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Mizukami H. Pathological evaluation of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pathol Int 2024; 74:438-453. [PMID: 38888200 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are more than 10 million patients with diabetes mellitus in Japan. Therefore, the need to explore the pathogenesis of diabetes and the complications leading to its cure is becoming increasingly urgent. Pathological examination of pancreatic tissues from patients with type 2 diabetes reveals a decrease in the volume of beta cells because of a combination of various stresses. In human type 2 diabetes, islet amyloid deposition is a unique pathological change characterized by proinflammatory macrophage (M1) infiltration into the islets. The pathological changes in the pancreas with islet amyloid were different according to clinical factors, which suggests that type 2 diabetes can be further subclassified based on islet pathology. On the other hand, diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent diabetic complication. In early diabetic peripheral neuropathy, M1 infiltration in the sciatic nerve evokes oxidative stress or attenuates retrograde axonal transport, as clearly demonstrated by in vitro live imaging. Furthermore, islet parasympathetic nerve density and beta cell volume were inversely correlated in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats, suggesting that diabetic peripheral neuropathy itself may contribute to the decrease in beta cell volume. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic peripheral neuropathy may be interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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2
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Kawana Y, Imai J, Morizawa YM, Ikoma Y, Kohata M, Komamura H, Sato T, Izumi T, Yamamoto J, Endo A, Sugawara H, Kubo H, Hosaka S, Munakata Y, Asai Y, Kodama S, Takahashi K, Kaneko K, Sawada S, Yamada T, Ito A, Niizuma K, Tominaga T, Yamanaka A, Matsui K, Katagiri H. Optogenetic stimulation of vagal nerves for enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β cell proliferation. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:808-822. [PMID: 37945752 PMCID: PMC11310082 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of insulin secretion and of the proliferation of pancreatic β cells are promising therapeutic options for diabetes. Signals from the vagal nerve regulate both processes, yet the effectiveness of stimulating the nerve is unclear, owing to a lack of techniques for doing it so selectively and prolongedly. Here we report two optogenetic methods for vagal-nerve stimulation that led to enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and to β cell proliferation in mice expressing choline acetyltransferase-channelrhodopsin 2. One method involves subdiaphragmatic implantation of an optical fibre for the photostimulation of cholinergic neurons expressing a blue-light-sensitive opsin. The other method, which suppressed streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in the mice, involves the selective activation of vagal fibres by placing blue-light-emitting lanthanide microparticles in the pancreatic ducts of opsin-expressing mice, followed by near-infrared illumination. The two methods show that signals from the vagal nerve, especially from nerve fibres innervating the pancreas, are sufficient to regulate insulin secretion and β cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawana
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Kohata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komamura
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohito Izumi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Endo
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroto Sugawara
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haremaru Kubo
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Division of Metabolism and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Agerskov RH, Nyeng P. Innervation of the pancreas in development and disease. Development 2024; 151:dev202254. [PMID: 38265192 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system innervates the pancreas by sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory branches during early organogenesis, starting with neural crest cell invasion and formation of an intrinsic neuronal network. Several studies have demonstrated that signals from pancreatic neural crest cells direct pancreatic endocrinogenesis. Likewise, autonomic neurons have been shown to regulate pancreatic islet formation, and have also been implicated in type I diabetes. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in mapping pancreatic innervation and understanding the interactions between pancreatic neurons, epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Finally, we discuss pancreas innervation as a factor in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hoegsberg Agerskov
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, building 28, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Pia Nyeng
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, building 28, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
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Chhabra KH, Bathina S, Faniyan TS, Samuel DJ, Raza MU, de Souza Cordeiro LM, Viana Di Prisco G, Atwood BK, Robles J, Bainbridge L, Davis A. ADGRL1 is a glucose receptor involved in mediating energy and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2024; 67:170-189. [PMID: 37712955 PMCID: PMC10709246 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The brain is a major consumer of glucose as an energy source and regulates systemic glucose as well as energy balance. Although glucose transporters such as GLUT2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) are known to regulate glucose homeostasis and metabolism, the identity of a receptor that binds glucose to activate glucose signalling pathways in the brain is unknown. In this study, we aimed to discover a glucose receptor in the mouse hypothalamus. METHODS Here we used a high molecular mass glucose-biotin polymer to enrich glucose-bound mouse hypothalamic neurons through cell-based affinity chromatography. We then subjected the enriched neurons to proteomic analyses and identified adhesion G-protein coupled receptor 1 (ADGRL1) as a top candidate for a glucose receptor. We validated glucose-ADGRL1 interactions using CHO cells stably expressing human ADGRL1 and ligand-receptor binding assays. We generated and determined the phenotype of global Adgrl1-knockout mice and hypothalamus-specific Adgrl1-deficient mice. We measured the variables related to glucose and energy homeostasis in these mice. We also generated an Adgrl1Cre mouse model to investigate the role of ADGRL1 in sensing glucose using electrophysiology. RESULTS Adgrl1 is highly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) in mice. Lack of Adgrl1 in the VMH in mice caused fasting hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin resistance. In addition, the Adgrl1-deficient mice had impaired feeding responses to glucose and fasting coupled with abnormal glucose sensing and decreased physical activity before development of obesity and hyperglycaemia. In female mice, ovariectomy was necessary to reveal the contribution of ADGRL1 to energy and glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Altogether, our findings demonstrate that ADGRL1 binds glucose and is involved in energy as well as glucose homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner. Targeting ADGRL1 may introduce a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavaljit H Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Siresha Bathina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tumininu S Faniyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dennis J Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Ummear Raza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Leticia Maria de Souza Cordeiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jorge Robles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Bainbridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Autumn Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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5
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Sorski L, Gidron Y. The Vagal Nerve, Inflammation, and Diabetes-A Holy Triangle. Cells 2023; 12:1632. [PMID: 37371102 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic disease and a substantial risk factor of other fatal illnesses. At its core is insulin resistance, where chronic low-level inflammation is among its main causes. Thus, it is crucial to modulate this inflammation. This review paper provides scientific neuroimmunological evidence on the protective roles of the vagal nerve in T2DM. First, the vagus inhibits inflammation in a reflexive manner via neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological routes. This may also occur at the level of brain networks. Second, studies have shown that vagal activity, as indexed by heart-rate variability (HRV), is inversely related to diabetes and that low HRV is a predictor of T2DM. Finally, some emerging evidence shows that vagal nerve activation may reduce biomarkers and processes related to diabetes. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to test the effects of vagal nerve activation on T2DM and its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Sorski
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yori Gidron
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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6
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Zhao Y, Veysman B. Revisiting the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Importance of Neural Input to Pancreatic Islets and the Therapeutic Capability of Stem Cell Educator TM Therapy to Restore Their Integrity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:594. [PMID: 36831130 PMCID: PMC9952924 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with a shortage of islet β cells. To date, the etiology of T1D remains elusive. Increasing clinical evidence and animal studies demonstrate that autoimmune cells are directed against the nervous system of pancreatic islets, contributing to the development of T1D. Therefore, it highlights the necessity to explore novel clinical approaches to fundamentally correct the T1D autoimmunity not only focusing on islet β cells but also on protecting the islet nervous system. This allows the restoration of the integrity of islet innervation and the normal islet β-cell function. To address these issues, we developed a novel technology designated the Stem Cell Educator TM therapy, based on immune education by human cord-blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SC). International amulticenter clinical trials demonstrated its clinical safety and efficacy to treat T1D and other autoimmune diseases. Stem Cell Educator TM therapy may have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of T1D, without the safety and ethical concerns associated with conventional immune and/or stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
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7
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Waataja JJ, Nihalani RK, Honda CN, Billington CJ. Use of a bio-electronic device comprising of targeted dual neuromodulation of the hepatic and celiac vagal branches demonstrated enhanced glycemic control in a type 2 diabetic rat model as well as in an Alloxan treated swine model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1005932. [PMID: 36389223 PMCID: PMC9640365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1005932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an unmet need for new type 2 diabetes treatments providing improved efficacy, durability and customized to improve patient’s compliance. Bio-electronic neuromodulation of Vagus nerve branches innervating organs that regulate plasma glucose, may be a method for treating type 2 diabetes. The pancreas has been shown to release insulin during Vagus stimulation. The hepatic vagal branch, innervating the liver, has been shown to decrease glucose release and decrease insulin resistance following ligation. However, standalone stimulation of the Vagus nerve has shown mixed results and Vagus nerve ligation has undesirable effects. Little is known; however, of the effect on plasma glucose with combined neuromodulation consisting of stimulation of the celiac branch innervating the pancreas with simultaneous high frequency alternating current (HFAC) blockade of the hepatic branch. This study tested the effects of this approach on increasing glycemic control in rat a model of type 2 diabetes and Alloxan treated swine. Materials and methods Zucker obese (fatty) male rats (ZDF fa/fa) were used as a model of type 2 diabetes as well as glucose intolerant Alloxan treated swine. In ZDF rat experiments glycemic control was accessed with an intravenous glucose tolerance test during HFAC-induced hepatic branch block with concurrent celiac stimulation (HFAC + stimulation). In swine experiments glycemic control was accessed by an oral glucose tolerance test during HFAC + stimulation. Insulin measurements were taken prior to and following swine experiments giving insight into beta cell exhaustion. Histopathology was conducted to determine safety of HFAC + stimulation on Vagal branches. Results Zucker rats demonstrated a significant improvement to an intravenous glucose tolerance test during HFAC + stimulation compared to sham. There was no significant difference from sham compared to hepatic vagotomy or celiac stimulation. In Alloxan treated swine, when subjected to HFAC + stimulation, there was a significant improvement in glycemic control as measured by an improvement on oral glucose tolerance tests and a decrease in fasting plasma glucose. Insulin responses were similar prior to and following HFAC + stimulation experiments. Histopathology demonstrated healthy swine Vagus nerves. Conclusion Electrical blockade of the hepatic Vagus branch with simultaneous stimulation of the celiac Vagus branch may be a novel, adjustable and localized approach for a treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Waataja
- ReShape Lifesciences Inc., San Clemente, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan J. Waataja,
| | | | - Chris N. Honda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Charles J. Billington
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Minnesota Veterans’ Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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8
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Goluba K, Kunrade L, Riekstina U, Parfejevs V. Schwann Cells in Digestive System Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:832. [PMID: 35269454 PMCID: PMC8908985 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the digestive system is ensured by coordinated action of the central and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). Peripheral innervation of the digestive system can be viewed as intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic portion is mainly composed of the neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS), while the extrinsic part is formed by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory branches of the PNS. Glial cells are a crucial component of digestive tract innervation, and a great deal of research evidence highlights the important status of ENS glia in health and disease. In this review, we shift the focus a bit and discuss the functions of Schwann cells (SCs), the glial cells of the extrinsic innervation of the digestive system. For more context, we also provide information on the basic findings regarding the function of innervation in disorders of the digestive organs. We find diverse SC roles described particularly in the mouth, the pancreas, and the intestine. We note that most of the scientific evidence concerns the involvement of SCs in cancer progression and pain, but some research identifies stem cell functions and potential for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vadims Parfejevs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, House of Science, Jelgavas Str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.G.); (L.K.); (U.R.)
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9
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Moullé VS. Autonomic control of pancreatic beta cells: What is known on the regulation of insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation in rodents and humans. Peptides 2022; 148:170709. [PMID: 34896576 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation are tightly regulated by several signals such as hormones, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. However, the autonomic control of beta cells is not fully understood. In this review, we describe mechanisms involved in insulin secretion as well as metabolic and mitogenic actions on its target tissues. Since pancreatic islets are physically connected to the brain by nerves, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters can directly potentiate or repress insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation. Finally, we highlight the role of the autonomic nervous system in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
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10
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Mirzadeh Z, Faber CL, Schwartz MW. Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis: A Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:55-84. [PMID: 34990204 PMCID: PMC8900291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. However, glycemia is also regulated by insulin-independent mechanisms that are dysregulated in T2D. Based on evidence supporting its role both in adaptive coupling of insulin secretion to changes in insulin sensitivity and in the regulation of insulin-independent glucose disposal, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental player in glucose homeostasis. Here, we review and expand upon an integrative model wherein the CNS, together with the islet, establishes and maintains the defended level of glycemia. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding both normal glucose homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis and highlight centrally targeted therapeutic approaches with the potential to restore normoglycemia to patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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11
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Dimitri P. Treatment of Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity: Now and the Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:846880. [PMID: 35464063 PMCID: PMC9019363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.846880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the centre of neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis and appetite. Maldevelopment of, or damage to, the key hypothalamic nuclei disrupts the coordinated balance between energy intake and expenditure leading, to rapid and excessive weight gain. Hypothalamic obesity is compounded by a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, sleep disruption, visual compromise, and neurological and vascular sequalae. Amongst suprasellar tumors, craniopharyngioma is the most common cause of acquired hypothalamic obesity, either directly or following surgical or radiotherapeutic intervention. At present, therapy is limited to strategies to manage obesity but with a modest and variable impact. Current approaches include optimizing pituitary hormone replacement, calorie restriction, increased energy expenditure through physical activity, behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches include stimulants that increase energy consumption, anti-diabetic agents, hypothalamic-pituitary substitution therapy, octreotide, and methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitors. Some pharmacological studies of hypothalamic obesity report weight loss or stabilization but reported intervention periods are short, and others report no effect. The impact of bariatric surgery on weight loss in hypothalamic obesity again is variable. Novel or combined approaches to manage hypothalamic obesity are thus required to achieve credible and sustained weight loss. Identifying etiological factors contributing hypothalamic obesity may lead to multi-faceted interventions targeting hyperphagia, insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, sleep disturbance, hypopituitarism and psychosocial morbidity. Placebo-controlled trials using current single, or combination therapies are required to determine the impact of therapeutic agents. A well-defined approach to defining the location of hypothalamic damage may support the use of future targeted therapies. Intranasal oxytocin is currently being investigated as an anorexogenic agent. Novel agents including those targeting pro-opimelanocortin-C and AgRP/NPY expressing neurons and the MC4 receptor may result in better outcomes. This article discusses the current challenges in the management of hypothalamic obesity in children and young people and future therapeutic approaches to increasing weight loss and quality of life in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dimitri
- The Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Dimitri,
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12
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Krivova YS, Proshchina AE, Otlyga DA, Leonova OG, Saveliev SV. Prenatal development of sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas. Ann Anat 2021; 240:151880. [PMID: 34896557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion. The results of experimental studies also demonstrate the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of endocrine cell differentiation and islet formation during the development of the pancreas. However, the prenatal development of sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas has not yet been studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pancreatic autopsy samples from 24 human fetuses were examined using immunohistochemistry with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The density, concentration, and size (width, length, perimeter and area) of the TH-positive sympathetic nerves were compared in four developmental periods: pre-fetal (8-11 weeks post conception (w.p.c.), n = 6), early fetal (13-20 gestational weeks (g.w.), n = 7), middle fetal (21-28 g.w., n = 6) and late fetal (29-40 g.w., n = 5) using morphometric methods and statistical analysis (Multiple Comparisons p values). Double immunofluorescence with antibodies to TH and either insulin or glucagon and confocal microscopy were applied to analyze the interaction between the sympathetic nerves and endocrine cells, and the co-localization of TH with hormones. RESULTS TH-positive sympathetic nerves were detected in the fetal pancreas starting from the early stages (8 w.p.c.). The developmental dynamics of sympathetic nerves was follows: from the pre-fetal period, the amount of TH-positive nerves gradually increased and their branching occurred reaching the highest density and concentration in the middle fetal period, followed by a decrease in these parameters in the late fetal period. From the 14th g.w. onwards, thin TH-positive nerve fibers were mainly distributed in the vicinity of blood vessels and around the neurons of intrapancreatic ganglia, which is similar in adults. There were only rare TH-positive nerve fibers adjacent to acini or located at the periphery of some islets. The close interactions between the TH-positive nerve fibers and endocrine cells were observed in the neuro-insular complexes. Additionally, non-neuronal TH-containing cells were found in the pancreas of fetuses from the pre-fetal and early fetal periods. Some of these cells simultaneously contained glucagon. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas, including the formation of perivascular and intraganglionic nerve plexuses, extensively develops during prenatal period, while some processes, such as the formation of sympathetic innervation of islet capillaries, may occur postnatally. Non-neuronal TH-containing cells, as well as the interactions between the sympathetic terminals and endocrine cells observed in the fetal pancreas may be necessary for endocrine pancreas development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S Krivova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Tsurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Dmitry A Otlyga
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Tsurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ol'ga G Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Saveliev
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Tsurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Melnik BC. Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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14
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Alvarsson A, Jimenez-Gonzalez M, Li R, Rosselot C, Tzavaras N, Wu Z, Stewart AF, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stanley SA. A 3D atlas of the dynamic and regional variation of pancreatic innervation in diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eaaz9124. [PMID: 33036983 PMCID: PMC7557000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the detailed anatomy of the endocrine pancreas, its innervation, and the remodeling that occurs in diabetes can provide new insights into metabolic disease. Using tissue clearing and whole-organ imaging, we identified the 3D associations between islets and innervation. This technique provided detailed quantification of α and β cell volumes and pancreatic nerve fibers, their distribution and heterogeneity in healthy tissue, canonical mouse models of diabetes, and samples from normal and diabetic human pancreata. Innervation was highly enriched in the mouse endocrine pancreas, with regional differences. Islet nerve density was increased in nonobese diabetic mice, in mice treated with streptozotocin, and in pancreata of human donors with type 2 diabetes. Nerve contacts with β cells were preserved in diabetic mice and humans. In summary, our whole-organ assessment allows comprehensive examination of islet characteristics and their innervation and reveals dynamic regulation of islet innervation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarsson
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rosemary Li
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tzavaras
- The Microscopy CoRE and Advanced Bioimaging Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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15
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Sohn JW, Ho WK. Cellular and systemic mechanisms for glucose sensing and homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1547-1561. [PMID: 32960363 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is a major source of energy in animals. Maintaining blood glucose levels within a physiological range is important for facilitating glucose uptake by cells, as required for optimal functioning. Glucose homeostasis relies on multiple glucose-sensing cells in the body that constantly monitor blood glucose levels and respond accordingly to adjust its glycemia. These include not only pancreatic β-cells and α-cells that secrete insulin and glucagon, but also central and peripheral neurons regulating pancreatic endocrine function. Different types of cells respond distinctively to changes in blood glucose levels, and the mechanisms involved in glucose sensing are diverse. Notably, recent studies have challenged the currently held views regarding glucose-sensing mechanisms. Furthermore, peripheral and central glucose-sensing cells appear to work in concert to control blood glucose level and maintain glucose and energy homeostasis in organisms. In this review, we summarize the established concepts and recent advances in the understanding of cellular and systemic mechanisms that regulate glucose sensing and its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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16
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The Constitutive Lack of α7 Nicotinic Receptor Leads to Metabolic Disorders in Mouse. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071057. [PMID: 32708537 PMCID: PMC7408520 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) occurs by deterioration in pancreatic β-cell function and/or progressive loss of pancreatic β-cell mass under the context of insulin resistance. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) may contribute to insulin sensitivity but its role in the pathogenesis of T2D remains undefined. We investigated whether the systemic lack of α7 nAChR was sufficient to impair glucose homeostasis. Methods: We used an α7 nAChR knock-out (α7−/−) mouse model fed a standard chow diet. The effects of the lack of α7 nAChR on islet mass, insulin secretion, glucose and insulin tolerance, body composition, and food behaviour were assessed in vivo and ex vivo experiments. Results: Young α7−/− mice display a chronic mild high glycemia combined with an impaired glucose tolerance and a marked deficit in β-cell mass. In addition to these metabolic disorders, old mice developed adipose tissue inflammation, elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations and presented glycolytic muscle insulin resistance in old mice. Finally, α7−/− mice, fed a chow diet, exhibited a late-onset excessive gain in body weight through increased fat mass associated with higher food intake. Conclusion: Our work highlights the important role of α7 nAChR in glucose homeostasis. The constitutive lack of α7 nAChR suggests a novel pathway influencing the pathogenesis of T2D.
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17
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Guo D, Mizukami H, Osonoi S, Takahashi K, Ogasawara S, Kudo K, Sasaki T, Yagihashi S. Beneficial effects of combination therapy of canagliflozin and teneligliptin on diabetic polyneuropathy and β-cell volume density in spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Metabolism 2020; 107:154232. [PMID: 32302619 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parasympathetic nerve (PN) signaling plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pancreatic β-cell volume density (Vβ). PN may be pathologically affected in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). However, the association between the reduction of PNs in islets and Vβ and the therapeutic effects of a DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) and an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Goto-Kakizaki rats (GK) have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided 5-week old male GK and Wistar rats (W) into a DPP4i-treated group (GKTe), SGLT2i-treated group (GKCa), and combination-treated group (GKCaTe). After 25 weeks, the pancreata was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS Vβ in GK was significantly decreased (p < 0.01 vs. W), whereas Vβ was the most well preserved in GKCaTe (p < 0.05 vs. GKTe), followed by GKTe (p < 0.05 vs. GK). The decreased amount of PNs in the islets and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in GK was significantly improved in the treated groups compared with GK (p < 0.05 vs. GKCa and GKTe and p < 0.01 vs. GKCaTe). PN density and IENFD were significantly correlated with Vβ (r = 0.55, p < 0.01 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively). IENFD was identified as a surrogate marker for the prediction of Vβ (cutoff value, 16.39). CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of DPP4i and SGLT2i improved Vβ accompanied by PNs density and IENFD. IENFD was proportionally correlated with Vβ. Therefore, the prevention of DPN development may be concurrently beneficial for the preservation of Vβ in nonobese T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Guo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Saori Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kudo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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18
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Moullé VS, Tremblay C, Castell AL, Vivot K, Ethier M, Fergusson G, Alquier T, Ghislain J, Poitout V. The autonomic nervous system regulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation in adult male rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E234-E243. [PMID: 31013146 PMCID: PMC6732465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00385.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell responds to changes in the nutrient environment to maintain glucose homeostasis by adapting its function and mass. Nutrients can act directly on the β-cell and also indirectly through the brain via autonomic nerves innervating islets. Despite the importance of the brain-islet axis in insulin secretion, relatively little is known regarding its involvement in β-cell proliferation. We previously demonstrated that prolonged infusions of nutrients in rats provoke a dramatic increase in β-cell proliferation in part because of the direct action of nutrients. Here, we addressed the contribution of the autonomic nervous system. In isolated islets, muscarinic stimulation increased, whereas adrenergic stimulation decreased, glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Blocking α-adrenergic receptors reversed the effect of epinephrine on glucose + nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)-induced β-cell proliferation, whereas activation of β-adrenergic receptors was without effect. Infusion of glucose + NEFA toward the brain stimulated β-cell proliferation, and this effect was abrogated following celiac vagotomy. The increase in β-cell proliferation following peripheral infusions of glucose + NEFA was not inhibited by vagotomy or atropine treatment but was blocked by coinfusion of epinephrine. We conclude that β-cell proliferation is stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic signals. Whereas glucose + NEFA in the brain stimulates β-cell proliferation through the vagus nerve, β-cell proliferation in response to systemic nutrient excess does not involve parasympathetic signals but may be associated with decreased sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine S Moullé
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Caroline Tremblay
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Castell
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Kevin Vivot
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Mélanie Ethier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Grace Fergusson
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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19
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Bou Karam J, Cai W, Mohamed R, Huang T, Meng L, Homan EP, Dirice E, Kahn CR, El Ouaamari A. TRPV1 neurons regulate β-cell function in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Metab 2018; 18:60-67. [PMID: 30473098 PMCID: PMC6308974 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence to support an important role for the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) sensory innervation in glucose homeostasis. However, it remains unknown whether the glucoregulatory action of these afferent neurons is sex-biased and whether it is pancreatic β-cell-mediated. OBJECTIVE We investigated in male and female mice whether denervation of whole-body or pancreas-projecting TRPV1 sensory neurons regulates adult functional β-cell mass and alters systemic glucose homeostasis. METHODS We used a combination of pharmacological and surgical approaches to ablate whole-body or pancreatic TRPV1 sensory neurons and assessed islet β-cell function and mass, aspects of glucose and insulin homeostasis, and energy expenditure. RESULTS Capsaicin-induced chemodenervation of whole-body TRPV1 sensory neurons improved glucose clearance and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion without alterations in β-cell proliferation and mass, systemic insulin sensitivity, body composition, and energy expenditure. Similarly, denervation of intrapancreatic TRPV1 afferents by pancreas intraductal injection of capsaicin or surgical removal of the dorsal root ganglia projecting into the pancreas lowered post-absorptive glucose levels and increased insulin release upon glucose stimulation. The beneficial effects of TRPV1 sensory denervation on glucose tolerance and β-cell function were observed in male but not female mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings suggest that TRPV1 neurons regulate glucose homeostasis, at least partly, through direct modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion and that this regulation operates in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Bou Karam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Section in Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rowaida Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tianwen Huang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lingqiong Meng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Erica Paige Homan
- Section in Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section in Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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20
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Gupta D, Lacayo AA, Greene SM, Leahy JL, Jetton TL. β-Cell mass restoration by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:20295-20306. [PMID: 30397183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-established how nutrients, growth factors, and hormones impact functional β-cell mass (BCM), the influence of the central nervous system in this regard, and especially in the context of islet immune modulation, has been understudied. Here we investigated the expression and activity of pancreatic islet α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in islet anti-inflammatory and prosurvival signaling. Systemic administration of α7nAChR agonists in mice improved glucose tolerance and curtailed streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia by retaining BCM, in part through maintaining Pdx1 and MafA expression and reducing apoptosis. α7nAChR activation of mouse islets ex vivo led to reduced inflammatory drive through a JAK2-STAT3 pathway that couples with CREB/Irs2/Akt survival signaling. Because the vagus nerve conveys anti-inflammatory signals to immune cells of the spleen and other nonneural tissues in the viscera by activating α7nAChR agonists, our study suggests a novel role for β-cell α7nAChR that functions to maintain β-cell survival and mass homeostasis through modulating islet cytokine and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathways. Exploiting these pathways may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Gupta
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05446
| | - Adam A Lacayo
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05446
| | - Shane M Greene
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05446
| | - John L Leahy
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05446
| | - Thomas L Jetton
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05446.
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21
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The vagus neurometabolic interface and clinical disease. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1101-1111. [PMID: 29795463 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system both monitors and modulates body metabolism to maintain homoeostasis. In disease states such as obesity and diabetes, the neurometabolic interface is dysfunctional and contributes to clinical illness. The vagus nerve, in particular, with both sensory and motor fibres, provides an anatomical substrate for this interface. Its sensory fibres contain receptors for important circulating metabolic mediators, including leptin and cholecystokinin, and provide real-time information about these mediators to the central nervous system. In turn, efferent fibres within the vagus nerve participate in a brain-gut axis to regulate metabolism. In this review, we describe these vagus nerve-mediated metabolic pathways and recent clinical trials of vagus nerve stimulation for the management of obesity. These early studies suggest that neuromodulation approaches that employ electricity to tune neurometabolic circuits may represent a new tool in the clinical armamentarium directed against obesity.
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22
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GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide exerts central action to induce β-cell proliferation through medulla to vagal pathway in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:618-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Yamamoto J, Imai J, Izumi T, Takahashi H, Kawana Y, Takahashi K, Kodama S, Kaneko K, Gao J, Uno K, Sawada S, Asano T, Kalinichenko VV, Susaki EA, Kanzaki M, Ueda HR, Ishigaki Y, Yamada T, Katagiri H. Neuronal signals regulate obesity induced β-cell proliferation by FoxM1 dependent mechanism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1930. [PMID: 29208957 PMCID: PMC5717276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under insulin-resistant conditions such as obesity, pancreatic β-cells proliferate to prevent blood glucose elevations. A liver–brain–pancreas neuronal relay plays an important role in this process. Here, we show the molecular mechanism underlying this compensatory β-cell proliferation. We identify FoxM1 activation in islets from neuronal relay-stimulated mice. Blockade of this relay, including vagotomy, inhibits obesity-induced activation of the β-cell FoxM1 pathway and suppresses β-cell expansion. Inducible β-cell-specific FoxM1 deficiency also blocks compensatory β-cell proliferation. In isolated islets, carbachol and PACAP/VIP synergistically promote β-cell proliferation through a FoxM1-dependent mechanism. These findings indicate that vagal nerves that release several neurotransmitters may allow simultaneous activation of multiple pathways in β-cells selectively, thereby efficiently promoting β-cell proliferation and maintaining glucose homeostasis during obesity development. This neuronal signal-mediated mechanism holds potential for developing novel approaches to regenerating pancreatic β-cells. Neuronal signals, in particular those transmitted via the vagal nerve, regulate both β-cell function and proliferation. Here, Yamamoto et al. show that the forkhead box M1 pathway is required for vagal signal-mediated induction of β-cell proliferation during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomohito Izumi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironori Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawana
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junhong Gao
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Project for Elucidating and Controlling Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, 100-1004, Japan
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Aamodt KI, Powers AC. Signals in the pancreatic islet microenvironment influence β-cell proliferation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 Suppl 1:124-136. [PMID: 28880471 PMCID: PMC5679109 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of pancreatic β-cell mass that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is a primary factor driving efforts to identify strategies for effectively increasing, enhancing or restoring β-cell mass. While factors that seem to influence β-cell proliferation in specific contexts have been described, reliable stimulation of human β-cell proliferation has remained a challenge. Importantly, β-cells exist in the context of a complex, integrated pancreatic islet microenvironment where they interact with other endocrine cells, vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, neuronal projections and islet macrophages. This review highlights different components of the pancreatic microenvironment, and reviews what is known about how signaling that occurs between β-cells and these other components influences β-cell proliferation. Future efforts to further define the role of the pancreatic islet microenvironment on β-cell proliferation may lead to the development of successful approaches to increase or restore β-cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie I. Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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25
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Cantelli KR, Soares GM, Ribeiro RA, Balbo SL, Lubaczeuski C, Boschero AC, Araújo ACF, Bonfleur ML. Duodenal-jejunal bypass normalizes pancreatic islet proliferation rate and function but not hepatic steatosis in hypothalamic obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5858. [PMID: 28380195 PMCID: PMC5423738 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modifications in life-style and/or pharmacotherapies contribute to weight loss and ameliorate the metabolic profile of diet-induced obese humans and rodents. Since these strategies fail to treat hypothalamic obesity, we have assessed the possible mechanisms by which duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and the morphophysiology of pancreatic islets, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. During the first 5 days of life, male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg body weight, HyO group), or saline (CTL). At 90 days of age, HyO rats were randomly subjected to DJB (HyO DJB group) or sham surgery (HyO Sham group). HyO Sham rats were morbidly obese, insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic and displayed higher serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic triglyceride (TG). These effects were associated with higher expressions of the lipogenic genes and fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein content in the liver. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in β-oxidation and TG export were down-regulated in HyO rats. In addition, these rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, β-cell hypersecretion, a higher percentage of islets and β-cell area/pancreas section, and enhanced nuclear content of Ki67 protein in islet-cells. At 2 months after DJB surgery, serum concentrations of TG and NEFA, but not hepatic TG accumulation and gene and protein expressions, were normalized in HyO rats. Insulin release and Ki67 positive cells were also normalized in HyO DJB islets. In conclusion, DJB decreased islet-cell proliferation, normalized insulinemia, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile, independently of changes in hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Cantelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - G M Soares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - R A Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | - S L Balbo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - C Lubaczeuski
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Boschero
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A C F Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - M L Bonfleur
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
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26
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Shirakawa J, De Jesus DF, Kulkarni RN. Exploring inter-organ crosstalk to uncover mechanisms that regulate β-cell function and mass. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:896-903. [PMID: 28294170 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired β-cell function and insufficient β-cell mass compensation are twin pathogenic features that underlie type 2 diabetes (T2D). Current therapeutic strategies continue to evolve to improve treatment outcomes in different ethnic populations and include approaches to counter insulin resistance and improve β-cell function. Although the effects of insulin secretion on metabolic organs such as liver, skeletal muscle and adipose is directly relevant for improving glucose uptake and reduce hyperglycemia, the ability of pancreatic β-cells to crosstalk with multiple non-metabolic tissues is providing novel insights into potential opportunities for improving β-cell function and/or mass that could have beneficial effects in patients with diabetes. For example, the role of the gastrointestinal system in the regulation of β-cell biology is well recognized and has been exploited clinically to develop incretin-related antidiabetic agents. The microbiome and the immune system are emerging as important players in regulating β-cell function and mass. The rich innervation of islet cells indicates it is a prime organ for regulation by the nervous system. In this review, we discuss the potential implications of signals from these organ systems as well as those from bone, placenta, kidney, thyroid, endothelial cells, reproductive organs and adrenal and pituitary glands that can directly impact β-cell biology. An added layer of complexity is the limited data regarding the relative relevance of one or more of these systems in different ethnic populations. It is evident that better understanding of this paradigm would provide clues to enhance β-cell function and/or mass in vivo in the long-term goal of treating or curing patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shirakawa
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D F De Jesus
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Krivova Y, Proshchina A, Barabanov V, Leonova O, Saveliev S. Structure of neuro-endocrine and neuro-epithelial interactions in human foetal pancreas. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:567-576. [PMID: 27823763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the pancreas of many mammals including humans, endocrine islet cells can be integrated with the nervous system components into neuro-insular complexes. The mechanism of the formation of such complexes is not clearly understood. The present study evaluated the interactions between the nervous system components, epithelial cells and endocrine cells in the human pancreas. Foetal pancreas, gestational age 19-23 weeks (13 cases) and 30-34 weeks (7 cases), were studied using double immunohistochemical labeling with neural markers (S100 protein and beta III tubulin), epithelial marker (cytokeratin 19 (CK19)) and antibodies to insulin and glucagon. We first analyse the structure of neuro-insular complexes using confocal microscopy and provide immunohistochemical evidences of the presence of endocrine cells within the ganglia or inside the nerve bundles. We showed that the nervous system components contact with the epithelial cells located in ducts or in clusters outside the ductal epithelium and form complexes with separate epithelial cells. We observed CK19-positive cells inside the ganglia and nerve bundles which were located separately or were integrated with the islets. Therefore, we conclude that neuro-insular complexes may forms as a result of integration between epithelial cells and nervous system components at the initial stages of islets formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krivova
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandra Proshchina
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valeriy Barabanov
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Saveliev
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
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28
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Rosario W, Singh I, Wautlet A, Patterson C, Flak J, Becker TC, Ali A, Tamarina N, Philipson LH, Enquist LW, Myers MG, Rhodes CJ. The Brain-to-Pancreatic Islet Neuronal Map Reveals Differential Glucose Regulation From Distinct Hypothalamic Regions. Diabetes 2016; 65:2711-23. [PMID: 27207534 PMCID: PMC5001176 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain influences glucose homeostasis, partly by supplemental control over insulin and glucagon secretion. Without this central regulation, diabetes and its complications can ensue. Yet, the neuronal network linking to pancreatic islets has never been fully mapped. Here, we refine this map using pseudorabies virus (PRV) retrograde tracing, indicating that the pancreatic islets are innervated by efferent circuits that emanate from the hypothalamus. We found that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) significantly overlap PRV and the physiological glucose-sensing enzyme glucokinase. Then, experimentally lowering glucose sensing, specifically in the ARC, resulted in glucose intolerance due to deficient insulin secretion and no significant effect in the VMN, but in the LHA it resulted in a lowering of the glucose threshold that improved glucose tolerance and/or improved insulin sensitivity, with an exaggerated counter-regulatory response for glucagon secretion. No significant effect on insulin sensitivity or metabolic homeostasis was noted. Thus, these data reveal novel direct neuronal effects on pancreatic islets and also render a functional validation of the brain-to-islet neuronal map. They also demonstrate that distinct regions of the hypothalamus differentially control insulin and glucagon secretion, potentially in partnership to help maintain glucose homeostasis and guard against hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Rosario
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Inderroop Singh
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Arnaud Wautlet
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Christa Patterson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jonathan Flak
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Thomas C Becker
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Almas Ali
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalia Tamarina
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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29
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Hussain MA, Akalestou E, Song WJ. Inter-organ communication and regulation of beta cell function. Diabetologia 2016; 59:659-67. [PMID: 26791990 PMCID: PMC4801104 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiologically predominant signal for pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin is glucose. While circulating glucose levels and beta cell glucose metabolism regulate the amount of released insulin, additional signals emanating from other tissues and from neighbouring islet endocrine cells modulate beta cell function. To this end, each individual beta cell can be viewed as a sensor of a multitude of stimuli that are integrated to determine the extent of glucose-dependent insulin release. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of inter-organ communications that regulate beta cell insulin release in response to elevated glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob A Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Elina Akalestou
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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30
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Modulation of Autoimmune T-Cell Memory by Stem Cell Educator Therapy: Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:2024-36. [PMID: 26844283 PMCID: PMC4703710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that causes a deficit of pancreatic islet β cells. The complexities of overcoming autoimmunity in T1D have contributed to the challenges the research community faces when devising successful treatments with conventional immune therapies. Overcoming autoimmune T cell memory represents one of the key hurdles. METHODS In this open-label, phase 1/phase 2 study, Caucasian T1D patients (N = 15) received two treatments with the Stem Cell Educator (SCE) therapy, an approach that uses human multipotent cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SCs). SCE therapy involves a closed-loop system that briefly treats the patient's lymphocytes with CB-SCs in vitro and returns the "educated" lymphocytes (but not the CB-SCs) into the patient's blood circulation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01350219. FINDINGS Clinical data demonstrated that SCE therapy was well tolerated in all subjects. The percentage of naïve CD4(+) T cells was significantly increased at 26 weeks and maintained through the final follow-up at 56 weeks. The percentage of CD4(+) central memory T cells (TCM) was markedly and constantly increased at 18 weeks. Both CD4(+) effector memory T cells (TEM) and CD8(+) TEM cells were considerably decreased at 18 weeks and 26 weeks respectively. Additional clinical data demonstrated the modulation of C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) expressions on naïve T, TCM, and TEM cells. Following two treatments with SCE therapy, islet β-cell function was improved and maintained in individuals with residual β-cell function, but not in those without residual β-cell function. INTERPRETATION Current clinical data demonstrated the safety and efficacy of SCE therapy in immune modulation. SCE therapy provides lasting reversal of autoimmune memory that could improve islet β-cell function in Caucasian subjects. FUNDING Obra Social "La Caixa", Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación Renal, European Union FEDER Funds, Principado de Asturias, FICYT, and Hackensack University Medical Center Foundation.
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Key Words
- AIRE, autoimmune regulator
- Autoimmunity
- CB-SCs, human cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells
- CCR7, C–C chemokine receptor 7
- Cord blood stem cell
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin
- IL, interleukin
- Immune modulation
- M2, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2
- MLR, mixed leukocyte reactions
- MNC, mononuclear cells
- Memory T cells
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- R, responder
- S, stimulator
- SCE, Stem Cell Educator
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- TCM, central memory T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TEM, effector memory T cells
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1
- Th, helper T cell
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- Type 1 diabetes
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31
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Abstract
Gi-GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors that signal via Gα proteins of the i/o class (Gαi/o), acutely regulate cellular behaviors widely in mammalian tissues, but their impact on the development and growth of these tissues is less clear. For example, Gi-GPCRs acutely regulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells, and variants in genes encoding several Gi-GPCRs--including the α-2a adrenergic receptor, ADRA2A--increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, type 2 diabetes also is associated with reduced total β-cell mass, and the role of Gi-GPCRs in establishing β-cell mass is unknown. Therefore, we asked whether Gi-GPCR signaling regulates β-cell mass. Here we show that Gi-GPCRs limit the proliferation of the insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and especially their expansion during the critical perinatal period. Increased Gi-GPCR activity in perinatal β cells decreased β-cell proliferation, reduced adult β-cell mass, and impaired glucose homeostasis. In contrast, Gi-GPCR inhibition enhanced perinatal β-cell proliferation, increased adult β-cell mass, and improved glucose homeostasis. Transcriptome analysis detected the expression of multiple Gi-GPCRs in developing and adult β cells, and gene-deletion experiments identified ADRA2A as a key Gi-GPCR regulator of β-cell replication. These studies link Gi-GPCR signaling to β-cell mass and diabetes risk and identify it as a potential target for therapies to protect and increase β-cell mass in patients with diabetes.
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32
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Lau J, Vasylovska S, Kozlova EN, Carlsson PO. Surface coating of pancreatic islets with neural crest stem cells improves engraftment and function after intraportal transplantation. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2263-72. [PMID: 25581301 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop techniques for surface coating of islets with neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in order to enable cotransplantation to the clinically used liver site and then investigate engraftment and function intraportally of such bioengineered islets. Mouse islets were coated during incubation with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing mouse NCSCs and transplanted into the portal vein to cure diabetic mice. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed at 1 month posttransplantation. Islet grafts were retrieved and evaluated for vascular density, nerves, and glial cells. NCSCs expressed a vast number of key angiogenic and neurotrophic factors. Mice transplanted with NCSC-bioengineered islets responded better to the glucose load than recipient mice with control islets. NCSCs remained present in the vicinity or had often migrated into the NCSC-coated islets, and an improved islet graft reinnervation and revascularization was observed. Transplanted NCSCs differentiated into both glial and neural cells in the islet grafts. We conclude that bioengineering of islets with NCSCs for intraportal transplantation provides a possibility to improve islet engraftment and function. Pending successful establishment of protocols for expansion of NCSCs from, for example, human skin or bone marrow, this strategy may be applied to clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Pabreja K, Mohd MA, Koole C, Wootten D, Furness SGB. Molecular mechanisms underlying physiological and receptor pleiotropic effects mediated by GLP-1R activation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1114-28. [PMID: 23889512 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes in developed countries is increasing yearly with a significant negative impact on patient quality of life and an enormous burden on the healthcare system. Current biguanide and thiazolidinedione treatments for type 2 diabetes have a number of clinical limitations, the most serious long-term limitation being the eventual need for insulin replacement therapy (Table 1). Since 2007, drugs targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor have been marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These drugs have enjoyed a great deal of success even though our underlying understanding of the mechanisms for their pleiotropic effects remain poorly characterized even while major pharmaceutical companies actively pursue small molecule alternatives. Coupling of the GLP-1 receptor to more than one signalling pathway (pleiotropic signalling) can result in ligand-dependent signalling bias and for a peptide receptor such as the GLP-1 receptor this can be exaggerated with the use of small molecule agonists. Better consideration of receptor signalling pleiotropy will be necessary for future drug development. This is particularly important given the recent failure of taspoglutide, the report of increased risk of pancreatitis associated with GLP-1 mimetics and the observed clinical differences between liraglutide, exenatide and the newly developed long-acting exenatide long acting release, albiglutide and dulaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pabreja
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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34
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Li M, Maddison LA, Page-McCaw P, Chen W. Overnutrition induces β-cell differentiation through prolonged activation of β-cells in zebrafish larvae. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E799-807. [PMID: 24473439 PMCID: PMC3962607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00686.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Insulin from islet β-cells maintains glucose homeostasis by stimulating peripheral tissues to remove glucose from circulation. Persistent elevation of insulin demand increases β-cell number through self-replication or differentiation (neogenesis) as part of a compensatory response. However, it is not well understood how a persistent increase in insulin demand is detected. We have previously demonstrated that a persistent increase in insulin demand by overnutrition induces compensatory β-cell differentiation in zebrafish. Here, we use a series of pharmacological and genetic analyses to show that prolonged stimulation of existing β-cells is necessary and sufficient for this compensatory response. In the absence of feeding, tonic, but not intermittent, pharmacological activation of β-cell secretion was sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation. Conversely, drugs that block β-cell secretion, including an ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP) channel agonist and an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, suppressed overnutrition-induced β-cell differentiation. Genetic experiments specifically targeting β-cells confirm existing β-cells as the overnutrition sensor. First, inducible expression of a constitutively active K ATP channel in β-cells suppressed the overnutrition effect. Second, inducible expression of a dominant-negative K ATP mutant induced β-cell differentiation independent of nutrients. Third, sensitizing β-cell metabolism by transgenic expression of a hyperactive glucokinase potentiated differentiation. Finally, ablation of the existing β-cells abolished the differentiation response. Taken together, these data establish that overnutrition induces β-cell differentiation in larval zebrafish through prolonged activation of β-cells. These findings demonstrate an essential role for existing β-cells in sensing overnutrition and compensating for their own insufficiency by recruiting additional β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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35
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Reinert RB, Cai Q, Hong JY, Plank JL, Aamodt K, Prasad N, Aramandla R, Dai C, Levy SE, Pozzi A, Labosky PA, Wright CVE, Brissova M, Powers AC. Vascular endothelial growth factor coordinates islet innervation via vascular scaffolding. Development 2014; 141:1480-91. [PMID: 24574008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular alignment is a common anatomical feature of organs, but the mechanisms leading to this arrangement are incompletely understood. Here, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling profoundly affects both vascularization and innervation of the pancreatic islet. In mature islets, nerves are closely associated with capillaries, but the islet vascularization process during embryonic organogenesis significantly precedes islet innervation. Although a simple neuronal meshwork interconnects the developing islet clusters as they begin to form at E14.5, the substantial ingrowth of nerve fibers into islets occurs postnatally, when islet vascularization is already complete. Using genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that VEGF regulates islet innervation indirectly through its effects on intra-islet endothelial cells. Our data indicate that formation of a VEGF-directed, intra-islet vascular plexus is required for development of islet innervation, and that VEGF-induced islet hypervascularization leads to increased nerve fiber ingrowth. Transcriptome analysis of hypervascularized islets revealed an increased expression of extracellular matrix components and axon guidance molecules, with these transcripts being enriched in the islet-derived endothelial cell population. We propose a mechanism for coordinated neurovascular development within pancreatic islets, in which endocrine cell-derived VEGF directs the patterning of intra-islet capillaries during embryogenesis, forming a scaffold for the postnatal ingrowth of essential autonomic nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Reinert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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36
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Tarussio D, Metref S, Seyer P, Mounien L, Vallois D, Magnan C, Foretz M, Thorens B. Nervous glucose sensing regulates postnatal β cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:413-24. [PMID: 24334455 PMCID: PMC3871223 DOI: 10.1172/jci69154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How glucose sensing by the nervous system impacts the regulation of β cell mass and function during postnatal development and throughout adulthood is incompletely understood. Here, we studied mice with inactivation of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in the nervous system (NG2KO mice). These mice displayed normal energy homeostasis but developed late-onset glucose intolerance due to reduced insulin secretion, which was precipitated by high-fat diet feeding. The β cell mass of adult NG2KO mice was reduced compared with that of WT mice due to lower β cell proliferation rates in NG2KO mice during the early postnatal period. The difference in proliferation between NG2KO and control islets was abolished by ganglionic blockade or by weaning the mice on a carbohydrate-free diet. In adult NG2KO mice, first-phase insulin secretion was lost, and these glucose-intolerant mice developed impaired glucagon secretion when fed a high-fat diet. Electrophysiological recordings showed reduced parasympathetic nerve activity in the basal state and no stimulation by glucose. Furthermore, sympathetic activity was also insensitive to glucose. Collectively, our data show that GLUT2-dependent control of parasympathetic activity defines a nervous system/endocrine pancreas axis that is critical for β cell mass establishment in the postnatal period and for long-term maintenance of β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Salima Metref
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Seyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David Vallois
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the possibility of a direct autocrine effect of insulin on the pancreatic β-cell. Indeed, there have been numerous intriguing articles and several eloquent reviews written on the subject (1-3); however, the concept is still controversial. Although many in vitro experiments, a few transgenic mouse studies, and some human investigations would be supportive of the notion, there exist different insights, other studies, and circumstantial evidence that question the concept. Therefore, the idea of autocrine action of insulin remains a conundrum. Here we outline a series of thoughts, insights, and alternative interpretations of the available experimental evidence. We ask, how convincing are these, and what are the confusing issues? We agree that there is a clear contribution of certain downstream elements in the insulin signaling pathway for β-cell function and survival, but the question of whether insulin itself is actually the physiologically relevant ligand that triggers this signal transduction remains unsettled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Brands M, Swat M, Lammers NM, Sauerwein HP, Endert E, Ackermans MT, Verhoeven AJ, Serlie MJ. Effects of a hypercaloric diet on β-cell responsivity in lean healthy men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:217-25. [PMID: 22324306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia precede the onset of obesity-induced DM2. The early adaptation of the β-cell during the initial phase of overfeeding and weight gain has only been partly elucidated. We studied the early changes in insulin clearance and β-cell responsivity during a positive and negative energy balance in lean healthy men. DESIGN We studied in nine healthy lean men [age, 37 (27-43) years; BMI, 23·6 (20·6-25·6) kg/m(2) ] insulin sensitivity, insulin clearance, insulin secretion and static and dynamic β-cell responsivity at baseline and after the hypercaloric and subsequent hypocaloric diet. RESULTS Participants gained 7 [5·1-7·6]% of their initial body weight on the hypercaloric diet. Compared to baseline, insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance decreased, while glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was higher. The GLP-1 response to oral glucose did not change. The dynamic β-cell responsivity index increased but the basal and static responsivity indexes did not change. Total and static disposition indexes (DIs) in the hypercaloric state showed a trend towards a decrease. During the hypocaloric diet, insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin clearance returned to baseline. The responsivity and the DIs were not different in the hypocaloric phase compared to baseline. CONCLUSION A positive energy balance resulting in weight gain in lean men induces hyperinsulinaemia, which is explained by a combined effect on insulin clearance and insulin secretion. Increased insulin secretion was related to insulin resistance-induced higher glucose concentrations but also to increased dynamic β-cell responsivity. Glucose sensitivity of the β-cell did not change. These early adaptations are completely reversible during a negative energy balance after loss of the gained weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrte Brands
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Medina A, Yamada S, Hara A, Hamamoto K, Kojima I. Involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in the initiation of regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. Endocr J 2013; 60:687-96. [PMID: 23411584 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism that initiates regeneration of pancreatic β-cells is not clear at present. The vagal nerve is implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions, glucose metabolism and proliferation of pancreatic β-cells under physiological conditions. To elucidate the triggering mechanism of the regeneration of pancreatic β-cells, we examined the involvement of the vagal nerve. To this end, we employed a rat pancreatic duct ligation (DL) model, in which profound β-cell neogenesis and β-cell proliferation were observed within a week. We administered atropine to block the vagal nerve. Administration of atropine inhibited proliferation of β-cells in both islets and islet-like cell clusters (ICC), without affecting ductal cell proliferation in the ligated pancreas. The numbers of PDX-1 and MafB-positive cells in or attaching to the ducts were significantly reduced by atropine. MafB/glucagon and MafB/insulin double-positive cells were also decreased by atropine. Finally, atropine reduced the number of MafA-positive ductal cells, all of which were positive for insulin, by 50% on day 5. These results strongly suggest that the vagal nerve is involved in β-cell proliferation, induction of endocrine progenitors and neogenesis of α- and β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Medina
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan.
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40
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Rinaldi W, Ribeiro TADS, Marques AS, Fabricio GS, Tófolo LP, Gomes RM, Mendes FCV, Mathias PCDF. Efeito da redução de ninhada sobre as respostas autonômicas e metabólicas de ratos Wistar. REV NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732012000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o perfil lipídico e a atividade elétrica dos nervos parassimpático (vago superior) e simpático (localizado na região esplâncnica) de ratos obesos oriundos de ninhada reduzida. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisados dois grupos distintos, com 12 animas cada um: ninhada padrão, padronizado em nove filhotes por ninhada, e ninhada reduzida, três filhotes por ninhada. O consumo de ração e peso corporal foi acompanhado do desmame até o final do protocolo experimental. Aos 90 dias de idade, os animais foram anestesiados com (Thiopental®) e submetidos ao registro da atividade elétrica dos nervos simpático (vago) e parassimpático (da região esplâncnica); em seguida, foram sacrificados e retiradas e pesadas as gorduras retroperitoneal e periepididimal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagens de glicemia, insulinemia, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. RESULTADOS: Os ratos de ninhada reduzida apresentaram aumento da ingestão alimentar, peso corporal e tecido adiposo branco, quadros de hiperglicemia, hiperinsulinemia e hipercolesterolemia, aumento dos triglicérides e redução do lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto à atividade do nervo vago, os ratos ninhada reduzida apresentaram um aumento significativo em relação aos ratos ninhada padrão, e mesmo não havendo diferença na atividade simpática, o modelo ninhada reduzida mostrou-se eficaz para indução da obesidade, dislipidemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperinsulinemia, hiperglicemia e desequilíbrio autonômico em roedores.
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Shimada K, Tachibana T, Fujimoto K, Sasaki T, Okabe M. Temporal and Spatial Cellular Distribution of Neural Crest Derivatives and Alpha Cells during Islet Development. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:65-75. [PMID: 22489106 PMCID: PMC3317490 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.11052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that signals from neural crest (NC) derivatives regulate the mass, proliferation, and maturation of beta cells in developing fetal pancreas. However, little is known about the cellular distribution of NC derivatives during pancreatic development or the process whereby the developing islets are enclosed. We studied the temporal and spatial distribution of NC derivatives and endocrine cells at each developmental stage. At embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) of mouse embryo, NC derivatives that migrated to the prospective pancreatic region were distributed in close proximity to pancreatic epithelial cells. As development advanced, most NC derivatives progressively surrounded endocrine rather than exocrine cells, and were distributed in closer proximity to alpha cells rather than to beta cells. At E20, approximately 70% of the NC derivatives enclosing endocrine cells were distributed in close proximity to alpha cells. Moreover, the expression of SynCAM, a Ca(2+)-independent homophilic trans-cell adhesion molecule, was confirmed from E16.5 on and was more remarkable at the cell boundaries of alpha cells and NC derivatives. These findings suggest that NC derivatives might be distributed in close proximity to alpha cells as a result of homophilic binding of SynCAM expressed by alpha cells and NC derivatives during islet development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Kei Fujimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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42
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Mastracci TL, Wilcox CL, Arnes L, Panea C, Golden JA, May CL, Sussel L. Nkx2.2 and Arx genetically interact to regulate pancreatic endocrine cell development and endocrine hormone expression. Dev Biol 2011; 359:1-11. [PMID: 21856296 PMCID: PMC3192309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nkx2.2 and Arx are essential pancreatic transcription factors. Nkx2.2 is necessary for the appropriate specification of the islet alpha, beta, PP and epsilon cell lineages, whereas Arx is required to form the correct ratio of alpha, beta, delta and PP cells. To begin to understand the cooperative functions of Nkx2.2 and Arx in the development of endocrine cell lineages, we generated progenitor cell-specific deletions of Arx on the Nkx2.2 null background. The analysis of these mutants demonstrates that expansion of the ghrelin cell population in the Nkx2.2 null pancreas is not dependent on Arx; however, Arx is necessary for the upregulation of ghrelin mRNA levels in Nkx2.2 mutant epsilon cells. Alternatively, in the absence of Arx, delta cell numbers are increased and Nkx2.2 becomes essential for the repression of somatostatin gene expression. Interestingly, the dysregulation of ghrelin and somatostatin expression in the Nkx2.2/Arx compound mutant (Nkx2.2(null);Arx(Δpanc)) results in the appearance of ghrelin+/somatostatin+ co-expressing cells. These compound mutants also revealed a genetic interaction between Nkx2.2 and Arx in the regulation of the PP cell lineage; the PP cell population is reduced when Nkx2.2 is deleted but is restored back to wildtype numbers in the Nkx2.2(null);Arx(Δpanc) mutant. Moreover, conditional deletion of Arx in specific pancreatic cell populations established that the functions of Arx are necessary in the Neurog3+ endocrine progenitors. Together, these experiments identify novel genetic interactions between Nkx2.2 and Arx within the endocrine progenitor cells that ensure the correct specification and regulation of endocrine hormone-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Russ Berrie Medical Pavilion, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Crystal L Wilcox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis Arnes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Russ Berrie Medical Pavilion, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Casandra Panea
- Department of Genetics and Development, Russ Berrie Medical Pavilion, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Lee May
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Russ Berrie Medical Pavilion, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Marino JS, Xu Y, Hill JW. Central insulin and leptin-mediated autonomic control of glucose homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:275-85. [PMID: 21489811 PMCID: PMC5154334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Largely as a result of rising obesity rates, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is escalating rapidly. Type 2 diabetes results from multi-organ dysfunctional glucose metabolism. Recent publications have highlighted hypothalamic insulin- and adipokine-sensing as a major determinant of peripheral glucose and insulin responsiveness. The preponderance of evidence indicates that the brain is the master regulator of glucose homeostasis, and that hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling in particular play a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance. This review discusses the neuronal crosstalk between the hypothalamus, autonomic nervous system, and tissues associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and how hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling are integral to maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Marino
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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44
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Montalto M, Santoro L, D'Onofrio F, Curigliano V, Gallo A, Visca D, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini G. Adverse reactions to food: allergies and intolerances. Dig Dis 2008; 26:96-103. [PMID: 18431058 DOI: 10.1159/000116766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
All the anomalous reactions secondary to food ingestion are defined as 'adverse reactions to food'. In 1995 the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology suggested a classification on the basis of the responsible pathogenetic mechanism; according to this classification, non-toxic reactions can be divided into 'food allergies' when they recognize immunological mechanisms, and 'food intolerances' when there are no immunological implications. The diagnostic approach to adverse reactions to food is based on accurate clinical history and objective examination, and further execution of specific tests when allergy or intolerance is suspected. The therapy for food allergies is the elimination of the food to which hypersensibility has been found; this strategy can lead, especially in pediatric age, to tolerance. If elimination diets cannot be completely performed, or if it is not possible to identify the food to eliminate, some drugs (e.g. antihistaminics, steroids, etc.) can be administered. Specific allergen immunotherapy has been recently introduced. Fundamental is food allergy prevention, especially in high-risk subjects. The therapeutic approach to secondary food intolerances is based principally on primitive disease resolution; on the other hand, some specific treatments (e.g. beta-galactosidases in lactose malabsorption) are available in case of primary intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Montalto
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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