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Berryman CE. Sex differences in lipid metabolism may explain disparities in cardiometabolic disease prevalence with sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38460123 DOI: 10.1113/jp286261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Berryman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Goulet N, Marcoux C, Bourgon V, Morin R, Mauger JF, Amaratunga R, Imbeault P. Biological sex-related differences in the postprandial triglyceride response to intermittent hypoxaemia in young adults: a randomized crossover trial. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38285004 DOI: 10.1113/jp285430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxaemia and is independently associated with an increased risk of metabolic comorbidities (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease). These comorbidities could be attributable to hypoxaemia-induced alterations in blood lipid profiles. However, it remains unclear whether intermittent hypoxaemia alters triglyceridaemia differently between biological sexes. Therefore, we used a randomized crossover design to examine whether 6 h of moderate intermittent hypoxaemia (15 hypoxaemic cycles/h, 85% oxyhaemoglobin saturation) alters plasma triglyceride levels differently between men and women after a high-fat meal. Relative to men, women displayed lower levels of total triglycerides, in addition to denser triglyceride-rich lipoprotein triglycerides (TRL-TG; mainly very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides and chylomicron remnant triglycerides) and buoyant TRL-TG (mainly chylomicron triglycerides) during normoxia (ambient air) and intermittent hypoxaemia (sex × time: all P ≤ 0.008). Intermittent hypoxaemia led to higher triglyceride levels (condition: all P ≤ 0.016); however, this effect was observed only in men (sex × condition: all P ≤ 0.002). Compared with normoxia, glucose levels were higher in men and lower in women during intermittent hypoxaemia (sex × condition: P < 0.001). The different postprandial responses between biological sexes occurred despite similar reductions in mean oxyhaemoglobin saturation and similar elevations in insulin levels, non-esterified fatty acid levels and mean heart rate (sex × condition: all P ≥ 0.185). These results support growing evidence showing that intermittent hypoxaemia impacts men and women differently, and they might help to explain biological sex-related discrepancies in the rate of certain comorbidities associated with intermittent hypoxaemia. KEY POINTS: Intermittent hypoxaemia is a key characteristic of obstructive sleep apnoea and alters lipid metabolism in multiple tissues, resulting in increased circulating triglyceride levels, an important risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Circulating triglyceride levels are regulated differently between biological sexes, with women typically displaying much lower fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels than men, partly explaining why women of all ages experience lower mortality rates from cardiometabolic diseases. In this study, healthy young men and women consumed a high-fat meal and were then exposed to 6 h of intermittent hypoxaemia or ambient air. We show that postprandial triglyceride levels are significantly lower in women compared with men and that intermittent hypoxaemia leads to higher postprandial triglyceride levels in men only. These results might help us to understand better why women living with obstructive sleep apnoea experience lower rates of cardiometabolic diseases (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease) than men living with obstructive sleep apnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Goulet
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Marcoux
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Bourgon
- Laboratoire du Sommeil, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Morin
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-François Mauger
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruwan Amaratunga
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Imbeault
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Bradshaw L, Koumanov F, Berry S, Betts JA, Gonzalez J. The effect of exercise in a fasted state on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in males and females. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:543-548. [PMID: 36809567 PMCID: PMC10103855 DOI: 10.1113/ep091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Physical activity interventions improve almost all modifiable CVD risk factors, but the effect of physical activity on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is uncertain. This may be due to lack of research on the feeding status in which the physical activity is performed. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of fasted versus fed exercise on LDL-C concentrations in males and females. One hundred healthy participants, equal males and females, aged between 25 and 60 years will be recruited and will undergo a home-based 12-week exercise intervention. After baseline testing, participants will be randomized to a fasted exercise (exercise after an 8-h fast) or fed exercise (exercise 90-180 min after ingestion of 1 g kg-1 CHO) group and will perform 50 min of moderate intensity exercise (e.g., 95% heart rate of lactate threshold 1) three times a week either before or after a high carbohydrate (1 g kg-1 ) meal. Participants will visit the laboratory again at week 4 and week 12 and measurements will be taken for body composition, resting blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles and systemic inflammation, lactate threshold, and 14-day blood glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bradshaw
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Sarah Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - James A. Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Javier Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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5
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Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Litts B, Burman A, Yu S, Neuman JC, Anozie U, Luu TN, Edington EM, Stafford JM. Hepatocyte Small Heterodimer Partner Mediates Sex-Specific Effects on Triglyceride Metabolism via Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050330. [PMID: 34065318 PMCID: PMC8161262 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of sex differences in hypertriglyceridemia remain poorly understood. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. SHP also regulates transcriptional activity of sex hormone receptors and may mediate sex differences in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Here, we test the hypothesis that hepatic SHP mediates sex differences in TG metabolism using hepatocyte-specific SHP knockout mice. Plasma TGs in wild-type males were higher than in wild-type females and hepatic deletion of SHP lowered plasma TGs in males but not in females, suggesting hepatic SHP mediates plasma TG metabolism in a sex-specific manner. Additionally, hepatic deletion of SHP failed to lower plasma TGs in gonadectomized male mice or in males with knockdown of the liver androgen receptor, suggesting hepatic SHP modifies plasma TG via an androgen receptor pathway. Furthermore, the TG lowering effect of hepatic deletion of SHP was caused by increased clearance of postprandial TG and accompanied with decreased plasma levels of ApoC1, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity. These data support a role for hepatic SHP in mediating sex-specific effects on plasma TG metabolism through androgen receptor signaling. Understanding how hepatic SHP regulates TG clearance may lead to novel approaches to lower plasma TGs and mitigate cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford Healthcare, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Bridget Litts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Andreanna Burman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
| | - Sophia Yu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Uche Anozie
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Thao N. Luu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Emery M. Edington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - John M. Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-615-936-6113
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Broussard JL, Perreault L, Macias E, Newsom SA, Harrison K, Bui HH, Milligan P, Roth KD, Nemkov T, D’Alessandro A, Brozinick JT, Bergman BC. Sex Differences in Insulin Sensitivity are Related to Muscle Tissue Acylcarnitine But Not Subcellular Lipid Distribution. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:550-561. [PMID: 33624435 PMCID: PMC7927726 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex differences in insulin sensitivity are present throughout the life-span, with men having a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes compared with women. Differences in lean mass, fat mass, and fat distribution-particularly ectopic fat-have all been postulated to contribute to the sexual dimorphism in diabetes risk. Emerging data suggest ectopic lipid composition and subcellular localization are most relevant; however, it is not known whether they explain sex differences in obesity-induced insulin resistance. METHODS To address this gap, this study evaluated insulin sensitivity and subcellular localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and sphingolipids as well as muscle acylcarnitines and serum lipidomics in people with obesity. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in men (P < 0.05); however, no sex differences were found in localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, or sphingolipids in skeletal muscle. In contrast, men had higher total muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05) and long-chain muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05), which were related to lower insulin sensitivity (r = -0.42, P < 0.05). Men also displayed higher serum ceramide (P = 0.05) and lysophosphatidylcholine (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data reveal novel sex-specific associations between lipid species involved in the coupling of mitochondrial fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux that may provide therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane L. Broussard
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Leigh Perreault
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Macias
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean A. Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Paul Milligan
- North American Science Associates, Inc., Northwood, OH
| | | | - Travis Nemkov
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Bryan C. Bergman
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:47-66. [PMID: 33173188 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, such as an increased cardiometabolic risk. Despite higher adiposity for a given BMI, premenopausal women are at lower risk of cardiometabolic disease than men of the same age. This cardiometabolic advantage in women seems to disappear after the menopause or when type 2 diabetes mellitus develops. Sexual dimorphism in substrate supply and utilization, deposition of excess lipids and mobilization of stored lipids in various key metabolic organs (such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver) are associated with differences in tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic risk profiles between men and women. Moreover, lifestyle-related factors and epigenetic and genetic mechanisms seem to affect metabolic complications and disease risk in a sex-specific manner. This Review provides insight into sexual dimorphism in adipose tissue distribution, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver substrate metabolism and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, and addresses the effect of these sex differences on cardiometabolic health. Additionally, this Review highlights the implications of sexual dimorphism in the pathophysiology of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk for the development of sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Johan W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Ruiz-Moreno C, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Amaro-Gahete FJ, González-García J, Giráldez-Costas V, Pérez-García V, Del Coso J. Caffeine increases whole-body fat oxidation during 1 h of cycling at Fatmax. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2077-2085. [PMID: 33025051 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of caffeine on exercise of maximum intensity has been well established. However, there is controversy regarding the effect of caffeine on shifting substrate oxidation at submaximal exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on whole-body substrate oxidation during 1 h of cycling at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax). METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced experiment, 12 healthy participants (VO2max = 50.7 ± 12.1 mL/kg/min) performed two acute experimental trials after ingesting either caffeine (3 mg/kg) or a placebo (cellulose). The trials consisted of 1 h of continuous cycling at Fatmax. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation rate, and carbohydrate oxidation rate were continuously measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the amount of fat oxidized during the trial (19.4 ± 7.7 vs 24.7 ± 9.6 g, respectively; P = 0.04) and decreased the amount of carbohydrate oxidized (94.6 ± 30.9 vs 73.8 ± 32.4 g; P = 0.01) and the mean self-perception of fatigue (Borg scale = 11 ± 2 vs 10 ± 2 arbitrary units; P = 0.05). In contrast, caffeine did not modify total energy expenditure (placebo = 543 ± 175; caffeine = 559 ± 170 kcal; P = 0.60) or mean heart rate (125 ± 13 and 127 ± 9 beats/min; P = 0.30) during exercise. Before exercise, caffeine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure whilst it increased the feelings of nervousness and vigour after exercise (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg) increases the amount of fat oxidized during 1 h of cycling at Fatmax. Thus, caffeine might be used as an effective strategy to enhance body fat utilization during submaximal exercise. The occurrence of several side effects should be taken into account when using caffeine to reduce body fat in populations with hypertension or high sensitivity to caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Verónica Giráldez-Costas
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomus University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino, s/n, 28943, Fuenlabrada, Spain.
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Sisay T, Tolessa T, Mekonen W. Changes in biochemical parameters by gender and time: Effect of short-term vegan diet adherence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237065. [PMID: 32785233 PMCID: PMC7423121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vegetarian diets adapted for various reasons that may include religious, ethical, and health considerations have reasonable health benefits including weight loss, and favorable metabolic changes. However, studies that assessed health benefits associated with vegan diet practices during the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian (EOC) Lenten fasting remains limited. This study has, therefore, assessed how short-term vegan diet associated with metabolic traits, including weight, body mass index (BMI), circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), through longitudinal cross-sectional study design. Methods Seventy-five subjects (34 females and 41 males) with a mean age of [+SD] 27.3 + 5.8 years (range, 18 and 35) took part in the study. The study followed three assessment sessions: at baseline, during the Lenten (week 7), and 7 weeks after the end of the Lenten (week 14). An automatic chemistry analyzer (Mindray, BE-2000, China) used for lipid profile analysis. We used paired sample t-test in pre and post-performance and repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment between time points. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The EOC fasting with vegan diet induced significantly lower blood pressure, weight, BMI, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC: HDL-C ratios, during Lenten (that is vegan diet consumption), but a regain noted in these parameters 7-weeks after Lenten (that is omnivore diet). On gender differences, vegan diet associated with significantly lower blood pressure, TC, and LDL-C in females compared with age-matched male counterparts. Some methodological limitations of this study are discussed with particular reference to lack of a randomized control group and self-reported data that limit this study in establishing a causal relationship through observed associations. Conclusions Vegan diet consumption even for short period corroborate ideal metabolic traits, with more favorable changes noted in women than age-matched men counterparts. These findings might help to define vegetarian diets as part of religious fasting (beyond its spiritual goals) as a non-pharmacological prescription in different populations, and our findings add to growing evidence in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Sisay
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Tesfaye Tolessa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondyefraw Mekonen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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10
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Palmisano BT, Anozie U, Yu S, Neuman JC, Zhu L, Edington EM, Luu T, Stafford JM. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Impairs Triglyceride Clearance via Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Lipids 2020; 56:17-29. [PMID: 32783209 PMCID: PMC7818496 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) are an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Men have higher plasma TAG and impaired TAG clearance compared to women, which may contribute to sex differences in risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding mechanisms of sex differences in TAG metabolism may yield novel therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular disease. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid shuttling protein known for its effects on high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Although mice lack CETP, we previously demonstrated that transgenic CETP expression in female mice alters TAG metabolism. The impact of CETP on TAG metabolism in males, however, is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that CETP expression increases plasma TAG in males, especially in very‐low density lipoprotein (VLDL), by impairing postprandial plasma TAG clearance compared to wild‐type (WT) males. Gonadal hormones were required for CETP to impair TAG clearance, suggesting a role for sex hormones for this effect. Testosterone replacement in the setting of gonadectomy was sufficient to restore the effect of CETP on TAG. Lastly, liver androgen receptor (AR) was required for CETP to increase plasma TAG. Thus, expression of CETP in males raises plasma TAG by impairing TAG clearance via testosterone signaling to AR. Further understanding of how CETP and androgen signaling impair TAG clearance may lead to novel approaches to reduce TAG and mitigate risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uche Anozie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joshua C Neuman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Emery M Edington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thao Luu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John M Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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11
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Abstract
Regional adipose tissue distribution differs between men and women. Differences in the accumulation of adipose tissue as well as the regulation of secretion of a number of products from adipose tissue are under the control of sex steroids, which act through a wide variety of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to tailor metabolism to the unique needs of each sex. A fuller understanding of sex-based differences in adipose tissue function may help with tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment and provide insights into fundamental differences in the processes that regulate nutrient homeostasis and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12348 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Kolovou GD, Watts GF, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez-Martínez P, Mora S, Bilianou H, Panotopoulos G, Katsiki N, Ooi TC, Lopez-Miranda J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Tentolouris N, Nordestgaard BG. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridaemia Revisited in the Era of Non-Fasting Lipid Profile Testing: A 2019 Expert Panel Statement, Narrative Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:515-537. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190503123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing
lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status)
and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may
influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over
the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants
of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response,
and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome,
non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia
are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D. Kolovou
- Cardiology Department and LDL-Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Bilianou
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teik C. Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Tentolouris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Beaudry KM, Devries MC. Sex-based differences in hepatic and skeletal muscle triglyceride storage and metabolism 1. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:805-813. [PMID: 30702924 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women and men store lipid differently within the body with men storing more fat in the android region and women storing more fat in the gynoid region. Fat is predominately stored in adipose tissue as triacylglycerides (TG); however, TG are also stored in other tissues including the liver and skeletal muscle. Excess hepatic TG storage, defined as a TG concentration >5% of liver weight and known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is related to the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, elevated skeletal muscle TG, termed intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), are related to insulin resistance in obesity and type II diabetes. Men store more hepatic TG than women and, unsurprisingly, NAFLD is more prevalent in men than women. Women store more IMCL than men, yet type II diabetes risk is not greater, which is likely due to the manner in which women store TG within muscle. Sex-based differences in TG storage between men and women are underpinned by differences in messenger RNA expression, protein content, and enzyme activities of skeletal muscle and hepatic lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, women have a greater reliance on lipid during exercise because of upregulation of lipid oxidative pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of sex in mediating lipid storage and metabolism within skeletal muscle and the liver at rest and during exercise and its relationship with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michaela C Devries
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Rynders CA, Schmidt SL, Bergouignan A, Horton TJ, Bessesen DH. Effects of short-term sex steroid suppression on dietary fat storage patterns in healthy males. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29380951 PMCID: PMC5789716 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism in males is associated with increased body fat and altered postprandial metabolism, but mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a cross‐over study design, we investigated the effects of short‐term sex hormone suppression with or without testosterone add‐back on postprandial metabolism and the fate of dietary fat. Eleven healthy males (age: 29 ± 4.5 year; BMI: 26.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2) completed two 7‐day study phases during which hormone levels were altered pharmacologically to produce a low sex hormone condition (gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist, aromatase inhibitor, and placebo gel) or a testosterone add‐back condition (testosterone gel). Following 7 days of therapy, subjects were administered an inpatient test meal containing 50 μCi of [1‐14C] oleic acid. Plasma samples were collected hourly for 5 h to assess postprandial responses. Energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry) and dietary fat oxidation (14CO2 in breath) were assessed at 1, 3, 5, 13.5, and 24 h following the test meal. Abdominal and femoral adipose biopsies were taken 24 h after the test meal to determine uptake of the labeled lipid. Postprandial glucose, insulin, free‐fatty acid, and triglyceride responses were not different between conditions (P > 0.05). Whole‐body energy metabolism was also not different between conditions at any time point (P > 0.05). Dietary fat oxidation trended lower (P = 0.12) and the relative uptake of 14C labeled lipid into femoral adipose tissue was greater (P = 0.03) in the low hormone condition. Short‐term hormone suppression did not affect energy expenditure or postprandial metabolism, but contributed to greater relative storage of dietary fat in the femoral depot. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03289559.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,IPHC-DEPE, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Tracy J Horton
- Department of Art and Art History, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Chan Z, Chooi YC, Ding C, Choo J, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Velan SS, Leow MK, Magkos F. Sex Differences in Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Asians Who Are Nonobese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:127-136. [PMID: 30252100 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of diabetes is increasing throughout Asia, even in the absence of obesity, and is lower in women than in men. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sex differences in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in Asians who are nonobese. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore. PARTICIPANTS Healthy Asian men (n = 32; body mass index, 21.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2; age, 42 ± 14 years) and women (n = 28; body mass index, 21.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2; age, 41 ± 13 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Insulin sensitivity (insulin-mediated glucose uptake normalized for steady-state insulin; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), postprandial glucose, insulin and fatty acid concentrations, insulin secretion (mixed meal tolerance test with mathematical modeling), insulin clearance, body composition and fat distribution (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, MRI, and spectroscopy), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake; graded exercise test), and handgrip strength (dynamometry). RESULTS Women had more total body fat but less visceral fat than men; liver and muscle lipid contents were not different. Maximal oxygen uptake and handgrip strength were lower in women than men. The postprandial glucose concentrations were ~8% lower, the insulin-mediated glucose uptake was ~16% greater, and the meal-induced suppression of fatty acid concentrations was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.05 for all). However, muscle insulin sensitivity was not different between the sexes. No differences were found in postprandial insulin secretion and clearance rates; however, the steady-state insulin clearance was ~17% lower in women. CONCLUSIONS Asian women who are nonobese are more insulin-sensitive than men at the level of adipose tissue but not skeletal muscle. Therefore, sex differences in glucose tolerance are likely the result of sexual dimorphism in hepatic insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Chan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yu Chung Chooi
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Cherlyn Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - John Choo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Section for Obesity Research, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Barbour LA, Farabi SS, Friedman JE, Hirsch NM, Reece MS, Van Pelt RE, Hernandez TL. Postprandial Triglycerides Predict Newborn Fat More Strongly than Glucose in Women with Obesity in Early Pregnancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1347-1356. [PMID: 29931812 PMCID: PMC6107410 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal obesity (OB) accounts for the majority of large-for-gestational-age infants, and newborn percent fat (NB%fat) correlates strongest with childhood OB. In addition to maternal glucose, fasting triglycerides (TGs) may contribute, but postprandial triglycerides (PPTGs) are unstudied. It was hypothesized that fasting TGs and PPTGs are higher in women with OB compared with women with normal weight (NW) throughout pregnancy, correlate more strongly with NB%fat than glucose, and may relate to dietary chylomicron TGs. METHODS Fasting TGs and PPTGs, free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin were prospectively measured 10 times over 4 hours after a controlled liquid breakfast early (14-16 weeks) and later (26-28 weeks) in pregnancy in 27 mothers with NW and 27 with OB. NB%fat was measured by dual x-ray absorptometry. RESULTS Fasting TGs and PPTGs were already ≥ 30% higher in mothers with OB at 14 to 16 weeks (P < 0.001) versus mothers with NW. In mothers with OB, a simple 1-hour (r = 0.71; P < 0.01) or 2-hour (r = 0.69; P < 0.01) PPTG at 14 to 16 weeks correlated strongest with NB%fat. In mothers with NW, the increase in TGs from early to later pregnancy correlated strongest with NB%fat (r = 0.57; P < 0.01). Maternal glucose did not statistically add to prediction models. CONCLUSIONS These novel data suggest that 1- or 2-hour PPTGs might be a new target for early intervention in pregnancies with OB to prevent excess newborn adiposity and attenuate child OB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah S Farabi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole M Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie S Reece
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachael E Van Pelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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17
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Masson W, Rossi E, Siniawski D, Damonte J, Halsband A, Barolo R, Scaramal M. Severe hypertriglyceridemia. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic management. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2018; 30:217-223. [PMID: 29789213 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The therapeutic management of severe hypertriglyceridaemia represents a clinical challenge. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were 1) to identify the clinical characteristics of patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia, and 2) to analyse the treatment established by the physicians in each case. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out using the computerised medical records of all patients>18 years of age with a blood triglyceride level≥1,000mg/dL between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016. Clinical and laboratory variables were collected. The behaviour of the physicians in the 6 months after the lipid finding was analysed. RESULTS A total of 420 patients were included (mean age 49.1±11.4 years, males 78.8%). The median of triglycerides was 1,329mg/dL (interquartile range 1,174-1,658). No secondary causes were found in 34.1% of the patients. The most frequent secondary causes were obesity (38.6%) and diabetes (28.1%). Physical activity was recommended and a nutritionist was referred to in 49.1% and 44.2% of the patients, respectively. Secondary causes were identified and attempts were made to correct them in 40.7% of cases. The most indicated pharmacological treatments were fenofibrate 200mg/day (26.5%) and gemfibrozil 900mg/day (19.3%). Few patients received the indication of omega 3 fatty acids or niacin. CONCLUSION This study showed, for the first time in our country, the characteristics of a population with severe hypertriglyceridaemia. The therapeutic measures instituted by the physicians were insufficient. Knowing the characteristics in this particular clinical scenario could improve the current approach of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Masson
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Emiliano Rossi
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Siniawski
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Damonte
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Halsband
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Barolo
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Scaramal
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Sex differences in postprandial lipaemia after acute high-intensity interval running in young people. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1673-1681. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Laura A. Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Gheller BJF, Riddle ES, Lem MR, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Understanding Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Differences Between Females and Males. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:129-56. [PMID: 27431365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ system in the human body. As such, metabolic dysfunction occurring in skeletal muscle impacts whole-body nutrient homeostasis. Macronutrient metabolism changes within the skeletal muscle with aging, and these changes are associated in part with age-related skeletal muscle remodeling. Moreover, age-related changes in skeletal muscle metabolism are affected differentially between males and females and are likely driven by changes in sex hormones. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors impact observed age-related changes and sex-related differences in skeletal muscle metabolism. Despite some support for sex-specific differences in skeletal muscle metabolism with aging, more research is necessary to identify underlying differences in mechanisms. Understanding sex-specific aging skeletal muscle will assist with the development of therapies to attenuate adverse metabolic and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J F Gheller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Emily S Riddle
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Melinda R Lem
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Experimental evidences are strong for a role of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Ectopic accretion of triglycerides in lean organs is a characteristic of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and has been linked to end-organ complications. The contribution of disordered dietary fatty acid (DFA) metabolism to lean organ overexposure and lipotoxicity is still unclear, however. DFA metabolism is very complex and very difficult to study in vivo in humans. RECENT FINDINGS We have recently developed a novel imaging method using PET with oral administration of 14-R,S-F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA) to quantify organ-specific DFA partitioning. Our studies thus far confirmed impaired storage of DFA per volume of fat mass in abdominal adipose tissues of individuals with prediabetes. They also highlighted the increased channeling of DFA toward the heart, associated with subclinical reduction in cardiac systolic and diastolic function in individuals with prediabetes. SUMMARY In the present review, we summarize previous work on DFA metabolism in healthy and prediabetic states and discuss these in the light of our novel findings using PET imaging of DFA metabolism. We herein provide an integrated view of abnormal organ-specific DFA partitioning in prediabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Noll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Chu A, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. Effect of acute interval sprinting exercise on postprandial lipemia of sedentary young men. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:9-14. [PMID: 27298807 PMCID: PMC4899899 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Postprandial lipemia (PPL) contributesto the development of atherosclerosis. In females, repeated 8-second bouts of interval sprinting exercise reduced PPL, however, the effect of 8-second bouts of interval sprinting on PPL of overweight males is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-secondsof interval sprinting for 20 min, the night before ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM), on plasma triacylglycerol(TG) levelswas examined. [Methods] Ten overweight males acted as participants (BMI = 26±3.0kg/m2, age 22 ± 2.5 years). A crossover design was employed withinterval sprinting and a noexercise condition separated by 7days. Participants consumed a milkshake (high-fat meal;HFM = 4170 kJ/993 Kcal) the morning after an overnight fast, followed by 4 hourly blood samples. Participants performedone bout of interval sprinting (8seconds sprinting at 110-115rpm, 12seconds active recovery at ~60rpm for 20 minutes) the evening before the consumption of the HFM. [Results] Postprandial TG was 22.5% lower in the interval sprinting compared to the noexercise condition when comparing the change in total area under the curve (ΔAUCT): ISE(7.15±1.90mmolL-1h-1) versus noexercise (9.22±3.44mmolL-1h-1), p=.014. The correlation between fasting TG levels in the noexercise condition and total reduction in AUCT between the conditions was significant (r=.87, p=.001). [Conclusion] One 20-min bout of interval sprinting,the night before consumption of a HFM,significantly attenuated the PPL response of sedentary males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Yati N Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Stephen H Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
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22
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Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Blanco-Torrecilla C, Bea AM, Mateo-Gallego R, Pérez-Calahorra S, Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Civeira F, de Castro-Orós I. Frequency of rare mutations and common genetic variations in severe hypertriglyceridemia in the general population of Spain. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:82. [PMID: 27108409 PMCID: PMC4842266 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a common complex metabolic trait that results of the accumulation of relatively common genetic variants in combination with other modifier genes and environmental factors resulting in increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. The majority of severe primary hypertriglyceridemias is diagnosed in adulthood and their molecular bases have not been fully defined yet. The prevalence of HTG is highly variable among populations, possibly caused by differences in environmental factors and genetic background. However, the prevalence of very high TG and the frequency of rare mutations causing HTG in a whole non-selected population have not been previously studied. Methods The total of 23,310 subjects over 18 years from a primary care-district in a middle-class area of Zaragoza (Spain) with TG >500 mg/dL were selected to establish HTG prevalence. Those affected of primary HTG were considered for further genetic analisys. The promoters, coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of LPL, LMF1, APOC2, APOA5, APOE and GPIHBP1 genes were sequenced. The frequency of rare variants identified was studied in 90 controls. Results One hundred ninety-four subjects (1.04 %) had HTG and 90 subjects (46.4 %) met the inclusion criteria for primary HTG. In this subgroup, nine patients (12.3 %) were carriers of 7 rare variants in LPL, LMF1, APOA5, GPIHBP1 or APOE genes. Three of these mutations are described for the first time in this work. The presence of a rare pathogenic mutation did not confer a differential phenotype or a higher family history of HTG. Conclusion The prevalence of rare mutations in candidate genes in subjects with primary HTG is low. The low frequency of rare mutations, the absence of a more severe phenotype or the dominant transmission of the HTG would not suggest the use of genetic analysis in the clinical practice in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0251-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristian Blanco-Torrecilla
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Bea
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Pérez-Calahorra
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel de Castro-Orós
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avenida Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Kunach M, Noll C, Phoenix S, Guérin B, Baillargeon JP, Turcotte EE, Carpentier AC. Effect of Sex and Impaired Glucose Tolerance on Organ-Specific Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans. Diabetes 2015; 64:2432-41. [PMID: 25503741 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral 14(R,S)-[(18)F]-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid was used to determine whether an increase in cardiac dietary fatty acid (DFA) metabolism in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is different in men and women. Myocardial DFA partitioning after 6 h was higher in IGT versus control subjects (P = 0.006) in both men (2.14 [95% CI 1.70-2.18] vs. 1.28 standard uptake value [SUV] units [0.80-1.76]) and women (1.95 [1.57-2.33] vs. 1.64 SUV units [1.32-1.96]) without difference between sexes. Myocardial DFA fractional uptake (Ki) between time 90 and 120 min postprandially was also higher in IGT versus control subjects (P < 0.001) in men (0.063 [0.032-0.095] vs. 0.016 min(-1) [0.007-0.025]) and women (0.050 [0.024-0.077] vs. 0.030 min(-1) [0.013-0.047]) without significant sex difference. Men had higher net myocardial DFA uptake between time 90 and 120 min driven by higher chylomicron-triglyceride (TG) levels. IGT-associated increased cardiac DFA partitioning was directly related to obesity in women, whereas it was associated with IGT per se in men. We conclude that early cardiac DFA uptake is higher in men driven by change in postprandial chylomicron-TG level but that increase in 6-h postprandial cardiac DFA partitioning nevertheless occurs with IGT both in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kunach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Phoenix
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Patrice Baillargeon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric E Turcotte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Bessesen DH, Cox-York KA, Hernandez TL, Erickson CB, Wang H, Jackman MR, Van Pelt RE. Postprandial triglycerides and adipose tissue storage of dietary fatty acids: impact of menopause and estradiol. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:145-53. [PMID: 25354893 PMCID: PMC4276527 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postprandial lipemia worsens after menopause, but the mechanism remains unknown. The hypothesized menopause-related postprandial lipemia would be (1) associated with reduced storage of dietary fatty acids (FA) as triglyceride (TG) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and (2) improved by short-term estradiol (E2 ). METHODS Twenty-three pre- (mean ± SD: 42 ± 4 years) and 22 postmenopausal (55 ± 4 years) women with similar total adiposity were studied. A subset of postmenopausal women (n = 12) were studied following 2 weeks of E2 (0.15 mg) and matching placebo in a random, cross-over design. A liquid meal containing (14) C-oleic acid traced appearance of dietary FA in: serum (postprandial TG), breath (oxidation), and abdominal and femoral SAT (TG storage). RESULTS Compared to premenopausal women, healthy, lean, postmenopausal women had increased postprandial glucose and insulin and trend for higher TG but had similar dietary FA oxidation and storage. Adipocytes were larger in post- compared to premenopausal women, particularly in femoral SAT. Short-term E2 reduced postprandial TG and insulin but had no effect on oxidation or storage of dietary FA. E2 increased the proportion of small adipocytes in femoral (but not abdominal) SAT. CONCLUSIONS Short-term E2 attenuated menopause-related increases in postprandial TG and increased femoral adipocyte hyperplasia but not through increased net storage of dietary FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Bessesen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Bond B, Williams CA, Isic C, Jackman SR, Tolfrey K, Barrett LA, Barker AR. Exercise intensity and postprandial health outcomes in adolescents. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:927-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Twenty-four hour total and dietary fat oxidation in lean, obese and reduced-obese adults with and without a bout of exercise. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94181. [PMID: 24714529 PMCID: PMC3979741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been hypothesized that obese and reduced-obese individuals have decreased oxidative capacity, which contributes to weight gain and regain. Recent data have challenged this concept. Objective To determine (1) whether total and dietary fat oxidation are decreased in obese and reduced-obese adults compared to lean but increase in response to an acute exercise bout and (2) whether regular physical activity attenuates these metabolic alterations. Design We measured 24-hr total (whole-room calorimetry) and dietary fat (14C-oleate) oxidation in Sedentary Lean (BMI = 21.5±1.6; n = 10), Sedentary Obese (BMI = 33.6±2.5; n = 9), Sedentary Reduced-Obese (RED-SED; BMI = 26.9±3.7; n = 7) and in Physically Active Reduced-Obese (RED-EX; BMI = 27.3±2.8; n = 12) men and women with or without an acute exercise bout where energy expended during exercise was not replaced. Results Although Red-SED and Red-EX had a similar level of fatness, aerobic capacity and metabolic profiles were better in Red-EX only compared to Obese subjects. No significant between-group differences were seen in 24-hr respiratory quotient (RQ, Lean: 0.831±0.044, Obese: 0.852±0.023, Red-SED: 0.864±0.037, Red-EX: 0.842±0.039), total and dietary fat oxidation. A single bout of exercise increased total (+27.8%, p<0.0001) and dietary (+6.6%, p = 0.048) fat oxidation across groups. Although exercise did not impact RQ during the day, it decreased RQ during sleep (p = 0.01) in all groups. Red-EX oxidized more fat overnight than Red-SED subjects under both resting (p = 0.036) and negative energy balance (p = 0.003) conditions, even after adjustment for fat-free mass. Conclusion Obese and reduced-obese individuals oxidize as much fat as lean both under eucaloric and negative energy balance conditions, which does not support the hypothesis of reduced oxidative capacity in these groups. Reduced-obese individuals who exercise regularly have markers of metabolic health similar to those seen in lean adults. Both the acute and chronic effects of exercise were primarily observed at night suggesting an important role of sleep in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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TOLFREY KEITH, ENGSTROM ALEX, MURPHY CAOILEANN, THACKRAY ALICE, WEAVER ROBERT, BARRETT LAURAA. Exercise Energy Expenditure and Postprandial Lipemia in Girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:239-46. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a59ab1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lundsgaard AM, Kiens B. Gender differences in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism - molecular mechanisms and insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:195. [PMID: 25431568 PMCID: PMC4230199 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that substrate metabolism is subject to gender-specific regulation, and the aim of this review is to outline the available evidence of molecular gender differences in glucose and lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle. Female sex has been suggested to have a favorable effect on glucose homeostasis, and the available evidence from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies is summarized to delineate whether there is a gender difference in whole-body insulin sensitivity and in particular insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle. Whether an eventual higher insulin sensitivity of female skeletal muscle can be related to gender-specific regulation of molecular metabolism will be topic for discussion. Gender differences in muscle fiber type distribution and substrate availability to and in skeletal muscle are highly relevant for substrate metabolism in men and women. In particular, the molecular machinery for glucose and fatty acid oxidative and storage capacities in skeletal muscle and its implications for substrate utilization during metabolic situations of daily living are discussed, emphasizing their relevance for substrate choice in the fed and fasted state, and during periods of physical activity and recovery. Together, handling of carbohydrate and lipids and regulation of their utilization in skeletal muscle have implications for whole-body glucose homeostasis in men and women. 17-β estradiol is the most important female sex hormone, and the identification of estradiol receptors in skeletal muscle has opened for a role in regulation of substrate metabolism. Also, higher levels of circulating adipokines as adiponectin and leptin in women and their implications for muscle metabolism will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bente Kiens, Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark e-mail:
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Cox-York KA, Sharp TA, Stotz SA, Bessesen DH, Pagliassotti MJ, Horton TJ. The effects of sex, metabolic syndrome and exercise on postprandial lipemia. Metabolism 2013; 62:244-54. [PMID: 22974968 PMCID: PMC3534828 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise has been suggested to have cardioprotective benefits due to a lowering of postprandial triglycerides (PPTG). We hypothesized that a morning exercise bout would significantly lower PPTG measured over a full day, in response to moderate fat meals (35% energy) in men more so than women, and in metabolic syndrome (MetS) relative to normal weight (NW) individuals. MATERIALS/METHODS Participants completed two randomized study days; one control and one exercise day (60 min of morning exercise, 60% VO(2peak)). Meals were consumed at breakfast, lunch and dinner with the energy expended during exercise replaced on the active day. The areas (AUC) and incremental areas (IAUC) under the curve were calculated for total triglycerides, total cholesterol and other metabolites. RESULTS Exercise did not significantly change the PPTG AUC & IAUC overall, or within, or between, each sex or group (NW and MetS). Exercise induced a 30% decrease in total cholesterol IAUC (p=0.003) in NW subjects. Overall, women had a lower IAUC for PPTG compared to men (p=0.037), with the greatest difference between MetS women and MetS men, due to a sustained drop in TG after lunch in the women. This suggests that PP, rather than fasting, lipid analyses may be particularly important when evaluating sex differences in metabolic risk. CONCLUSIONS With energy replacement, moderate morning exercise did not result in a significant decrease in PPTG excursions. Exercise did elicit a significant decrease in PP cholesterol levels in NW subjects, suggesting a potential mechanism for the cardioprotective effects of exercise.
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Beaudoin MS, Allen B, Mazzetti G, Sullivan PJ, Graham TE. Caffeine ingestion impairs insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner in both men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:140-7. [PMID: 23438224 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of alkaloid caffeine on insulin sensitivity have been investigated primarily in men, and with a single caffeine dose most commonly of 5-6 mg·kg(-1) of body weight (BW). It is unknown if the effects of caffeine on glucose homeostasis are sex-specific and (or) dose-dependent. This study examined whether caffeine ingestion would disrupt glucose homeostasis in a dose-dependent or threshold manner. It also examined whether sex-specific responses to caffeine exist. It was hypothesized that women would have an exaggerated response to caffeine, and that caffeine would only impair glucose metabolism once a threshold was reached. Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) participated in 4 trials, in a crossover, randomized, and double-blind fashion. They ingested caffeine (1, 3, or 5 mg·kg(-1) of BW) or placebo followed, 1 h later, by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), and insulin sensitivity index data were fitted to a segmented linear model to determine dose-responses. There were no differences between sexes for any endpoints. Regression slopes were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide AUCs, with thresholds being no different from zero. Increasing caffeine consumption by 1 mg·kg(-1) of BW increased insulin and C-peptide AUCs by 5.8% and 8.7%, respectively. Despite this exaggerated insulin response, glucose AUC increased by 11.2 mmol per 120 min·L(-1) for each mg·kg(-1) BW consumed. These results showed that caffeine ingestion disrupted insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent fashion beginning at very low doses (0-1 mg·kg(-1) BW) in both healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Soleil Beaudoin
- a Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Jonkers RAM, Geraedts TR, van Loon LJC, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Multitissue assessment of in vivo postprandial intracellular lipid partitioning in rats using localized 1H-[13C] magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2011; 68:997-1006. [PMID: 22213012 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excess accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver has been implicated in the development of obesity-related disorders, but the cause of this ectopic lipid overload remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo postprandial lipid partitioning in rat skeletal muscle and liver, using localized 1H-[13C] magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with the oral administration of 13C-labeled lipids. Six rats were measured at baseline and 5 and 24 h after administration of 400 mg [U-13C]-labeled algal lipids. Five hours after administration, fractional 13C enrichments of the lipid pools in muscle and liver were increased 3.9-fold and 4.6-fold (P<0.05), respectively, indicating that part of the ingested lipids had been taken up by muscle and liver tissue. At 24 h, fractional 13C enrichments of muscle and liver lipids were decreased 1.6-fold and 2.2-fold (P<0.05), respectively, compared with the 5 h values. This can be interpreted as a depletion of 13C-labeled lipids from the intracellular lipid pools as a consequence of lipid turnover. In conclusion, the novel application of 1H-[13C] magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with the oral administration of 13C-labeled lipids is applicable for the longitudinal assessment of in vivo lipid partitioning between multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A M Jonkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Carpentier AC, Labbé SM, Grenier-Larouche T, Noll C. Abnormal dietary fatty acid metabolic partitioning in insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:885-93. [PMID: 21474685 PMCID: PMC3070248 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly thought that sex hormones are important regulators of plasma lipid kinetics and are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the plasma lipid profile. Here we discuss the findings from studies evaluating lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in men and women in the context of what we know about the effects of exogenous sex hormone administration, and we conclude that it is more complicated than that. It has become clear that normal physiological alterations in the hormonal milieu (i.e. due to menopause or throughout the menstrual cycle) do not significantly affect plasma lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, parenterally administered estrogens have either no effect or only very small beneficial effects, whereas orally administered estrogens raise plasma triglyceride concentrations--a phenomenon that is not consistent with the observed sex differences and likely results from the hepatic "first-pass effect." The effects of progestogens and androgens mimic only in part the differences in plasma lipids between men and women. Thus, the underlying physiological modulators of plasma lipid metabolism responsible for the differences between men and women remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Características clínicas de los pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia remitidos a las Unidades de Lípidos: registro de hipertrigliceridemias de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 136:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Magkos F, Wang X, Mittendorfer B. Metabolic actions of insulin in men and women. Nutrition 2010; 26:686-93. [PMID: 20392600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is an important regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. It suppresses hepatic glucose and triglyceride production, inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis and whole-body and muscle proteolysis, and stimulates glucose uptake in muscle. In this review we discuss what is currently known about the control of substrate metabolism by insulin in men and women. The data available so far indicate that women are more sensitive to insulin with regards to glucose metabolism (both in the liver and in muscle), whereas there are no differences between men and women in insulin action on lipolysis. Potential differences exist in the regulation of plasma triglyceride concentration and protein metabolism by insulin and in changes in insulin action in response to stimuli (e.g., weight loss and exercise) that are known to alter insulin sensitivity. However, these areas have not been studied comprehensively enough to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Valdivielso P, Puerta S, Rioja J, Alonso I, Ariza MJ, Sánchez-Chaparro MA, Palacios R, González-Santos P. Postprandial apolipoprotein B48 is associated with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease: a study in patients with type 2 diabetes and controls. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:433-7. [PMID: 20059992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial hyperlipidemia is a common feature in type 2 diabetes; our aim was to investigate whether there is an association between subclinical peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and the levels of apolipoprotein B48, as a specific marker for postprandial lipidemia. METHODS We enrolled 101 patients with type 2 diabetes and 73 controls free from clinical cardiovascular disease. Main outcome measures were the presence of subclinical PAD, assessed by the ankle-brachial index, and the intestinal particles measured as the concentration of apolipoprotein B48 at fasting and 4h after a mixed breakfast. RESULTS No control had subclinical PAD. Of the 101 diabetic patients, 21 had subclinical PAD. The levels of apo B48, both fasting and postprandial, were only significantly raised in the diabetic patients who had PAD. The diabetic patients without vascular disease had similar concentrations of triglycerides and apo B48 to the controls. In binary logistic regression analyses, only smoking and postprandial B48 levels, in addition to diabetes, were independently associated with PAD. On the other hand, PAD but not diabetes was associated with the fasting and postprandial levels of apo B48. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that apolipoprotein B48 levels might be a marker of occult PAD in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, subclinical PAD should be taken into account in studies on postprandial lipidemia involving patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valdivielso
- Lipids Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain.
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Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Gender differences in lipid metabolism and the effect of obesity. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009; 36:245-65, vii. [PMID: 19501312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many differences between men and women, and between lean and obese subjects, in fatty acid and very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism. Currently, observations in this area are predominantly descriptive. The mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolism are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Devries MC, Tarnopolsky MA. Muscle Physiology in Healthy Men and Women and Those with Metabolic Myopathies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2009; 20:101-31, viii-ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knuth ND, Remias DB, Horowitz JF. Adding carbohydrate to a high-fat meal blunts postprandial lipemia in women and reduces meal-derived fatty acids in systemic circulation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:315-25. [PMID: 18347687 DOI: 10.1139/h07-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipemic response to a meal is an important independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding carbohydrate (CHO) to a fat meal on the bioavailability of ingested fat in different blood lipid fractions in men and women. On two separate occasions, 18 healthy adults (9 women, 9 men) ate either a high-fat meal (0.7 grams fat per kilogram) (FAT), or the same meal with added CHO (1 gram CHO per kilogram) (FAT+CHO) in the morning after a 12 h fast. Both meals were supplemented with [13C]-palmitate (25 mg.kg(-1)). Plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), fatty acids, insulin, and glucose were measured in blood samples taken hourly from 0 to 8 h after the meal. In addition, we measured TG concentrations in chylomicron (CHYLO-TG) and in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG) fractions. The addition of CHO to the fat meal increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations identically in men and women. In contrast, adding CHO to the fat meal reduced the plasma TG concentration in the 5 h after the meal in women (average 5 h [TG]: 1.27 +/- 0.11 and 1.01 +/- 0.09 mmol.L(-1); p <0.05), but not in men (1.25 +/- 0.23 and 1.24 +/- 0.20 mmol.L(-1)). Despite differences in the lipemic response to the meals between men and women, we found that adding carbohydrate to a fat meal decreased the bioavailability of meal-derived [13C]-palmitate in the systemic fatty acid pool, and decreased the incorporation of [13C]-palmitate into VLDL-TG in both men and women. In summary, adding CHO to a fat meal markedly blunted the plasma TG response in women, but not in men, which may augment the atherogenic potential after each meal in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Knuth
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
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Bessesen DH, Bull S, Cornier MA. Trafficking of dietary fat and resistance to obesity. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:681-8. [PMID: 18514237 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The task of maintaining energy balance involves not only making sure that the number of calories ingested equals the number of calories burned but also involves ensuring nutrient balance. This means that over time, the quantity of carbohydrate, fat and protein consumed equals the amount of each oxidized. While the body has the ability to convert protein to carbohydrate and carbohydrate to fat, over long periods of time the body establishes nutrient balance with a high degree of accuracy storing excess nutrients as fat. To make decisions about food intake, the brain must assimilate information about the quantity of nutrients ingested and their disposition through the body over time. This is a very complex time ordered process as different tissues may be in different states of energy balance at different intervals following food ingestion. The fundamental task for the brain is to assess the influx of nutrients relative to stored pools of those nutrients and the rate at which they are being oxidized. It has been suggested that this task is particularly difficult for dietary fat because the stored pool of lipid is quite large compared to either the stored pools of carbohydrate and protein or the quantity of fat ingested per day. It is clear that some organisms resist weight gain even in the face of highly palatable diets. In fact most individuals eat less on any given day than they could given their maximal capacity for consumption. A central question then is: what restrains food intake in the setting of widely available highly palatable food? In this paper we will discuss the evidence that the movement of dietary fat between tissues may play an important role in the fidelity of nutrient sensing and as a result, resistance or susceptibility to obesity. In particular, the relative metabolism of dietary fat favoring oxidation over storage may be associated with more robust signaling of positive energy balance and resistance to dietary induced obesity in both humans and rats.
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Muscle Physiology in Healthy Men and Women and Those with Metabolic Myopathies. Neurol Clin 2008; 26:115-48; ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Devries MC, Lowther SA, Glover AW, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. IMCL area density, but not IMCL utilization, is higher in women during moderate-intensity endurance exercise, compared with men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R2336-42. [PMID: 17913867 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Women use more fat during endurance exercise as evidenced by a lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The contribution of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) to lipid oxidation during endurance exercise is controversial, and studies investigating sex differences in IMCL utilization have found conflicting results. We determined the effect of sex on net IMCL use during an endurance exercise bout using an ultrastructural evaluation. Men ( n = 17) and women ( n = 19) completed 90-min cycling at 63% V̇o2peak. Biopsies were taken before and after exercise and fixed for electron microscopy to determine IMCL size, # IMCL/area, IMCL area density, and the % IMCL touching mitochondria. Women had a lower RER and carbohydrate oxidation rate and a higher lipid oxidation rate during exercise ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women had a higher # IMCL/area and IMCL area density ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women, but not men, had a higher % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise ( P = 0.03). Exercise decreased IMCL area density ( P = 0.01), due to a decrease in the # IMCL/area ( P = 0.02). There was no sex difference in IMCL size or net use. In conclusion, women have higher IMCL area density compared with men, due to an increased # IMCL and not an increased IMCL size, as well as an increased % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise. Endurance exercise resulted in a net decrease in IMCL density due to decreased number of IMCL, not decreased IMCL size, in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Devries
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang JQ, Ji LL, Fogt DL, Fretwell VS. Effect of exercise duration on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in men with metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1339-45. [PMID: 17641215 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00181.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemic men with insulin resistance [age = 35.0 ± 1.8 yr, body weight = 90.7 ± 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 2.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) = 36.0 ± 1.3 ml−1·kg−1·min−1, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)= 3.1 ± 0.3]. Each participant performed a control trial (Ctr; no exercise) and three exercise trials at 60% of their V̇o2peakfor 30 min (30 min-Ex), 45 min (45 min-Ex) and 60 min (60 min-Ex). All subjects had a fat meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, the subject jogged on a treadmill for a designated duration of 12 h before ingestion of a fat meal. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal) and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8-h period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC scores in both the 45 min-Ex and 60 min-Ex were 31 and 33% lower, respectively, than Ctr ( P < 0.02). There were no significant differences in TG AUC scores between the 30 min-Ex and the Ctr ( P > 0.05). There were no trial differences in the fasting plasma glucose concentration ( P > 0.05). HOMA-IR values in the 30 min-Ex, 45 min-Ex, and 60 min-Ex trials were lower than the Ctr ( P < 0.03), but no significant differences were found in HOMA-IR among the exercise trials. The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at moderate intensity for 45 min effectively attenuates PHTG while exercise for 30 min is sufficient to improve insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, University of Texas--San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Roepstorff C, Donsmark M, Thiele M, Vistisen B, Stewart G, Vissing K, Schjerling P, Hardie DG, Galbo H, Kiens B. Sex differences in hormone-sensitive lipase expression, activity, and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E1106-14. [PMID: 16822962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Women have been shown to use more intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) during exercise than men. To investigate whether this could be due to sex-specific regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and to use sex comparison as a model to gain further insight into HSL regulation, nine women and eight men performed bicycle exercise (90 min, 60% Vo(2peak)), and skeletal muscle HSL expression, phosphorylation, and activity were determined. Supporting previous findings, basal IMTG content (P < 0.001) and net IMTG decrease during exercise (P < 0.01) were higher in women than in men and correlated significantly (r = 0.72, P = 0.001). Muscle HSL mRNA (80%, P = 0.11) and protein content (50%, P < 0.05) were higher in women than in men. HSL total activity increased during exercise (47%, P < 0.05) but did not differ between sexes. Accordingly, HSL specific activity (HSL activity per HSL protein content) increased during exercise (62%, P < 0.05) and was generally higher in men than in women (82%, P < 0.05). A similar pattern was observed for HSL Ser(659) phosphorylation, suggesting a role in regulation of HSL activity. Likewise, plasma epinephrine increased during exercise (P < 0.05) and was higher in men than in women during the end of the exercise bout (P < 0.05). We conclude that, although HSL expression and Ser(659) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle during exercise is sex specific, total muscle HSL activity measured in vitro was similar between sexes. The higher basal IMTG content in women compared with men is therefore the best candidate to explain the higher IMTG net hydrolysis during exercise in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Roepstorff
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jackman MR, Kramer RE, MacLean PS, Bessesen DH. Trafficking of dietary fat in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E1083-91. [PMID: 16803858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The trafficking of dietary fat was assessed in obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) male and female rats. Test meals containing [1-(14)C]palmitate were delivered through gastric feeding tubes while rats consumed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) or after 5 days of a high-fat diet (HFD). Over the subsequent 24 h, the appearance of (14)C was followed in the GI tract, skeletal muscles (SM), liver, adipose tissues (AT), and expired CO(2). There was no difference in the production of (14)CO(2) between OP and OR rats consuming a HCD. However, after 5 days on HFD, OR rats produced significantly more (14)CO(2) after the test meal than OP rats (P < 0.001 females, P = 0.03 males). The differential oxidation of dietary fat between OP and OR rats on HFD was not due to differences in absorption but rather was associated with preferential disposition of tracer to AT in OP rats. Measurements of lipoprotein lipase in part explained increased tracer uptake by AT in OP rats but were not consistent with increased SM tracer uptake in OR rats. Surprisingly, female rats oxidized more tracer than male rats irrespective of phenotype or diet. These results are consistent with the notion that differences in the partitioning of dietary fat between storage in AT and oxidation in SM and liver that develop shortly after the introduction of a HFD may in part underlie the differential tendency for OR and OP rats to gain weight on this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Knuth ND, Horowitz JF. The elevation of ingested lipids within plasma chylomicrons is prolonged in men compared with women. J Nutr 2006; 136:1498-503. [PMID: 16702311 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.6.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipemic response to a high-fat meal is greater in men than in women. However, sex-related differences in the metabolic fate of ingested fat are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to measure the recovery of ingested fat in plasma fractions of chylomicrons (CHYLO), VLDL, and plasma fatty acids, as well as in expired breath (i.e., oxidation) in men and women. Nonobese subjects (n = 10; 5 men, 5 women) consumed 0.7 g fat/kg body weight containing 7 mg/kg of [1,1,1-13C]-trioleate the morning after an overnight fast. Plasma total triglyceride (TG) concentration and 13C recovery in the CHYLO, VLDL, and plasma fatty acid fractions, as well as expired breath samples, were measured over the 11-h period after the meal. Plasma total TG excursion was greater (P < 0.05) in men than in women during the 11-h period after the meal. Similarly, the recovery of the ingested tracer-labeled fat in the CHYLO fraction was greater in men than in women (main effect for sex; P < 0.05). Recovery of ingested tracer-labeled fat in VLDL, the plasma fatty acid fraction, and expired breath did not differ in men and women. Therefore, the elevated postprandial lipemia found in men compared with women was due to a prolonged availability of the lipid in chylomicrons, but was not related to differences in oxidation rates or incorporation of the ingested lipid into VLDL by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Knuth
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
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Abstract
Prolonged presence of elevated plasma triglycerides (TGs) during the postprandial period has been suggested to increase the risk for coronary artery disease. Aerobic exercise attenuates postprandial lipaemia and this has generally been described as a short-term effect of the exercise. Effects of exercise on postprandial lipaemia have mostly been investigated, and documented, with large exercise-induced energy expenditures (i.e. 1000 kcal). The exact mechanisms involved in the attenuation of postprandial lipaemia with exercise are not completely understood, but it appears that at least two mechanisms are involved: a decrease in TG secretion by the liver and an increase in plasma TG clearance by the muscle. Changes in the metabolism of other lipids, such as those in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, have been documented only when the exercise is performed some hours before the fat meal. Although factors such as the physical fitness and percentage body fat of an individual are likely to also be involved, the most important factors determining the magnitude of the attenuation in postprandial lipaemia appear to be the magnitude of the exercise-induced energy expenditure and the intensity of exercise. To date, the evidence suggests that healthy individuals can generally induce favourable changes in postprandial lipaemia with aerobic exercise that: (i) is completed during the period extending from 16 hours before a meal through 1.5 hours after a meal; (ii) is of moderate intensity; and (iii) results in an energy expenditure of approximately 500 kcal (or more).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Katsanos
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Tentor J, Harada LM, Nakamura RT, Gidlund M, Castilho LN, Cotta de Faria E. Sex-dependent variables in the modulation of postalimentary lipemia. Nutrition 2005; 22:9-15. [PMID: 16226013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify in young adults the sex-dependent differences in lipemic responses to a fat meal, we measured the association of these responses with markers of atherosclerosis and determined their metabolic regulators. METHODS Forty-nine normolipidemic volunteers, 25 women and 24 men, were matched according to age, body mass index, waist circumference, diet, physical activity, and apolipoprotein-E phenotyping. After receiving a standardized fat meal (40 g of fat/m2 of body surface area), serial blood samples were drawn for laboratory analysis. Common carotid intima-media thickness was measured. RESULTS The lipemic responses were much greater in men than in women for plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol, and TAG in TAG-rich lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids, and apolipoprotein-B100. Men presented with increased blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, TAG, hepatic lipase, and insulin and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein-AI, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. Only in men did carotid intima-media thickness correlate marginally with titers of autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein; in addition, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were negatively related to autoantibodies. Multivariate analysis indicated that age (R2 = 45%), waist circumference (R2 = 19%), phospholipids (R2 = 39%), non-esterified fatty acids (R2 = 29%), insulin (R2 = 17%), lipoprotein lipase activity (R2 = 16%), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (an exploratory variable; R2 = 6%) are strong determinants of postalimentary lipemia in women and that only insulin (R2 = 55%) and phospholipids (R2 = 37%) are determinants in men. CONCLUSIONS We have provided data explaining that postalimentary lipemia is differently regulated by sex. Several risk factors for coronary heart disease and significant associations with atherosclerosis biomarkers were found only in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tentor
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Sciences and NMCE-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJ. Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 23:177-84. [PMID: 15047685 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Very low-carbohydrate diets are widely used for weight loss yet few controlled studies have determined how these diets impact cardiovascular risk factors compared to more traditional low-fat weight loss diets. The primary purpose of this study was to compare a very low-carbohydrate and a low-fat diet on fasting blood lipids, LDL subclasses, postprandial lipemia, and insulin resistance in overweight and obese women. METHODS Thirteen normolipidemic, moderately overweight (body fat >30%) women were prescribed two hypocaloric (-500 kcal/day) diets for 4 week periods, a very low-carbohydrate (<10% carbohydrate) and a low-fat (<30% fat) diet. The diets were consumed in a balanced and randomized fashion. Two fasting blood draws were performed on separate days and an oral fat tolerance test was performed at baseline, after the very low-carbohydrate diet, and after the low-fat diet. RESULTS Compared to corresponding values after the very low-carbohydrate diet, fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C were significantly (p < or = 0.05) lower, whereas fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (calculated using the homeostatic model assessment) were significantly higher after the low-fat diet. Both diets significantly decreased postprandial lipemia and resulted in similar nonsignificant changes in the total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, fasting triacylglycerols, oxidized LDL, and LDL subclass distribution. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a low-fat weight loss diet, a short-term very low-carbohydrate diet did not lower LDL-C but did prevent the decline in HDL-C and resulted in improved insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese, but otherwise healthy women. Small decreases in body mass improved postprandial lipemia, and therefore cardiovascular risk, independent of diet composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Volek
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1110, USA.
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Sex-based differences in substrate metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)34015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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