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Gan HW, Cerbone M, Dattani MT. Appetite- and Weight-Regulating Neuroendocrine Circuitry in Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:309-342. [PMID: 38019584 PMCID: PMC11074800 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (eg, septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome) and acquired (eg, central nervous system tumors) hypothalamic disorders is increasing, thanks to earlier diagnosis and management as well as better oncological therapies. Although to date the discovery of several appetite-regulating peptides has led to the development of a range of targeted molecular therapies for monogenic obesity syndromes, outside of these disorders these discoveries have not translated into the development of efficacious treatments for other forms of HyOb. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of appetite and weight regulation, and explore our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HyOb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoong-Wei Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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2
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Qi M, Fadool DA, Storace DA. An anatomically distinct subpopulation of orexin neurons project from the lateral hypothalamus to the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1510-1524. [PMID: 37434469 PMCID: PMC10758201 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory cues play a key role in natural behaviors such as finding food, finding mates, and avoiding predators. In principle, the ability of the olfactory system to carry out these perceptual functions would be facilitated by signaling related to an organism's physiological state. One candidate pathway includes a direct projection from the hypothalamus to the main olfactory bulb, the first stage of olfactory sensory processing. The pathway from the hypothalamus to the main olfactory bulb is thought to include neurons that express the neuropeptide orexin, although the proportion that is orexinergic remains unknown. A current model proposes that the orexin population is heterogeneous, yet it remains unknown whether the proportion that innervates the main olfactory bulb reflects a distinct subpopulation of the orexin population. Herein, we carried out combined retrograde tract tracing with immunohistochemistry for orexin-A in the mouse to define the proportion of hypothalamic input to the main olfactory bulb that is orexinergic and to determine what fraction of the orexin-A population innervates the bulb. The numbers and spatial positions of all retrogradely labeled neurons and all the orexin-A-expressing neurons were quantified in sequential sections through the hypothalamus. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral hypothalamus, of which 22% expressed orexin-A. The retrogradely labeled neurons that did and did not express orexin-A could be anatomically distinguished based on their spatial position and cell body area. Remarkably, only 7% of all the orexin-A neurons were retrogradely labeled, suggesting that only a small fraction of the orexin-A population directly innervate the main olfactory bulb. These neurons spatially overlapped with the orexin-A neurons that did not innervate the bulb, although the two cell populations were differentiated based on cell body area. Overall, these results support a model in which olfactory sensory processing is influenced by orexinergic feedback at the first synapse in the olfactory processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhu Qi
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Douglas A. Storace
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Physiological Role of Orexin/Hypocretin in the Human Body in Motivated Behavior: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e34009. [PMID: 36814741 PMCID: PMC9939734 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurohormones are neurosecretory materials released by neurosecretory cells that serve both as neuromodulators in the brain and spinal cord and as circulating regulatory hormones. They serve a wide range of functions, including homeostasis, development, and modulation of neuronal and muscle activity. In the hypothalamus, neurohormones called hypocretins are created that were discovered in the late nineties. Orexin receptors (OXRs) have been shown to enhance synaptic signaling in the central nervous system at the cellular level. The orexins improve stimulated neural activity in the hippocampus, which, in turn, aids with spatial memory, learning, and mood. They present themselves as mediators for the hypothalamic functions. They have been shown to regulate sleep-wake cycles, arousal mechanisms, addiction, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), blood pressure, and thermogenesis. Its role in storing brown adipose tissue has implications for thermal homeostasis. The significant role of orexins is seen in tumorigenesis when orexin A (OrxA) and orexin B (OrxB) induce apoptosis in fast-growing tumor cells. Orexin-null subjects show clinical narcolepsy, indicating that orexins were responsible for keeping them awake. Orexin microinjections in mice brains stimulated increased physical activity, thus possibly countering diet-induced obesity. Physical activity significantly increased plasma orexin-A levels, which facilitated the process of energy homeostasis. The amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) increases in stress conditions, which further facilitates the release of the stress hormone cortisol. No increase in the ACTH hormone is seen in stressed mice administered with orexin receptor 2 (OX2R) antagonists thus showing orexin's role in stress reaction. As a result of linking hypocretin/orexin to various physiological procedures, increased research into the medicinal potential of drugs targeting these receptors is emerging. We summed up in this review the recent advances in our understanding of how orexin and its receptor system play an essential role in clinical and pathological functions. This research summarizes a new area for research in human medicine, providing the possibility of controlling a vast array of physiological functions through intra-cerebroventricular injections of a single neuropeptide.
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Villano I, La Marra M, Di Maio G, Monda V, Chieffi S, Guatteo E, Messina G, Moscatelli F, Monda M, Messina A. Physiological Role of Orexinergic System for Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148353. [PMID: 35886210 PMCID: PMC9323672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins, or hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and the sleep and wakefulness states. Since their discovery, several lines of evidence have highlighted that orexin neurons regulate a great range of physiological functions, giving it the definition of a multitasking system. In the present review, we firstly describe the mechanisms underlining the orexin system and their interactions with the central nervous system (CNS). Then, the system’s involvement in goal-directed behaviors, sleep/wakefulness state regulation, feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, reward system, and aging and neurodegenerative diseases are described. Advanced evidence suggests that the orexin system is crucial for regulating many physiological functions and could represent a promising target for therapeutical approaches to obesity, drug addiction, and emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
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Mattar P, Uribe-Cerda S, Pezoa C, Guarnieri T, Kotz CM, Teske JA, Morselli E, Perez-Leighton C. Brain site-specific regulation of hedonic intake by orexin and DYN peptides: role of the PVN and obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:1105-1114. [PMID: 33151127 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1840049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The orexin peptides promote hedonic intake and other reward behaviors through different brain sites. The opioid dynorphin peptides are co-released with orexin peptides but block their effects on reward in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We previously showed that in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), dynorphin and not orexin peptides enhance hedonic intake, suggesting they have brain-site-specific effects. Obesity alters the expression of orexin and dynorphin receptors, but whether their expression across different brain sites is important to hedonic intake is unclear. We hypothesized that hedonic intake is regulated by orexin and dynorphin peptides in PVN and that hedonic intake in obesity correlates with expression of their receptors. Here we show that in mice, injection of DYN-A1-13 (an opioid dynorphin peptide) in the PVN enhanced hedonic intake, whereas in the VTA, injection of OXA (orexin-A, an orexin peptide) enhanced hedonic intake. In PVN, OXA blunted the increase in hedonic intake caused by DYN-A1-13. In PVN, injection of norBNI (opioid receptor antagonist) reduced hedonic intake but a subsequent OXA injection failed to increase hedonic intake, suggesting that OXA activity in PVN is not influenced by endogenous opioid activity. In the PVN, DYN-A1-13 increased the intake of the less-preferred food in a two-food choice task. In obese mice fed a cafeteria diet, orexin 1 receptor mRNA across brain sites involved in hedonic intake correlated with fat preference but not caloric intake. Together, these data support that orexin and dynorphin peptides regulate hedonic intake in an opposing manner with brain-site-specific effects.
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Key Words
- CeA, central amygdala
- DH, dorsal hypothalamus
- DYN, dynorphin
- KOR, kappa opioid receptor
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- OR, opioid receptor
- OX1R, orexin 1 receptor
- OX2R, orexin 2 receptor
- OXA, 1orexin-A
- Orexin
- PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVT, paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- VH, ventral hypothalamus
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- cafeteria diet
- dynorphin
- fat
- feeding behavior
- food choice
- hedonic intake
- hypocretin
- hypothalamus
- norBNI, nor-binaltorphimine
- obesity
- opioid receptors
- orexin 1 receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Uribe-Cerda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Pezoa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Guarnieri
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - E Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Perez-Leighton
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Mavanji V, Pomonis B, Kotz CM. Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1536. [PMID: 35023323 PMCID: PMC9286346 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus is critical for the control of ingestive behavior and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), as lesion or stimulation of this region alters these behaviors. Evidence points to lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons as modulators of feeding and SPA. These neurons affect a broad range of systems, and project to multiple brain regions such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, which contains serotoninergic neurons (DRN) important to energy homeostasis. Physical activity is comprised of intentional exercise and SPA. These are opposite ends of a continuum of physical activity intensity and structure. Non‐goal‐oriented behaviors, such as fidgeting, standing, and ambulating, constitute SPA in humans, and reflect a propensity for activity separate from intentional activity, such as high‐intensity voluntary exercise. In animals, SPA is activity not influenced by rewards such as food or a running wheel. Spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals burns calories and could theoretically be manipulated pharmacologically to expend calories and protect against obesity. The DRN neurons receive orexin inputs, and project heavily onto cortical and subcortical areas involved in movement, feeding and energy expenditure (EE). This review discusses the function of hypothalamic orexin in energy‐homeostasis, the interaction with DRN serotonin neurons, and the role of this orexin‐serotonin axis in regulating food intake, SPA, and EE. In addition, we discuss possible brain areas involved in orexin–serotonin cross‐talk; the role of serotonin receptors, transporters and uptake‐inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity; animal models of obesity with impaired serotonin‐function; single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin system and obesity; and future directions in the orexin–serotonin field. This article is categorized under:Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brianna Pomonis
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Vaseghi S, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Reviewing the role of the orexinergic system and stressors in modulating mood and reward-related behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104516. [PMID: 34973302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review study, we aimed to introduce the orexinergic system as an important signaling pathway involved in a variety of cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, and reward-related behaviors. This study focused on the role of orexinergic system in modulating reward-related behavior, with or without the presence of stressors. Cross-talk between the reward system and orexinergic signaling was also investigated, especially orexinergic signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the hippocampus. Furthermore, we discussed the role of the orexinergic system in modulating mood states and mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, panic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we narrowed down our focus on the orexinergic signaling in three brain regions: the VTA, NAc, and the hippocampus (CA1 region and dentate gyrus) for their prominent role in reward-related behaviors and memory. It was concluded that the orexinergic system is critically involved in reward-related behavior and significantly alters stress responses and stress-related psychiatric and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Regulatory Role of Orexin in the Antistress Effect of "Press Tack Needle" Acupuncture Treatment. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050503. [PMID: 33925438 PMCID: PMC8146164 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the antistress effect of press tack needle (PTN) acupuncture treatment using rats with social isolation stress (SIS). Rats were divided into non-stress group (Grouped+sham), stress group (SIS+sham), and PTN-treated SIS group (SIS+PTN). Rats in the SIS+PTN and SIS+sham groups were housed alone for eight days. For the SIS+PTN group, a PTN (length, 0.3 or 1.2 mm) was fixed on the GV20 acupoint on day 7. We measured stress behavior based on the time the rats showed aggressive behavior and the levels of plasma corticosterone and orexin A on day 8. In addition, the orexin-1 receptor or orexin-2 receptor antagonist was administered to rats that were exposed to SIS. The duration of aggressive behavior was significantly prolonged in the SIS+sham group, and the prolonged duration was inhibited in the SIS+PTN (1.2 mm) group. The levels of plasma corticosterone and orexin A were significantly increased in the SIS+sham group; however, these increases were inhibited in the SIS+PTN group. The aggressive behavior was significantly reduced after the orexin-2 receptor antagonist was administered. These findings suggest that PTN treatment at GV20 may have an antistress effect, and the control of orexin is a mechanism underlying this phenomenon.
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Lord MN, Subramanian K, Kanoski SE, Noble EE. Melanin-concentrating hormone and food intake control: Sites of action, peptide interactions, and appetition. Peptides 2021; 137:170476. [PMID: 33370567 PMCID: PMC8025943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the increased prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, understanding the mechanisms through which the brain regulates energy balance is of critical importance. The neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced in the lateral hypothalamic area and the adjacent incerto-hypothalamic area and promotes both food intake and energy conservation, overall contributing to body weight gain. Decades of research into this system has provided insight into the neural pathways and mechanisms (behavioral and neurobiological) through which MCH stimulates food intake. Recent technological advancements that allow for selective manipulation of MCH neuron activity have elucidated novel mechanisms of action for the hyperphagic effects of MCH, implicating neural "volume" transmission in the cerebrospinal fluid and sex-specific effects of MCH on food intake control as understudied areas for future investigation. Highlighted here are historical and recent findings that illuminate the neurobiological mechanisms through which MCH promotes food intake, including the identification of various specific neural signaling pathways and interactions with other peptide systems. We conclude with a framework that the hyperphagic effects of MCH signaling are predominantly mediated through enhancement of an "appetition" process in which early postoral prandial signals promote further caloric consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen N Lord
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Keshav Subramanian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
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10
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Synchronous neuronal interactions in rat hypothalamic culture: a novel model for the study of network dynamics in metabolic disorders. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:755-764. [PMID: 33388905 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synchronous neural activity is a feature of normal brain function, and altered synchronization is observed in several neurological diseases. Dysfunction in hypothalamic pathways leads to obesity, suggesting that hypothalamic neural synchrony is critical for energy homeostasis. The lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons are extensively interconnected with other brain structures and are important for energy balance. Earlier studies show that rats with higher orexin sensitivity are obesity resistant. Similarly, topiramate, an anti-epileptic drug, has been shown to reduce weight in humans. Since orexin enhances neuronal excitation, we hypothesized that obesity-resistant rats with higher orexin sensitivity may exhibit enhanced hypothalamic synchronization. We further hypothesized that anti-obesity agents such as orexin and topiramate will enhance hypothalamic synchronization. To test this, we examined neural synchronicity in primary embryonic hypothalamic cell cultures, obtained from embryonic day 18 (E18) obesity-susceptible Sprague-Dawley (SD) and obesity-resistant rats. Hypothalamic tissue was cultured in multielectrode array (MEA), and recordings were performed twice weekly, from 4th to 32nd day in vitro (DIV). Next, we tested the effects of orexin and topiramate application on neural synchronicity of hypothalamic cultures obtained from SD rat embryos. Signals were analyzed for synchronization using cross correlation. Our results showed that (1) obesity-resistant hypothalamus exhibits significantly higher synchronization compared to obesity-sensitive hypothalamus; and (2) orexin and topiramate enhance hypothalamic synchronization. These results support that enhanced orexin sensitivity is associated with greater neural synchronization, and that anti-obesity treatments enhance network synchronization, thus constrain variability in hypothalamic output signals, to extrahypothalamic structures involved in energy homeostasis.
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Valenzano A, Tartaglia N, Ambrosi A, Tafuri D, Monda M, Messina A, Sessa F, Campanozzi A, Monda V, Cibelli G, Messina G, Polito R. The Metabolic Rearrangements of Bariatric Surgery: Focus on Orexin-A and the Adiponectin System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103327. [PMID: 33081283 PMCID: PMC7602946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue represents one of the characteristics of obesity, increasing the risk of developing correlated obesity diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and immune diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation leads to chronic low inflammation inducing an imbalanced adipokine secretion. Among these adipokines, Adiponectin is an important metabolic and inflammatory mediator. It is also known that adipose tissue is influenced by Orexin-A levels, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus. Adiponectin and Orexin-A are strongly decreased in obesity and are associated with metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The aim of this review was to investigate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system focusing on Adiponectin and Orexin-A after bariatric surgery. After bariatric surgery, Adiponectin and Orexin-A levels are strongly increased independently of weight loss showing that hormone increases are also attributable to a rearrangement of metabolic and inflammatory mediators. The restriction of food intake and malabsorption are not sufficient to clarify the clinical effects of bariatric surgery suggesting the involvement of neuro-hormonal feedback loops and also of mediators such as Adiponectin and Orexin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
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12
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Jin T, Jiang Z, Luan X, Qu Z, Guo F, Gao S, Xu L, Sun X. Exogenous Orexin-A Microinjected Into Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Modulates Feeding and Gastric Motility in Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:274. [PMID: 32410931 PMCID: PMC7198841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A is a circulating neuropeptide and neurotransmitter that regulates food intake and gastric motility. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which regulates feeding behavior and gastric function, expresses the orexin-1 receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of microinjection of exogenous orexin-A into the CeA, on food intake and gastric motility, and to explore the mechanisms of these effects. Normal chow and high fat food (HFF) intake were measured, gastric motility and gastric emptying were evaluated, extracellular single unit firing was recorded, and c-fos expression was determined. The results showed that microinjection of orexin-A into the CeA resulted in increased HFF intake but did not affect normal chow intake. This effect was blocked by an orexin-1 receptor antagonist-SB-334867 and was partially blocked by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist-SCH-23390. Gastric motility and gastric emptying were enhanced by orexin-A, and the former effect was abolished by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The firing frequency of gastric distention-related neurons was regulated by orexin-A via the orexin-1 receptor. Furthermore, c-fos expression was increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in response to microinjection of orexin-A into the CeA. These findings showed that orexin-A regulated palatable food intake and gastric motility via the CeA. The LHA, the VTA, and the NAc may participate in palatable food intake and the CeA-DMV-vagus-stomach pathway may be involved in regulating gastric motility through the regulation of neuronal activity in the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongxin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Luan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuling Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengli Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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14
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Adeghate E, Lotfy M, D'Souza C, Alseiari SM, Alsaadi AA, Qahtan SA. Hypocretin/orexin modulates body weight and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3229. [PMID: 31655012 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/orexin) unit affects the functions of the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Hcrt/orexin ligands and receptors have been localized to different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cerebrospinal fluid and blood, exocrine (pancreas, salivary, lacrimal) as well as endocrine (pancreatic islets, pituitary, adrenal) glands. Several factors including stress, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, glutamate, nicotine, glucose, and hypoglycaemia stimulate the expression of Hcrt/orexin system, but it is inhibited by ageing, bone morphogenetic protein, hypoxia/hypercapnia, melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2, and glucagon. Literature reports show that Hcrt/orexin can significantly increase insulin secretion from normal and diabetic rat pancreata. Hcrt/orexin decreases blood glucose concentration and reduces insulin resistance partly via increased tissue expression of glucose transporter type 4. It reduces obesity by increasing browning of fat cells and energy expenditure. Taken together, Hcrt/orexin modulates obesity and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. The Hcrt/orexin system may thus be a target in the development of new therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Crystal D'Souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh Meqbel Alseiari
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulla Ali Alsaadi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Abdo Qahtan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Liu L, Wang Q, Liu A, Lan X, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Jie H, Chen J, Zhao Y. Physiological Implications of Orexins/Hypocretins on Energy Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Development. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:547-555. [PMID: 31956801 PMCID: PMC6964296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins and their receptors (OXRs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Recently, various reports have indicated that orexins play regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes involved in obesity, energy homeostasis, sleep-wake cycle, analgesia, alcoholism, learning, and memory. This review aims to outline recent progress in the research and development of orexins used in biochemical signaling pathways, secretion pathways, and the regulation of energy metabolism/adipose tissue development. Orexins regulate a variety of physiological functions in the body by activating phospholipase C/protein kinase C and AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, through receptors coupled to Gq and Gi/Gs, respectively. The secretion of orexins is modulated by blood glucose, blood lipids, hormones, and neuropeptides. Orexins have critical functions in energy metabolism, regulating both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Increasing the sensitivity of orexin-coupled hypothalamic neurons concurrently enhances spontaneous physical activity, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, white adipose tissue lipolysis, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. With this comprehensive review of the current literature on the subject, we hope to provide an integrated perspective for the prevention/treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (L.L.)
| | - Qigui Wang
- ChongQing Academy
of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang Campus, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lan
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Huang
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongquan Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Jie
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant
Cultivation, Nanchuan, 408435 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
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16
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Scariot PPM, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Prolla TA, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Gobatto CA. Housing conditions modulate spontaneous physical activity, feeding behavior, aerobic running capacity and adiposity in C57BL/6J mice. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104556. [PMID: 31310763 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence of reduced adiposity in rodents living in a large cages (LC) as compared to animals housed in small cages (SC). Because spontaneous physical activity (SPA) provides an important portion of the total daily energy expenditure, an increase of SPA in rodents kept in LC could explain their reduced body fat accumulation. The relationship between SPA and components of physical fitness (i.e. aerobic and anaerobic fitness and body leanness) has not been previously determined. We examined the effects of eight weeks of LC exposure on SPA, body composition, feeding behavior, as well as aerobic and anaerobic running capacity in adult C57BL/6J mice. Male mice were housed in cages of two different sizes for 8 weeks: a small (SC, n = 10) and large (LC n = 10) cages with 1320 cm2 and 4800 cm2 floor space, respectively. SPA was measured gravimetrically, and food and water intake were recorded daily. Mice had critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic running capacity (ARC) evaluated at the beginning, middle course (4th week) and at the end of study (8th week). Despite non-significant differences in each week LC-mice were more active than SC-mice by considering all SPA values obtained in the entire period of 8 weeks. The difference in SPA over the whole day was mainly due to light phase activity, but also due to activity at dark period (from 6 pm to 9 pm and from 5 am to 6 am). LC-mice also exhibited higher food and water intake over the entire 8-wk period. LC-mice had lower content of fat mass (% of the eviscerated carcass) than SC-mice (SC: 8.4 ± 0.4 vs LC: 6.3 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). LC-mice also exhibited reduced epididymal fat pads (% of body mass) compared to SC-mice (SC: 1.3 ± 0.1 vs LC: 0.9 ± 0.1, p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat pads (SC: 0.4 ± 0.05 vs LC: 0.2 ± 0.02, p < 0.05). The LC-group showed significantly higher critical velocity than SC-group at the fourth week (SC: 14.9 ± 0.6 m·min-1 vs LC: 18.0 ± 0.3 m·min-1, p < 0.05) and eighth week (SC: 17.1 ± 0.5 m·min-1 vs LC: 18.8 ± 0.6 m·min-1, p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that eight weeks of LC housing increases SPA of C57BL/6J mice, and this may lead to reduced fat accumulation as well as higher aerobic fitness. Importantly, our study implies that SC limits SPA, possibly generating experimental artifacts in long-term rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ivan G Masselli Dos Reis
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Targeting the orexinergic system: Mainly but not only for sleep-wakefulness therapies. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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18
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Stanojlovic M, Pallais Yllescas JP, Mavanji V, Kotz C. Chemogenetic activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons ameliorates aging-induced changes in behavior and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R571-R583. [PMID: 30726119 PMCID: PMC6589608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging affects numerous physiological processes, as well as behavior. A large number of these processes are regulated, at least partially, by hypothalamic orexin neurons, and orexin tone may decrease with normal aging. In this study, we hypothesized that designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) stimulation of orexin neuronal activity will ameliorate the effect of aging on behavioral and metabolic alterations in young and middle-aged mice. DREADD targeting was achieved by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors (AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry) into the lateral hypothalamus of 5- and 12-mo old orexin-cre female mice and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of orexin A and mCherry expression. After recovery, animals were subjected to a behavioral test battery consisting of the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OFT), and novel object recognition tests (NORT) to assess effects of aging on anxiety-like behavior, general locomotion, and working memory. A comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS) was used to measure spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and energy expenditure (EE). The results indicate that activation of orexin neurons mitigates aging-induced reductions in anxiety-like behavior in middle-aged mice (P < 0.005) and increases locomotion in both young and middle-aged mice (P < 0.05). Activation of orexin neurons increases SPA (P < 0.01) and EE (P < 0.005) in middle-aged mice, restoring the levels to that observed in young animals. Results from this study identify orexin neurons as potential therapeutic targets for age-related impairments in cognitive and anxiety-related behavior, and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Stanojlovic
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Vijaya Mavanji
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine Kotz
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Skrzypski M, Billert M, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. The role of orexin in controlling the activity of the adipo-pancreatic axis. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R95-R108. [PMID: 29848609 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A and B are two neuropeptides, which regulate a variety of physiological functions by interacting with central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Biological effects of orexins are mediated through two G-protein-coupled receptors (OXR1 and OXR2). In addition to their strong influence on the sleep-wake cycle, there is growing evidence that orexins regulate body weight, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, orexins promote energy expenditure and protect against obesity by interacting with brown adipocytes. Fat tissue and the endocrine pancreas play pivotal roles in maintaining energy homeostasis. Since both organs are crucially important in the context of pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of orexins and their receptors in controlling adipocytes as well as the endocrine pancreatic functions. Particularly, we discuss studies evaluating the effects of orexins in controlling brown and white adipocytes as well as pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - K W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology & The Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Park-Klinik WeissenseeInternal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Walley SN, Roepke TA. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and the control of feeding behavior-An overview. Horm Behav 2018; 101:22-28. [PMID: 29107582 PMCID: PMC5938167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that can interact with steroid and nuclear receptors or alter hormone production. Many studies have reported that perinatal exposure to EDC including bisphenol A, PCB, dioxins, and DDT disrupt energy balance, body weight, adiposity, or glucose homeostasis in rodent offspring. However, little information exists on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure on the control of feeding behaviors and meal pattern (size, frequency, duration), which may contribute to their obesogenic properties. Feeding behaviors are controlled centrally through communication between the hindbrain and hypothalamus with inputs from the emotion and reward centers of the brain and modulated by peripheral hormones like ghrelin and leptin. Discrete hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventromedial nucleus) project numerous reciprocal neural connections between each other and to other brain regions including the hindbrain (nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus). Most studies on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure examine simple crude food intake over the course of the experiment or for a short period in adult models. In addition, these studies do not examine EDC's impacts on the feeding neurocircuitry of the hypothalamus-hindbrain, the response to peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, etc.) after refeeding, or other feeding behavior paradigms. The purpose of this review is to discuss those few studies that report crude food or energy intake after perinatal EDC exposure and to explore the need for deeper investigations in the hypothalamic-hindbrain neurocircuitry and discrete feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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22
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Alvarez B, Barrientos T, Gac L, Teske J, Perez-Leighton C. Effects on Hedonic Feeding, Energy Expenditure and Balance of the Non-opioid Peptide DYN-A2-17. Neuroscience 2018; 371:337-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) is a physical activity not motivated by a rewarding goal, such as that associated with food-seeking or wheel-running behavior. SPA is often thought of as only "fidgeting," but that is a mischaracterization, since fidgety behavior can be linked to stereotypies in neurodegenerative disease and other movement disorders. Instead, SPA should be thought of as all physical activity behavior that emanates from an unconscious drive for movement. RECENT FINDINGS An example of this may be restless behavior, which can include fidgeting and gesticulating, frequent sit-to-stand movement, and more time spent standing and moving. All physical activity burns calories, and as such, SPA could be manipulated as a means to burn calories, and defend against weight gain and reduce excess adiposity. In this review, we discuss human and animal literature on the use of SPA in reducing weight gain, the neuromodulators that could be targeted to this end, and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Kotz
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- GRECC, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 1177 E 4th street, Shantz 332, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Charles J Billington
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 5545, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
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Zink AN, Bunney PE, Holm AA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Neuromodulation of orexin neurons reduces diet-induced adiposity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:737-745. [PMID: 29180723 PMCID: PMC5962366 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Low levels of orexin are associated with obesity and reduced physical activity in humans and animals. Subjects/Methods: Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) selectively activated orexin neurons in mouse lateral hypothalamus (LH) to measure effects on spontaneous physical activity (SPA). DREADD targeting was achieved by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors into caudal lateral LH of heterozygous orexin-Cre or C57/B6J mice. In one set of studies, excitation of orexin neurons was examined (virus: AAV2-EF1a-DIO-hM3Dq-mCherry), and test sessions began 3-4 h after light cycle onset. In a study examining the inhibition of orexin neurons (virus: AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM4Di-mCherry), testing began 15 min prior to dark cycle onset. Clozapine n-oxide (CNO; 1 or 5 mg/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally and time spent moving in open field chambers was recorded for 2 h. Follow-up studies in separate mouse cohorts quantified SPA in parallel with changes in energy expenditure (EE) and chow intake using indirect calorimetry chambers (SableSystem™). Following acclimation, testing sessions (saline and/or CNO) took place over the course of ~1 week, with injections administered every day. Changes in SPA, EE, chow intake, fecal boli, and body composition (EchoMRI™) were measured. Additional mice cohorts were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and injected with CNO daily up to 10 days to assess the potential for orexin activation to prevent diet-induced obesity. Results: Activation of orexin resulted in increases in SPA in male and female mice, and was accompanied by increases in energy expenditure without changes in overall chow intake. When orexin activation occurred in the context of high fat diet, weight gain and adiposity were significantly attenuated. SPA was decreased when DREADDs were used to inhibit orexin activity. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that orexin neurons play a critical role in mediating physical activity and suggest a novel therapeutic target for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Zink
- Medical Devices Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P E Bunney
- Minnesota Obesity Prevention Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A A Holm
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C J Billington
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Endocrinology section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C M Kotz
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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DePorter DP, Coborn JE, Teske JA. Partial Sleep Deprivation Reduces the Efficacy of Orexin-A to Stimulate Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1716-1722. [PMID: 28815952 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sufficient sleep is required for weight maintenance. Sleep deprivation due to noise exposure stimulates weight gain by increasing hyperphagia and reducing energy expenditure (EE). Yet the mechanistic basis underlying the weight gain response is unclear. Orexin-A promotes arousal and negative energy balance, and orexin terminals project to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), which is involved in sleep-to-wake transitions. To determine whether sleep deprivation reduces orexin function in VLPO and to test the hypothesis that sleep deprivation would attenuate the orexin-A-stimulated increase in arousal, physical activity (PA), and EE. METHODS Electroencephalogram, electromyogram, distance traveled, and EE were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats following orexin-A injections into VLPO both before and after acute (12-h) and chronic (8 h/d, 9 d) sleep deprivation by noise exposure. RESULTS Orexin-A in the VLPO significantly increased arousal, PA, total EE, and PA-related EE and reduced sleep and respiratory quotient before sleep deprivation. In contrast to after acute sleep deprivation in which orexin-A failed to stimulate EE during PA only, orexin-A failed to significantly increase arousal, PA, fat oxidation, total EE, and PA-related EE after chronic sleep deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Sleep deprivation may reduce sensitivity to endogenous stimuli that enhance EE due to PA and thus stimulate weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P DePorter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jamie E Coborn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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26
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Goforth PB, Myers MG. Roles for Orexin/Hypocretin in the Control of Energy Balance and Metabolism. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:137-156. [PMID: 27909992 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin is also commonly referred to as orexin, since its orexigenic action was recognized early. Orexin/hypocretin (OX) neurons project widely throughout the brain and the physiologic and behavioral functions of OX are much more complex than initially conceived based upon the stimulation of feeding. OX most notably controls functions relevant to attention, alertness, and motivation. OX also plays multiple crucial roles in the control of food intake, metabolism, and overall energy balance in mammals. OX signaling not only promotes food-seeking behavior upon short-term fasting to increase food intake and defend body weight, but, conversely, OX signaling also supports energy expenditure to protect against obesity. Furthermore, OX modulates the autonomic nervous system to control glucose metabolism, including during the response to hypoglycemia. Consistently, a variety of nutritional cues (including the hormones leptin and ghrelin) and metabolites (e.g., glucose, amino acids) control OX neurons. In this chapter, we review the control of OX neurons by nutritional/metabolic cues, along with our current understanding of the mechanisms by which OX and OX neurons contribute to the control of energy balance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette B Goforth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 5131 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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27
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Chieffi S, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Valenzano A, Villano I, Precenzano F, Tafuri D, Salerno M, Filippi N, Nuccio F, Ruberto M, De Luca V, Cipolloni L, Cibelli G, Mollica MP, Iacono D, Nigro E, Monda M, Messina G, Messina A. Orexin System: The Key for a Healthy Life. Front Physiol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28620314 PMCID: PMC5450021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive a variety of signals related to environmental, physiological and emotional stimuli, and project broadly to the entire CNS. Orexin neurons are “multi-tasking” neurons regulating a set of vital body functions, including sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and mood. Furthermore, a dysfunction of orexinergic system may underlie different pathological conditions. A selective loss orexin neurons was found in narcolepsia, supporting the crucial role of orexins in maintaining wakefulness. In animal models, orexin deficiency lead to obesity even if the consume of calories is lower than wildtype counterpart. Reduced physical activity appears the main cause of weight gain in these models resulting in energy imbalance. Orexin signaling promotes obesity resistance via enhanced spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure regulation and the deficiency/dysfunction in orexins system lead to obesity in animal models despite of lower calories intake than wildtype associated with reduced physical activity. Interestingly, orexinergic neurons show connections to regions involved in cognition and mood regulation, including hippocampus. Orexins enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory abilities, and mood. Conversely, orexin deficiency results in learning and memory deficits, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope"Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Filippi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Nuccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma La SapienzaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neurodevelopmental Research Lab, Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuroscience Research, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Atlantic Health SystemMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuropathology Research, MANA/Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States
| | | | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
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Perez-Leighton C, Little MR, Grace M, Billington C, Kotz CM. Orexin signaling in rostral lateral hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens shell in the control of spontaneous physical activity in high- and low-activity rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R338-R346. [PMID: 28039192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00339.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) describes activity outside of formal exercise and shows large interindividual variability. The hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin peptides are key regulators of SPA. Orexins drive SPA within multiple brain sites, including rostral lateral hypothalamus (LH) and nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh). Rats with high basal SPA (high activity, HA) show higher orexin mRNA expression and SPA after injection of orexin-A in rostral LH compared with low-activity (LA) rats. Here, we explored the contribution of orexin signaling in rostral LH and NAcSh to the HA/LA phenotype. We found that HA rats have higher sensitivity to SPA after injection of orexin-A in rostral LH, but not in NAcSh. HA and LA rats showed similar levels of orexin receptor expression in rostral LH, and activation of orexin-producing neurons after orexin-A injection in rostral LH. Also, in HA and LA rats, the coinjection of orexin-A in rostral LH and NAcSh failed to further increase SPA beyond the effects of orexin-A in rostral LH. Pretreatment with muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, in NAcSh potentiated SPA produced by orexin-A injection in rostral LH in HA but not in LA rats. Our results suggest that a feedback loop from orexin-responsive neurons in rostral LH to orexin neurons and a the NAcSh-orexin neuron-rostral LH circuit regulate SPA. Overall, our data suggest that differences in orexin sensitivity in rostral LH and its modulation by GABA afferents from NAcSh contribute to individual SPA differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
| | - Morgan R Little
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota
| | - Martha Grace
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles Billington
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; .,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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29
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Kram DE, Krasnow SM, Levasseur PR, Zhu X, Stork LC, Marks DL. Dexamethasone Chemotherapy Does Not Disrupt Orexin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168731. [PMID: 27997622 PMCID: PMC5173249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced sleep disturbance is a common and highly distressing morbidity for children receiving steroid chemotherapy for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Sleep disturbance can negatively impact overall quality of life, neurodevelopment, memory consolidation, and wound healing. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are influential wake-promoting neurons, and disturbances in orexin signaling leads to abnormal sleep behavior. A new class of drug, the orexin receptor antagonists, could be an intriguing option for sleep disorders caused by increased orexinergic output. Our aim was to examine the impact of ALL treatment doses of corticosteroids on the orexin system in rodents and in children undergoing treatment for childhood ALL. METHODS We administered repeated injections of dexamethasone to rodents and measured responsive orexin neural activity compared to controls. In children with newly diagnosed standard risk B-cell ALL receiving dexamethasone therapy per Children's Oncology Group (COG) induction therapy from 2014-2016, we collected pre- and during-steroids matched CSF samples and measured the impact of steroids on CSF orexin concentration. RESULTS In both rodents, all markers orexin signaling, including orexin neural output and orexin receptor expression, were preserved in the setting of dexamethasone. Additionally, we did not detect a difference in pre- and during-dexamethasone CSF orexin concentrations in children receiving dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that rodent and human orexin physiology is largely preserved in the setting of high dose dexamethasone. The data obtained in our experimental model fail to demonstrate a causative role for disruption of the orexin pathway in steroid-induced sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Kram
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Linda C. Stork
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Multiple physiologic and neural systems contribute to the controls over what and how much we eat. These systems include signaling involved in the detection and signaling of nutrient availability, signals arising from consumed nutrients that provide feedback information during a meal to induce satiation, and signals related to the rewarding properties of eating. Each of these has a separate neural representation, but important interactions among these systems are critical to the overall controls of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ellen E Ladenheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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31
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Giles ED, Jackman MR, MacLean PS. Modeling Diet-Induced Obesity with Obesity-Prone Rats: Implications for Studies in Females. Front Nutr 2016; 3:50. [PMID: 27933296 PMCID: PMC5121240 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and the comorbidities associated with obesity are numerous. Over the last two decades, we and others have employed an outbred rat model to study the development and persistence of obesity, as well as the metabolic complications that accompany excess weight. In this review, we summarize the strengths and limitations of this model and how it has been applied to further our understanding of human physiology in the context of weight loss and weight regain. We also discuss how the approach has been adapted over time for studies in females and female-specific physiological conditions, such as menopause and breast cancer. As excess weight and the accompanying metabolic complications have become common place in our society, we expect that this model will continue to provide a valuable translational tool to establish physiologically relevant connections to the basic science studies of obesity and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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32
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Effects of a maternal high-fat diet on offspring behavioral and metabolic parameters in a rodent model. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:75-88. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diet-induced obesity can cause detrimental developmental origins of health and disease in offspring. Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) can lead to later behavioral and metabolic disturbances, but it is not clear which behaviors and metabolic parameters are most vulnerable. To address this critical gap, biparental and monogamous oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus), which may better replicate most human societies, were used in the current study. About 2 weeks before breeding, adult females were placed on a control or HFD and maintained on the diets throughout gestation and lactation. F1 offspring were placed at weaning (30 days of age) on the control diet and spatial learning and memory, anxiety, exploratory, voluntary physical activity, and metabolic parameters were tested when they reached adulthood (90 days of age). Surprisingly, maternal HFD caused decreased latency in initial and reverse Barnes maze trials in male, but not female, offspring. Both male and female HFD-fed offspring showed increased anxiogenic behaviors, but decreased exploratory and voluntary physical activity. Moreover, HFD offspring demonstrated lower resting energy expenditure (EE) compared with controls. Accordingly, HFD offspring weighed more at adulthood than those from control fed dams, likely the result of reduced physical activity and EE. Current findings indicate a maternal HFD may increase obesity susceptibility in offspring due to prenatal programming resulting in reduced physical activity and EE later in life. Further work is needed to determine the underpinning neural and metabolic mechanisms by which a maternal HFD adversely affects neurobehavioral and metabolic pathways in offspring.
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33
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Razzoli M, Bartolomucci A. The Dichotomous Effect of Chronic Stress on Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:504-515. [PMID: 27162125 PMCID: PMC4912918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic diseases are linked to chronic stress and low socioeconomic status. The mechanistic link between stress and obesity has not been clarified, partly due to the inherent complexity exemplified by the bidirectional effect of stress on eating and body weight. Recent studies focusing on adaptive thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function support a dichotomous relation to explain the impact of stress on obesity: stress promotes obesity in the presence of hyperphagia and unchanged BAT function; stress results in weight loss and/or obesity resistance in the presence of hypophagia, or when hyperphagia is associated with BAT recruitment and enhanced thermogenesis. Mechanistically dissecting the bidirectional effects of stress on metabolic outcomes might open new avenues for innovative pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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34
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Pruimboom L, Reheis D. Intermittent drinking, oxytocin and human health. Med Hypotheses 2016; 92:80-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Gac L, Butterick TA, Duffy CM, Teske JA, Perez-Leighton CE. Role of the non-opioid dynorphin peptide des-Tyr-dynorphin (DYN-A(2-17)) in food intake and physical activity, and its interaction with orexin-A. Peptides 2016; 76:14-8. [PMID: 26654796 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and physical activity are regulated by multiple neuropeptides, including orexin and dynorphin (DYN). Orexin-A (OXA) is one of two orexin peptides with robust roles in regulation of food intake and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). DYN collectively refers to several peptides, some of which act through opioid receptors (opioid DYN) and some whose biological effects are not mediated by opioid receptors (non-opioid DYN). While opioid DYN is known to increase food intake, the effects of non-opioid DYN peptides on food intake and SPA are unknown. Neurons that co-express and release OXA and DYN are located within the lateral hypothalamus. Limited evidence suggests that OXA and opioid DYN peptides can interact to modulate some aspects of behaviors classically related to orexin peptide function. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) is a brain area where OXA and DYN peptides might interact to modulate food intake and SPA. We demonstrate that injection of des-Tyr-dynorphin (DYN-A(2-17), a non opioid DYN peptide) into the PVN increases food intake and SPA in adult mice. Co-injection of DYN-A(2-17) and OXA in the PVN further increases food intake compared to DYN-A(2-17) or OXA alone. This is the first report describing the effects of non-opioid DYN-A(2-17) on food intake and SPA, and suggests that DYN-A(2-17) interacts with OXA in the PVN to modulate food intake. Our data suggest a novel function for non-opioid DYN-A(2-17) on food intake, supporting the concept that some behavioral effects of the orexin neurons result from combined actions of the orexin and DYN peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gac
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile
| | - T A Butterick
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - C M Duffy
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - C E Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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Gac L, Kanaly V, Ramirez V, Teske J, Pinto M, Perez-Leighton C. Behavioral characterization of a model of differential susceptibility to obesity induced by standard and personalized cafeteria diet feeding. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sex-dependent effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A and ethinyl estradiol on metabolic parameters and voluntary physical activity. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:539-52. [PMID: 26378919 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have received considerable attention as potential obesogens. Past studies examining obesogenic potential of one widespread EDC, bisphenol A (BPA), have generally focused on metabolic and adipose tissue effects. However, physical inactivity has been proposed to be a leading cause of obesity. A paucity of studies has considered whether EDC, including BPA, affects this behavior. To test whether early exposure to BPA and ethinyl estradiol (EE, estrogen present in birth control pills) results in metabolic and such behavioral disruptions, California mice developmentally exposed to BPA and EE were tested as adults for energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), body composition (echoMRI) and physical activity (measured by beam breaks and voluntary wheel running). Serum glucose and metabolic hormones were measured. No differences in body weight or food consumption were detected. BPA-exposed females exhibited greater variation in weight than females in control and EE groups. During the dark and light cycles, BPA females exhibited a higher average respiratory quotient than control females, indicative of metabolizing carbohydrates rather than fats. Various assessments of voluntary physical activity in the home cage confirmed that during the dark cycle, BPA and EE-exposed females were significantly less active in this setting than control females. Similar effects were not observed in BPA or EE-exposed males. No significant differences were detected in serum glucose, insulin, adiponectin and leptin concentrations. Results suggest that females developmentally exposed to BPA exhibit decreased motivation to engage in voluntary physical activity and altered metabolism of carbohydrates v. fats, which could have important health implications.
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Lacroix MC, Caillol M, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Grebert D, Pellerin L, Repond C, Tolle V, Zizzari P, Baly C. Long-Lasting Metabolic Imbalance Related to Obesity Alters Olfactory Tissue Homeostasis and Impairs Olfactory-Driven Behaviors. Chem Senses 2015. [PMID: 26209545 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic food intake disorders and binge eating. Food intake relies on the interaction between homeostatic regulation and hedonic signals among which, olfaction is a major sensory determinant. However, its potential modulation at the peripheral level by a chronic energy imbalance associated to obese status remains a matter of debate. We further investigated the olfactory function in a rodent model relevant to the situation encountered in obese humans, where genetic susceptibility is juxtaposed on chronic eating disorders. Using several olfactory-driven tests, we compared the behaviors of obesity-prone Sprague-Dawley rats (OP) fed with a high-fat/high-sugar diet with those of obese-resistant ones fed with normal chow. In OP rats, we reported 1) decreased odor threshold, but 2) poor olfactory performances, associated with learning/memory deficits, 3) decreased influence of fasting, and 4) impaired insulin control on food seeking behavior. Associated with these behavioral modifications, we found a modulation of metabolism-related factors implicated in 1) electrical olfactory signal regulation (insulin receptor), 2) cellular dynamics (glucorticoids receptors, pro- and antiapoptotic factors), and 3) homeostasis of the olfactory mucosa and bulb (monocarboxylate and glucose transporters). Such impairments might participate to the perturbed daily food intake pattern that we observed in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Durieux
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Régine Monnerie
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Ratner C, Madsen AN, Kristensen LV, Skov LJ, Pedersen KS, Mortensen OH, Knudsen GM, Raun K, Holst B. Impaired oxidative capacity due to decreased CPT1b levels as a contributing factor to fat accumulation in obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R973-82. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00219.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To characterize mechanisms responsible for fat accumulation we used a selectively bred obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rat model where the rats were fed a Western diet for 76 days. Body composition was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging scans, and as expected, the OP rats developed a higher degree of fat accumulation compared with OR rats. Indirect calorimetry showed that the OP rats had higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) compared with OR rats, indicating an impaired ability to oxidize fat. The OP rats had lower expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b in intra-abdominal fat, and higher expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in subcutaneous fat compared with OR rats, which could explain the higher fat accumulation and RER values. Basal metabolic parameters were also examined in juvenile OP and OR rats before and during the introduction of the Western diet. Juvenile OP rats likewise had higher RER values, indicating that this trait may be a primary and contributing factor to their obese phenotype. When the adult obese rats were exposed to the orexigenic and adipogenic hormone ghrelin, we observed increased RER values in both OP and OR rats, while OR rats were more sensitive to the orexigenic effects of ghrelin as well as ghrelin-induced attenuation of activity and energy expenditure. Thus increased fat accumulation characterizing obesity may be caused by impaired oxidative capacity due to decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b levels in the white adipose tissue, whereas ghrelin sensitivity did not seem to be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ratner
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Nygaard Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Vildbrad Kristensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Julie Skov
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Seide Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Symbion, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hartvig Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Symbion, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:63-73. [PMID: 25462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of sleep/wake states. Dysregulation or loss of orexin signaling has been linked to narcolepsy, obesity, and age-related disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. We first discuss animal models used in studies of obesity and sleep, including loss of function using transgenic or viral-mediated approaches, gain of function models using exogenous delivery of orexin receptor agonist, and naturally-occurring models in which orexin responsiveness varies by individual. We next explore rodent models of orexin in aging, presenting evidence that orexin loss contributes to age-related changes in sleep and energy balance. In the next section, we focus on clinical importance of orexin in human obesity, sleep, and aging. We include discussion of orexin loss in narcolepsy and potential importance of orexin in insomnia, correlations between animal and human studies of age-related decline, and evidence for orexin involvement in age-related changes in cognitive performance. Finally, we present a summary of recent studies of orexin in neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that orexin acts as an integrative homeostatic signal influencing numerous brain regions, and that this pivotal role results in potential dysregulation of multiple physiological processes when orexin signaling is disrupted or lost.
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Leptin acts via lateral hypothalamic area neurotensin neurons to inhibit orexin neurons by multiple GABA-independent mechanisms. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11405-15. [PMID: 25143620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5167-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin modulates neural systems appropriately for the status of body energy stores. Leptin inhibits lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) orexin (OX; also known as hypocretin)-producing neurons, which control feeding, activity, and energy expenditure, among other parameters. Our previous results suggest that GABAergic LHA leptin receptor (LepRb)-containing and neurotensin (Nts)-containing (LepRb(Nts)) neurons lie in close apposition with OX neurons and control Ox mRNA expression. Here, we show that, similar to leptin, activation of LHA Nts neurons by the excitatory hM3Dq DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs) hyperpolarizes membrane potential and suppresses action potential firing in OX neurons in mouse hypothalamic slices. Furthermore, ablation of LepRb from Nts neurons abrogated the leptin-mediated inhibition, demonstrating that LepRb(Nts) neurons mediate the inhibition of OX neurons by leptin. Leptin did not significantly enhance GABAA-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, and GABA receptor antagonists did not block leptin-mediated inhibition of OX neuron activity. Rather, leptin diminished the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs onto OX neurons. Furthermore, leptin indirectly activated an ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel in OX neurons, which was required for the hyperpolarization of OX neurons by leptin. Although Nts did not alter OX activity, galanin, which is coexpressed in LepRb(Nts) neurons, inhibited OX neurons, whereas the galanin receptor antagonist M40 (galanin-(1-12)-Pro3-(Ala-Leu)2-Ala amide) prevented the leptin-induced hyperpolarization of OX cells. These findings demonstrate that leptin indirectly inhibits OX neurons by acting on LHA LepRb(Nts) neurons to mediate two distinct GABA-independent mechanisms of inhibition: the presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission and the opening of K(ATP) channels.
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Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25408639 PMCID: PMC4219460 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Zink
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Teske JA, Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Methodological considerations for measuring spontaneous physical activity in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R714-21. [PMID: 24598463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When exploring biological determinants of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), it is critical to consider whether methodological factors differentially affect rodents and the measured SPA. We determined whether acclimation time, sensory stimulation, vendor, or chamber size affected measures in rodents with varying propensity for SPA. We used principal component analysis to determine which SPA components (ambulatory and vertical counts, time in SPA, and distance traveled) best described the variability in SPA measurements. We compared radiotelemetry and infrared photobeams used to measure SPA and exploratory activity. Acclimation time, sensory stimulation, vendor, and chamber size independently influenced SPA, and the effect was moderated by the propensity for SPA. A 24-h acclimation period prior to SPA measurement was sufficient for habituation. Principal component analysis showed that ambulatory and vertical measurements of SPA describe different dimensions of the rodent's SPA behavior. Smaller testing chambers and a sensory attenuation cubicle around the chamber reduced SPA. SPA varies between rodents purchased from different vendors. Radiotelemetry and infrared photobeams differ in their sensitivity to detect phenotypic differences in SPA and exploratory activity. These data highlight methodological considerations in rodent SPA measurement and a need to standardize SPA methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota;
| | - Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Charles J Billington
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract
Obesity has increased in prevalence worldwide, attributed in part to the influences of an obesity-promoting environment and genetic factors. While obesity and overweight increasingly seem to be the norm, there remain individuals who resist obesity. We present here an overview of data supporting the idea that hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A (OXA; hypocretin 1) may be a key component of brain mechanisms underlying obesity resistance. Prior work with models of obesity and obesity resistance in rodents has shown that increased orexin and/or orexin sensitivity is correlated with elevated spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and that orexin-induced SPA contributes to obesity resistance via increased non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). However, central hypothalamic orexin signaling mechanisms that regulate SPA remain undefined. Our ongoing studies and work of others support the hypothesis that one such mechanism may be upregulation of a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent pathway, suggesting that orexin may promote obesity resistance both by increasing SPA and by influencing the metabolic state of orexin-responsive hypothalamic neurons. We discuss potential mechanisms based on both animal and in vitro pharmacological studies, in the context of elucidating potential molecular targets for obesity prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy A. Butterick
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
| | - Charles J. Billington
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Suite 14-110 Phillips-Wangensteen Bldg, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 194, Minneapolis, MN USA 55455
| | - Catherine M. Kotz
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
| | - Joshua P. Nixon
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
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Abstract
Body weight is determined by a balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Multiple neural circuits in the brain have evolved to process information about food, food-related cues and food consumption to control feeding behavior. Numerous gastrointestinal endocrine cells produce and secrete satiety hormones in response to food consumption and digestion. These hormones suppress hunger and promote satiation and satiety mainly through hindbrain circuits, thus governing meal-by-meal eating behavior. In contrast, the hypothalamus integrates adiposity signals to regulate long-term energy balance and body weight. Distinct hypothalamic areas and various orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons have been identified to homeostatically regulate food intake. The hypothalamic circuits regulate food intake in part by modulating the sensitivity of the hindbrain to short-term satiety hormones. The hedonic and incentive properties of foods and food-related cues are processed by the corticolimbic reward circuits. The mesolimbic dopamine system encodes subjective "liking" and "wanting" of palatable foods, which is subjected to modulation by the hindbrain and the hypothalamic homeostatic circuits and by satiety and adiposity hormones. Satiety and adiposity hormones also promote energy expenditure by stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. They stimulate BAT thermogenesis mainly by increasing the sympathetic outflow to BAT. Many defects in satiety and/or adiposity hormone signaling and in the hindbrain and the hypothalamic circuits have been described and are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of energy imbalance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0622, USA,
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Teske JA, Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Role of the locus coeruleus in enhanced orexin A-induced spontaneous physical activity in obesity-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1337-45. [PMID: 24089383 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00229.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin terminals innervate noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that project to the prefrontral cortex, which may influence spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and energy balance. Obesity-resistant (OR) rats have higher orexin receptors (OXR) mRNA in the LC and other brain regions, as well as lower adiposity compared with obese rats. These findings led us to hypothesize that orexin activity in the LC is relevant for the OR phenotype. We compared OR rats to Sprague-Dawley rats. We predicted that: 1) brain OXR expression pattern is sufficient to differentiate OR from non-bred Sprague-Dawley rats; 2) nonresting energy expenditure (NREE) and orexin A (OXA)-stimulated SPA after injection in LC would be greater in OR rats; and 3) the effect of OXA on SPA would be greater than its effect on feeding. OXR mRNA from 11 brain sites and the SPA and feeding responses to OXA in the LC were determined. Body composition, basal SPA, and EE were determined. Principal component analysis of the OXR expression pattern differentiates OR and Sprague-Dawley rats and suggests the OXR mRNA in the LC is important in defining the OR phenotype. Compared with Sprague-Dawley rats, OR rats had greater SPA and NREE and lower resting EE and adiposity. SPA responsivity to OXA in the LC was greater in OR rats compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. OXA in the LC did not stimulate feeding in OR or Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the LC is a prominent site modulating OXA-stimulated SPA, which promotes lower adiposity and higher nonresting EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Orexin modulation of adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:440-5. [PMID: 23791983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The orexins are neuropeptides with critical functions in the central nervous system. These neuropeptides have important roles in energy balance and obesity, and therefore on the accumulation of adipose tissue. Rodents lacking orexins, typically through genetic knockouts, experience increased weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue. Evidence indicates that the lack of the orexins increase adiposity as a result of decreased energy expenditure, principally through a reduction of physical activity. Different lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms are likely also in play, and neural influences on both white and brown adipose tissues remain to be fully and functionally defined. In addition, the orexin peptides and their receptors are expressed in adipose tissue, with little available information as to their significance. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the orexin peptides affect adipose tissue. We provide a brief introduction to the physiology of orexins and their effects on white and brown adipose tissues in the context of energy balance. We conclude this review by integrating this information in the context of the known physiology of the orexins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago, 8370071, Chile.
| | - Charles J Billington
- Veterans Health Care System, Endocrinology, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
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