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Fang X, Bogdanov V, Davis JP, Kekenes-Huskey PM. Molecular Insights into the MLCK Activation by CaM. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7487-7498. [PMID: 38016288 PMCID: PMC11070109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulatory protein that modulates numerous cellular processes by using calcium (Ca2+) as the signal. In smooth muscle cells (SMC), one major target of CaM is myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a kinase that phosphorylates the myosin regulatory light chain and thereby regulates cell contraction. In the absence of CaM, MLCK remains inhibited by its autoinhibitory domain (AID). While it is well established that CaM activates MLCK, the molecular interactions between these two proteins remain elusive due to the lack of structural data. In this work, we constructed a molecular model of mammalian CaM (mCaM) in complex with MLCK leveraging AlphaFold, published biochemical data, and protein-protein docking. The model, along with a strategic set of CaM mutants including a inhibitory variant soybean CaM isoform 4 (sCaM-4), was subject to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we mapped out the transition path for the removal of the AID from the MLCK kinase domain to provide molecular basis of MLCK activation. Additionally, we established MLCK conformations that correspond to the active and inactive states of the kinase. We showed that mCaM and sCaM-4 cause MLCK to undergo the transition to the active and inactive states, respectively. Using two structural metrics, we computed the probabilities of MLCK activation by different CaM variants, which were in good agreement with the experimental data. Distributions along these metrics revealed that different inhibitory CaM variants impair MLCK activation through unique mechanisms. We finally identified molecular contacts that contribute to the MLCK activation by CaM. Overall, we report a de novo molecular model of CaM-MLCK that provides insights into the molecular mechanism of MLCK activation by CaM. The mechanism requires effective removal of the AID while preserving an active configuration of the kinase domain. This mechanism may be shared by other MLCK isoforms and potentially other structurally similar kinases with CaM-mediated regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Vladimir Bogdanov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Peter M Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon RJ, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK mediates contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1228488. [PMID: 37781225 PMCID: PMC10533999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1228488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC20) is a critical switch leading to SM contraction. The canonical view held that only the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1) catalyzed this reaction. It is now accepted that auxiliary kinases may contribute to vascular SM tone and contractility. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries. Thus, RSK2 may be instrumental in the regulation of basal vascular tone and blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse (mylk1 -/-) to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods: Using fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues, as embryos die at birth, we investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized its signaling pathway in SM. Results and Discussion: Agonists induced contraction and RLC20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM was attenuated by RSK2 inhibition. The pCa-tension relationships in permeabilized strips of bladder showed no difference in Ca2+ sensitivity in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles, although the magnitude of force responses was considerably smaller in the absence of MLCK. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway or calyculinA to inhibit the myosin phosphatase. The Ca2+-dependent tyrosine kinase, Pyk2, contributed to RSK2-mediated contractility and RLC20 phosphorylation. Proximity-ligation and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated an association of RSK2, PDK1 and ERK1/2 with MLCK and actin. RSK2, PDK1, ERK1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. The Ca2+-dependent component reflected the agonist mediated increases in Ca2+, which activated the Pyk2/PDK1/RSK2 signaling cascade. The Ca2+-independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC20, to increase contraction. Overall, RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca2+/CaM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mykhaylo Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Sentara Martha Jefferson Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Aaron Franke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Brain Surgery Worldwide, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zaneta Markowska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Zygmunt S. Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ramon J. Ayon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Avril Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Rossi F, Liu M, Tieniber A, Etherington MS, Hanna A, Vitiello GA, Param NJ, Do K, Wang L, Antonescu CR, Zeng S, Zhang JQ, DeMatteo RP. Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Inhibition Potentiates the Antitumor Effects of Avapritinib in PDGFRA D842V-Mutant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2144-2157. [PMID: 36971786 PMCID: PMC10239357 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create an in vivo model of PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and identify the mechanism of tumor persistence following avapritinib therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We created a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST and tested the effects of imatinib, avapritinib, and ML-7, an inhibitor of myosin light-chain kinase (MYLK). Bulk tumor RNA sequencing and oncogenic signaling were evaluated. Apoptosis, survival, and actin cytoskeleton were evaluated in GIST T1 cells and isolated PDX cells in vitro. Human GIST specimens were analyzed for MYLK expression. RESULTS The PDX was minimally responsive to imatinib but sensitive to avapritinib. Avapritinib therapy increased tumor expression of genes related to the actin cytoskeleton, including MYLK. ML-7 induced apoptosis and disrupted actin filaments in short-term cultures of PDX cells and decreased survival in GIST T1 cells in combination with imatinib or avapritinib. Combined therapy with ML-7 improved the antitumor effects of low-dose avapritinib in vivo. Furthermore, MYLK was expressed in human GIST specimens. CONCLUSIONS MYLK upregulation is a novel mechanism of tumor persistence after tyrosine kinase inhibition. Concomitant MYLK inhibition may enable the use of a lower dose of avapritinib, which is associated with dose-dependent cognitive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rossi
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Andrew Tieniber
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mark S. Etherington
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Andrew Hanna
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Gerardo A. Vitiello
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Nesteene J. Param
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Kevin Do
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Laura Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Shan Zeng
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Jennifer Q. Zhang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ronald P. DeMatteo
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon R, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK, rescues contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541840. [PMID: 37292593 PMCID: PMC10245941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC 20 ) is a critical switch leading to contraction or cell migration. The canonical view held that the only kinase catalyzing this reaction is the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1). Auxiliary kinases may be involved and play a vital role in blood pressure homeostasis. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with the classical MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries and regulating blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods Fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues were used as embryos die at birth. We investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility, cell migration and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized it's signaling pathway in SM. Results Agonists induced contraction and RLC 20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM, that was inhibited by RSK2 inhibitors. Embryos developed and cells migrated in the absence of MLCK. The pCa-tension relationships in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles demonstrated a Ca 2+ -dependency due to the Ca 2+ -dependent tyrosine kinase Pyk2, known to activate PDK1 that phosphorylates and fully activates RSK2. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway. The Ca 2+ -independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC 20 , to increase contraction. RSK2, PDK1, Erk1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, optimally positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. Conclusions RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca 2+ /CAM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility and cell migration.
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Manole S, Rancea R, Vulturar R, Simon SP, Molnar A, Damian L. Frail Silk: Is the Hughes-Stovin Syndrome a Behçet Syndrome Subtype with Aneurysm-Involved Gene Variants? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043160. [PMID: 36834577 PMCID: PMC9968083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hughes-Stovin syndrome is a rare disease characterized by thrombophlebitis and multiple pulmonary and/or bronchial aneurysms. The etiology and pathogenesis of HSS are incompletely known. The current consensus is that vasculitis underlies the pathogenic process, and pulmonary thrombosis follows arterial wall inflammation. As such, Hughes-Stovin syndrome may belong to the vascular cluster with lung involvement of Behçet syndrome, although oral aphtae, arthritis, and uveitis are rarely found. Behçet syndrome is a multifactorial polygenic disease with genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and mostly immunological contributors. The different Behçet syndrome phenotypes are presumably based upon different genetic determinants involving more than one pathogenic pathway. Hughes-Stovin syndrome may have common pathways with fibromuscular dysplasias and other diseases evolving with vascular aneurysms. We describe a Hughes-Stovin syndrome case fulfilling the Behçet syndrome criteria. A MYLK variant of unknown significance was detected, along with other heterozygous mutations in genes that may impact angiogenesis pathways. We discuss the possible involvement of these genetic findings, as well as other potential common determinants of Behçet/Hughes-Stovin syndrome and aneurysms in vascular Behçet syndrome. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques, including genetic testing, could help diagnose a specific Behçet syndrome subtype and other associated conditions to personalize the disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Manole
- Department of Radiology, “Niculae Stăncioiu” Heart Institute, 19-21 Calea Moților Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Radiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Rancea
- Cardiology Department, Heart Institute “Niculae Stăncioiu”, 19-21 Calea Moților Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romana Vulturar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy 6, Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 30, Fântânele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Siao-Pin Simon
- Department of Rheumatology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Centre for Rare Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases (ERN-ReCONNET), 2-4 Clinicilor Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Discipline of Rheumatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Molnar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Institute “Niculae Stăncioiu”, 19-21 Calea Moților Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Damian
- Department of Rheumatology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Centre for Rare Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases (ERN-ReCONNET), 2-4 Clinicilor Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- CMI Reumatologie Dr. Damian, 6-8 Petru Maior Street, 400002 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Mironova GY, Haghbin N, Welsh DG. Functional tuning of Vascular L-type Ca2+ channels. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1058744. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1058744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle contraction is intimately tied to membrane potential and the rise in intracellular Ca2+ enabled by the opening of L-type Ca2+ channels. While voltage is often viewed as the single critical factor gating these channels, research is starting to reveal a more intricate scenario whereby their function is markedly tuned. This emerging concept will be the focus of this three-part review, the first part articulating the mechanistic foundation of contractile development in vascular smooth muscle. Part two will extend this foundational knowledge, introducing readers to functional coupling and how neighboring L-type Ca2+ channels work cooperatively through signaling protein complexes, to facilitate their open probability. The final aspect of this review will discuss the impact of L-type Ca2+ channel trafficking, a process tied to cytoskeleton dynamics. Cumulatively, this brief manuscript provides new insight into how voltage, along with channel cooperativity and number, work in concert to tune Ca2+ responses and smooth muscle contraction.
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7
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Regulation of myosin light-chain phosphorylation and its roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:40-52. [PMID: 34616031 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of muscle contraction is a critical function in the cardiovascular system, and abnormalities may be life-threatening or cause illness. The common basic mechanism in muscle contraction is the interaction between the protein filaments myosin and actin. Although this interaction is primarily regulated by intracellular Ca2+, the primary targets and intracellular signaling pathways differ in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is a primary molecular switch for smooth muscle contraction. The equilibrium between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated RLC is dynamically achieved through two enzymes, myosin light chain kinase, a Ca2+-dependent enzyme, and myosin phosphatase, which modifies the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractions. In cardiac muscle, the primary target protein for Ca2+ is troponin C on thin filaments; however, RLC phosphorylation also plays a modulatory role in contraction. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the regulation, physiological function, and pathophysiological involvement of RLC phosphorylation in smooth and cardiac muscles.
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Kaminsky LW, Al-Sadi R, Ma TY. IL-1β and the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767456. [PMID: 34759934 PMCID: PMC8574155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier controls the paracellular permeation of contents from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal tissue and systemic circulation. A defective intestinal TJ barrier has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases of the gut including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Previous studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are produced during intestinal inflammation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, have important intestinal TJ barrier-modulating actions. Recent studies have shown that the IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is an important contributing factor of intestinal inflammation. The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is mediated by regulatory signaling pathways and activation of nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, myosin light chain kinase gene activation, and post-transcriptional occludin gene modulation by microRNA and contributes to the intestinal inflammatory process. In this review, the regulatory role of IL-1β on intestinal TJ barrier, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate the IL-1β modulation of intestinal TJ permeability, and the potential therapeutic targeting of the TJ barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Kaminsky
- Section of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Panebianco CJ, Dave A, Charytonowicz D, Sebra R, Iatridis JC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of bovine caudal intervertebral discs: Discovery of heterogeneous cell populations with distinct roles in homeostasis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21919. [PMID: 34591994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Back and neck pain are significant healthcare burdens that are commonly associated with pathologies of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The poor understanding of the cellular heterogeneity within the IVD makes it difficult to develop regenerative IVD therapies. To address this gap, we developed an atlas of bovine (Bos taurus) caudal IVDs using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Unsupervised clustering resolved 15 unique clusters, which we grouped into the following annotated partitions: nucleus pulposus (NP), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), inner AF (iAF), notochord, muscle, endothelial, and immune cells. Analyzing the pooled gene expression profiles of the NP, oAF, and iAF partitions allowed us to identify novel markers for NP (CP, S100B, H2AC18, SNORC, CRELD2, PDIA4, DNAJC3, CHCHD7, and RCN2), oAF (IGFBP6, CTSK, LGALS1, and CCN3), and iAF (MGP, COMP, SPP1, GSN, SOD2, DCN, FN1, TIMP3, WDR73, and GAL) cells. Network analysis on subpopulations of NP and oAF cells determined that clusters NP1, NP2, NP4, and oAF1 displayed gene expression profiles consistent with cell survival, suggesting these clusters may uniquely support viability under the physiological stresses of the IVD. Clusters NP3, NP5, oAF2, and oAF3 expressed various extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated genes, suggesting their role in maintaining IVD structure. Lastly, transcriptional entropy and pseudotime analyses found that clusters NP3 and NP1 had the most stem-like gene expression signatures of the NP partition, implying these clusters may contain IVD progenitor cells. Overall, results highlight cell type diversity within the IVD, and these novel cell phenotypes may enhance our understanding of IVD development, homeostasis, degeneration, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Panebianco
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arpit Dave
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Sorensen DW, Injeti ER, Mejia-Aguilar L, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. Postnatal development alters functional compartmentalization of myosin light chain kinase in ovine carotid arteries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R441-R453. [PMID: 34318702 PMCID: PMC8530762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00293.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme for vascular contraction, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), phosphorylates regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) at rates that appear faster despite lower MLCK abundance in fetal compared with adult arteries. This study explores the hypothesis that greater apparent tissue activity of MLCK in fetal arteries is due to age-dependent differences in intracellular distribution of MLCK in relation to MLC20. Under optimal conditions, common carotid artery homogenates from nonpregnant adult female sheep and near-term fetuses exhibited similar values of Vmax and Km for MLCK. A custom-designed, computer-controlled apparatus enabled electrical stimulation and high-speed freezing of arterial segments at exactly 0, 1, 2, and 3 s, calculation of in situ rates of MLC20 phosphorylation, and measurement of time-dependent colocalization between MLCK and MLC20. The in situ rate of MLC20 phosphorylation divided by total MLCK abundance averaged to values 147% greater in fetal (1.06 ± 0.28) than adult (0.43 ± 0.08) arteries, which corresponded, respectively, to 43 ± 10% and 31 ± 3% of the Vmax values measured in homogenates. Confocal colocalization analysis revealed in fetal and adult arteries that 33 ± 6% and 20 ± 5% of total MLCK colocalized with pMLC20, and that MLCK activation was greater in periluminal than periadventitial regions over the time course of electrical stimulation in both age groups. Together, these results demonstrate that the catalytic activity of MLCK is similar in fetal and adult arteries, but that the fraction of total MLCK in the functional compartment involved in contraction is significantly greater in fetal than adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W Sorensen
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Elisha R Injeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
| | - Luisa Mejia-Aguilar
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M Williams
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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11
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Ottolini M, Sonkusare SK. The Calcium Signaling Mechanisms in Arterial Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1831-1869. [PMID: 33792900 PMCID: PMC10388069 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contractile state of resistance arteries and arterioles is a crucial determinant of blood pressure and blood flow. Physiological regulation of arterial contractility requires constant communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Various Ca2+ signals and Ca2+ -sensitive targets ensure dynamic control of intercellular communications in the vascular wall. The functional effect of a Ca2+ signal on arterial contractility depends on the type of Ca2+ -sensitive target engaged by that signal. Recent studies using advanced imaging methods have identified the spatiotemporal signatures of individual Ca2+ signals that control arterial and arteriolar contractility. Broadly speaking, intracellular Ca2+ is increased by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticular membrane. Physiological roles for many vascular Ca2+ signals have already been confirmed, while further investigation is needed for other Ca2+ signals. This article focuses on endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling mechanisms in resistance arteries and arterioles. We discuss the Ca2+ entry pathways at the plasma membrane, Ca2+ release signals from the intracellular stores, the functional and physiological relevance of Ca2+ signals, and their regulatory mechanisms. Finally, we describe the contribution of abnormal endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signals to the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1831-1869, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ottolini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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12
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Malik M, Roh M, England SK. Uterine contractions in rodent models and humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13607. [PMID: 33337577 PMCID: PMC8047897 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant uterine contractions can lead to preterm birth and other labour complications and are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. To investigate the mechanisms underlying dysfunctional uterine contractions, researchers have used experimentally tractable small animal models. However, biological differences between humans and rodents change how researchers select their animal model and interpret their results. Here, we provide a general review of studies of uterine excitation and contractions in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and humans, in an effort to introduce new researchers to the field and help in the design and interpretation of experiments in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Malik
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Michelle Roh
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Sarah K. England
- Center for Reproductive Health Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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13
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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14
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Gao P, Yan Z, Zhu Z. Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604240. [PMID: 33240899 PMCID: PMC7680862 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are physically connected to form dedicated structural domains known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), which participate in fundamental biological processes, including lipid and calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and other related cellular behaviors such as autophagy, ER stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Many studies have proved the importance of MAMs in maintaining the normal function of both organelles, and the abnormal amount, structure or function of MAMs is related to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the knowledge regarding the components of MAMs according to their different functions and the specific roles of MAMs in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, focusing on some highly prevalent cardiovascular diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion, diabetic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension and systemic vascular diseases. Finally, we summarize the possible mechanisms of MAM in cardiovascular diseases and put forward some obstacles in the understanding of MAM function we may encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhencheng Yan
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Calizo RC, Bell MK, Ron A, Hu M, Bhattacharya S, Wong NJ, Janssen WGM, Perumal G, Pederson P, Scarlata S, Hone J, Azeloglu EU, Rangamani P, Iyengar R. Cell shape regulates subcellular organelle location to control early Ca 2+ signal dynamics in vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17866. [PMID: 33082406 PMCID: PMC7576209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the cell is connected to its function; however, we do not fully understand underlying mechanisms by which global shape regulates a cell's functional capabilities. Using theory, experiments and simulation, we investigated how physiologically relevant cell shape changes affect subcellular organization, and consequently intracellular signaling, to control information flow needed for phenotypic function. Vascular smooth muscle cells going from a proliferative and motile circular shape to a contractile fusiform shape show changes in the location of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inter-organelle distances, and differential distribution of receptors in the plasma membrane. These factors together lead to the modulation of signals transduced by the M3 muscarinic receptor/Gq/PLCβ pathway at the plasma membrane, amplifying Ca2+ dynamics in the cytoplasm, and the nucleus resulting in phenotypic changes, as determined by increased activity of myosin light chain kinase in the cytoplasm and enhanced nuclear localization of the transcription factor NFAT. Taken together, our observations show a systems level phenomenon whereby global cell shape affects subcellular organization to modulate signaling that enables phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Calizo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - M K Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - A Ron
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - M Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S Bhattacharya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - N J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - W G M Janssen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - G Perumal
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, White Plains, NY, 10601, USA
| | - P Pederson
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, White Plains, NY, 10601, USA
| | - S Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - J Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - E U Azeloglu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - P Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - R Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Aytekin İ, Bayraktar M, Sakar ÇM, Ünal İ. Association between MYLK4 gene polymorphism and growth traits at different age stages in Anatolian black cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 31:555-560. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1823402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Aytekin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mervan Bayraktar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - İlker Ünal
- International Center for Livestock Research and Training, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Hu X, You L, Hu C, Wu J, Ai M, He X, Huang W, Wu Z. Effects of β‑hydroxybutyric acid and ghrelin on the motility and inflammation of gastric antral smooth muscle cells involving the regulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5050-5058. [PMID: 31638214 PMCID: PMC6854601 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that is produced by gastric cells. Ghrelin stimulates food intake and increases gastric movement. In rat model, injected β‑hydroxybutyric acid (β‑HB) leads to a decrease in body weight. It has been reported that patients with gastric erosions are slower to evacuate the stomach. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ghrelin and β‑HB on motility and inflammation in rat gastric antral smooth muscle cells (GASMCs). GASMCs were extracted from rat gastric antrum. Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was used to analyze the levels of ROS using flow cytometry. Protein levels were determined using western blotting, and the expression levels of mRNAs were evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. β‑HB inhibited the expression of myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 (MYL9), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), transforming protein RhoA (RhoA), Rho‑associated protein kinase‑1 (ROCK‑1) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS‑R). By contrast, ghrelin increased the expression of MYL9, MLCK, RhoA, ROCK‑1 and GHS‑R in β‑HB‑treated GASMCs. β‑HB increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6 and ROS, and decreased the levels of manganese (Mn) superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)SOD and catalase. Ghrelin decreased the expression of TNF‑α, IL‑6, ROS and catalase, whereas ghrelin promoted the expression of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in β‑HB‑treated GASMCs. Short interfering RNA targeting GHS‑R inhibited the expression of MYL9, MLCK, RhoA and ROCK‑1, and increased the levels of TNF‑α, IL‑6 and ROS in β‑HB‑treated or ghrelin‑treated GASMCs. The present study provided preliminary evidence that β‑HB inhibits the motility of GASMCs and promotes inflammation in GASMCs, whereas ghrelin decreases these effects. GHS‑R acted as a primary regulator of motility and inflammation in GASMCs treated with β‑HB and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Li You
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Min Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Public Health, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Zonghui Wu
- Health Management Center, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
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19
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Yang GM, Yan K, Wang P, Zhang JL, Pan ZH, Pan Y. ITRAQ-Based Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Neoliensinine on KCl-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction by Inhibiting Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:979. [PMID: 31572175 PMCID: PMC6749048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) contraction is one of the important physiological functions of the human body, and SM abnormal contraction will induce many diseases. The phosphorylated regulatory light chains (p-RLC) play a decisive role in SM contraction, and dephosphorylation of p-RLC is an effective way to relax SM. Our previous study showed that the novel benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, neoliensinine (Neo), could relax microvascular SM contracted by KCl hyperpolarization. In this study, mesenteric capillaries isolated from 45 mice were divided into normal tension group (Control), 124 mM KCl induced contraction model group (Model), and KCl and Neo-treatment group (Drug). The dephosphorylation levels of RLC in the three groups were measured. Compared with the model group, the phosphorylation of RLC in the drug group was decreased dramatically as expected, suggesting that the relaxation effect of Neo was caused by downregulating p-RLC of microvessel SM. In order to fully understand its fundamental mechanism, our research focused on the identification of target proteins in mice with KCl-induced contractile mesenteric capillary. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (ITRAQ) tagging was carried out by nanospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results allowed the upregulation of 164 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) among the 3,474 protein abundance disturbances identified from the model/control samples. Further comparison showed that there were 16 DAP convergences associated with vascular SM contraction between the drug/model and the drug/control samples. Among them, two proteins with known function, PLCβ and RhoGEF12, were selected as target proteins of the relaxation effect of Neo. The two selective target DAPs were verified by Western blot at protein level. The results suggested that changes of the two proteins were consistent with that of the iTRAQ results. Our present work reveals that Neo relaxes vascular smooth muscle via inhibition of RLC phosphorylation, and PLCβ and RhoGEF12 may be potential biomarkers for evaluating the effects mediated by Neo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Hao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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20
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Fuertes-Alvarez S, Maeso-Alonso L, Villoch-Fernandez J, Wildung M, Martin-Lopez M, Marshall C, Villena-Cortes AJ, Diez-Prieto I, Pietenpol JA, Tissir F, Lizé M, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 regulates ependymal planar cell polarity by modulating actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 30518789 PMCID: PMC6281643 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) and intercellular junctional complexes establish tissue structure and coordinated behaviors across epithelial sheets. In multiciliated ependymal cells, rotational and translational PCP coordinate cilia beating and direct cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Thus, PCP disruption results in ciliopathies and hydrocephalus. PCP establishment depends on the polarization of cytoskeleton and requires the asymmetric localization of core and global regulatory modules, including membrane proteins like Vangl1/2 or Frizzled. We analyzed the subcellular localization of select proteins that make up these modules in ependymal cells and the effect of Trp73 loss on their localization. We identify a novel function of the Trp73 tumor suppressor gene, the TAp73 isoform in particular, as an essential regulator of PCP through the modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, demonstrating that Trp73 is a key player in the organization of ependymal ciliated epithelia. Mechanistically, we show that p73 regulates translational PCP and actin dynamics through TAp73-dependent modulation of non-musclemyosin-II activity. In addition, TAp73 is required for the asymmetric localization of PCP-core and global signaling modules and regulates polarized microtubule dynamics, which in turn set up the rotational PCP. Therefore, TAp73 modulates, directly and/or indirectly, transcriptional programs regulating actin and microtubules dynamics and Golgi organization signaling pathways. These results shed light into the mechanism of ependymal cell planar polarization and reveal p73 as an epithelial architect during development regulating the cellular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuertes-Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Villoch-Fernandez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Merit Wildung
- Molecular and Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marta Martin-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Clayton Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alberto J Villena-Cortes
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Diez-Prieto
- Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, Box B1.73.16, B1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lizé
- Molecular and Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero (INDEGSAL) and Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain.
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MYLKP1 pseudogene are associated with increased colon cancer risk in African Americans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200916. [PMID: 30161129 PMCID: PMC6116948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudogenes are paralogues of functional genes historically viewed as defunct due to either the lack of regulatory elements or the presence of frameshift mutations. Recent evidence, however, suggests that pseudogenes may regulate gene expression, although the functional role of pseudogenes remains largely unknown. We previously reported that MYLKP1, the pseudogene of MYLK that encodes myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), is highly expressed in lung and colon cancer cell lines and tissues but not in normal lung or colon. The MYLKP1 promoter is minimally active in normal bronchial epithelial cells but highly active in lung adenocarcinoma cells. In this study, we further validate MYLKP1 as an oncogene via elucidation of the functional role of MYLKP1 genetic variants in colon cancer risk. METHODS Proliferation and migration assays were performed in MYLKP1-transfected colon and lung cancer cell lines (H441, A549) and commercially-available normal lung and colon cells. Fourteen MYLKP1 SNPs (MAFs >0.01) residing within the 4 kb MYLKP1 promoter region, the core 1.4 kb of MYLKP1 gene, and a 4 kb enhancer region were selected and genotyped in a colorectal cancer cohort. MYLKP1 SNP influences on activity of MYLKP1 promoter (2kb) was assessed by dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Cancer cell lines, H441 and A549, exhibited increased MYLKP1 expression, increased MYLKP1 luciferase promoter activity, increased proliferation and migration. Genotyping studies identified two MYLKP1 SNPs (rs12490683; rs12497343) that significantly increase risk of colon cancer in African Americans compared to African American controls. Rs12490683 and rs12497343 further increase MYLKP1 promoter activity compared to the wild type MYLKP1 promoter. CONCLUSION MYLKP1 is a cancer-promoting pseudogene whose genetic variants differentially enhance cancer risk in African American populations.
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Regional Heterogeneity in the Regulation of Vasoconstriction in Arteries and Its Role in Vascular Mechanics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:105-128. [PMID: 30315542 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation play important roles in the circulatory system and can be regulated through different pathways that depend on myriad biomolecules. These different pathways reflect the various functions of smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractility within the different regions of the arterial tree and how they contribute to both the mechanics and the mechanobiology. Here, we review the primary regulatory pathways involved in SMC contractility and highlight their regional differences in elastic, muscular, and resistance arteries. In this way, one can begin to assess how these properties affect important biomechanical and mechanobiological functions in the circulatory system in health and disease.
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23
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Ye M, Ye F, He L, Luo B, Yang F, Cui C, Zhao X, Yin H, Li D, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhu Q. Transcriptomic analysis of chicken Myozenin 3 regulation reveals its potential role in cell proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189476. [PMID: 29236749 PMCID: PMC5728575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic muscle development and fibre type differentiation has always been a topic of great importance due to its impact on both human health and farm animal financial values. Myozenin3 (Myoz3) is an important candidate gene that may regulate these processes. In the current study, we knocked down and overexpressed Myoz3 in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) and chicken myoblasts, then utilized RNA-seq technology to screen genes, pathways and biological processes associated with Myoz3. Multiple differentially expressed genes were identified, including MYH10, MYLK2, NFAM1, MYL4, MYL9, PDZLIM1; those can in turn regulate each other and influence the development of muscle fibres. Gene ontology (GO) terms including some involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation were enriched. We further validated our results by testing the activity of cells by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) and confirmed that under the condition of Myoz3 overexpression, the proliferation rate of CEFs and myoblasts was significantly upregulated, in addition, expression level of fast muscle specific gene was also significantly upregulated in myoblasts. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor) pathway was enriched, suggesting the possibility that Myoz3 regulates muscle fibre development and differentiation through the PPAR pathway. Our results provide valuable evidence regarding the regulatory functions of Myoz3 in embryonic cells by screening multiple candidate genes, biological processes and pathways associated with Myoz3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosen Ye
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Liutao He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuling Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Cui
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QZ)
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QZ)
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Hatem-Vaquero M, Griera M, García-Jerez A, Luengo A, Álvarez J, Rubio JA, Calleros L, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Rodríguez-Puyol M, De Frutos S. Peripheral insulin resistance in ILK-depleted mice by reduction of GLUT4 expression. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:115-128. [PMID: 28490443 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of insulin resistance is characterized by the impairment of glucose uptake mediated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Extracellular matrix changes are induced when the metabolic dysregulation is sustained. The present work was devoted to analyze the possible link between the extracellular-to-intracellular mediator integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and the peripheral tissue modification that leads to glucose homeostasis impairment. Mice with general depletion of ILK in adulthood (cKD-ILK) maintained in a chow diet exhibited increased glycemia and insulinemia concurrently with a reduction of the expression and membrane presence of GLUT4 in the insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues compared with their wild-type littermates (WT). Tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity indexes confirmed the insulin resistance in cKD-ILK, suggesting a similar stage to prediabetes in humans. Under randomly fed conditions, no differences between cKD-ILK and WT were observed in the expression of insulin receptor (IR-B) and its substrate IRS-1 expressions. The IR-B isoform phosphorylated at tyrosines 1150/1151 was increased, but the AKT phosphorylation in serine 473 was reduced in cKD-ILK tissues. Similarly, ILK-blocked myotubes reduced their GLUT4 promoter activity and GLUT4 expression levels. On the other hand, the glucose uptake capacity in response to exogenous insulin was impaired when ILK was blocked in vivo and in vitro, although IR/IRS/AKT phosphorylation states were increased but not different between groups. We conclude that ILK depletion modifies the transcription of GLUT4, which results in reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, suggesting ILK as a molecular target and a prognostic biomarker of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hatem-Vaquero
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Jerez
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Luengo
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Julia Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Rubio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Calleros
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Sergio De Frutos
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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25
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Xiong Y, Wang C, Shi L, Wang L, Zhou Z, Chen D, Wang J, Guo H. Myosin Light Chain Kinase: A Potential Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:292. [PMID: 28588494 PMCID: PMC5440522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) induces contraction of the perijunctional apical actomyosin ring in response to phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. Abnormal expression of MLCK has been observed in respiratory diseases, pancreatitis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. The signaling pathways involved in MLCK activation and triggering of endothelial barrier dysfunction are discussed in this review. The pharmacological effects of regulating MLCK expression by inhibitors such as ML-9, ML-7, microbial products, naturally occurring products, and microRNAs are also discussed. The influence of MLCK in inflammatory diseases starts with endothelial barrier dysfunction. The effectiveness of anti-MLCK treatment may depend on alleviation of that primary pathological mechanism. This review summarizes evidence for the potential benefits of anti-MLCK agents in the treatment of inflammatory disease and the importance of avoiding treatment-related side effects, as MLCK is widely expressed in many different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Xiong
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Chenou Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Liqiang Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Zijuan Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Huishu Guo
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
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26
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Lopez-Crisosto C, Pennanen C, Vasquez-Trincado C, Morales PE, Bravo-Sagua R, Quest AFG, Chiong M, Lavandero S. Sarcoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:342-360. [PMID: 28275246 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive, calcium-mediated contractile activity renders cardiomyocytes critically dependent on a sustained energy supply and adequate calcium buffering, both of which are provided by mitochondria. Moreover, in vascular smooth muscle cells, mitochondrial metabolism modulates cell growth and proliferation, whereas cytosolic calcium levels regulate the arterial vascular tone. Physical and functional communication between mitochondria and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum and balanced mitochondrial dynamics seem to have a critical role for optimal calcium transfer to mitochondria, which is crucial in calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial metabolism in both types of muscle cells. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with myocardial damage and dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Therefore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling and mitochondrial dynamics are now viewed as relevant factors in the pathogenesis of cardiac and vascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this Review, we summarize the evidence related to the role of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication in cardiac and vascular muscle physiology, with a focus on how perturbations contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Christian Pennanen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Cesar Vasquez-Trincado
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Celula (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Celula (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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27
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Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
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28
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Milewicz DM, Trybus KM, Guo DC, Sweeney HL, Regalado E, Kamm K, Stull JT. Altered Smooth Muscle Cell Force Generation as a Driver of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:26-34. [PMID: 27879251 PMCID: PMC5222685 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.303229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of maintaining contractile function in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is evident by the fact that heterozygous mutations in the major structural proteins or kinases controlling contraction lead to the formation of aneurysms of the ascending thoracic aorta that predispose to life-threatening aortic dissections. Force generation by SMC requires ATP-dependent cyclic interactions between filaments composed of SMC-specific isoforms of α-actin (encoded by ACTA2) and myosin heavy chain (MYH11). ACTA2 and MYH11 mutations are predicted or have been shown to disrupt this cyclic interaction predispose to thoracic aortic disease. Movement of the myosin motor domain is controlled by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain on the myosin filament, and loss-of-function mutations in the dedicated kinase for this phosphorylation, myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) also predispose to thoracic aortic disease. Finally, a mutation in the cGMP-activated protein kinase (PRKG1) results in constitutive activation of the kinase in the absence of cGMP, thus driving SMC relaxation in part through increased dephosphorylation of the regulatory light chain and predisposes to thoracic aortic disease. Furthermore, SMCs cannot generate force without connections to the extracellular matrix through focal adhesions, and mutations in the major protein in the extracellular matrix, fibrillin-1, linking SMCs to the matrix also cause thoracic aortic disease in individuals with Marfan syndrome. Thus, disruption of the ability of the aortic SMC to generate force through the elastin-contractile units in response to pulsatile blood flow may be a primary driver for thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Aortic Dissection/genetics
- Aortic Dissection/metabolism
- Aortic Dissection/pathology
- Aortic Dissection/physiopathology
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/genetics
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/metabolism
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Elastin/metabolism
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Testing
- Heredity
- Humans
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/genetics
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Pulsatile Flow
- Vasoconstriction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.).
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
| | - Dong-Chuan Guo
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
| | - Ellen Regalado
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
| | - Kristine Kamm
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
| | - James T Stull
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M., D.-c.G., E.R.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington (K.M.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (H.L.S.); and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (K.K. J.T.S.)
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Kang HY, Choi YK, Jeung EB. Inhibitory effect of progesterone during early embryonic development: Suppression of myocardial differentiation and calcium-related transcriptome by progesterone in mESCs: Progesterone disturb cardiac differentiation of mESCs through lower cytosolic Ca(2.). Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:169-79. [PMID: 27264040 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (PG) and its derivates are used in prevention of spontaneous miscarriage. However, some studies have reported that exposure to PG and its derivates during pregnancy can cause malformations and affect both blood pressure and the cardiovascular system. The effect of PG on cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is not well known. Expression of Pgr mRNA showed an opposite pattern of beating-ratio during differentiation. PG treatment resulted in reduction of the beating ratio to 60.45±1.54% from 92.17±2.98% in normal differentiation, reduced transcripts of heart morphogenesis and Ca(2+) binding-related genes in the next generation sequencing data and significantly decreased expression levels of Ca(2+)/contraction-related genes including Ryr2, Calm2, Trpv2, and Mylk3, the intracellular Ca(2+) level, and the beating frequency. These results suggest that PG exerts inhibitory effects on differentiation of mESCs into functional cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Basu S, Proweller A. Autoregulatory Control of Smooth Muscle Myosin Light Chain Kinase Promoter by Notch Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2988-99. [PMID: 26703474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (SM-MLCK) is the key enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20), resulting in actin-myosin cross-bridging and force generation in vascular smooth muscle required for physiological vasoreactivity and blood pressure control. In this study, we investigated the combinatorial role of myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) and Notch signaling in the transcriptional regulation of MLCK gene expression. Promoter reporter analyses in rat A10 smooth muscle cells revealed a bimodal pattern of MLCK promoter activity and gene expression upon stimulation with constitutively active Notch1 in presence of myocardin or by Jagged1 ligand stimulation. An initial Notch1-induced increase in MLCK transcription was followed by loss in promoter sensitivity, which could be restored with further Notch1 dose escalation. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that endogenous levels of Hairy Related Transcription (HRT) factor 2 (HRT2) peaked concurrently with inhibitory concentrations of Notch1. Forced expression of HRT2 demonstrated simultaneous repression of both myocardin- and Notch1-induced MLCK promoter activity. HRT2-mediated repression was further confirmed by HRT2 truncations and siHRT2 treatments that rescued MLCK promoter activity and gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed both Jagged1 ligand- and Notch1-enhanced myocardin/SRF complex formation at the promoter CArG element. In contrast, heightened levels of HRT2 concomitantly disrupted myocardin/SRF and Notch transcription complex formation at respective CArG and CSL binding elements. Taken together, SM-MLCK promoter activity appears highly sensitive to the relative levels of Notch1 signaling, HRT2, and myocardin. These findings identify a novel Notch-dependent HRT2 autoregulatory circuit coordinating transcriptional regulation of SM-MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Basu
- From the Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Aaron Proweller
- From the Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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31
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Martinsen A, Dessy C, Morel N. Regulation of calcium channels in smooth muscle: new insights into the role of myosin light chain kinase. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:402-13. [PMID: 25483583 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.950537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays a crucial role in artery contraction, which regulates blood pressure and blood flow distribution. In addition to this role, MLCK contributes to Ca(2+) flux regulation in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and in non-muscle cells, where cytoskeleton has been suggested to help Ca(2+) channels trafficking. This conclusion is based on the use of pharmacological inhibitors of MLCK and molecular and cellular techniques developed to down-regulate the enzyme. Dissimilarities have been observed between cells and whole tissues, as well as between large conductance and small resistance arteries. A differential expression in MLCK and ion channels (either voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels or non-selective cationic channels) could account for these observations, and is in line with the functional properties of the arteries. A potential involvement of MLCK in the pathways modulating Ca(2+) entry in VSM is described in the present review.
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Key Words
- CaM, calmodulin
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- Myosin light chain kinase
- ROC, receptor-operated Ca2+ (channel)
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SOC, store-operated Ca2+ (channel)
- SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- TRP
- TRP, transient receptor potential (channel)
- VOC, voltage-operated Ca2+ (channel)
- VSM, vascular smooth muscle
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- [Ca2+]cyt, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- vascular smooth muscle
- voltage-dependent calcium channels
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinsen
- a Cell physiology; IoNS; UCLouvain ; Brussels , Belgium
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32
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Role of Telokin in Regulating Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle Tension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134876. [PMID: 26258553 PMCID: PMC4530952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telokin phosphorylation by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase facilitates smooth muscle relaxation. In this study we examined the relaxation of gastric fundus smooth muscles from basal tone, or pre-contracted with KCl or carbachol (CCh), and the phosphorylation of telokin S13, myosin light chain (MLC) S19, MYPT1 T853, T696, and CPI-17 T38 in response to 8-Bromo-cGMP, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or nitrergic neurotransmission. We compared MLC phosphorylation and the contraction and relaxation responses of gastric fundus smooth muscles from telokin-/- mice and their wild-type littermates to KCl or CCh, and 8-Bromo-cGMP, SNP, or nitrergic neurotransmission, respectively. We compared the relaxation responses and telokin phosphorylation of gastric fundus smooth muscles from wild-type mice and W/WV mice which lack ICC-IM, to 8-Bromo-cGMP, SNP, or nitrergic neurotransmission. We found that telokin S13 is basally phosphorylated and that 8-Bromo-cGMP and SNP increased basal telokin phosphorylation. In muscles pre-contracted with KCl or CCh, 8-Bromo-cGMP and SNP had no effect on CPI-17 or MYPT1 phosphorylation, but increased telokin phosphorylation and reduced MLC phosphorylation. In telokin-/- gastric fundus smooth muscles, basal tone and constitutive MLC S19 phosphorylation were increased. Pre-contracted telokin-/- gastric fundus smooth muscles have increased contractile responses to KCl, CCh, or cholinergic neurotransmission and reduced relaxation to 8-Bromo-cGMP, SNP, and nitrergic neurotransmission. However, basal telokin phosphorylation was not increased when muscles were stimulated with lower concentrations of SNP or when the muscles were stimulated by nitrergic neurotransmission. SNP, but not nitrergic neurotransmission, increased telokin Ser13 phosphorylation in both wild-type and W/WV gastric fundus smooth muscles. Our findings indicate that telokin may play a role in attenuating constitutive MLC phosphorylation and provide an additional mechanism to augment gastric fundus mechanical responses to inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Kim TJ, Joo C, Seong J, Vafabakhsh R, Botvinick EL, Berns MW, Palmer AE, Wang N, Ha T, Jakobsson E, Sun J, Wang Y. Distinct mechanisms regulating mechanical force-induced Ca²⁺ signals at the plasma membrane and the ER in human MSCs. eLife 2015; 4:e04876. [PMID: 25667984 PMCID: PMC4337650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear that how subcellular organelles respond to external mechanical stimuli. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which mechanical force regulates Ca2+ signaling at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in human mesenchymal stem cells. Without extracellular Ca2+, ER Ca2+ release is the source of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations induced by laser-tweezer-traction at the plasma membrane, providing a model to study how mechanical stimuli can be transmitted deep inside the cell body. This ER Ca2+ release upon mechanical stimulation is mediated not only by the mechanical support of cytoskeleton and actomyosin contractility, but also by mechanosensitive Ca2+ permeable channels on the plasma membrane, specifically TRPM7. However, Ca2+ influx at the plasma membrane via mechanosensitive Ca2+ permeable channels is only mediated by the passive cytoskeletal structure but not active actomyosin contractility. Thus, active actomyosin contractility is essential for the response of ER to the external mechanical stimuli, distinct from the mechanical regulation at the plasma membrane. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04876.001 Cells receive many signals from their environment, for example, when they are compressed or pulled about by neighboring cells. Information about these ‘mechanical stimuli’ can be transmitted within the cell to trigger changes in gene expression and cell behavior. When a cell receives a mechanical stimulus, it can activate the release of calcium ions from storage compartments within the cell, including from a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions can also enter the cell from outside via channels located in the membrane that surrounds the cell (the plasma membrane). Kim et al. investigated how mechanical forces are transmitted in a type of human cell called mesenchymal stem cells using optical tweezers to apply a gentle force to the outside of a cell. These tweezers use a laser to attract tiny objects, in this case a bead attached to proteins in the cell's outer membrane. The cell's response to this mechanical stimulation was measured using a sensor protein that fluoresces a different color when it binds to calcium ions. With this set-up, Kim et al. found that mesenchymal stem cells are able to transmit mechanical forces to different depths within the cell. The forces can travel deep to trigger the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. This process involves a network of protein fibers that criss-cross to support the structure of a cell—called the cytoskeleton—and also requires proteins that are associated with the cytoskeleton to contract. However, calcium ion entry through the plasma membrane due to a mechanical force does not require these contractile proteins—only the cytoskeleton is involved. These results demonstrate that the transmission of mechanical signals to different depths within mesenchymal stem cells involves different components. Future work should shed light on how these mechanical signals control gene expression and the development of mesenchymal stem cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04876.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Chirlmin Joo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Jihye Seong
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Reza Vafabakhsh
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Michael W Berns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Eric Jakobsson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in pancreatic tissue of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats.
METHODS: Fifty-six male SD rats were randomly and equally assigned into a normal control group (C) and a SAP group (S). SAP was reproduced in rats of group S by retrograde injection of 4% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct, while group C underwent a sham operation. The rats were killed at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after SAP induction. Serum amylase (AMY) was measured dynamically. The gross and pathological changes in the pancreas were observed under a light microscope. The ultrastructure and tight junction (TJ) changes in the pancreas were observed with an electron microscope. The localization and expression of MLCK in pancreatic tissue were investigated by immunohistochemical method. The concentration of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was determined by ELISA.
RESULTS: Compared to group C, the AMY concentration and pancreatic pathology score were significantly higher (P < 0.05); pancreatic ultrastructure damage was more obvious and TJ widened significantly; MLCK was positively expressed in the cytoplasm of cells in the pancreas, and the mean density was elevated more significantly (P < 0.05); and serum TNF-α concentration significantly increased in group S (P < 0.05). The mean density of MLCK in the pancreas was positively correlated with pathological score and serum TNF-α concentration (r = 0.804, 0.796, P < 0.05 for both).
CONCLUSION: Up-regulated expression of MLCK protein in the pancreas and elevated serum TNF-α concentration may regulate the integrity of intercellular tight junctions, which may be associated with the severity of SAP and play a role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
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Yeh YC, Kim ST, Tang R, Yan B, Rotello VM. Insulin-Based Regulation of Glucose-functionalized Nanoparticle Uptake in Muscle Cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:10.1039/C4TB00608A. [PMID: 25089564 PMCID: PMC4116632 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective regulation of nanoparticle (NP) uptake facilitates the NP-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Here, we report the use of insulin and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) to modulate the cellular uptake of glucose-functionalized quantum dots (Glc-QDs) in C2C12 muscle cells. The cellular uptake of Glc-QDs can be modulated up to almost two-fold under insulin stimulation while be down-regulated in the presence of 2-DG. These results demonstrate the use of secondary regulators to control the cellular uptake of NPs through membrane protein recognition in a specific and fine-tunable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
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Epithelial MLCK and smooth muscle MLCK may play different roles in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1068-9. [PMID: 24610482 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Heidersbach A, Saxby C, Carver-Moore K, Huang Y, Ang YS, de Jong PJ, Ivey KN, Srivastava D. microRNA-1 regulates sarcomere formation and suppresses smooth muscle gene expression in the mammalian heart. eLife 2013; 2:e01323. [PMID: 24252873 PMCID: PMC3833424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA-1 (miR-1) is an evolutionarily conserved, striated muscle-enriched miRNA. Most mammalian genomes contain two copies of miR-1, and in mice, deletion of a single locus, miR-1-2, causes incompletely penetrant lethality and subtle cardiac defects. Here, we report that deletion of miR-1-1 resulted in a phenotype similar to that of the miR-1-2 mutant. Compound miR-1 knockout mice died uniformly before weaning due to severe cardiac dysfunction. miR-1-null cardiomyocytes had abnormal sarcomere organization and decreased phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain-2 (MLC2), a critical cytoskeletal regulator. The smooth muscle-restricted inhibitor of MLC2 phosphorylation, Telokin, was ectopically expressed in the myocardium, along with other smooth muscle genes. miR-1 repressed Telokin expression through direct targeting and by repressing its transcriptional regulator, Myocardin. Our results reveal that miR-1 is required for postnatal cardiac function and reinforces the striated muscle phenotype by regulating both transcriptional and effector nodes of the smooth muscle gene expression network. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01323.001 MicroRNAs are tiny RNAs that do not encode proteins. Instead, they regulate the expression of genes by preventing protein-encoding messenger RNAs from being translated into protein. MicroRNAs are expressed throughout the body, including the heart, where the most abundant microRNA is called miR-1. This is encoded by two nearly identical genes: miR-1-1 and miR-1-2. Mice that lack the miR-1-2 gene have various heart abnormalities, but generally survive because they still produce some miR-1 from their remaining miR-1-1 gene. Now, Heidersbach et al. have generated the first mice that specifically lack both miR-1 genes, and shown that these animals die before weaning. When viewed under the electron microscope, heart muscle from miR-1 double knockout mice lacks the characteristic ‘striped’, or striated, appearance of normal heart muscle. Additionally, miR-1 double knockout hearts have some gene expression characteristics more similar to the smooth muscle found in the gut and in the walls of blood vessels. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in that it lacks sarcomeres: these are bands of fibrous proteins, such as myosin, that are essential for muscle contraction. In normal mice, an enzyme called MLCK contributes to the formation and function of sarcomeres by adding phosphate groups to myosin molecules. By contrast, in smooth muscle an enzyme called Telokin promotes phosphate group removal, and thus affects the function of sarcomeres. Heidersbach et al. showed that miR-1 interacts directly with Telokin mRNA to prevent its expression in the heart, and simultaneously represses a protein called Myocardin, which directly activates transcription of Telokin. However, when miR-1 is absent, as in the miR-1 double knockout mice, Telokin is expressed in heart muscle, along with many other genes characteristic of smooth muscle. As well as improving our understanding of the development and functioning of the heart, these findings should shed new light on the role of microRNAs in maintaining the patterns of gene expression that characterize unique cell fates. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01323.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Heidersbach
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, United States
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Law WHT, Lee LCC, Louie MW, Liu HW, Ang TWH, Lo KKW. Phosphorescent Cellular Probes and Uptake Indicators Derived from Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Bipyridine Complexes Appended with a Glucose or Galactose Entity. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13029-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Ho-Tin Law
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Man-Wai Louie
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tim Wai-Hung Ang
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Chen M, Zhang W, Lu X, Hoggatt AM, Gunst SJ, Kassab GS, Tune JD, Herring BP. Regulation of 130-kDa smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase expression by an intronic CArG element. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34647-57. [PMID: 24151072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mylk1 gene encodes a 220-kDa nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a 130-kDa smooth muscle MLCK (smMLCK), as well as the non-catalytic product telokin. Together, these proteins play critical roles in regulating smooth muscle contractility. Changes in their expression are associated with many pathological conditions; thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms regulating expression of mylk1 gene transcripts. Previously, we reported a highly conserved CArG box, which binds serum response factor, in intron 15 of mylk1. Because this CArG element is near the promoter that drives transcription of the 130-kDa smMLCK, we examined its role in regulating expression of this transcript. Results show that deletion of the intronic CArG region from a β-galactosidase reporter gene abolished transgene expression in mice in vivo. Deletion of the CArG region from the endogenous mylk1 gene, specifically in smooth muscle cells, decreased expression of the 130-kDa smMLCK by 40% without affecting expression of the 220-kDa MLCK or telokin. This reduction in 130-kDa smMLCK expression resulted in decreased phosphorylation of myosin light chains, attenuated smooth muscle contractility, and a 24% decrease in small intestine length that was associated with a significant reduction of Ki67-positive smooth muscle cells. Overall, these data show that the CArG element in intron 15 of the mylk1 gene is necessary for maximal expression of the 130-kDa smMLCK and that the 130-kDa smMLCK isoform is specifically required to regulate smooth muscle contractility and small intestine smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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40
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Basu S, Srinivasan DK, Yang K, Raina H, Banerjee S, Zhang R, Fisher SA, Proweller A. Notch transcriptional control of vascular smooth muscle regulatory gene expression and function. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11191-202. [PMID: 23482558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors and ligands mediate heterotypic cell signaling that is required for normal vascular development. Dysregulation of select Notch receptors in mouse vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and in genetic human syndromes causes functional impairment in some regional circulations, the mechanistic basis of which is undefined. In this study, we used a dominant-negative Mastermind-like (DNMAML1) to block signaling through all Notch receptors specifically in VSM to more broadly test a functional role for this pathway in vivo. Mutant DNMAML1-expressing mice exhibited blunted blood pressure responses to vasoconstrictors, and their aortic, femoral, and mesenteric arteries had reduced contractile responses to agonists and depolarization in vitro. The mutant arteries had significant and specific reduction in the expression and activity of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a primary regulator of VSM force production. Conversely, activated Notch signaling in VSM cells induced endogenous MLCK transcript levels. We identified MLCK as a direct target of activated Notch receptor as demonstrated by an evolutionarily conserved Notch-responsive element within the MLCK promoter that binds the Notch receptor complex and is required for transcriptional activity. We conclude that Notch signaling through the transcriptional control of key regulatory proteins is required for contractile responses of mature VSM. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of Notch signaling is a potential strategy for modulating arterial function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Basu
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Che BN, Oksbjerg N, Hellgren LI, Nielsen JH, Young JF. Phytanic acid stimulates glucose uptake in a model of skeletal muscles, the primary porcine myotubes. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:14. [PMID: 23398851 PMCID: PMC3606424 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytanic acid (PA) is a chlorophyll metabolite with potentials in regulating glucose metabolism, as it is a natural ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) that is known to regulate hepatic glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to establish primary porcine myotubes as a model for measuring glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, and to examine the impact of physiological amounts of PA on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis either alone or in combination with insulin. METHODS Porcine satellite cells were cultured into differentiated myotubes and tritiated 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) was used to measure glucose uptake, in relation to PA and 2-DOG exposure times and also in relation to PA and insulin concentrations. The MIXED procedure model of SAS was used for statistical analysis of data. RESULTS PA increased glucose uptake by approximately 35%, and the presence of insulin further increased the uptake, but this further increase in uptake was non- additive and less pronounced at high insulin concentrations. There was no effect of PA alone on glycogen synthesis, while the insulin stimulation of glycogen was increased by 20% in the presence of PA. PA neither stimulated glucose uptake nor glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant myotubes generated by excess glucose exposure. CONCLUSIONS Primary porcine myotubes were established as a model of skeletal muscles for measuring glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, and we showed that PA can play a role in stimulating glucose uptake at no or inadequate insulin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita N Che
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
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42
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Rigor RR, Shen Q, Pivetti CD, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Myosin light chain kinase signaling in endothelial barrier dysfunction. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:911-33. [PMID: 22886693 DOI: 10.1002/med.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is a serious problem that occurs in many inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barrier dysfunction permits extravasation of serum components into the surrounding tissue, leading to edema formation and organ failure. The basis for microvascular barrier dysfunction is hyperpermeability at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Endothelial hyperpermeability is increased by actomyosin contractile activity in response to phosphorylation of myosin light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MLCK-dependent endothelial hyperpermeability occurs in response to inflammatory mediators (e.g., activated neutrophils, thrombin, histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.), through multiple cell signaling pathways and signaling molecules (e.g., Ca(++) , protein kinase C, Src kinase, nitric oxide synthase, etc.). Other signaling molecules protect against MLCK-dependent hyperpermeability (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate or cAMP). In addition, individual MLCK isoforms play specific roles in endothelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting that isoform-specific inhibitors could be useful for treating inflammatory disorders and preventing multiple organ failure. Because endothelial barrier dysfunction depends upon signaling through MLCK in many instances, MLCK-dependent signaling comprises multiple potential therapeutic targets for preventing edema formation and multiple organ failure. The following review is a discussion of MLCK-dependent mechanisms and cell signaling events that mediate endothelial hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Rigor
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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43
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Yu Y, Lv N, Lu Z, Zheng YY, Zhang WC, Chen C, Peng YJ, He WQ, Meng FQ, Zhu MS, Chen HQ. Deletion of myosin light chain kinase in endothelial cells has a minor effect on the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in microvascular endothelium permeability in mice. FEBS J 2012; 279:1485-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Skelding KA, Rostas JAP. The role of molecular regulation and targeting in regulating calcium/calmodulin stimulated protein kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:703-30. [PMID: 22453966 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases can be classified as one of two types - restricted or multifunctional. This family of kinases contains several structural similarities: all possess a calmodulin binding motif and an autoinhibitory region. In addition, all of the calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases examined in this chapter are regulated by phosphorylation, which either activates or inhibits their kinase activity. However, as the multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases are ubiquitously expressed, yet regulate a broad range of cellular functions, additional levels of regulation that control these cell-specific functions must exist. These additional layers of control include gene expression, signaling pathways, and expression of binding proteins and molecular targeting. All of the multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases examined in this chapter appear to be regulated by these additional layers of control, however, this does not appear to be the case for the restricted kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Skelding
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Ishida M, El-Mounayri O, Kattman S, Zandstra P, Sakamoto H, Ogawa M, Keller G, Husain M. Regulated expression and role of c-Myb in the cardiovascular-directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Circ Res 2011; 110:253-64. [PMID: 22116818 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.259499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE c-myb null (knockout) embryonic stem cells (ESC) can differentiate into cardiomyocytes but not contractile smooth muscle cells (SMC) in embryoid bodies (EB). OBJECTIVE To define the role of c-Myb in SMC differentiation from ESC. METHODS AND RESULTS In wild-type (WT) EB, high c-Myb levels on days 0-2 of differentiation undergo ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation on days 2.5-3, resurging on days 4-6, without changing c-myb mRNA levels. Activin-A and bone morphogenetic protein 4-induced cardiovascular progenitors were isolated by FACS for expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α. By day 3.75, hematopoesis-capable VEGFR2+ cells were fewer, whereas cardiomyocyte-directed VEGFR2+/PDGFRα+ cells did not differ in abundance in knockout versus WT EB. Importantly, highest and lowest levels of c-Myb were observed in VEGFR2+ and VEGFR2+/PDGFRα+ cells, respectively. Proteosome inhibitor MG132 and lentiviruses enabling inducible expression or knockdown of c-myb were used to regulate c-Myb in WT and knockout EB. These experiments showed that c-Myb promotes expression of VEGFR2 over PDGFRα, with chromatin immunopreciptation and promoter-reporter assays defining specific c-Myb-responsive binding sites in the VEGFR2 promoter. Next, FACS-sorted VEGFR2+ cells expressed highest and lowest levels of SMC- and fibroblast-specific markers, respectively, at days 7-14 after retinoic acid (RA) as compared with VEGFR2+/PDGFRα+ cells. By contrast, VEGFR2+/PDGFRα+ cells cultured without RA beat spontaneously, like cardiomyocytes between days 7 and 14, and expressed cardiac troponin. Notably, RA was required to more fully differentiate SMC from VEGFR2+ cells and completely blocked differentiation of cardiomyocytes from VEGFR2+/PDGFRα+ cells. CONCLUSIONS c-Myb is tightly regulated by proteosomal degradation during cardiovascular-directed differentiation of ESC, expanding early-stage VEGFR2+ progenitors capable of RA-responsive SMC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Ishida
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
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Bogatcheva NV, Zemskova MA, Poirier C, Mirzapoiazova T, Kolosova I, Bresnick AR, Verin AD. The suppression of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation during the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS): beneficial or detrimental to endothelial barrier? J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3132-46. [PMID: 21302311 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced vascular leakage is a major underlying cause of the respiratory dysfunction seen in severe sepsis. Here, we studied the role of MLC phosphorylation in LPS-induced endothelial hyperpermeability and assessed how the changes in phospho-MLC distribution affect LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We demonstrated that the changes in human lung microvascular endothelial permeability are preceded by the increase in intracellular calcium level, and increase in MYPT and MLC phosphorylation. Using the siRNA approach, we showed that both LPS-induced barrier dysfunction and MLC phosphorylation are attenuated by the depletion of the smooth muscle isoform of MLC kinase (MLCK) and Rho kinase 2 (ROCK2). Surprisingly, pharmacological inhibition of both ROCK1 and 2 with Y-27632 exacerbated LPS-induced drop in transendothelial resistance, although significantly decreasing MLC phosphorylation level. We next studied the involvement of protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways in LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We showed that LPS decreased the level of PKA-dependent phosphorylation in endothelial cells; and the pretreatment with forskolin or PKA activator bnz-cAMP counteracted this effect. Forskolin and bnz-cAMP also attenuated LPS-induced increase in MLC phosphorylation level. As we have shown earlier (Bogatcheva et al., 2009), forskolin and bnz-cAMP provide protection from LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We compared the effects of bnz-cAMP and Y-27632 on phospho-MLC distribution and observed that while bnz-cAMP increased the association of the phospho-MLC signal with the cortical structures, Y-27632 decreased this association. These data indicate that an overall decrease in MLC phosphorylation could be either beneficial or detrimental to endothelial barrier, depending on the intracellular locale of major phospho-MLC changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Bogatcheva
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Hong F, Haldeman BD, Jackson D, Carter M, Baker JE, Cremo CR. Biochemistry of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011. [PMID: 21565153 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The smooth muscle isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a Ca(2+)-calmodulin-activated kinase that is found in many tissues. It is particularly important for regulating smooth muscle contraction by phosphorylation of myosin. This review summarizes selected aspects of recent biochemical work on MLCK that pertains to its function in smooth muscle. In general, the focus of the review is on new findings, unresolved issues, and areas with the potential for high physiological significance that need further study. The review includes a concise summary of the structure, substrates, and enzyme activity, followed by a discussion of the factors that may limit the effective activity of MLCK in the muscle. The interactions of each of the many domains of MLCK with the proteins of the contractile apparatus, and the multi-domain interactions of MLCK that may control its behaviors in the cell are summarized. Finally, new in vitro approaches to studying the mechanism of phosphorylation of myosin are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, 89557, USA
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48
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Biochemistry of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:135-46. [PMID: 21565153 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The smooth muscle isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a Ca(2+)-calmodulin-activated kinase that is found in many tissues. It is particularly important for regulating smooth muscle contraction by phosphorylation of myosin. This review summarizes selected aspects of recent biochemical work on MLCK that pertains to its function in smooth muscle. In general, the focus of the review is on new findings, unresolved issues, and areas with the potential for high physiological significance that need further study. The review includes a concise summary of the structure, substrates, and enzyme activity, followed by a discussion of the factors that may limit the effective activity of MLCK in the muscle. The interactions of each of the many domains of MLCK with the proteins of the contractile apparatus, and the multi-domain interactions of MLCK that may control its behaviors in the cell are summarized. Finally, new in vitro approaches to studying the mechanism of phosphorylation of myosin are introduced.
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Nagamine K, Kawashima T, Sekine S, Ido Y, Kanzaki M, Nishizawa M. Spatiotemporally controlled contraction of micropatterned skeletal muscle cells on a hydrogel sheet. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:513-517. [PMID: 21116545 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed gel sheet-supported C(2)C(12) myotube micropatterns and combined them with a microelectrode array chip to afford a skeletal muscle cell-based bioassay system. Myotube line patterns cultured on a glass substrate were transferred with 100% efficiency to the surface of fibrin gel sheets. The contractile behavior of each myotube line pattern on the gel was individually controlled by localized electrical stimulation using microelectrode arrays that had been previously modified with electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). We successfully demonstrated fluorescent imaging of the contraction-induced translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane of the myotubes. This device is applicable for the bioassay of contraction-induced metabolic alterations in a skeletal muscle cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nagamine
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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Rogowski K, van Dijk J, Magiera MM, Bosc C, Deloulme JC, Bosson A, Peris L, Gold ND, Lacroix B, Bosch Grau M, Bec N, Larroque C, Desagher S, Holzer M, Andrieux A, Moutin MJ, Janke C. A family of protein-deglutamylating enzymes associated with neurodegeneration. Cell 2010; 143:564-78. [PMID: 21074048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification that generates glutamate side chains on tubulins and other proteins. Although this modification has been shown to be reversible, little is known about the enzymes catalyzing deglutamylation. Here we describe the enzymatic mechanism of protein deglutamylation by members of the cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family. Three enzymes (CCP1, CCP4, and CCP6) catalyze the shortening of polyglutamate chains and a fourth (CCP5) specifically removes the branching point glutamates. In addition, CCP1, CCP4, and CCP6 also remove gene-encoded glutamates from the carboxyl termini of proteins. Accordingly, we show that these enzymes convert detyrosinated tubulin into Δ2-tubulin and also modify other substrates, including myosin light chain kinase 1. We further analyze Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice that lack functional CCP1 and show that microtubule hyperglutamylation is directly linked to neurodegeneration. Taken together, our results reveal that controlling the length of the polyglutamate side chains on tubulin is critical for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rogowski
- CRBM, Université Montpellier 2 and 1, CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier 34293, France.
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