed T cells (Ping and Denise [2]). In this study, we detected TRECs in 521 healthy Chinese children aged 0-18 years in different clinical settings. The TRECs decrease with aging and show lower levels in preterm and low birth weight (BW) babies compared to those in full-term infants, while the preterm babies can also show comparable levels of TRECs when they have a gestation age (GA)-matched BW. We found a strong correlation between TRECs and peripheral CD4 naïve T cell numbers, which was age-related. We also analyzed the TRECs in different PIDs. Since T cell defects vary in PIDs, TREC levels change inconsistently. For example, in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), combining the level of TREC with lymphocyte subsets can help to distinguish subtypes of disease.Conclusion: We established the reference value range for TRECs by evaluating children below 18 years old in China, which could be used to screen for PIDs during early life. What is Known: • The TREC levels are decreased with age, and there is a positive correlation between TRECs and the numbers of naïve T cells. What is New: • This is the largest study to determine TREC reference levels in healthy Chinese pediatric, we provide solid data showing a correlation between CD4 naïve T cell counts and TREC levels according to age. We point out the GA matched BW is need to be considered during the SCID newborn screening. We are the first group showed that TREC levels can help clinician distinguish different WAS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Rongxin Dai
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhou Shu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Health Management, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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9
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Yao Z, Fukushima H, Suzuki R, Yamaki Y, Hosaka S, Inaba M, Fujiyama S, Takada H. Recovery of lymphocyte subpopulations is incomplete in the long-term setting in pediatric solid tumor survivors. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15257. [PMID: 36538036 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) may have comorbidities including a long-term abnormality in the immune system. Immune reconstitution in CCSs after treatment for acute leukemia has been reported previously, while analyses of immune reconstitution in CCSs with solid tumors have been limited. METHODS Childhood cancer survivors who received chemotherapy for solid tumors and who visited University of Tsukuba Hospital between November 2019 and March 2021 were included the study. Peripheral blood was collected for flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Forty-nine samples from 35 CCSs (18 male, 17 female) were included in the study. High-dose chemotherapy and cerebral spinal irradiation were conducted in 14 CCSs (40%) and in five CCSs (14%), respectively. The median time between the completion of chemotherapy and the collection of the present samples was 15.0 months (range, 0-286 months). The total lymphocyte count, B cells, and CD8-positive T cells recovered to the normal range of controls (NR-CTLs) in 0 (0%), four (66.7%), and four (66.7%) of six samples at 0-3 months after the completion of chemotherapy, and in three (60%), four (80%), and three (60%) of five samples at 3-12 months after the completion of chemotherapy, respectively. Meanwhile, CD4-positive T cells remained lower than NR-CTLs in 0 (0%) of six samples, one (20%) of five samples, and seven (63.7%) of 11 samples at 0-3, 3-12 and 12-60 months after the completion of chemotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Recovery to the NR-CTLs was rapidly achieved in B cells and CD8-positive T cells, while the recovery was slower and incomplete in CD4-positive T cells. Careful observation of infection in long-term follow-up clinics is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yao
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuni Yamaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sho Hosaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masako Inaba
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
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10
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Xia Y, Liu A, Li W, Liu Y, Zhang G, Ye S, Zhao Z, Shi J, Jia Y, Liu X, Guo Y, Chen H, Yu J. Reference range of naïve T and T memory lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of healthy adult. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:208-217. [PMID: 35020890 PMCID: PMC8982966 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve T and T memory cell subsets are closely related to immune response and can provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of immunological and hematological disorders. Lymphocyte compartment undergoes dramatic changes during adulthood; age-related reference values derived from healthy individuals are crucial. However, extensively detailed reference values of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the whole spectrum of adulthood detected by multi-color flow cytometry on a single platform are rare. Three hundred and nine healthy adult volunteers were recruited from Tianjin in China. The absolute counts and percentages of CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, naïve T cells (Tn), T memory stem cells (Tscm), central memory T cells (Tcm), effector memory T cells (Tem), and terminal effector T cells (Tte) were detected by flow cytometry with single platform technologies. Reference range of absolute counts and percentage of T lymphocyte subsets were formulated by different age and gender. The results showed that Tn and Tscm cells, which had stem cell properties, decreased with aging; while, Tcm and Tem increased with aging, which increased from 18 to 64 years old but presented no significant change over the 65 years old. Gender had an influence on the fluctuation of lymphocyte subsets, the absolute count of CD3+CD8+, CD8+Tcm, CD8+Tem in males were higher than those in females. The reference values of percentages and absolute numbers of naïve T and T memory cell subsets can help doctors to understand the immune state of patients and evaluate conditions of prognosis then adjust the treatment for patients. (Chinese Clinic Trial Registry number: ChiCTR-IOR-17014139.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Aqing Liu
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guan Zhang
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Songshan Ye
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijieruo Zhao
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Jia
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Clinic Laboratory, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongtie Guo
- Clinic Laboratory, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huayu Chen
- Clinic Laboratory, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Correspondence: Jianchun Yu, Oncology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China. E-mail:
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11
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Arsenović-Ranin N, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Sex-specific remodeling of T-cell compartment with aging: Implications for rat susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:42-59. [PMID: 34418487 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and susceptibility of animals to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used experimental model of MS, decrease with aging. Generally, autoimmune diseases develop as the ultimate outcome of an imbalance between damaging immune responses against self and regulatory immune responses (keeping the former under control). Thus, in this review the age-related changes possibly underlying this balance were discussed. Specifically, considering the central role of T cells in MS/EAE, the impact of aging on overall functional capacity (reflecting both overall count and individual functional cell properties) of self-reactive conventional T cells (Tcons) and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), as the most potent immunoregulatory/suppressive cells, was analyzed, as well. The analysis encompasses three distinct compartments: thymus (the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the elimination of self-reactive T cells - negative selection and the generation of Tregs, compensating for imperfections of the negative selection), peripheral blood/lymphoid tissues ("afferent" compartment), and brain/spinal cord tissues ("target" compartment). Given that the incidence of MS and susceptibility of animals to EAE are greater in women/females than in age-matched men/males, sex as independent variable was also considered. In conclusion, with aging, sex-specific alterations in the balance of self-reactive Tcons/Tregs are likely to occur not only in the thymus/"afferent" compartment, but also in the "target" compartment, reflecting multifaceted changes in both T-cell types. Their in depth understanding is important not only for envisaging effects of aging, but also for designing interventions to slow-down aging without any adverse effect on incidence of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, University of Belgrade - Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Early-phenotype CAR-T cells for the treatment of pediatric cancers. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1366-1380. [PMID: 34375680 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of childhood cancers, particularly high-risk tumors that fail to respond to standard therapies. CAR-T cells have been highly successful in treating some types of hematological malignancies. However, CAR-T cells targeting solid cancers have had limited success so far for multiple reasons, including their poor long-term persistence and proliferation. Evidence is emerging to show that maintaining CAR-T cells in an early, less differentiated state in vitro results in superior persistence, proliferation, and anti-tumor effects in vivo. Children are ideal candidates for receiving less-differentiated CAR-T cells, because their peripheral T cell pool primarily comprises naïve cells that could readily be harvested in large numbers to generate early-phenotype CAR-T cells. Although several studies have reported different approaches to successfully generate early CAR-T cells, there are only a few clinical trials testing these in adult patients. No trials are currently testing early CAR-T cells in children. Here, we summarize the different strategies used to maintain CAR-T cells in an early phenotypic stage, and present evidence suggesting that this approach may be particularly relevant to treating childhood cancers.
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13
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Hartvigsson O, Barman M, Rabe H, Sandin A, Wold AE, Brunius C, Sandberg AS. Associations of maternal and infant metabolomes with immune maturation and allergy development at 12 months in the Swedish NICE-cohort. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12706. [PMID: 34135462 PMCID: PMC8209090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are the most common chronic diseases in childrenin the Western world, but little is know about what factors influence immune maturation and allergy development. We therefore aimed to associate infant and maternal metabolomes to T- and B-cell subpopulations and allergy diagnosis. We performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics on blood plasma from mothers (third trimester, n = 605; delivery, n = 558) and from the umbilical cord (n = 366). The measured metabolomes were associated to T- and B-cell subpopulations up to 4 months after delivery and to doctor´s diagnosed eczema, food allergy and asthma at one year of age using random forest analysis. Maternal and cord plasma at delivery could predict the number of CD24+CD38low memory B-cells (p = 0.033, n = 26 and p = 0.009, n = 22), but future allergy status could not be distinguished from any of the three measured metabolomes. Replication of previous literature findings showed hypoxanthine to be upregulated in the umbilical cord of children with subsequent asthma. This exploratory study suggests foetal immune programming occuring during pregnancy as the metabolomic profiles of mothers and infants at delivery related to infants' B-cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Hartvigsson
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Barman
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hardis Rabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Sandin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Brunius
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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14
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Hashimoto D, Colet JGR, Murashima A, Fujimoto K, Ueda Y, Suzuki K, Hyuga T, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takahashi S, Takahama Y, Yamada G. Radiation inducible MafB gene is required for thymic regeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10439. [PMID: 34001954 PMCID: PMC8129107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus facilitates mature T cell production by providing a suitable stromal microenvironment. This microenvironment is impaired by radiation and aging which lead to immune system disturbances known as thymic involution. Young adult thymus shows thymic recovery after such involution. Although various genes have been reported for thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells in such processes, the roles of stromal transcription factors in these remain incompletely understood. MafB (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B) is a transcription factor expressed in thymic stroma and its expression was induced a day after radiation exposure. Hence, the roles of mesenchymal MafB in the process of thymic regeneration offers an intriguing research topic also for radiation biology. The current study investigated whether MafB plays roles in the adult thymus. MafB/green fluorescent protein knock-in mutant (MafB+/GFP) mice showed impaired thymic regeneration after the sublethal irradiation, judged by reduced thymus size, total thymocyte number and medullary complexity. Furthermore, IL4 was induced after irradiation and such induction was reduced in mutant mice. The mutants also displayed signs of accelerated age-related thymic involution. Altogether, these results suggest possible functions of MafB in the processes of thymic recovery after irradiation, and maintenance during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Jose Gabriel R Colet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aki Murashima
- Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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15
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Rispoli F, Valencic E, Girardelli M, Pin A, Tesser A, Piscianz E, Boz V, Faletra F, Severini GM, Taddio A, Tommasini A. Immunity and Genetics at the Revolving Doors of Diagnostics in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030532. [PMID: 33809703 PMCID: PMC8002250 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a large and growing group of disorders commonly associated with recurrent infections. However, nowadays, we know that PIDs often carry with them consequences related to organ or hematologic autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and lymphoproliferation in addition to simple susceptibility to pathogens. Alongside this conceptual development, there has been technical advancement, given by the new but already established diagnostic possibilities offered by new genetic testing (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Nevertheless, there is also the need to understand the large number of gene variants detected with these powerful methods. That means advancing beyond genetic results and resorting to the clinical phenotype and to immunological or alternative molecular tests that allow us to prove the causative role of a genetic variant of uncertain significance and/or better define the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Furthermore, because of the rapid availability of results, laboratory immunoassays are still critical to diagnosing many PIDs, even in screening settings. Fundamental is the integration between different specialties and the development of multidisciplinary and flexible diagnostic workflows. This paper aims to tell these evolving aspects of immunodeficiencies, which are summarized in five key messages, through introducing and exemplifying five clinical cases, focusing on diseases that could benefit targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rispoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Erica Valencic
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0403785422
| | - Martina Girardelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alessia Pin
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alessandra Tesser
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Valentina Boz
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Department of Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maria Severini
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Andrea Taddio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
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16
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Kellogg C, Equils O. The role of the thymus in COVID-19 disease severity: implications for antibody treatment and immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:638-643. [PMID: 33064620 PMCID: PMC7993178 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1818519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a largely neglected organ but plays a significant role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. The effect of aging on the thymus and immune senescence is well established, and the resulting inflammaging is found to be implicated in the development of many chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Both aging and diseases of inflammaging are associated with severe COVID-19 disease, and a dysfunctional thymus may be a predisposing factor. In addition, insults on the thymus during childhood may lead to abnormal thymic function and may explain severe COVID-19 disease among younger individuals; therefore, measurement of thymic function may assist COVID-19 care. Those with poor thymic function may be treated prophylactically with convalescent serum or recombinant antibodies, and they may respond better to high-dose or adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccines. Treatments inducing thymic regeneration may improve patients' overall health and may be incorporated in COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Kellogg
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Public Health Education , MiOra Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ozlem Equils
- Public Health Education , MiOra Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Tissue-specific immunity for a changing world. Cell 2021; 184:1517-1529. [PMID: 33740452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our immune system has evolved to protect us from pathogens and maintain homeostasis through localization in diverse tissue sites throughout the body. Immune responses are orchestrated by T cells, which direct pathogen clearance at the infection site and establish tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) for protection immunity. Here, we discuss how tissue immune responses are influenced by various stressors (e.g., metabolic, environmental, aging) that are rapidly changing due to climate fluctuations and globalization. We propose potential strategies for targeting tissue immunity to mitigate future pathogenic and environmental challenges and areas of investigation that can elucidate mechanisms for adapting and restoring homeostasis.
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18
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Gomes JAN, da Silva Dias GA, Fujihara S, Yoshikawa GT, Koyama RVL, Sousa RCM, Quaresma JAS, Fuzii HT. Decrease in naïve T cell production due to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152050. [PMID: 33338979 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphocytic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is mainly associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Patients with HAM/TSP exhibit significant changes in their immune response, and HTLV-1 infection can interfere in cytokine production and perhaps in T cell production. The aims of this study were to evaluate thymic function in HAM/TSP patients and HTLV-1 healthy carriers (HCs) and correlate it to age and interleukin 7 (IL-7) gene expression. Thymic function in 21 HAM/TSP patients and 12 HCs was evaluated by quantifying T cell receptor rearrangement excision circle (TREC) particles and IL-7 gene expression, both measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HAM/TSP patients presented lower TREC particle counts (p = 0.0112) and lower IL-7 expression (p = 0.0102) than HCs. Both TREC particles and IL-7 gene expression were separately analyzed in two age groups: ≤ 59 years and ≥60 years, The ≤59-year-old HAM/TSP patients had a lower TREC count compared with the ≤59-year-old HCs (p = 0.0476). In conclusion, HAM/TSP development could interfere with thymic function because the results showed TREC particle reduction in HAM/TSP patients in relation to HCs, and it could be associated with a concomitant reduction in IL-7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satomi Fujihara
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Hellen Thais Fuzii
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-Pará, Brazil
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19
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Chen YJ, Liao YJ, Tram VTN, Lin CH, Liao KC, Liu CL. Alterations of Specific Lymphocytic Subsets with Aging and Age-Related Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100246. [PMID: 33080827 PMCID: PMC7603042 DOI: 10.3390/life10100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association of immunosenescence with aged-related morbidity in the elderly, a clinical study was conducted to analyze and compare the alterations in peripheral blood (PB) T-cell subsets among young healthy (YH) controls, elderly healthy (EH) controls, and age-matched elderly patients with metabolic diseases (E-MDs), with cardiovascular diseases (E-CVDs) or with both (E-MDs/E-CVDs). The frequencies of CD3T, CD8T and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells were decreased in the EH, E-MD and E-CVD cohorts, indicating a decline in defense function. Although CD4T and regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies tended to increase with aging, they were lower in patients with E-MDs and E-CVDs. Subset analyses of T-cells consistently showed the accumulation of senescent T-cell in aging and in patients with E-MDs and E-CVDs, compared with YH volunteers. These accumulated senescent T-cells were undergoing apoptosis upon stimulation due to the replicative senescence stage of T-cells. In addition, serum levels of cytokines, including interferon (IF)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, consistently reflected alterations in T-cell subsets. This study demonstrated that T-cell subset changes with paralleled alterations in cytokines were associated with aging and age-related pathogenesis. These altered T-cell subsets and/or cytokines can potentially serve as biomarkers for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of age-related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jen Chen
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yi Jen Liao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Van Thi Ngoc Tram
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung Hao Lin
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Chen Liao
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chao Lien Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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20
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Fialkowski A, Gernez Y, Arya P, Weinacht KG, Kinane TB, Yonker LM. Insight into the pediatric and adult dichotomy of COVID-19: Age-related differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2556-2564. [PMID: 32710693 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The difference in morbidity and mortality between adult and pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 infections is dramatic. Understanding pediatric-specific acute and delayed immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for the development of vaccination strategies, immune-targeted therapies, and treatment and prevention of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The goal of this review is to highlight research developments in the understanding of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections, with a specific focus on age-related immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yael Gernez
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Puneeta Arya
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katja G Weinacht
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - T Bernard Kinane
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pulmonary, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pulmonary, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Poon MM, Farber DL. The Whole Body as the System in Systems Immunology. iScience 2020; 23:101509. [PMID: 32920485 PMCID: PMC7491152 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system is comprised of a diverse and interactive network of specialized cells localized in diverse tissues throughout the body, where they mediate protection against pathogens and environmental insults while maintaining tissue homeostasis. Although much of our understanding of human immunology has derived from studies of peripheral blood, recent work utilizing human tissue resources and innovative computational methods have employed a whole-body, systems-based approach, revealing tremendous complexity and heterogeneity of the immune system within individuals and across the population. In this review, we discuss how tissue localization, developmental and age-associated changes, and conditions of health and disease shape the immune response, as well as how improved understanding of interindividual and tissue-specific immunity can be leveraged for developing targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M.L. Poon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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Quiros-Roldan E, Properzi M, Paghera S, Raffetti E, Castelli F, Imberti L. Factors associated with immunosenescence during early adulthood in HIV-infected patients after durable efficient combination antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10057. [PMID: 32572110 PMCID: PMC7308364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatally HIV-infected patients face the consequences of both chronic infection effects per se and long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on immunosenescence. Aims of our study were to evaluate which factors independently contribute to immunosenescence in HIV-infected young adults with a very different HIV infection duration (perinatally HIV-infected young individuals -pHIVy- and age-matched non perinatally HIV-infected youths –npHIVy), after durable efficient cART. We considered low thymic and bone marrow output, respectively evaluated by quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), K-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs), and shorter telomeres lenght (TL) as surrogate biomarkers of immunosenescence. Twenty-one pHIVy and 19 npHIVy (with a mean HIV duration of 3–8 years) were included; mean age was 27 years for both groups. Immunosenescence biomarkers were comparable between pHIVy and npHIVy (despite longer HIV-infection, higher frequency of AIDS events, past cART-free periods and concomitant chronic viral infections in pHIVy). At the multivariate analysis, CD4+ was the only variable independently associated with TRECs and TL. Our data suggest that a good level of thymic activity can compensate the deleterious effects of past periods without cART, if HIV replication is suppressed for a sufficient time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martina Properzi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Simone Paghera
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Raffetti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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23
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Helgeland H, Gabrielsen I, Akselsen H, Sundaram AYM, Flåm ST, Lie BA. Transcriptome profiling of human thymic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to primary peripheral T cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:350. [PMID: 32393182 PMCID: PMC7216358 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thymus is a highly specialized organ of the immune system where T cell precursors develop and differentiate into self-tolerant CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. No studies to date have investigated how the human transcriptome profiles differ, between T cells still residing in the thymus and T cells in the periphery. Results We have performed high-throughput RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of primary single positive (SP) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from infant thymic tissue, as well as primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from infant and adult peripheral blood, to enable the comparisons across tissues and ages. In addition, we have assessed the expression of candidate genes related to autoimmune diseases in thymic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The thymic T cells showed the largest number of uniquely expressed genes, suggesting a more diverse transcription in thymic T cells. Comparing T cells of thymic and blood origin, revealed more differentially expressed genes, than between infant and adult blood. Functional enrichment analysis revealed an over-representation of genes involved in cell cycle and replication in thymic T cells, whereas infant blood T cells were dominated by immune related terms. Comparing adult and infant blood T cells, the former was enriched for inflammatory response, cytokine production and biological adhesion, while upregulated genes in infant blood T cells were associated with cell cycle, cell death and gene expression. Conclusion This study provides valuable insight into the transcriptomes of the human primary SP T cells still residing within the thymus, and offers a unique comparison to primary blood derived T cells. Interestingly, the majority of autoimmune disease associated genes were expressed in one or more T cell subset, however ~ 11% of these were not expressed in frequently studied adult peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Helgeland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingvild Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Akselsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arvind Y M Sundaram
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Alexandra Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Abstract
In the fetus, the cardiac neural crest gives rise to both the thymus and the conotruncus of the heart. In newborn screening for severe T-cell lymphopenia neonates with congenital heart defects may be detected. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of T-cell lymphopenia in neonates with or without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (del) suffering from heart defects. This retrospective cohort study included 125 patients with heart defects. T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), a measure for T-cell lymphopenia, were quantified by RT-PCR using stored newborn screening blood spots. Three patient groups were compared: non-conotruncal defects (n = 57), conotruncal defects (n = 42), and 22q11.2 del with conotruncal defects (n = 26). Significantly lower TREC values were detected in patients with 22q11.2 del and conotruncal heart defects compared to those with non-syndromic conotruncal (p < 0.001) and non-conotruncal (p < 0.001) defects. In contrast, no significant difference was found between patients with non-syndromic conotruncal and non-conotruncal heart defects (p = 0.152). Low TREC levels were obtained in neonates treated with heart surgery/intervention within 2 weeks after birth and in those with a fatal outcome (p = 0.02) independent of patient group. A correlation was found between low TREC numbers and oxygen saturation, SpO2 below 95% (p = 0.017). The SpO2 was significantly lower in the non-syndromic conotruncal group compared to non-conotruncal (p < 0.001) and 22q11.2 del group (p = 0.015). No correlation was found between low neonatal TRECs and infections needing hospitalization later in life (p = 0.135). Patients with 22q11.2 del and conotruncal defects have significantly lower TREC levels compared to patients with heart defects without this syndrome.
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25
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Cumulative viral load as a predictor of CD4+ T-cell response to antiretroviral therapy using Bayesian statistical models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224723. [PMID: 31721805 PMCID: PMC6853324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are Challenges in statistically modelling immune responses to longitudinal HIV viral load exposure as a function of covariates. We define Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo mixed effects models to incorporate priors and examine the effect of different distributional assumptions. We prospectively fit these models to an as-yet-unpublished data from the Tshwane District Hospital HIV treatment clinic in South Africa, to determine if cumulative log viral load, an indicator of long-term viral exposure, is a valid predictor of immune response. METHODS Models are defined, to express 'slope', i.e. mean annual increase in CD4 counts, and 'asymptote', i.e. the odds of having a CD4 count ≥500 cells/μL during antiretroviral treatment, as a function of covariates and random-effects. We compare the effect of using informative versus non-informative prior distributions on model parameters. Models with cubic splines or Skew-normal distributions are also compared using the conditional Deviance Information Criterion. RESULTS The data of 750 patients are analyzed. Overall, models adjusting for cumulative log viral load provide a significantly better fit than those that do not. An increase in cumulative log viral load is associated with a decrease in CD4 count slope (19.6 cells/μL (95% credible interval: 28.26, 10.93)) and a reduction in the odds of achieving a CD4 counts ≥500 cells/μL (0.42 (95% CI: 0.236, 0.730)) during 5 years of therapy. Using informative priors improves the cumulative log viral load estimate, and a skew-normal distribution for the random-intercept and measurement error results is a better fit compared to using classical Gaussian distributions. DISCUSSION We demonstrate in an unpublished South African cohort that cumulative log viral load is a strong and significant predictor of both CD4 count slope and asymptote. We argue that Bayesian methods should be used more frequently for such data, given their flexibility to incorporate prior information and non-Gaussian distributions.
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26
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Du Q, Huynh LK, Coskun F, Molina E, King MA, Raj P, Khan S, Dozmorov I, Seroogy CM, Wysocki CA, Padron GT, Yates TR, Markert ML, de la Morena MT, van Oers NS. FOXN1 compound heterozygous mutations cause selective thymic hypoplasia in humans. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4724-4738. [PMID: 31566583 PMCID: PMC6819092 DOI: 10.1172/jci127565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on 2 patients with compound heterozygous mutations in forkhead box N1 (FOXN1), a transcription factor essential for thymic epithelial cell (TEC) differentiation. TECs are critical for T cell development. Both patients had a presentation consistent with T-/loB+NK+ SCID, with normal hair and nails, distinct from the classic nude/SCID phenotype in individuals with autosomal-recessive FOXN1 mutations. To understand the basis of this phenotype and the effects of the mutations on FOXN1, we generated mice using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to genocopy mutations in 1 of the patients. The mice with the Foxn1 compound heterozygous mutations had thymic hypoplasia, causing a T-B+NK+ SCID phenotype, whereas the hair and nails of these mice were normal. Characterization of the functional changes due to the Foxn1 mutations revealed a 5-amino acid segment at the end of the DNA-binding domain essential for the development of TECs but not keratinocytes. The transcriptional activity of this Foxn1 mutant was partly retained, indicating a region that specifies TEC functions. Analysis of an additional 9 FOXN1 mutations identified in multiple unrelated patients revealed distinct functional consequences contingent on the impact of the mutation on the DNA-binding and transactivation domains of FOXN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Du
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Larry K. Huynh
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Fatma Coskun
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erika Molina
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew A. King
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christine M. Seroogy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christian A. Wysocki
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Grace T. Padron
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - M. Louise Markert
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Nicolai S.C. van Oers
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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27
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Furler RL, Newcombe KL, Del Rio Estrada PM, Reyes-Terán G, Uittenbogaart CH, Nixon DF. Histoarchitectural Deterioration of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV-1 Infection and in Aging. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1148-1159. [PMID: 31474115 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired immunity is a common symptom of aging and advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. In both diseases, a decline in lymphocytic function and cellularity leads to ineffective adaptive immune responses to opportunistic infections and vaccinations. Furthermore, despite sustained myeloid cellularity there is a background of chronic immune activation and a decrease in innate immune function in aging. In HIV-1 disease, myeloid cellularity is often more skewed than in normal aging, but similar chronic activation and innate immune dysfunction typically arise. Similarities between aging and HIV-1 infection have led to several investigations into HIV-1-mediated aging of the immune system. In this article, we review various studies that report alterations of leukocyte number and function during aging, and compare those alterations with those observed during progressive HIV-1 disease. We pay particular attention to changes within lymphoid tissue microenvironments and how histoarchitectural changes seen in these two diseases affect immunity. As we review various immune compartments including peripheral blood as well as primary and secondary lymphoid organs, common themes arise that help explain the decline of immunity in the elderly and in HIV-1-infected individuals with advanced disease. In both conditions, lymphoid tissues often show signs of histoarchitectural deterioration through fat accumulation and/or fibrosis. These structural changes can be attributed to a loss of communication between leukocytes and the surrounding stromal cells that produce the extracellular matrix components and growth factors necessary for cell migration, cell proliferation, and lymphoid tissue function. Despite the common general impairment of immunity in aging and HIV-1 progression, deterioration of immunity is caused by distinct mechanisms at the cellular and tissue levels in these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Furler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kevin L. Newcombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine-Pediatrics, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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28
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Dynamic changes in epithelial cell morphology control thymic organ size during atrophy and regeneration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4402. [PMID: 31562306 PMCID: PMC6765001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes must be produced throughout life, yet the thymus, where T lymphocytes are made, exhibits accelerated atrophy with age. Even in advanced atrophy, however, the thymus remains plastic, and can be regenerated by appropriate stimuli. Logically, thymic atrophy is thought to reflect senescent cell death, while regeneration requires proliferation of stem or progenitor cells, although evidence is scarce. Here we use conditional reporters to show that accelerated thymic atrophy reflects contraction of complex cell projections unique to cortical epithelial cells, while regeneration requires their regrowth. Both atrophy and regeneration are independent of changes in epithelial cell number, suggesting that the size of the thymus is regulated primarily by rate-limiting morphological changes in cortical stroma, rather than by their cell death or proliferation. Our data also suggest that cortical epithelial morphology is under the control of medullary stromal signals, revealing a previously unrecognized endocrine-paracrine signaling axis in the thymus.
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29
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Chumsri S, Serie DJ, Li Z, Pogue-Geile KL, Soyano-Muller AE, Mashadi-Hossein A, Warren S, Lou Y, Colon-Otero G, Knutson KL, Perez EA, Moreno-Aspitia A, Thompson EA. Effects of Age and Immune Landscape on Outcome in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer in the NCCTG N9831 (Alliance) and NSABP B-31 (NRG) Trials. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4422-4430. [PMID: 30808774 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Young age has been shown to be an independent predictor of poor outcome in breast cancer. In HER2-positive breast cancer, the effects of aging remain largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 4,547 patients were included [3,132 from North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) N9831 and 1,415 from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-31]. Pathologic stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (sTIL) and molecular tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (mTIL) signatures were evaluated. RESULTS In NCCTG N9831, comparable benefit of trastuzumab was observed in all patients [age ≤ 40; HR, 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28-0.66; P < 0.001; and age > 40; HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45-0.69; P < 0.001]. Similar results were observed in NSABP B-31 (age ≤ 40; HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.68; P < 0.001; and age > 40; HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.33-0.54; P < 0.001). Among patients who received chemotherapy alone, younger age was associated with poor outcome in the hormone receptor-positive subset, but not the hormone receptor-negative subset, in both trials. Although there was no association between sTILs and age, a small, but significant increase in mTIL CD45 and some immune subset signatures were observed. Among patients who received chemotherapy alone, patients over 40 years of age with lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer had excellent outcome, with 95% remaining recurrence free at 15 years. CONCLUSIONS Among patients treated with trastuzumab, there was no significant difference in outcome related to age. Our study suggests that trastuzumab can negate the poor prognosis associated with young age.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Disease-Free Survival
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Paclitaxel/administration & dosage
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Trastuzumab/administration & dosage
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Chumsri
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Zhuo Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Katherine L Pogue-Geile
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (now NRG Oncology), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Gerardo Colon-Otero
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Edith A Perez
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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30
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Levy A, Rangel-Santos A, Torres LC, Silveira-Abreu G, Agena F, Carneiro-Sampaio M. T cell receptor excision circles as a tool for evaluating thymic function in young children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8292. [PMID: 31241713 PMCID: PMC6596370 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T cells as well as the immunological central tolerance. It is in the antenatal period and infancy that it plays its major role. In clinical practice, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) are considered a direct and reliable measure of the thymic function. TRECs are a by-product of DNA formation in gene rearrangement of T cell receptors. They are stable and they do not duplicate during mitosis, representing the recent emigrant T cells from the thymus. Despite their importance, TRECs have been neglected by physicians and there is a lack of data regarding thymic function during infancy of healthy children. In order to evaluate thymic function in the first years of life, we propose measuring TRECs as a valuable tool. One hundred and three blood samples from children and adolescents between 3 months and 20 years of age were analyzed. The mean TRECs count was 136.77±96.7 copies of TRECs/μL of DNA. The individuals between 0 and 5 years of age had significantly higher TRECs values than those between 10 and 20 years of age. No significant difference was observed in TRECs values among age groups below 5 years of age. An inverse correlation between TRECs and age was found (r=0.3 P=0.003). These data highlight and validate the evidence of decreased thymus function with age, even during infancy. Awareness should be raised with this important albeit ignored organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levy
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A Rangel-Santos
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L C Torres
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - G Silveira-Abreu
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F Agena
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M Carneiro-Sampaio
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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31
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Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ essential for the development of T lymphocytes, which orchestrate adaptive immune responses. T-cell development in the thymus is spatially regulated; key checkpoints in T-cell maturation and selection occur in cortical and medullary regions to eliminate self-reactive T cells, establish central tolerance, and export naïve T cells to the periphery with the potential to recognize diverse pathogens. Thymic output is also temporally regulated due to age-related involution of the thymus accompanied by loss of epithelial cells. This review discusses the structural and age-related control of thymus function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Thapa
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB1501, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Surgery, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB1501, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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32
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Gauthier SD, Moutuou MM, Daudelin F, Leboeuf D, Guimond M. IL-7 Is the Limiting Homeostatic Factor that Constrains Homeostatic Proliferation of CD8 + T Cells after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 25:648-655. [PMID: 30576835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation relies primarily on homeostatic proliferation (HP) of mature T lymphocytes, but this process is typically impaired during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We previously showed that low IL-7 levels combined with lack of dendritic cell (DC) regeneration constrain CD4+ T cell HP during GVHD. However, it is not clear whether these alterations to the peripheral CD4+ T cell niche also contribute to impair CD8+ T cell regeneration during GVHD. We found that IL-7 therapy was sufficient for restoring CD8+ T cell HP in GVHD hosts while forcing DC regeneration with Flt3-L had only a modest effect on CD8+ T cell HP in IL-7 treated mice. Using bone marrow chimeras, we showed that HP of naïve CD8+ T cells is primarily regulated by MHC class I on radio-resistant stromal cells, yet optimal recovery of CD8+ T cell counts still requires expression of MHC class I on both radio-resistant and radio-sensitive hematopoietic cells. Thus, IL-7 level is the primary limiting factor that constrains naïve CD8+ T cell HP during GVHD, and accessibility of MHC class I on stromal cells explains how IL-7 therapy, as a single agent, can induce robust CD8 + T cell HP in the absence of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-David Gauthier
- Départment de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Départment de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Daudelin
- Départment de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Leboeuf
- Division d'Hématologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Martin Guimond
- Départment de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division d'Hématologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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33
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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity 2018; 48:202-213. [PMID: 29466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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34
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Abusarah J, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet? Gerontology 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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35
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Dai X, Hua L, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Liang C. Mechanisms in hypertension and target organ damage: Is the role of the thymus key? (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3-12. [PMID: 29620247 PMCID: PMC5979885 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cells and cytokines have been shown to be involved in the whole process of hypertension. Data from experimental and clinical studies on hypertension have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in the process. Dysfunction of the thymus, which modulates the development and maturation of lymphocytes, has been shown to be associated with the severity of hypertension. Furthermore, gradual atrophy, functional decline or loss of the thymus has been revealed to be associated with aging. The restoration or enhancement of thymus function via upregulation in the expression of thymus transcription factors forkhead box N1 or thymus transplantation may provide an option to halt or reverse the pathological process of hypertension. Therefore, the thymus may be key in hypertension and associated target organ damage, and may provide a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with hypertension in addition to different commercial drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the advances in our understanding of the impact of thymus function on hypertension from data from animal and human studies, and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiamei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yanda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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36
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Cepeda S, Griffith AV. Thymic stromal cells: Roles in atrophy and age-associated dysfunction of the thymus. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:113-117. [PMID: 29278750 PMCID: PMC5869099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atrophy of the thymus, the primary site of T lymphocyte generation, is a hallmark of the aging immune system. Age-associated thymic atrophy results in diminished output of new, naïve T cells, with immune sequelae that include diminished responses to novel pathogenic challenge and vaccines, as well as diminished tumor surveillance. Although a variety of stimuli are known to regulate transient thymic atrophy, mechanisms governing progressive age-associated atrophy have been difficult to resolve. This has been due in part to the fact that one of the primary targets of age-associated thymic atrophy is a relatively rare population, thymic stromal cells. This review focuses on changes in thymic stromal cells during aging and on the contributions of periodic, stochastic, and progressive causes of thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cepeda
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ann V Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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37
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Pockley AG, Lindsay JO, Foulds GA, Rutella S, Gribben JG, Alexander T, Snowden JA. Immune Reconstitution After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Crohn's Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. A Review on Behalf of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party and the Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation In Refractory CD-Low Intensity Therapy Evaluation Study Investigators. Front Immunol 2018; 9:646. [PMID: 29670622 PMCID: PMC5893785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with treatment refractory Crohn's disease (CD) suffer debilitating symptoms, poor quality of life, and reduced work productivity. Surgery to resect inflamed and fibrotic intestine may mandate creation of a stoma and is often declined by patients. Such patients continue to be exposed to medical therapy that is ineffective, often expensive and still associated with a burden of adverse effects. Over the last two decades, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with severe autoimmune diseases (ADs). Mechanistic studies have provided proof of concept that auto-HSCT can restore immunological tolerance in chronic autoimmunity via the eradication of pathological immune responses and a profound reconfiguration of the immune system. Herein, we review current experience of auto-HSCT for the treatment of CD as well as approaches that have been used to monitor immune reconstitution following auto-HSCT in patients with ADs, including CD. We also detail immune reconstitution studies that have been integrated into the randomized controlled Autologous Stem cell Transplantation In refractory CD-Low Intensity Therapy Evaluation trial, which is designed to test the hypothesis that auto-HSCT using reduced intensity mobilization and conditioning regimens will be a safe and effective means of inducing sustained control in refractory CD compared to standard of care. Immunological profiling will generate insight into the pathogenesis of the disease, restoration of responsiveness to anti-TNF therapy in patients with recurrence of endoscopic disease and immunological events that precede the onset of disease in patients that relapse after auto-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma A Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Rutella
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ) - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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38
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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes research on the physiological changes that occur with aging and the resulting effects on fracture healing. RECENT FINDINGS Aging affects the inflammatory response during fracture healing through senescence of the immune response and increased systemic pro-inflammatory status. Important cells of the inflammatory response, macrophages, T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, have demonstrated intrinsic age-related changes that could impact fracture healing. Additionally, vascularization and angiogenesis are impaired in fracture healing of the elderly. Finally, osteochondral cells and their progenitors demonstrate decreased activity and quantity within the callus. Age-related changes affect many of the biologic processes involved in fracture healing. However, the contributions of such changes do not fully explain the poorer healing outcomes and increased morbidity reported in elderly patients. Future research should address this gap in understanding in order to provide improved and more directed treatment options for the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 2550 23rd St, Building 9, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., Rm. S-619A, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mary Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0451, USA
- Department of Pathology, VA Medical Center, University of California San Francisco & Pathology Service, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Ted Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 2550 23rd St, Building 9, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 2550 23rd St, Building 9, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
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de Armas LR, Pallikkuth S, George V, Rinaldi S, Pahwa R, Arheart KL, Pahwa S. Reevaluation of immune activation in the era of cART and an aging HIV-infected population. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e95726. [PMID: 29046481 PMCID: PMC5846952 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is associated with immune activation (IA) and declining immunity due to systemic inflammation. It is widely accepted that HIV infection causes persistent IA and premature immune senescence despite effective antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression; however, the effects of combined HIV infection and aging are not well defined. Here, we assessed the relationship between markers of IA and inflammation during biological aging in HIV-infected and -uninfected populations. Antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination was implemented as a measure of immune competence and relationships between IA, inflammation, and antibody responses were explored using statistical modeling appropriate for integrating high-dimensional data sets. Our results show that markers of IA, such as coexpression of HLA antigen D related (HLA-DR) and CD38 on CD4+ T cells, exhibit strong associations with HIV infection but not with biological age. Certain variables that showed a strong relationship with aging, such as declining naive and CD38+ CD4 and CD8+ T cells, did so regardless of HIV infection. Interestingly, the variable of biological age was not identified in a predictive model as significantly impacting vaccine responses in either group, while distinct IA and inflammatory variables were closely associated with vaccine response in HIV-infected and -uninfected populations. These findings shed light on the most relevant and persistent immune defects during virological suppression with antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristopher L. Arheart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Impact of aging on distribution of IgA + and IgG + cells in aggregated lymphoid nodules area in abomasum of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Exp Gerontol 2017; 100:36-44. [PMID: 28989079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aggregated lymphoid nodules area (ALNA) in the abomasum is a special organized lymphoid tissue discovered only in Bactrian camels at present. This study aimed to explore the impact of aging on distribution of IgA+ and IgG+ cells in ALNA in abomasum of Bactrian camels. Twenty-four Alashan Bactrian camels were divided into the following four age groups: young (1-2years), pubertal (3-5years), middle-aged (6-16years) and old (17-20years). IgA+ and IgG+ cells in the lamina propria of ALNA were observed and analyzed using immunohistochemical and statistical techniques. The results showed that, in ALNA, the distribution of IgA+ and IgG+ cells were diffuse, and only a few were in subepithelium dome (SED) and most of them in non-SED. Meanwhile, there were significantly more IgA+ cells than IgG+ cells in SED from the young to the middle aged group, but which reversed in old group (P<0.05). However, the aging significantly decreased the densities of IgA+ and IgG+ cells populations in non-SED (P<0.05); in SED, there were no significant differences between the densities of IgA+ and IgG+ cells, but which were both significantly lower in old group than those in young group (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that, in mucosal effector sites, the aging significantly decreased the densities of IgA+ and IgG+ cells populations and impacted on the defense barriers formed by IgA and IgG, but had no impact on the scattered characteristics. In inductive sites, the aging dramatically declined their densities, and they should have close relationships with immune memory. These findings lay the foundation for further researching the mucosal immune disorder or decline caused by aging, and especially underscore the importance of researching the impact of aging on the relationship between IgA+ and IgG+ cells populations and the microbiota colonized in abomasum of Bactrian camels.
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Yan F, Mo X, Liu J, Ye S, Zeng X, Chen D. Thymic function in the regulation of T cells, and molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of cytokines and stress signaling (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7175-7184. [PMID: 28944829 PMCID: PMC5865843 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is critical in establishing and maintaining the appropriate microenvironment for promoting the development and selection of T cells. The function and structure of the thymus gland has been extensively studied, particularly as the thymus serves an important physiological role in the lymphatic system. Numerous studies have investigated the morphological features of thymic involution. Recently, research attention has increasingly been focused on thymic proteins as targets for drug intervention. Omics approaches have yielded novel insights into the thymus and possible drug targets. The present review addresses the signaling and transcriptional functions of the thymus, including the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory functions of T cells and their role in the immune system. In addition, the levels of cytokines secreted in the thymus have a significant effect on thymic functions, including thymocyte migration and development, thymic atrophy and thymic recovery. Furthermore, the regulation and molecular mechanisms of stress-mediated thymic atrophy and involution were investigated, with particular emphasis on thymic function as a potential target for drug development and discovery using proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggen Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Ye
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Dacan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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43
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Xie T, Leung PS. Fibroblast growth factor 21: a regulator of metabolic disease and health span. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E292-E302. [PMID: 28559437 PMCID: PMC5625087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00101.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a potent endocrine regulator with physiological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and thus garners much attention for its translational potential for the management of obesity and related metabolic syndromes. FGF21 is mainly expressed in several metabolically active tissue organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, with profound effects and therapeutic relevance. Emerging experimental and clinical data point to the demonstrated metabolic benefits of FGF21, which include, but are not limited to, weight loss, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In addition, FGF21 also acts directly through its coreceptor β-klotho in the brain to alter light-dark cycle activity. In this review, we critically appraise current advances in understanding the physiological actions of FGF21 and its role as a biomarker of various metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also discuss the potentially exciting role of FGF21 in improving our health and prolonging our life span. This information will provide a fuller understanding for further research into FGF21, as well as providing a scientific basis for potentially establishing health care guidelines for this promising molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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44
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Mahr B, Wekerle T. Murine models of transplantation tolerance through mixed chimerism: advances and roadblocks. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:181-189. [PMID: 28395110 PMCID: PMC5508343 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage organ failure, but chronic immunosuppression is taking its toll in terms of morbidity and poor efficacy in preventing late graft loss. Therefore, a drug-free state would be desirable where the recipient permanently accepts a donor organ while remaining otherwise fully immunologically competent. Mouse studies unveiled mixed chimerism as an effective approach to induce such donor-specific tolerance deliberately and laid the foundation for a series of clinical pilot trials. Nevertheless, its widespread clinical implementation is currently prevented by cytotoxic conditioning and limited efficacy. Therefore, the use of mouse studies remains an indispensable tool for the development of novel concepts with potential for translation and for the delineation of underlying tolerance mechanisms. Recent innovations developed in mice include the use of pro-apoptotic drugs or regulatory T cell (Treg ) transfer for promoting bone marrow engraftment in the absence of myelosuppression and new insight gained in the role of innate immunity and the interplay between deletion and regulation in maintaining tolerance in chimeras. Here, we review these and other recent advances in murine studies inducing transplantation tolerance through mixed chimerism and discuss both the advances and roadblocks of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Mahr
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - T. Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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45
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Flinn AM, Gennery AR. Treatment of Pediatric Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease-Lessons from Primary Immunodeficiency? Front Immunol 2017; 8:328. [PMID: 28377772 PMCID: PMC5359217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is used to treat increasing numbers of malignant and non-malignant disorders. Despite significant advances in improved human leukocyte antigens-typing techniques, less toxic conditioning regimens and better supportive care, resulting in improved clinical outcomes, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) continues to be a major obstacle and, although it principally involves the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver, the thymus is also a primary target. An important aim following HSCT is to achieve complete and durable immunoreconstitution with a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire to recognize a broad range of pathogens providing adequate long-term adaptive T-lymphocyte immunity, essential to reduce the risk of infection, disease relapse, and secondary malignancies. Reconstitution of adaptive T-lymphocyte immunity is a lengthy and complex process which requires a functioning and structurally intact thymus responsible for the production of new naïve T-lymphocytes with a broad TCR repertoire. Damage to the thymic microenvironment, secondary to aGvHD and the effect of corticosteroid treatment, disturbs normal signaling required for thymocyte development, resulting in impaired T-lymphopoiesis and reduced thymic export. Primary immunodeficiencies, in which failure of central or peripheral tolerance is a major feature, because of intrinsic defects in hematopoietic stem cells leading to abnormal T-lymphocyte development, or defects in thymic stroma, can give insights into critical processes important for recovery from aGvHD. Extracorporeal photopheresis is a potential alternative therapy for aGvHD, which acts in an immunomodulatory fashion, through the generation of regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs), alteration of cytokine patterns and modulation of dendritic cells. Promoting normal central and peripheral immune tolerance, with selective downregulation of immune stimulation, could reduce aGvHD, and enable a reduction in other immunosuppression, facilitating thymic recovery, restoration of normal T-lymphocyte ontogeny, and complete immunoreconstitution with improved clinical outcome as the ability to fight infections improves and risk of secondary malignancy or relapse diminishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M Flinn
- Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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46
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Ito R, Hale LP, Geyer SM, Li J, Sornborger A, Kajimura J, Kusunoki Y, Yoshida K, van den Brink MRM, Kyoizumi S, Manley NR, Nakachi K, Sempowski GD. Late Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Age on Human Thymus Morphology and Function. Radiat Res 2017; 187:589-598. [PMID: 28319462 DOI: 10.1667/rr4554.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is essential for proper development and maintenance of a T-cell repertoire that can respond to newly encountered antigens, but its function can be adversely affected by internal factors such as pregnancy and normal aging or by external stimuli such as stress, infection, chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. We have utilized a unique archive of thymus tissues, obtained from 165 individuals, exposed to the 1945 atomic bomb blast in Hiroshima, to study the long-term effects of receiving up to ∼3 Gy dose of ionizing radiation on human thymus function. A detailed morphometric analysis of thymus activity and architecture in these subjects at the time of their natural deaths was performed using bright-field immunohistochemistry and dual-color immunofluorescence and compared to a separate cohort of nonexposed control subjects. After adjusting for age-related effects, increased hallmarks of thymic involution were observed histologically in individuals exposed to either low (5-200 mGy) or moderate-to-high (>200 mGy) doses of ionizing radiation compared to unirradiated individuals (<5 mGy). Sex-related differences were seen when the analysis was restricted to individuals under 60 years of attained age at sample collection, but were not observed when comparing across the entire age range. This indicates that while females undergo slower involution than males, they ultimately attain similar phenotypes. These findings suggest that even low-dose-radiation exposure can accelerate thymic aging, with decreased thymopoiesis relative to nonexposed controls evident years after exposure. These data were used to develop a model that can predict thymic function during normal aging or in individuals therapeutically or accidentally exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ito
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Laura P Hale
- b Department of Pathology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan M Geyer
- c Department of Pediatrics, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jie Li
- d Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Sornborger
- e Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis, California.,f Department of Mathematics and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Junko Kajimura
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshida
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- g Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Seishi Kyoizumi
- g Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nancy R Manley
- d Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kei Nakachi
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- b Department of Pathology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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47
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Liggett LA, DeGregori J. Changing mutational and adaptive landscapes and the genesis of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1867:84-94. [PMID: 28167050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By the time the process of oncogenesis has produced an advanced cancer, tumor cells have undergone extensive evolution. The cellular phenotypes resulting from this evolution have been well studied, and include accelerated growth rates, apoptosis resistance, immortality, invasiveness, and immune evasion. Yet with all of our current knowledge of tumor biology, the details of early oncogenesis have been difficult to observe and understand. Where different oncogenic mutations may work together to enhance the survival of a tumor cell, in isolation they are often pro-apoptotic, pro-differentiative or pro-senescent, and therefore often, somewhat paradoxically, disadvantageous to a cell. It is also becoming clear that somatic mutations, including those in known oncogenic drivers, are common in tissues starting at a young age. These observations raise the question: how do we largely avoid cancer for most of our lives? Here we propose that evolutionary forces can help explain this paradox. As humans and other organisms age or experience external insults such as radiation or smoking, the structure and function of tissues progressively degrade, resulting in altered stem cell niche microenvironments. As tissue integrity declines, it becomes less capable of supporting and maintaining resident stem cells. These stem cells then find themselves in a microenvironment to which they are poorly adapted, providing a competitive advantage to those cells that can restore their functionality and fitness through mutations or epigenetic changes. The resulting oncogenic clonal expansions then increase the odds of further cancer progression. Understanding how the causes of cancer, such as aging or smoking, affect tissue microenvironments to control the impact of mutations on somatic cell fitness can help reconcile the discrepancy between marked mutation accumulation starting early in life and the somatic evolution that leads to cancer at advanced ages or following carcinogenic insults. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Evolutionary principles - heterogeneity in cancer?, edited by Dr. Robert A. Gatenby.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alexander Liggett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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48
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Sun H, Ni X, Zeng D, Zou F, Yang M, Peng Z, Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Zhu H, Wang H, Yin Z, Pan K, Jing B. Bidirectional immunomodulating activity of fermented polysaccharides from Yupingfeng. Res Vet Sci 2017; 110:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:141-155. [PMID: 28106477 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the consistent benefits for HIV-1 infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy, a complete immune reconstitution is usually not achieved. Actually, antiretroviral therapy may be frequently accompanied by immunological unresponsiveness, persistent inflammatory conditions and inefficient cytotoxic T-cell response. Thymosin alpha 1 is a thymic peptide that demonstrates a peculiar ability to restore immune system homeostasis in different physiological and pathological conditions (i.e., infections, cancer, immunodeficiency, vaccination and aging) acting as multitasking protein depending on the host state of inflammation or immune dysfunction. This review reports the present knowledge on the in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the use of thymosin alpha 1 in HIV-1 infection. Recent findings and future perspectives of therapeutic intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ayele Argaw-Denboba
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization & Health Care, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Roma 00166, Italy
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50
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Thome JJC, Grinshpun B, Kumar BV, Kubota M, Ohmura Y, Lerner H, Sempowski GD, Shen Y, Farber DL. Longterm maintenance of human naive T cells through in situ homeostasis in lymphoid tissue sites. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 28361127 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naïve T cells develop in the thymus and coordinate immune responses to new antigens; however, mechanisms for their long-term persistence over the human lifespan remain undefined. Here, we investigated human naïve T cell development and maintenance in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues obtained from individual organ donors aged 3 months-73 years. In the thymus, the frequency of double-positive thymocytes declined sharply in donors over age 40 coincident with reduced recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in lymphoid tissues, while naïve T cells were functionally maintained predominantly in lymph nodes (LN). Analysis of TCR clonal distribution by CDR3 sequencing of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen and LNs reveal site-specific clonal expansions of naïve T cells from individuals >40 years of age with minimal clonal overlap between lymphoid tissues. We also identified biased naïve T cell clonal distribution within specific lymph nodes based on VJ usage. Together these results suggest prolonged maintenance of naïve T cells through in situ homeostasis and retention in lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J C Thome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Boris Grinshpun
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brahma V Kumar
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Masa Kubota
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Ohmura
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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