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Pezzino S, Luca T, Castorina M, Puleo S, Latteri S, Castorina S. Role of Perturbated Hemostasis in MASLD and Its Correlation with Adipokines. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38255708 PMCID: PMC10820028 DOI: 10.3390/life14010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) continues to rise, making it one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders. MASLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies, from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. Interestingly, the liver exhibits close intercommunication with fatty tissue. In fact, adipose tissue could contribute to the etiology and advancement of MASLD, acting as an endocrine organ that releases several hormones and cytokines, with the adipokines assuming a pivotal role. The levels of adipokines in the blood are altered in people with MASLD, and recent research has shed light on the crucial role played by adipokines in regulating energy expenditure, inflammation, and fibrosis in MASLD. However, MASLD disease is a multifaceted condition that affects various aspects of health beyond liver function, including its impact on hemostasis. The alterations in coagulation mechanisms and endothelial and platelet functions may play a role in the increased vulnerability and severity of MASLD. Therefore, more attention is being given to imbalanced adipokines as causative agents in causing disturbances in hemostasis in MASLD. Metabolic inflammation and hepatic injury are fundamental components of MASLD, and the interrelation between these biological components and the hemostasis pathway is delineated by reciprocal influences, as well as the induction of alterations. Adipokines have the potential to serve as the shared elements within this complex interrelationship. The objective of this review is to thoroughly examine the existing scientific knowledge on the impairment of hemostasis in MASLD and its connection with adipokines, with the aim of enhancing our comprehension of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Tonia Luca
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Stefano Puleo
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Vasamsetti SB, Natarajan N, Sadaf S, Florentin J, Dutta P. Regulation of cardiovascular health and disease by visceral adipose tissue-derived metabolic hormones. J Physiol 2023; 601:2099-2120. [PMID: 35661362 PMCID: PMC9722993 DOI: 10.1113/jp282728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a metabolic organ known to regulate fat mass, and glucose and nutrient homeostasis. VAT is an active endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes numerous bioactive mediators called 'adipocytokines/adipokines' into systemic circulation. These adipocytokines act on organs of metabolic importance like the liver and skeletal muscle. Multiple preclinical and in vitro studies showed strong evidence of the roles of adipocytokines in the regulation of metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and omentin, are anti-inflammatory and have been shown to prevent atherogenesis by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelium, suppressing endothelium-derived inflammation and decreasing foam cell formation. By inhibiting differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteoblasts, adiponectin and omentin prevent vascular calcification. On the other hand, adipocytokines like leptin and resistin induce inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that leads to vasoconstriction. By promoting VSMC migration and proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation and inflammatory polarization of macrophages, leptin and resistin increase the risk of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and rupture. Additionally, the plasma concentrations of these adipocytokines alter in ageing, rendering older humans vulnerable to cardiovascular disease. The disturbances in the normal physiological concentrations of these adipocytokines secreted by VAT under pathological conditions impede the normal functions of various organs and affect cardiovascular health. These adipokines could be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Babu Vasamsetti
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center-University Drive, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Niranjana Natarajan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Samreen Sadaf
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center-University Drive, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Florentin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Partha Dutta
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center-University Drive, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Chaudhary PK, Kim S, Kim S. An Insight into Recent Advances on Platelet Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116022. [PMID: 35682700 PMCID: PMC9181192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a variety of roles in vascular biology and are best recognized as primary hemostasis and thrombosis mediators. Platelets have a large number of receptors and secretory molecules that are required for platelet functionality. Upon activation, platelets release multiple substances that have the ability to influence both physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation, tissue regeneration and repair, cancer progression, and spreading. The involvement of platelets in the progression and seriousness of a variety of disorders other than thrombosis is still being discovered, especially in the areas of inflammation and the immunological response. This review represents an integrated summary of recent advances on the function of platelets in pathophysiology that connects hemostasis, inflammation, and immunological response in health and disease and suggests that antiplatelet treatment might be used for more than only thrombosis.
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Misch M, Puthanveetil P. The Head-to-Toe Hormone: Leptin as an Extensive Modulator of Physiologic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105439. [PMID: 35628271 PMCID: PMC9141226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known hunger-sensing peptide hormone. The role of leptin in weight gain and metabolic homeostasis has been explored for the past two decades. In this review, we have tried to shed light upon the impact of leptin signaling on health and diseases. At low or moderate levels, this peptide hormone supports physiological roles, but at chronically higher doses exhibits detrimental effects on various systems. The untoward effects we observe with chronically higher levels of leptin are due to their receptor-mediated effect or due to leptin resistance and are not well studied. This review will help us in understanding the non-anorexic roles of leptin, including their contribution to the metabolism of various systems and inflammation. We will be able to get an alternative perspective regarding the physiological and pathological roles of this mysterious peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Misch
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-630-960-3935
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Jialal I, Jialal G, Adams-Huet B. The platelet to high density lipoprotein -cholesterol ratio is a valid biomarker of nascent metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3403. [PMID: 32886844 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major global problem, and inflammation and insulin resistance appear to be key underpinnings in this cardio-metabolic cluster. MetS predisposes to an increased risk of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It has a procoagulant diathesis which included increased platelet activity and impaired fibrinolysis. High density lipoprotein (HDL) appears to be anti-thrombotic. Accordingly, we examined the ratios between platelets to HDL-cholesterol(C) and adiponectin (Adipo) in patients with nascent MetS without the confounding of diabetes, ASCVD and smoking to determine their validity as biomarkers of MetS. METHODS Patients with nascent MetS (n = 58) and matched controls (n = 44) were recruited. Fasting blood samples were obtained for complete blood counts, basic metabolic panel, lipids, insulin, and Adipo. Ratios of platelets to HDL-C and Adipo were calculated. RESULTS Following adjustment for adiposity, only the platelet: HDL ratio was significantly increased in MetS and increased with severity of MetS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the platelet: HDL-C area under the curve (AUC) significantly added to both platelets and platelet lymphocyte ratio AUCs. Also the platelet: HDL-C ratio correlated with all cardio-metabolic features of MetS, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance chemerin, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of platelets: HDL-C is significantly increased in patients with nascent MetS and appear to be a valid biomarker of MetS. It could also emerge as a biomarker for athero-thrombotic risk. However, these preliminary findings need confirmation in large prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarlal Jialal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Clinical Chemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Ganesh Jialal
- Physical Therapy, Stanbridge University, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Beverley Adams-Huet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Khodadi E. Platelet Function in Cardiovascular Disease: Activation of Molecules and Activation by Molecules. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 20:1-10. [PMID: 31784932 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, one of the major causes of death is the cardiovascular disease (CVD), and platelets play an important role in thrombosis and atherosclerosis that led to death. Platelet activation can be done by different molecules, genes, pathways, and chemokines. Lipids activate platelets by inflammatory factors, and platelets are activated by receptors of peptide hormones, signaling and secreted proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and oxidative stress which also affect the platelet activation in older age. In addition, surface molecules on platelets can interact with other cells and chemokines in activated platelets and cause inflammation thrombosis events and CVD. However, these molecules activating platelets or being activated by platelets can be suggested as the markers to predict the clinical outcome of CVD and can be targeted to reduce thrombosis and atherosclerosis. However, hindering these molecules by other factors such as genes and receptors can reduce platelet activation and aggregation and targeting these molecules can control platelet interactions, thrombosis, and CVD. In addition, dual therapy with the receptor blockers and novel drugs results in better management of CVD patients. Overall, our review will emphasize on the molecules involved in the activation of platelets and on the molecules that are activated by platelets in CVD and discuss the molecules that can be blocked or targeted to reduce the thrombosis events and control CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Khodadi
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Amadio P, Zarà M, Sandrini L, Ieraci A, Barbieri SS. Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: The Viewpoint of Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7560. [PMID: 33066277 PMCID: PMC7589256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major cause of morbidity and low quality of life among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it is now considered as an independent risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events. Increasing evidence indicates not only that depression worsens the prognosis of cardiac events, but also that a cross-vulnerability between the two conditions occurs. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain this interplay, platelet activation is the more attractive, seeing platelets as potential mirror of the brain function. In this review, we dissected the mechanisms linking depression and CVD highlighting the critical role of platelet behavior during depression as trigger of cardiovascular complication. In particular, we will discuss the relationship between depression and molecules involved in the CVD (e.g., catecholamines, adipokines, lipids, reactive oxygen species, and chemokines), emphasizing their impact on platelet activation and related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
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8
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Al-Nema MY, Gaurav A. Protein-Protein Interactions of Phosphodiesterases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:555-564. [PMID: 30931862 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190401113803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that play a key role in terminating cyclic nucleotides signalling by catalysing the hydrolysis of 3', 5'- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and/or 3', 5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), the second messengers within the cell that transport the signals produced by extracellular signalling molecules which are unable to get into the cells. However, PDEs are proteins which do not operate alone but in complexes that made up of a many proteins. OBJECTIVE This review highlights some of the general characteristics of PDEs and focuses mainly on the Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) of selected PDE enzymes. The objective is to review the role of PPIs in the specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation of certain biological functions of PDEs. METHODS The article discusses some of the PPIs of selected PDEs as reported in recent scientific literature. These interactions are critical for understanding the biological role of the target PDE. RESULTS The PPIs have shown that each PDE has a specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation a certain biological function. CONCLUSION Targeting of PDEs to specific regions of the cell is based on the interaction with other proteins where each PDE enzyme binds with specific protein(s) via PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasah Y Al-Nema
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Gaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yakubu A, Azlan A, Loh SP, Md Noor S. Can Yellow Stripe Scad Compete with Salmon on Its Role in Platelet Phospholipid Membrane and Its Cardiovascular Benefits? J Obes 2019; 2019:4929131. [PMID: 31354987 PMCID: PMC6636454 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4929131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article stresses the effective role of dietary fish fillet docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on overweight as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) via platelet phospholipid modification. Several reports have demonstrated that saturated fat in overweight evokes systemic inflammation and more importantly predisposes it to cardiovascular disorder. Prospective studies have shown that saturated fat is directly proportional to the level of arachidonic acids (AA), precursor of thromboxane in the platelet phospholipid membrane as omega-6 fatty acid in overweight and obese people. Some literature has demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid from fish fillet ameliorates inflammation, reduces proinflammatory cytokine, inhibits signaling pathway, and regulates the physical composition of inflammatory leukocytes and free radicals (ROS). Yellow stripe scad (YSS) is a local Malaysian fish that has been shown to contain a comparable level of EPA/DHA content as observed in salmon. This review article will focus on the dietary role of fish fillet that will balance the omega-6 fatty acid/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in platelet phospholipid from YSS to manage and prevent healthy overweight/obesity-related risk factor of CVD and to avoid the risk orthodox drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Yakubu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, P.M.P 2346, Sokoto, Northern Western, Nigeria
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabariah Md Noor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abdel-Moneim A, Mahmoud B, Sultan EA, Mahmoud R. Relationship of leukocytes, platelet indices and adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:874-880. [PMID: 30641824 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The current study aimed to explore the correlation between leukocytes and platelets indices with adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin) and MetS components. METHODS A total of 100 healthy subjects and 200 patients diagnosed with different MetS components were enrolled in the study. Eligible patients were allocated into four groups (50 patients). Group1 include patients with 2 criteria of MetS components, group 2 with 3 criteria, group 3 with 4 criteria and group 4 had patients with 5 criteria. RESULTS Regarding white blood cell indices, data showed that total leukocyte and neutrophil count as well as neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio were significantly increased in all groups of MetS patients when compared to the healthy group. Additionally, platelets count, platelet distribution width (PDW), and main platelet volume (MPV) levels and platelets/lymphocyte (P/L) ratio were significantly higher in all patients with MetS as compared to the healthy subjects. Serum leptin concentration and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) were elevated significantly, while adiponectin level was significantly diminished in all MetS groups when compared to the control. CONCLUSION leukocytes and platelets indices were associated with hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia as well as MetS components. The study also suggested the necessary role of leukocytes, platelet indices, and LAR as markers in early diagnoses of individuals with MetS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Basant Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Eman A Sultan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Mathematical Modelling of Nitric Oxide/Cyclic GMP/Cyclic AMP Signalling in Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020612. [PMID: 29462984 PMCID: PMC5855834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation contributes to normal haemostasis but also to pathologic conditions like stroke and cardiac infarction. Signalling by cGMP and cAMP inhibit platelet activation and are therefore attractive targets for thrombosis prevention. However, extensive cross-talk between the cGMP and cAMP signalling pathways in multiple tissues complicates the selective targeting of their activities. We have used mathematical modelling based on experimental data from the literature to quantify the steady state behaviour of nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP/cAMP signalling in platelets. The analysis provides an assessment of NO-induced cGMP synthesis and PKG activation as well as cGMP-mediated cAMP and PKA activation though modulation of phosphodiesterase (PDE2 and 3) activities. Both one- and two-compartment models of platelet cyclic nucleotide signalling are presented. The models provide new insight for understanding how NO signalling to cGMP and indirectly cAMP, can inhibit platelet shape-change, the initial step of platelet activation. Only the two-compartment models could account for the experimental observation that NO-mediated PKA activation can occur when the bulk platelet cAMP level is unchanged. The models revealed also a potential for hierarchical interplay between the different platelet phosphodiesterases. Specifically, the models predict, unexpectedly, a strong effect of pharmacological inhibitors of cGMP-specific PDE5 on the cGMP/cAMP cross-talk. This may explain the successful use of weak PDE5-inhibitors, such as dipyridamole, in anti-platelet therapy. In conclusion, increased NO signalling or PDE5 inhibition are attractive ways of increasing cGMP-cAMP cross-talk selectively in platelets.
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12
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Fonfara S, Kitz S, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Myocardial leptin transcription in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:105-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Bakirdogen S, Eren N, Bek SG, Mehtap O, Cekmen MB. The effects of serum leptin levels on thrombocyte aggregation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 32:1464-1467. [PMID: 28083046 PMCID: PMC5216302 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.326.11021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Serum leptin levels of chronic kidney disease patients have been detected higher than normal population. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of serum leptin levels on thrombocyte aggregation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Fourty three peritoneal dialysis patients were included in the study. Thrombocyte aggregation was calculated from the whole blood subsequently the effects of different concentrations of human recombinant leptin on thrombocyte aggregations were investigated. Four test cells were used for this process. While leptin was not added into the first test cell, increasing amounts of leptin was added into the second, third and fourth test cells to attain the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 ng/ml respectively. Results: Thrombocyte aggregation was inhibited by recombinant leptin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Thrombocyte aggregation mean values were found statistically significantly higher in first test cell when compared to leptin groups in peritoneal dialysis patients. For leptin groups we could not find any statistically significant differences for thrombocyte aggregation mean values between any of the groups. Conclusion: Further studies with larger number of peritoneal dialysis patients are required to prove the action of leptin on thrombocyte aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Bakirdogen
- Dr. Serkan Bakirdogen, Department of Nephrology, The Medical Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Necmi Eren
- Dr. Necmi Eren, Department of Nephrology, The Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sibel Gokcay Bek
- Dr. Sibel Gokcay Bek, Department of Nephrology, The Goverment Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Mehtap
- Dr. Ozgur Mehtap, Department of Hematology, The Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Baki Cekmen
- Dr. Mustafa Baki Cekmen, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Wan YF, Ma XL, Yuan C, Fei L, Yang J, Zhang J. Impact of daily lifestyle on coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1115-1120. [PMID: 26622449 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available with regard to the impact of daily lifestyle choices in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) who have undergone stent placement. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of daily lifestyle factors in patients with CHD following stent implantation. Between March 2005 and March 2006, 129 consecutive patients with CHD were admitted to Cangzhou Central Hospital at Hebei Medical University (Cangzhou, China). The patients underwent coronary stenting and participated in a 7-year clinical follow-up that analyzed the impact of their daily lifestyle choices on CHD following the stent placement. Rates of dinner satiety [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.121-10.97, P=0.005], smoking (95% CI, 4.05-34.90, P=2.01×10-7) and heavy alcohol use (95% CI, 1.32-11.05, P=0.006) were significantly higher in the repeated (re)-revascularization group when compared with the non-revascularization group. In addition, the exercise rate was significantly lower in the re-revascularization group when compared with the non-revascularization group (95% CI, 0.02-0.65, P=0.005). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to sleeping patterns (95% CI, 0.03-0.71, P=0.270) or anxiety rates (P=0.289). A coronary angiography performed during re-revascularization revealed in-stent restenosis in 26% of the patients, stenoses at the entrance to or exit from the stent in 29% of the patients and new lesions in 19% of the patients. Furthermore, original lesions exhibited deterioration in 26% of the patients. The clinical endpoint was reached in 55% of the patients between 3 and 5 years of the follow-up period. In conclusion, poor daily lifestyle habits can increase the in-stent restenosis rate, accelerate the progression of the original lesion and promote the emergence of new lesions in patients with CHD following stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
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15
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Signorello MG, Leoncini G. Regulation of cAMP Intracellular Levels in Human Platelets Stimulated by 2-Arachidonoylglycerol. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1240-9. [PMID: 26460717 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that in human platelets the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) decreased dose- and time-dependently cAMP intracellular levels. No effect on cAMP decrease induced by 2-AG was observed in the presence of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 as well in platelets pretreated with the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, SQ29548 or with aspirin, inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism through the cyclooxygenase pathway. An almost complete recovering of cAMP level was measured in platelets pretreated with the specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, milrinone. In platelets pretreated with LY294002 or MK2206, inhibitors of PI3K/AKT pathway, and with U73122, inhibitor of phospholipase C pathway, only a partial prevention was shown. cAMP intracellular level depends on synthesis by adenylate cyclase and hydrolysis by PDEs. In 2-AG-stimulated platelets adenylate cyclase activity seems to be unchanged. In contrast PDEs appear to be involved. In particular PDE3A was specifically activated, as milrinone reversed cAMP reduction by 2-AG. 2-AG enhanced PDE3A activity through its phosphorylation. The PI3K/AKT pathway and PKC participate to this PDE3A phosphorylation/activation mechanism as it was greatly inhibited by platelet pretreatment with LY294002, MK2206, U73122, or the PKC specific inhibitor GF109203X. Taken together these data suggest that 2-AG potentiates its power of platelet agonist reducing cAMP intracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Signorello
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Lab, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Leoncini
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Lab, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
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16
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Tian G, Liang JN, Wang ZY, Zhou D. Emerging role of leptin in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:557-70. [PMID: 24802245 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested the importance of leptin against autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis. To summarize our current understanding of the role of leptin in inflammatory responses and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systematic review was conducted to assess the discrepancy of leptin in RA and its effect on immunity according to different studies. Recently, emerging data have indicated that leptin is involved in the pathological function of RA, which is common in autoimmune disorders. This review discusses the possible consequences of leptin levels in RA. Blocking the key signal pathways of leptin and inhibiting the leptin activity-like leptin antagonist may be a promising way for potential therapeutic treatment of RA at risk of detrimental effects. However, leptin was increased in patients with RA and may also regulate joint damage. Thus, more understanding of the mechanism of leptin in RA would be advantageous in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tian
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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17
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Ahmad F, Murata T, Shimizu K, Degerman E, Maurice D, Manganiello V. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: important signaling modulators and therapeutic targets. Oral Dis 2014; 21:e25-50. [PMID: 25056711 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
By catalyzing hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are critical regulators of their intracellular concentrations and their biological effects. As these intracellular second messengers control many cellular homeostatic processes, dysregulation of their signals and signaling pathways initiate or modulate pathophysiological pathways related to various disease states, including erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, acute refractory cardiac failure, intermittent claudication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and psoriasis. Alterations in expression of PDEs and PDE-gene mutations (especially mutations in PDE6, PDE8B, PDE11A, and PDE4) have been implicated in various diseases and cancer pathologies. PDEs also play important role in formation and function of multimolecular signaling/regulatory complexes, called signalosomes. At specific intracellular locations, individual PDEs, together with pathway-specific signaling molecules, regulators, and effectors, are incorporated into specific signalosomes, where they facilitate and regulate compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways and specific cellular functions. Currently, only a limited number of PDE inhibitors (PDE3, PDE4, PDE5 inhibitors) are used in clinical practice. Future paths to novel drug discovery include the crystal structure-based design approach, which has resulted in generation of more effective family-selective inhibitors, as well as burgeoning development of strategies to alter compartmentalized cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways by selectively targeting individual PDEs and their signalosome partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Gómez García A, Núñez GG, Sandoval MEV, Castellanos SG, Alvarez Aguilar C. Factors associated with early platelet activation in obese children. Clin Med Res 2014; 12:21-6. [PMID: 24415745 PMCID: PMC4453304 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2013.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the factors associated with platelet activation in obese children. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Department of Pediatrics of Regional Hospital N∘ 1 of Mexican Institute of Social Security in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS 79 obese and 64 non-obese children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Obese children (body mass index [BMI] >85 in growth curves for Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics), and the control group of 64 non-obese children (percentile <85), % body fat, platelet activation was assessed by sP-selectin. Other measures were leptin, uric acid (UA), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), lipid profile, and glucose. RESULTS Obese children displayed higher plasma sP-selectin, leptin, PAI-1, and vWF than non-obese children. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, leptin, vWF, UA, and high density lipoprotein (HDL), but not with PAI-1, were factors associated with platelet activation. By stepwise linear regression analysis adjusted by sex and age, the best predictor variables for platelet activation were leptin (β:0.381; t:4.665; P=0.0001), vWF (β:0.211; t:2.926; P=0.004), UA (β:0.166; t:2.146; P=0.034), and HDL (β:-0.215; t:-2.819; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Obese children have a higher risk of developing early platelet activation. Factors associated with platelet activation were Leptin, vWF, UA, and HDL. Further studies involving larger numbers of patients over a longer duration are needed to understand the possible molecular mechanism underlying the association between leptin, vWF, and UA and endothelial activation and/or endothelial damage/dysfunction in obese children and its influence in cardiovascular disease in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anel Gómez García
- Biomedical Research Center of Michoacán, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| | | | - Martha Eva Viveros Sandoval
- Postgrade of Medicine Faculty "Dr Ignacio Chávez" Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Cleto Alvarez Aguilar
- Regional General Hospital N∘1, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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19
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Badrawy H, Elsayh KI, Zahran AM, El-Ghazali MH. Platelet antibodies, activated platelets and serum leptin in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Haematol 2013; 130:312-8. [PMID: 24008828 DOI: 10.1159/000353384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of platelet-associated antibodies (PAIgG and PAIgM), activated platelets and serum leptin in children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). METHODS The study included 40 patients with ITP and 40 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. PAIgG, PAIgM and activated platelet levels were estimated by flow cytometry, and serum leptin levels were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS Activated platelets and serum leptin were significantly higher in the ITP patients than in the controls. The percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of PAIgG and PAIgM staining were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. Serum leptin and activated platelet levels in patients with thrombocytopenia of brief duration were significantly lower than those in patients with thrombocytopenia of prolonged duration. The levels of activated platelets, serum leptin and PAIgG were positively correlated, and the levels of serum leptin, activated platelets and platelet counts were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION The increased levels of activated platelets, serum leptin and platelet-associated antibodies in children with acute ITP suggest that these factors could play a role in ITP pathogenesis. Additionally, activated platelets and serum leptin could have prognostic significance in paediatric acute ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosny Badrawy
- Oncological Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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20
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Su Y, Carey LC, Rose JC, Pulgar VM. Antenatal glucocorticoid exposure enhances the inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by leptin in a sex-specific fashion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1404-11. [PMID: 23632631 PMCID: PMC3680693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) poses long-lasting effects on endocrine and cardiovascular function. Given that leptin attenuates adrenal function and the reported sex differences in plasma leptin concentration, we hypothesized that antenatal GC will affect leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function in a sex-specific manner. Pregnant sheep were randomly given betamethasone or vehicle at 80 days of gestational age, and offspring were allowed to deliver at term. Adrenocortical cells (ADC) were studied from male and female animals at 1.5 yr of age. Plasma leptin was increased 66% in male and 41% in female GC-treated animals (P < 0.05), but adrenal leptin mRNA was increased only in GC-treated males (P < 0.05). Whereas mRNA expression of adrenal leptin receptor isoforms showed sex (Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb) and treatment-dependent (Ob-Rb) differences, protein expression remained unchanged. GC-treated females showed greater plasma cortisol and greater ACTH-stimulated cortisol production (P < 0.05) in ADC. Leptin exerted a greater inhibitory effect on basal and stimulated cortisol by ADC from GC-treated males (P < 0.05), with no differences in females. Similarly, greater inhibitory effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated StAR and ACTH-R mRNA expression by leptin were observed in cells from GC males (P < 0.05), with no changes in females. Persistent effects of antenatal GC on leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function are expressed in a sex-specific manner; males are more sensitive than females to the inhibitory influences of leptin on adrenal function, and this effect appears to be mediated by a greater inhibition of StAR and ACTH-R expression in adrenals of adult GC-treated males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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21
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Abstract
1. Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. An increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, stroke and stent thrombosis after percutaneous interventions. Studies in mouse models of obesity and induced arterial or venous thrombosis have provided insights into the mechanisms involved. 2. In addition to elevated circulating levels of fibrinogen, factor VII and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, changes in platelet biology and function may underlie the increased (athero) thrombotic risk in obesity. These include elevated platelet counts, an increase in mean platelet volume, an increased platelet aggregatory response to agonists and a reversible resistance to the anti-aggregatory effects of nitric oxide and prostacyclin I(2) . 3. Specific adipokines mediate the prothrombotic state in obesity. Of these, leptin enhances both arterial and venous thrombosis by promoting platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation. Leptin also induces tissue factor expression by human neutrophils and other cells. C-Reactive protein enhances the formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates and also promotes P-selectin expression and platelet adhesion to endothelial cells. Further, the adipose tissue is a significant source of tissue factor and PAI-1. Conversely, the circulating levels of adiponectin, a hormone that exerts vasculoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects, are reduced in obese individuals. 4. A better understanding of the interactions of the adipose tissue with circulating and vascular cells and the dissection of the mechanisms linking adipokines to arterial and venous thrombosis may identify obese individuals at particularly high cardiovascular risk and indicate promising vasculoprotective and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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22
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Zhang L, Li X, Tai J, Li W, Chen L. Predicting candidate genes based on combined network topological features: a case study in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39542. [PMID: 22761820 PMCID: PMC3382204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting candidate genes using gene expression profiles and unbiased protein-protein interactions (PPI) contributes a lot in deciphering the pathogenesis of complex diseases. Recent studies showed that there are significant disparities in network topological features between non-disease and disease genes in protein-protein interaction settings. Integrated methods could consider their characteristics comprehensively in a biological network. In this study, we introduce a novel computational method, based on combined network topological features, to construct a combined classifier and then use it to predict candidate genes for coronary artery diseases (CAD). As a result, 276 novel candidate genes were predicted and were found to share similar functions to known disease genes. The majority of the candidate genes were cross-validated by other three methods. Our method will be useful in the search for candidate genes of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (LCZ); (LC)
| | - Xu Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingxie Tai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wan Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (LCZ); (LC)
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23
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Russo I. The prothrombotic tendency in metabolic syndrome: focus on the potential mechanisms involved in impaired haemostasis and fibrinolytic balance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:525374. [PMID: 24278711 PMCID: PMC3820496 DOI: 10.6064/2012/525374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by impairment of glucose metabolism, increased arterial blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The presence of these clinical features exposes patients to a high risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events. The pathogenesis of atherothrombosis in the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial, requiring a close relationship among the main components of the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, alterations of glycaemic and lipid pattern, haemodynamic impairment, and early appearance of endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, haemostatic alterations involving coagulation balance, fibrinolysis, and platelet function play a relevant role both in the progression of the arterial wall damage and in acute vascular events. The mechanisms linking abdominal obesity with prothrombotic changes in the metabolic syndrome have been identified and partially elucidated on the basis of alterations of each haemostatic variable and defined through the evidence of peculiar dysfunctions in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment, prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. This paper will focus on the direct role of adipose tissue on prothrombotic tendency in patients affected by metabolic syndrome, with adipocytes being able to produce and/or release cytokines and adipokines which deeply influence haemostatic/fibrinolytic balance, platelet function, and proinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- *Isabella Russo:
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Adderley SP, Thuet KM, Sridharan M, Bowles EA, Stephenson AH, Ellsworth ML, Sprague RS. Identification of cytosolic phosphodiesterases in the erythrocyte: a possible role for PDE5. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:CR241-7. [PMID: 21525805 PMCID: PMC3366467 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within erythrocytes (RBCs), cAMP levels are regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Increases in cAMP and ATP release associated with activation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) and prostacyclin receptors (IPRs) are regulated by PDEs 2, 4 and PDE 3, respectively. Here we establish the presence of cytosolic PDEs in RBCs and determine a role for PDE5 in regulating levels of cGMP. Material/Methods Purified cytosolic proteins were obtained from isolated human RBCs and western analysis was performed using antibodies against PDEs 3A, 4 and 5. Rabbit RBCs were incubated with dbcGMP, a cGMP analog, to determine the effect of cGMP on cAMP levels. To determine if cGMP affects receptor-mediated increases in cAMP, rabbit RBCs were incubated with dbcGMP prior to addition of isoproterenol (ISO), a βAR receptor agonist. To demonstrate that endogenous cGMP produces the same effect, rabbit and human RBCs were incubated with SpNONOate (SpNO), a nitric oxide donor, and YC1, a direct activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), in the absence and presence of a selective PDE5 inhibitor, zaprinast (ZAP). Results Western analysis identified PDEs 3A, 4D and 5A. dbcGMP produced a concentration dependent increase in cAMP and ISO-induced increases in cAMP were potentiated by dbcGMP. In addition, incubation with YC1 and SpNO in the presence of ZAP potentiated βAR-induced increases in cAMP. Conclusions PDEs 2, 3A and 5 are present in the cytosol of human RBCs. PDE5 activity in RBCs regulates cGMP levels. Increases in intracellular cGMP augment cAMP levels. These studies suggest a novel role for PDE5 in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 couples cyclo-oxygenase-2 with pro-angiogenic actions of leptin on human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18823. [PMID: 21533119 PMCID: PMC3078934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin influences the behaviour of a wide range of cell types and is now recognised as a pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factor. In the vasculature, these effects are mediated in part through its direct leptin receptor (ObRb)-driven actions on endothelial cells (ECs) but the mechanisms responsible for these activities have not been established. In this study we sought to more fully define the molecular links between inflammatory and angiogenic responses of leptin-stimulated human ECs. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunoblotting studies showed that leptin increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression (but not COX-1) in cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC) through pathways that depend upon activation of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and Akt, and stimulated rapid phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on Tyr1175. Phosphorylation of VEGFR2, p38MAPK and Akt, and COX-2 induction in cells challenged with leptin were blocked by a specific leptin peptide receptor antagonist. Pharmacological inhibitors of COX-2, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and p38MAPK abrogated leptin-induced EC proliferation (assessed by quantifying 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, calcein fluorescence and propidium iodide staining), slowed the increased migration rate of leptin-stimulated cells (in vitro wound healing assay) and inhibited leptin-induced capillary-like tube formation by HUVEC on Matrigel. Inhibition of VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity reduced leptin-stimulated p38MAPK and Akt activation, COX-2 induction, and pro-angiogenic EC responses, and blockade of VEGFR2 or COX-2 activities abolished leptin-driven neo-angiogenesis in a chick chorioallantoic membrane vascularisation assay in vivo. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that a functional endothelial p38MAPK/Akt/COX-2 signalling axis is required for leptin's pro-angiogenic actions and that this is regulated upstream by ObRb-dependent activation of VEGFR2. These studies identify a new function for VEGFR2 as a mediator of leptin-stimulated COX-2 expression and angiogenesis and have implications for understanding leptin's regulation of the vasculature in both non-obese and obese individuals.
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Chan WPA, Sverdlov AL, Horowitz JD. Management of the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular disease. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2010; 10:27-38. [PMID: 18325305 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-008-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) are abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, insulin resistance with or without glucose intolerance, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic states. The clustering of these metabolic risk factors significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. The net result is an increase in the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, management of MS is of utmost importance, especially considering its rapidly increasing prevalence in a population with rising obesity rates and its significant cardiovascular implications. The primary management of this syndrome involves the correction of the underlying risk factors--obesity, physical inactivity, and an atherogenic diet--with lifestyle modifications including increased physical activity and dietary modification. Smoking cessation also should be encouraged. However, pharmacologic therapies are often required to address cardiovascular risk factors. These agents can be categorized broadly into 1) anorectic agents, 2) insulin-sensitizing agents, 3) statins, and 4) renin-angiotensin system antagonists. Emerging therapies include adipokines, endocannabinoid inhibitors, and metabolic modulators, such as perhexiline and trimetazidine. To date, these therapies have not been shown to normalize the metabolic and cardiovascular burden of MS, and there still is no single therapeutic agent for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ping Alicia Chan
- Department of Cardiology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
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27
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Adipocytokines in atherothrombosis: focus on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:174341. [PMID: 20652043 PMCID: PMC2905911 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a relevant pathological condition closely associated with high risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease including myocardial infarction and stroke. The increased vascular risk is related also to peculiar dysfunction in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment (including endothelial dysfunction), prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. In particular, increased synthesis and release of different cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adipokines—such as leptin—have been reported as associated with future cardiovascular events. Since vascular cell dysfunction plays a major role in the atherothrombotic complications in central obesity, this paper aims at focusing, in particular, on the relationship between platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the impaired secretory pattern of adipose tissue.
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28
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Unverdorben M, von Holt K, Winkelmann BR. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: part II: role of cigarette smoking in cardiovascular disease development. Biomark Med 2010; 3:617-53. [PMID: 20477529 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanisms and biomarkers of atherosclerosis related to cigarette smoking - a modifiable risk factor for that disease - are discussed in this article. These include smoking-associated inflammatory markers, such as leukocytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, ICAM-1 and IL-6. Other reviewed markers are indicative for smoking-related impairment of arterial endothelial function (transcapillary leakage of albumin, inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation) or point to oxidative stress caused by various chemicals (cholesterol oxidation, autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plasma levels of malondialdehyde and F(2)-isoprostanes and reduced antioxidant capacity). Smoking enhances platelet aggregability, increases blood viscosity and shifts the pro- and antithrombotic balance towards increased coagulability (e.g., fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1 and P-selectin). Insulin resistance is higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers, and hemoglobin A1c is dose-dependently elevated, as is homocysteine. Smoke exposure may influence the kinetics of markers with different response to transient or chronic changes in cigarette smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany.
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29
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Kocić I, Racek-Król B, Wapniarska I, Rusiecka I, Wasilewski R, Bitel M. Antiplatelet effect of statins is augmented in diabetic rabbits. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:410-3. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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ZHAO Y, CHEN LN, ZHANG LC, WANG Q, SHANG YK, WANG H, LI W. Predicting Disease Genes of Coronary Artery Disease Based on Functional Consistency and Network Topological Features*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2008.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matsukawa Y, Kato K, Hatta Y, Iwamoto M, Mizuno S, Kurihara R, Arakawa Y, Kurosaka H, Hayashi I, Sawada S. Helicobacter pylorieradication reduces platelet count in patients without idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets 2009; 18:52-5. [PMID: 17365854 DOI: 10.1080/09537100600864244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discrepant outcomes of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have been reported. Here patients with dyspepsia and no other complications underwent gastroendoscopic examination and evaluation for Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori-infected patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer received eradication therapy: lansoprazole (60 mg/day), clarithromycin (400 mg/day), and amoxicillin (1500 mg/day) for 1 week. Lansoprazole 30 mg/day was administrated additional 7 weeks. Peripheral platelets were counted before treatment, 8 weeks after initiation of therapy, and at follow-up periods. Platelet counts in patients with both gastritis and gastric ulcer were evaluated with reference to the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eighty-seven patients with gastritis and 35 of those with gastric ulcer underwent successful eradication therapy. Peripheral platelet counts in patients with gastritis decreased from 235+/-55 to 228+/-58 (10(3)/microL) (p=0.0337), and those with gastric ulcer decreased from 248+/-60 to 232+/-48 (10(3)/microL) (p=0.020) 8 weeks after initiation of therapy. Non-eradicated patients did not show such a tendency. Helicobacter pylori eradication reduced peripheral platelet counts in patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer. Amelioration of thrombocytopenia by eradicating Helicobacter pylori appears to involve mechanisms specific to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matsukawa
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Anfossi G, Russo I, Trovati M. Platelet dysfunction in central obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:440-449. [PMID: 19346117 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Central obesity is a relevant risk factor for major cardiovascular events due to the atherosclerotic involvement of coronary, cerebral and lower limb arterial vessels. A major role in the increased cardiovascular risk is played by platelets, which show an increased activation and a reduced sensitivity to the physiological and pharmacological antiaggregating agents. This review focuses on platelet dysfunction in central obesity. The mechanisms involved are related to: i) the reduced sensitivity to insulin and other substances acting via intracellular cyclic nucleotides, such as nitrates and prostacyclin; ii) the altered intracellular ionic milieu with elevated cytosolic Ca(2+); and iii) the increased oxidative stress, which elicits isoprostane production from arachidonic acid. Therapeutic guidelines recommend a multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular disease including antiplatelet drugs in high risk patients, even though, at present, the protective effect of antiplatelet therapy in obese, insulin resistant subjects has not been evaluated by specific trials. Some reports, however, suggest a decreased sensitivity to the antiaggregating effects of both acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and thienopyridines in human obesity. Platelet defects may play a pivotal role in the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in obese subjects in the setting of cardiovascular prevention and acute coronary syndrome treatment. Thus, a specifically tailored antiaggregating therapy is likely necessary in obese, insulin resistant subjects, especially in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anfossi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano I-10043, Turin, Italy
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Henry M, Davidson L, Cohen Z, McDonagh PF, Nolan PE, Ritter LS. Whole blood aggregation, coagulation, and markers of platelet activation in diet-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 84:11-8. [PMID: 19233499 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes in humans is associated with hypercoaguability; however, little is known about platelet function in mouse models of type 2 diabetes used to study this disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine platelet aggregation, coagulation, and markers of platelet activation in a diet-induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Four week old, male, C57BL/6J mice were randomized to a standard chow or high fat (60% beef lard) diet for 4 months. To examine platelet function we measured ADP-induced whole blood aggregometry, whole blood coagulation by thromboelastography, tail bleeding times, platelet microparticle and platelet expression of p-selectin and platelet expression of CD61 by flow cytometry. RESULTS Diabetic mice exhibited less aggregation (p<0.05), less coagulation (p<0.01), prolonged tail bleeding times (n.s.), and lower agonist stimulated platelet CD61 expression (p<0.001) compared to non-diabetic mice. There was no difference in platelet microparticle and platelet p-selectin expression. CONCLUSIONS Diet-induced type 2 diabetic mouse do not demonstrate the hypercoagulability and platelet activation typically observed in humans with this disorder. More studies are warranted to further explore platelet function in this mouse model; to determine their applicability for studying these alterations in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Henry
- School of Nursing, The University of Northern Colorado, Office 3290 Gunter Hall, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
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Hunter RW, Mackintosh C, Hers I. Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and activation of PDE3A regulate cAMP levels in human platelets. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12339-48. [PMID: 19261611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevation of [cAMP](i) is an important mechanism of platelet inhibition and is regulated by the opposing activity of adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase (PDE). In this study, we demonstrate that a variety of platelet agonists, including thrombin, significantly enhance the activity of PDE3A in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Stimulation of platelets with the PAR-1 agonist SFLLRN resulted in rapid and transient phosphorylation of PDE3A on Ser(312), Ser(428), Ser(438), Ser(465), and Ser(492), in parallel with the PKC (protein kinase C) substrate, pleckstrin. Furthermore, phosphorylation and activation of PDE3A required the activation of PKC, but not of PI3K/PKB, mTOR/p70S6K, or ERK/RSK. Activation of PKC by phorbol esters also resulted in phosphorylation of the same PDE3A sites in a PKC-dependent, PKB-independent manner. This was further supported by the finding that IGF-1, which strongly activates PI3K/PKB, but not PKC, did not regulate PDE3A. Platelet activation also led to a PKC-dependent association between PDE3A and 14-3-3 proteins. In contrast, cAMP-elevating agents such as PGE(1) and forskolin-induced phosphorylation of Ser(312) and increased PDE3A activity, but did not stimulate 14-3-3 binding. Finally, complete antagonism of PGE(1)-evoked cAMP accumulation by thrombin required both G(i) and PKC activation. Together, these results demonstrate that platelet activation stimulates PKC-dependent phosphorylation of PDE3A on Ser(312), Ser(428), Ser(438), Ser(465), and Ser(492) leading to a subsequent increase in cAMP hydrolysis and 14-3-3 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Hunter
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Compartmentation and compartment-specific regulation of PDE5 by protein kinase G allows selective cGMP-mediated regulation of platelet functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13650-5. [PMID: 18757735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804738105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that nitric oxide (NO) donors, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil, each impact human platelet function. Although a strong correlation exists between the actions of NO donors in platelets and their impact on cGMP, agents such as sildenafil act without increasing global intra-platelet cGMP levels. This study was undertaken to identify how PDE5 inhibitors might act without increasing cGMP. Our data identify PDE5 as an integral component of a protein kinase G1beta (PKG1beta)-containing signaling complex, reported previously to coordinate cGMP-mediated inhibition of inositol-1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP(3)R1)-mediated Ca(2+)-release. PKG1beta and PDE5 did not interact in subcellular fractions devoid of IP(3)R1 and were not recruited to IP(3)R1-enriched membranes in response to cGMP-elevating agents. Activation of platelet PKG promoted phosphorylation and activation of the PDE5 fraction tethered to the IP(3)R1-PKG complex, an effect not observed for the nontethered PDE5. Based on these findings, we elaborate a model in which PKG selectively activates PDE5 within a defined microdomain in platelets and propose that this mechanism allows spatial and temporal regulation of cGMP signaling in these cells. Recent reports indicate that sildenafil might prove useful in limiting in-stent thrombosis and the thrombotic events associated with the acute coronary syndromes (ACS), situations poorly regulated with currently available therapeutics. We submit that our findings may define a molecular mechanism by which PDE5 inhibition can differentially impact selected cellular functions of platelets, and perhaps of other cell types.
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37
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Momi S. Potentiation and priming of platelet activation: a potential target for antiplatelet therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:352-60. [PMID: 18539343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular events represent the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are the main effectors of acute arterial ischemic events. Although antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of antithrombotic treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, available antiplatelet agents have less than satisfactory efficacy; thus, the identification of novel potential target candidates for antiplatelet therapy is highly warranted. Recent evidence suggests that several molecules that amplify the aggregation response of platelets to activating stimuli, which are either released by platelets (potentiating molecules) or present in the milieu before platelets get activated (primers), play a major role in pathologic thrombus formation without being significantly involved in primary haemostasis. These molecules appear to be a particularly appealing novel potential pharmacologic target for antiplatelet therapy. Here, we review the present knowledge on some molecules acting as potentiators or primers of platelet activation and discuss their possible pharmacologic modulation for antithrombotic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, Perugia, Italy.
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38
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Henry ML, Davidson LB, Wilson JE, McKenna BK, Scott SA, McDonagh PF, Ritter LS. Whole blood aggregation and coagulation in db/db and ob/ob mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19:124-34. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3282f41e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Lambrinoudaki IV, Christodoulakos GE, Economou EV, Vlachou SA, Panoulis CP, Alexandrou AP, Kouskouni EE, Creatsas GC. Circulating leptin and ghrelin are differentially influenced by estrogen/progestin therapy and raloxifene. Maturitas 2008; 59:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Obesity has become a global epidemic and carries a considerable negative impact in regard to quality of life and life expectancy. A primary problem is that obese individuals are at increased risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Because fat accumulation is a consistent aspect of obesity, mechanisms that may link adipose tissue to cardiovascular disease complications should be considered. Proteins expressed from adipose tissue, known as adipokines, are hypothesized to have important effects on the progression and incidence of cardiovascular disease complications. This review examines the evidence that adipokines play a direct role in vascular thrombosis, an important event in cardiovascular disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bodary
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich, USA.
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41
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The change of serum leptin and its relationship with platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib in patients with coronary heart disease. FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE IN CHINA 2007; 1:352-5. [PMID: 24573923 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-007-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the change of serum leptin and its relationship with platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The enrolled included 50 patients with CHD (CHD group) and 30 patients without CHD (control group) who were diagnosed by coronary angiography. The positive percentage and the average fluorescence intensity of platelet membrane GP Ib were detected by full-blood flow cytometry. Serum leptin was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The positive percentage and the average fluorescence intensity of platelet membrane GP Ib in the CHD group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After correcting the differences of systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, PPBS, fasting insulin and quantitative insulin sensitive index, serum leptin level in the CHD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Single factor correlative analysis revealed that serum leptin in CHD patients was negatively correlated with the average fluorescence intensity of platelet membrane GP Ib (P < 0.05). Multifactorial stepwise regression analysis showed that serum leptin in CHD patients was independently negatively correlated with the average fluorescence intensity of platelet membrane GP Ib (P < 0.05). Logistic analysis demonstrated that serum leptin was independently correlated with the risk of CHD (P < 0.05). Hyperleptinemia was verified in CHD patients. The increase of serum leptin could affect blood platelet activation. Hyperleptinemia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CHD.
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42
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Ahmad F, Lindh R, Tang Y, Weston M, Degerman E, Manganiello VC. Insulin-induced formation of macromolecular complexes involved in activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) and its interaction with PKB. Biochem J 2007; 404:257-68. [PMID: 17324123 PMCID: PMC1868803 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fractionation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte membranes revealed that PDE3B (phosphodiesterase 3B) was associated with PM (plasma membrane) and ER (endoplasmic reticulum)/Golgi fractions, that insulin-induced phosphorylation/activation of PDE3B was greater in internal membranes than PM fractions, and that there was no significant translocation of PDE3B between membrane fractions. Insulin also induced formation of large macromolecular complexes, separated during gel filtration (Superose 6 columns) of solubilized membranes, which apparently contain phosphorylated/activated PDE3B and signalling molecules potentially involved in its activation by insulin, e.g. IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1), IRS-2, PI3K p85 [p85-subunit of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)], PKB (protein kinase B), HSP-90 (heat-shock protein 90) and 14-3-3. Expression of full-length recombinant FLAG-tagged murine (M) PDE3B and M3BDelta604 (MPDE3B lacking N-terminal 604 amino acids) indicated that the N-terminal region of MPDE3B was necessary for insulin-induced activation and recruitment of PDE3B. siRNA (small interfering RNA) knock-down of PDE3B indicated that PDE3B was not required for formation of insulin-induced complexes. Wortmannin inhibited insulin-induced assembly of macromolecular complexes, as well as phosphorylation/activation of PKB and PDE3B, and their co-immunoprecipitation. Another PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Genistein, also inhibited insulin-induced activation of PDE3B and its co-immunoprecipitation with PKB. Confocal microscopy indicated co-localization of PDE3B and PKB. Recombinant MPDE3B co-immunoprecipitated, and co-eluted during Superose 12 chromatography, to a greater extent with recombinant pPKB (phosphorylated/activated PKB) than dephospho-PKB or p-DeltaPKB [pPKB lacking its PH domain (pleckstrin homology domain)]. Truncated recombinant MPDE3B proteins and pPKB did not efficiently co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting that structural determinants for their interaction reside in, or are regulated by, the N-terminal portion of MPDE3B. Recruitment of PDE3B in macromolecular complexes may be critical for regulation of specific cAMP pools and signalling pathways by insulin, e.g. lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Ahmad
- Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Branch, NHLBI (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute), National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, Room 5N307, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Zhang W, Colman RW. Thrombin regulates intracellular cyclic AMP concentration in human platelets through phosphorylation/activation of phosphodiesterase 3A. Blood 2007; 110:1475-82. [PMID: 17392505 PMCID: PMC1975837 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-052522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) reduction potentates several steps in platelet activation, including Ca(++) mobilization, cytoskeletal reorganization, and fibrinogen receptor conformation. We now reinvestigate the signaling pathways by which intracellular cAMP content is controlled after platelet activation by thrombin. When washed human platelets were stimulated with thrombin, cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE3A) activity was significantly increased. A nonselective PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and the PDE3 selective inhibitors milrinone and cilostazol each suppressed thrombin-induced cAMP-dependent PDE responses, but not 2 different PDE2 inhibitors. Selective inhibition of PDE3A resulted in reversal of thrombin-induced cAMP reduction, indicating that thrombin activated PDE3A. In synergy with inhibition of adenylate cyclase by thrombin, activated PDE3A accelerates cAMP hydrolysis and maximally reduces the cAMP content. Thrombin-induced PDE3A activation was diminished concomitantly with dephosphorylation of PDE3A by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). An Akt inhibitor blocked PDE3A activation and constrained thrombin-induced cAMP reduction. A P2Y(12) inhibitor also reduced thrombin-induced cAMP reduction. The combination of both reversed cAMP decrease by thrombin. Thrombin-mediated phosphorylated PDE3A was isolated by liquid chromatography, detected by a monoclonal antibody against Akt-phosphorylated substrate, and verified by immunoprecipitation study. The predominant isoform phosphorylated by Akt was the 136-kDa species. We suggest that activation/phosphorylation of PDE3A via Akt signaling pathway participates in regulating cAMP during thrombin activation of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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44
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Elbatarny HS, Netherton SJ, Ovens JD, Ferguson AV, Maurice DH. Adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin differentially influence human platelet and human vascular endothelial cell functions: Implication in obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 558:7-13. [PMID: 17207790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A very strong epidemiological link exists between obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and diabetes-associated cardiovascular pathologies. For this reason the peripheral effects of the centrally-acting satiety adipokines, adiponectin and leptin, and of non-adipose-derived hormones with similar effects, like ghrelin, have received considerable attention. In this report, we have extended our previous studies of the pro-thrombotic effects of leptin and determined the effects of adiponectin or ghrelin on human platelet activation. Thus, while leptin stimulated human platelet aggregation and adhesion, addition of adiponectin or of ghrelin did not affect either aggregation or adhesion of these cells; even at supra-physiological concentrations. In addition, we compared the impact of these three important hormones on microvascular endothelial cell permeability, an important parameter of endothelial function that when impaired contributes to several vascular pathologies. While physiologically relevant concentrations of either leptin or adiponectin increased the integrity of the diffusion barrier formed by a monolayer of human microvascular endothelial cells, only supra-physiological concentrations of ghrelin had this effect. None of these agents reduced microvascular endothelial barrier function. Taken together, our data are consistent with the ideas that leptin activates human platelets and limits transendothelial cell diffusion but that adiponectin only influences endothelial cell permeability. In contrast, ghrelin had neither of these effects. We propose that these data identify important differences in the effects of leptin, adiponectin or ghrelin on microvascular endothelial cells and platelets and may provide a basis on which to pharmacologically manipulate the selective effects of these peptides on these cell types in human cardiovascular or thrombotic diseases associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham S Elbatarny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Botterell Hall, 229, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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45
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Othman M, Labelle A, Mazzetti I, Elbatarny HS, Lillicrap D. Adenovirus-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin in mediating accelerated platelet clearance. Blood 2006; 109:2832-9. [PMID: 17148587 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-032524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThrombocytopenia has been consistently reported following the administration of adenoviral gene transfer vectors. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is currently unknown. In this study, we have assessed the influence of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and P-selectin on the clearance of platelets following adenovirus administration. In mice, thrombocytopenia occurs between 5 and 24 hours after adenovirus delivery. The virus activates platelets and induces platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation. There is an associated increase in platelet and leukocyte-derived microparticles. Adenovirus-induced endothelial cell activation was shown by VCAM-1 expression on virus-treated, cultured endothelial cells and by the release of ultra-large molecular weight multimers of VWF within 1 to 2 hours of virus administration with an accompanying elevation of endothelial microparticles. In contrast, VWF knockout (KO) mice did not show significant thrombocytopenia after adenovirus administration. We have also shown that adenovirus interferes with adhesion of platelets to a fibronectin-coated surface and flow cytometry revealed the presence of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor on the platelet surface. We conclude that VWF and P-selectin are critically involved in a complex platelet-leukocyte-endothelial interplay, resulting in platelet activation and accelerated platelet clearance following adenovirus administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Othman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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46
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Mehlmann LM, Kalinowski RR, Ross LF, Parlow AF, Hewlett EL, Jaffe LA. Meiotic resumption in response to luteinizing hormone is independent of a Gi family G protein or calcium in the mouse oocyte. Dev Biol 2006; 299:345-55. [PMID: 16949564 PMCID: PMC1864934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathway by which luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the somatic cells of vertebrate ovarian follicles to stimulate meiotic resumption in the oocyte requires a decrease in cAMP in the oocyte, but how cAMP is decreased is unknown. Activation of Gi family G proteins can lower cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase or stimulating a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, but we show here that inhibition of this class of G proteins by injection of pertussis toxin into follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes does not prevent meiotic resumption in response to LH. Likewise, elevation of Ca2+ can lower cAMP through its action on Ca2+-sensitive adenylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases, but inhibition of a Ca2+ rise by injection of EGTA into follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes does not inhibit the LH response. Thus, neither of these well-known mechanisms of cAMP regulation can account for LH signaling to the oocyte in the mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Mehlmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Rebecca R. Kalinowski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Lavinia F. Ross
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Albert F. Parlow
- National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Erik L. Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Laurinda A. Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
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Abstract
Leptin, a 167-amino acid peptide hormone produced by white adipose tissue, is primarily involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin receptors are expressed in many tissues including the cardiovascular system. Plasma leptin concentration is proportional to body adiposity and is markedly increased in obese individuals. Recent studies suggest that hyperleptinemia may play an important role in obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Leptin exerts many potentially atherogenic effects such as induction of endothelial dysfunction, stimulation of inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, decrease in paraoxonase activity, platelet aggregation, migration, hypertrophy and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Leptin-deficient and leptin receptor-deficient mice are protected from arterial thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia in response to arterial wall injury. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that high leptin level predicts acute cardiovascular events, restenosis after coronary angioplasty, and cerebral stroke independently of traditional risk factors. In addition, plasma leptin correlates with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis such as carotid artery intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcifications. Inhibition of leptin signaling may be a promising strategy to slow the progression of atherosclerosis in hyperleptinemic obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Beltowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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