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Roy G, Syed R, Lazaro O, Robertson S, McCabe SD, Rodriguez D, Mawla AM, Johnson TS, Kalwat MA. Identification of type 2 diabetes- and obesity-associated human β-cells using deep transfer learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576260. [PMID: 38328172 PMCID: PMC10849510 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes affects >10% of adults worldwide and is caused by impaired production or response to insulin, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. Pancreatic islet β-cells are the sole source of endogenous insulin and our understanding of β-cell dysfunction and death in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is incomplete. Single-cell RNA-seq data supports heterogeneity as an important factor in β-cell function and survival. However, it is difficult to identify which β-cell phenotypes are critical for T2D etiology and progression. Our goal was to prioritize specific disease-related β-cell subpopulations to better understand T2D pathogenesis and identify relevant genes for targeted therapeutics. To address this, we applied a deep transfer learning tool, DEGAS, which maps disease associations onto single-cell RNA-seq data from bulk expression data. Independent runs of DEGAS using T2D or obesity status identified distinct β-cell subpopulations. A singular cluster of T2D-associated β-cells was identified; however, β-cells with high obese-DEGAS scores contained two subpopulations derived largely from either non-diabetic or T2D donors. The obesity-associated non-diabetic cells were enriched for translation and unfolded protein response genes compared to T2D cells. We selected DLK1 for validation by immunostaining in human pancreas sections from healthy and T2D donors. DLK1 was heterogeneously expressed among β-cells and appeared depleted from T2D islets. In conclusion, DEGAS has the potential to advance our holistic understanding of the β-cell transcriptomic phenotypes, including features that distinguish β-cells in obese non-diabetic or lean T2D states. Future work will expand this approach to additional human islet omics datasets to reveal the complex multicellular interactions driving T2D.
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Noronha-Matos JB, Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Marinhas J, Freitas R, Lemos R, Vilaça A, Oliveira A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Correia-de-Sá P. Silencing NTPDase3 activity rehabilitates the osteogenic commitment of post-menopausal stem cell bone progenitors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 37076930 PMCID: PMC10116749 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenously released adenine and uracil nucleotides favour the osteogenic commitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) through the activation of ATP-sensitive P2X7 and UDP-sensitive P2Y6 receptors. Yet, these nucleotides have their osteogenic potential compromised in post-menopausal (Pm) women due to overexpression of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes, namely NTPDase3. This prompted us to investigate whether NTPDase3 gene silencing or inhibition of its enzymatic activity could rehabilitate the osteogenic potential of Pm BM-MSCs. METHODS MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of Pm women (69 ± 2 years old) and younger female controls (22 ± 4 years old). The cells were allowed to grow for 35 days in an osteogenic-inducing medium in either the absence or the presence of NTPDase3 inhibitors (PSB 06126 and hN3-B3s antibody); pre-treatment with a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (Lenti-shRNA) was used to silence the NTPDase3 gene expression. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to monitor protein cell densities. The osteogenic commitment of BM-MSCs was assessed by increases in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The amount of the osteogenic transcription factor Osterix and the alizarin red-stained bone nodule formation. ATP was measured with the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The kinetics of the extracellular ATP (100 µM) and UDP (100 µM) catabolism was assessed by HPLC RESULTS: The extracellular catabolism of ATP and UDP was faster in BM-MSCs from Pm women compared to younger females. The immunoreactivity against NTPDase3 increased 5.6-fold in BM-MSCs from Pm women vs. younger females. Selective inhibition or transient NTPDase3 gene silencing increased the extracellular accumulation of adenine and uracil nucleotides in cultured Pm BM-MSCs. Downregulation of NTPDase3 expression or activity rehabilitated the osteogenic commitment of Pm BM-MSCs measured as increases in ALP activity, Osterix protein cellular content and bone nodule formation; blockage of P2X7 and P2Y6 purinoceptors prevented this effect. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that NTPDase3 overexpression in BM-MSCs may be a clinical surrogate of the osteogenic differentiation impairment in Pm women. Thus, besides P2X7 and P2Y6 receptors activation, targeting NTPDase3 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to increase bone mass and reduce the osteoporotic risk of fractures in Pm women.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Marinhas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Freitas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rui Lemos
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Adélio Vilaça
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Oliveira
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
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Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Olofinsan KO, Bharuth V, Ijomone OM, Islam MS. Ferulic acid improves glucose homeostasis by modulation of key diabetogenic activities and restoration of pancreatic architecture in diabetic rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:324-339. [PMID: 36541946 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing concerns on the rising cases of diabetes mellitus with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being of major interest as well as the cost of its treatment. Plant phenolic compounds are natural and potent antioxidants that have been widely reported for their antidiabetic activities properties, one of which is ferulic acid. The effect of ferulic acid (FA) on major diabetogenic activities and pancreatic architecture linked to T2D was investigated in T2D rats. T2D was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using the fructose-streptozotocin model. Diabetic rats were treated with FA at 150 or 300 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Normal control consisted of rats administered with food and water, while diabetic control consisted of untreated diabetic rats. Metformin was used as the standard drug. The rats were humanely sacrificed after 5 weeks of treatment. Their blood, liver, and pancreas were collected for analysis. Total glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities were analyzed in the liver, while the pancreas and serum from blood were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, purinergic and cholinergic enzyme activities, and amylase and lipase activities. The pancreatic tissue was further subjected to microscopic and histological examinations. FA caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose level, with concomitant increase in serum insulin level. Treatment with FA also led to elevated levels of GSH, HDL-c, SOD, and catalase activities, while concomitantly suppressing malondialdehyde, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-c, NO, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, ENTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase, lipase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activities. Histology analysis revealed an intact pancreatic morphology in FA-treated diabetic rats. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed an intact pancreatic ultrastructure and increased number of insulin granules in β-cells. Taken together, these results portray that the antidiabetic potentials of ferulic acid involves modulation of major diabetogenic activities and maintenance of the pancreatic ultrastructure architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Kolawole O Olofinsan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Vishal Bharuth
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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Sasaki S, Miyatsuka T. Heterogeneity of Islet Cells during Embryogenesis and Differentiation. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:173-184. [PMID: 36631992 PMCID: PMC10040626 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin secretion due to β-cell dysfunction and/or β-cell loss. Therefore, the restoration of functional β-cells by the induction of β-cell differentiation from embryonic stem (ES) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, or from somatic non-β-cells, may be a promising curative therapy. To establish an efficient and feasible method for generating functional insulin-producing cells, comprehensive knowledge of pancreas development and β-cell differentiation, including the mechanisms driving cell fate decisions and endocrine cell maturation is crucial. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have opened a new era in pancreas development and diabetes research, leading to clarification of the detailed transcriptomes of individual insulin-producing cells. Such extensive high-resolution data enables the inference of developmental trajectories during cell transitions and gene regulatory networks. Additionally, advancements in stem cell research have not only enabled their immediate clinical application, but also has made it possible to observe the genetic dynamics of human cell development and maturation in a dish. In this review, we provide an overview of the heterogeneity of islet cells during embryogenesis and differentiation as demonstrated by scRNA-seq studies on the developing and adult pancreata, with implications for the future application of regenerative medicine for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Sasaki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
- Corresponding author: Takeshi Miyatsuka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-3450 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan E-mail:
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5
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Sikka P, Behl T, Chandel P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM. Scrutinizing the Therapeutic Promise of Purinergic Receptors Targeting Depression. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1570-1585. [PMID: 35930172 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant use has resulted in a variety of negative consequences, including permanent brain damage and erectile dysfunction. So, the purpose lies in developing something more productive with minimal side effects and consequently improved efficacy. A growing body of evidences indicated a remarkable purinergic signalling system, which helped in dealing with this complication. This has been found to be a powerful formula in dealing with psychiatric disorders. P1 (adenosine), P2X, and P2Y (ATP) are the receptors, involved in the pathology as well as exhibiting the therapeutic action by triggering the purinergic pathway. It was found that A2A and P2X7 receptors specifically were involved and recognized as possible targets for treating depression. Further, the development of biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression has also been attributed to accelerate the process. One such biomarker includes serum uric acid. Many clinical studies reveal the importance of antagonizing P2X7 and A2A receptors, for promising research in understanding the molecular premises of depression. However, further investigations are still needed to be done to open several unfolded mysteries for a better and safe upshot. The selective antagonists for A2A and P2X7 receptors may have antidepressant effects showing positive results, in agreement with non-clinical testing. In this review, efforts are being devoted to the targeted receptors in bringing out antidepressant effects with a possible link involving depression and defined purinergic signalling. Additionally, the overview of various receptors, including their functions and distribution, is being explored in a representative way along with the biomarkers involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshi Sikka
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Parteek Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Abstract
The ability to maintain normoglycaemia, through glucose-sensitive insulin release, is a key aspect of postnatal beta cell function. However, terminally differentiated beta cell identity does not necessarily imply functional maturity. Beta cell maturation is therefore a continuation of beta cell development, albeit a process that occurs postnatally in mammals. Although many important features have been identified in the study of beta cell maturation, as of yet no unified mechanistic model of beta cell functional maturity exists. Here, we review recent findings about the underlying mechanisms of beta cell functional maturation. These findings include systemic hormonal and nutritional triggers that operate through energy-sensing machinery shifts within beta cells, resulting in primed metabolic states that allow for appropriate glucose trafficking and, ultimately, insulin release. We also draw attention to the expansive synergistic nature of these pathways and emphasise that beta cell maturation is dependent on overlapping regulatory and metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Barsby
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Docherty FM, Riemondy KA, Castro-Gutierrez R, Dwulet JM, Shilleh AH, Hansen MS, Williams SPM, Armitage LH, Santostefano KE, Wallet MA, Mathews CE, Triolo TM, Benninger RKP, Russ HA. ENTPD3 Marks Mature Stem Cell-Derived β-Cells Formed by Self-Aggregation In Vitro. Diabetes 2021; 70:2554-2567. [PMID: 34380694 PMCID: PMC8564403 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived β-like cells (sBC) carry the promise of providing an abundant source of insulin-producing cells for use in cell replacement therapy for patients with diabetes, potentially allowing widespread implementation of a practical cure. To achieve their clinical promise, sBC need to function comparably with mature adult β-cells, but as yet they display varying degrees of maturity. Indeed, detailed knowledge of the events resulting in human β-cell maturation remains obscure. Here we show that sBC spontaneously self-enrich into discreet islet-like cap structures within in vitro cultures, independent of exogenous maturation conditions. Multiple complementary assays demonstrate that this process is accompanied by functional maturation of the self-enriched sBC (seBC); however, the seBC still contain distinct subpopulations displaying different maturation levels. Interestingly, the surface protein ENTPD3 (also known as nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 [NDPTase3]) is a specific marker of the most mature seBC population and can be used for mature seBC identification and sorting. Our results illuminate critical aspects of in vitro sBC maturation and provide important insights toward developing functionally mature sBC for diabetes cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Docherty
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kent A Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - JaeAnn M Dwulet
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Bioengineering and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ali H Shilleh
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Maria S Hansen
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shane P M Williams
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Lucas H Armitage
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Katherine E Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark A Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Cellular Reprogramming, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Taylor M Triolo
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Richard K P Benninger
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Bioengineering and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Sandhu B, Perez-Matos MC, Tran S, Singhal G, Syed I, Feldbrügge L, Mitsuhashi S, Pelletier J, Huang J, Yalcin Y, Csizmadia E, Tiwari-Heckler S, Enjyoji K, Sévigny J, Maratos-Flier E, Robson SC, Jiang ZG. Global deletion of NTPDase3 protects against diet-induced obesity by increasing basal energy metabolism. Metabolism 2021; 118:154731. [PMID: 33631144 PMCID: PMC8052311 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (NTPDase3), also known as CD39L3, is the dominant ectonucleotidase expressed by beta cells in the islet of Langerhans and on nerves. NTPDase3 catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP and modulates purinergic signaling. Previous studies have shown that NTPDase3 decreases insulin release from beta-cells in vitro. This study aims to determine the impact of NTPDase3 in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolism in vivo. METHODS We developed global NTPDase3 deficient (Entpd3-/-) and islet beta-cell-specific NTPDase-3 deficient mice (Entpd3flox/flox,InsCre) using Ins1-Cre targeted gene editing to compare metabolic phenotypes with wildtype (WT) mice on a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS Entpd3-/- mice exhibited similar growth rates compared to WT on chow diet. When fed HFD, Entpd3-/- mice demonstrated significant resistance to DIO. Entpd3-/- mice consumed more calories daily and exhibited less fecal calorie loss. Although Entpd3-/- mice had no increases in locomotor activity, the mice exhibited a significant increase in basal metabolic rate when on the HFD. This beneficial phenotype was associated with improved glucose tolerance, but not higher insulin secretion. In fact, Entpd3flox/flox,InsCre mice demonstrated similar metabolic phenotypes and insulin secretion compared to matched controls, suggesting that the expression of NTPDase3 in beta-cells was not the primary protective factor. Instead, we observed a higher expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in brown adipose tissue and an augmented browning in inguinal white adipose tissue with upregulation of UCP-1 and related genes involved in thermogenesis in Entpd3-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Global NTPDase3 deletion in mice is associated with resistance to DIO and obesity-associated glucose intolerance. This outcome is not driven by the expression of NTPDase3 in pancreatic beta-cells, but rather likely mediated through metabolic changes in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bynvant Sandhu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria C Perez-Matos
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Tran
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garima Singhal
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda Feldbrügge
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuji Mitsuhashi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jinhe Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusuf Yalcin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Synthesis, In-vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies of oxoindolin phenylhydrazine carboxamides as potent and selective inhibitors of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase). Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104957. [PMID: 34020240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) constitute the major family of enzymes responsible for the maintenance of extracellular levels of nucleotides and nucleosides by catalyzing the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) to nucleoside monophosphate (NMP). Although, NTPDase inhibitors can act as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases, there is lack of potent as well as selective inhibitors of NTPDases. The current study describes the synthesis of a number of carboxamide derivatives that were tested on recombinant human (h) NTPDases. The most promising inhibitors were 2h (h-NTPDase1, IC50: 0.12 ± 0.03 µM), 2d (h-NTPDase2, IC50: 0.15 ± 0.01 µM) and 2a (h-NTPDase3, IC50: 0.30 ± 0.04 µM; h-NTPDase8, IC50: 0.16 ± 0.02 µM). Four compounds (2e, 2f, 2g and 2h) were associated with the selective inhibition of h-NTPDase1 while 2b was identified as a selective h-NTPDase3 inhibitor. Considering the importance of NTPDase3 in the regulation of insulin release, the NTPDase3 inhibitors were further investigated to elucidate their role in the insulin release. The obtained data suggested that compound 2a was actively participating in regulating the insulin release without producing any effect on NTPDase3 mRNA. Moreover, the most potent inhibitors were docked within the active site of respective enzyme and the observed interactions were in compliance with in vitro results. Hence, these compounds can be used as pharmacological tool to further investigate the role of NTPDase3 coupled to insulin release.
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10
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Reichert KP, Castro MFV, Assmann CE, Bottari NB, Miron VV, Cardoso A, Stefanello N, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Diabetes and hypertension: Pivotal involvement of purinergic signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111273. [PMID: 33524787 PMCID: PMC7846467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are highly prevalent worldwide health problems and frequently associated with severe clinical complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, stroke, and cardiac arrhythmia, among others. Despite all existing research results and reasonable speculations, knowledge about the role of purinergic system in individuals with DM and hypertension remains restricted. Purinergic signaling accounts for a complex network of receptors and extracellular enzymes responsible for the recognition and degradation of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine. The main components of this system that will be presented in this review are: P1 and P2 receptors and the enzymatic cascade composed by CD39 (NTPDase; with ATP and ADP as a substrate), CD73 (5′-nucleotidase; with AMP as a substrate), and adenosine deaminase (ADA; with adenosine as a substrate). The purinergic system has recently emerged as a central player in several physiopathological conditions, particularly those linked to inflammatory responses such as diabetes and hypertension. Therefore, the present review focuses on changes in both purinergic P1 and P2 receptor expression as well as the activities of CD39, CD73, and ADA in diabetes and hypertension conditions. It can be postulated that the manipulation of the purinergic axis at different levels can prevent or exacerbate the insurgency and evolution of diabetes and hypertension working as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Paula Reichert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Cardoso
- Academic Coordination, Medicine, Campus Chapecó, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Longhi MS, Feng L, Robson SC. Targeting ectonucleotidases to treat inflammation and halt cancer development in the gut. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114417. [PMID: 33460629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD39 and CD73 control cell immunity by hydrolyzing proinflammatory ATP and ADP (CD39) into AMP, subsequently converted into anti-inflammatory adenosine (CD73). By regulating the balance between effector and regulatory cells, these ectonucleotidases promote immune homeostasis in acute and chronic inflammation; while also appearing to limit antitumor effector immunity in gut cancer. This manuscript focuses on the pivotal role of CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidase function in shaping immune responses in the gut. We focus on those mechanisms deployed by these critical and pivotal ectoenzymes and the regulation in the setting of gastrointestinal tract infections, inflammatory bowel disease and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. We will highlight translational and clinical implications of the latest and most innovative basic research discoveries of these important players of the purinergic signaling. Immunotherapeutic strategies that have been developed to either boost or control ectonucleotidase expression and activity in important disease settings are also reviewed and the in vivo effects discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA.
| | - Lili Feng
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA.
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12
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Henquin JC. Paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in human islets: evidence and pending questions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E78-E86. [PMID: 33103455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion by β-cells is largely controlled by circulating nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters. However, recent years have witnessed the multiplication of studies investigating whether local regulation also takes place within pancreatic islets, in which β-cells cohabit with several other cell types. The cell composition and architectural organization of human islets differ from those of rodent islets and are particularly favorable to cellular interactions. An impressive number of hormonal (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, somatostatin, etc.) and nonhormonal products (ATP, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, etc.) are released by islet cells and have been implicated in a local control of insulin secretion. This review analyzes reports directly testing paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in isolated human islets. Many of these studies were designed on background information collected in rodent islets. However, the perspective of the review is not to highlight species similarities or specificities but to contrast established and speculative mechanisms in human islets. It will be shown that the current evidence is convincing only for a minority of candidates for a paracrine function whereas arguments supporting a physiological role of others do not stand up to scrutiny. Several pending questions await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Afzal S, Al-Rashida M, Hameed A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Functionalized Oxoindolin Hydrazine Carbothioamide Derivatives as Highly Potent Inhibitors of Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585876. [PMID: 33328992 PMCID: PMC7734281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are ectoenzymes that play an important role in the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate and diphosphate to nucleoside monophosphate. NTPDase1, -2, -3 and -8 are the membrane bound members of this enzyme family that are responsible for regulating the levels of nucleotides in extracellular environment. However, the pathophysiological functions of these enzymes are not fully understood due to lack of potent and selective NTPDase inhibitors. Herein, a series of oxoindolin hydrazine carbothioamide derivatives is synthesized and screened for NTPDase inhibitory activity. Four compounds were identified as selective inhibitors of h-NTPDase1 having IC50 values in lower micromolar range, these include compounds 8b (IC50 = 0.29 ± 0.02 µM), 8e (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.009 µM), 8f (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.01 µM) and 8l (IC50 = 0.30 ± 0.03 µM). Similarly, compound 8k (IC50 = 0.16 ± 0.01 µM) was found to be a selective h-NTPDase2 inhibitor. In case of h-NTPDase3, most potent inhibitors were compounds 8c (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.02 µM) and 8m (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.03 µM). Since NTPDase3 has been reported to be associated with the regulation of insulin secretion, we evaluated our synthesized NTPDase3 inhibitors for their ability to stimulate insulin secretion in isolated mice islets. Promising results were obtained showing that compound 8m potently stimulated insulin secretion without affecting the NTPDase3 gene expression. Molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds were also carried out to rationalize binding site interactions. Hence, these compounds are useful tools to study the role of NTPDase3 in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Afzal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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14
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Radichev IA, Yoon J, Scott DW, Griffin K, Savinov AY. Towards antigen-specific Tregs for type 1 diabetes: Construction and functional assessment of pancreatic endocrine marker, HPi2-based chimeric antigen receptor. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104224. [PMID: 33068914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease marked by direct elimination of insulin-producing β cells by autoreactive T effectors. Recent T1D clinical trials utilizing autologous Tregs transfers to restore immune balance and improve disease has prompted us to design a novel Tregs-based antigen-specific T1D immunotherapy. We engineered a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) expressing a single-chain Fv recognizing the human pancreatic endocrine marker, HPi2. Human T cells, transduced with the resultant HPi2-CAR, proliferated and amplified Granzyme B accumulation when co-cultured with human, but not mouse β cells. Furthermore, following exposure of HPi2-CAR transduced cells to islets, CD8+ lymphocytes demonstrated enhanced CD107a (LAMP-1) expression, while CD4+ cells produced increased levels of IL-2. HPi2-CAR Tregs failed to maintain expansion due to a persistent tonic signaling from the CAR engagement to unexpectantly HPi2 antigen present on Tregs. Overall, we show lack of functionality of HPi2-CAR and highlight the importance of careful selection of CAR recognition driver for the sustainable activity and expandability of engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilian A Radichev
- Diabetes Research Group/Sanford Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jeongheon Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Griffin
- Diabetes Research Group/Sanford Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Alexei Y Savinov
- Diabetes Research Group/Sanford Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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15
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Manduchi E, Orzechowski PR, Ritchie MD, Moore JH. Exploration of a diversity of computational and statistical measures of association for genome-wide genetic studies. BioData Min 2019; 12:14. [PMID: 31320928 PMCID: PMC6617598 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The principal line of investigation in Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) is the identification of main effects, that is individual Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) which are associated with the trait of interest, independent of other factors. A variety of methods have been proposed to this end, mostly statistical in nature and differing in assumptions and type of model employed. Moreover, for a given model, there may be multiple choices for the SNP genotype encoding. As an alternative to statistical methods, machine learning methods are often applicable. Typically, for a given GWAS, a single approach is selected and utilized to identify potential SNPs of interest. Even when multiple GWAS are combined through meta-analyses within a consortium, each GWAS is typically analyzed with a single approach and the resulting summary statistics are then utilized in meta-analyses. Results In this work we use as case studies a Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and a breast cancer GWAS to explore a diversity of applicable approaches spanning different methods and encoding choices. We assess similarity of these approaches based on the derived ranked lists of SNPs and, for each GWAS, we identify a subset of representative approaches that we use as an ensemble to derive a union list of top SNPs. Among these are SNPs which are identified by multiple approaches as well as several SNPs identified by only one or a few of the less frequently used approaches. The latter include SNPs from established loci and SNPs which have other supporting lines of evidence in terms of their potential relevance to the traits. Conclusions Not every main effect analysis method is suitable for every GWAS, but for each GWAS there are typically multiple applicable methods and encoding options. We suggest a workflow for a single GWAS, extensible to multiple GWAS from consortia, where representative approaches are selected among a pool of suitable options, to yield a more comprehensive set of SNPs, potentially including SNPs that would typically be missed with the most popular analyses, but that could provide additional valuable insights for follow-up. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13040-019-0201-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Manduchi
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patryk R Orzechowski
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,3Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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16
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Bartley C, Brun T, Oberhauser L, Grimaldi M, Molica F, Kwak BR, Bosco D, Chanson M, Maechler P. Chronic fructose renders pancreatic β-cells hyper-responsive to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through extracellular ATP signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E25-E41. [PMID: 30912960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00456.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fructose is widely used as a sweetener in processed food and is also associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear, in particular, regarding the pancreatic β-cell. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure to fructose on the function of insulinoma cells and isolated mouse and human pancreatic islets. Although fructose per se did not acutely stimulate insulin exocytosis, our data show that chronic fructose rendered rodent and human β-cells hyper-responsive to intermediate physiological glucose concentrations. Fructose exposure reduced intracellular ATP levels without affecting mitochondrial function, induced AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and favored ATP release from the β-cells upon acute glucose stimulation. The resulting increase in extracellular ATP, mediated by pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, activated the calcium-mobilizer P2Y purinergic receptors. Immunodetection revealed the presence of both Panx1 channels and P2Y1 receptors in β-cells. Addition of an ectonucleotidase inhibitor or P2Y1 agonists to naïve β-cells potentiated insulin secretion stimulated by intermediate glucose, mimicking the fructose treatment. Conversely, the P2Y1 antagonist and Panx1 inhibitor reversed the effects of fructose, as confirmed using Panx1-null islets and by the clearance of extracellular ATP by apyrase. These results reveal an important function of ATP signaling in pancreatic β-cells mediating fructose-induced hyper-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Bartley
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Thierry Brun
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Lucie Oberhauser
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Grimaldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospital , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospital , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center , Geneva , Switzerland
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17
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Saunders DC, Brissova M, Phillips N, Shrestha S, Walker JT, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Flaherty DK, Weller KP, Pelletier J, Cooper T, Goff MT, Virostko J, Shostak A, Dean ED, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Prasad N, Levy SE, Carnahan RH, Dai C, Sévigny J, Powers AC. Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-3 Antibody Targets Adult Human Pancreatic β Cells for In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis. Cell Metab 2019; 29:745-754.e4. [PMID: 30449685 PMCID: PMC6402969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cell-surface markers specific to human pancreatic β cells would allow in vivo analysis and imaging. Here we introduce a biomarker, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 (NTPDase3), that is expressed on the cell surface of essentially all adult human β cells, including those from individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. NTPDase3 is expressed dynamically during postnatal human pancreas development, appearing first in acinar cells at birth, but several months later its expression declines in acinar cells while concurrently emerging in islet β cells. Given its specificity and membrane localization, we utilized an NTPDase3 antibody for purification of live human β cells as confirmed by transcriptional profiling, and, in addition, for in vivo imaging of transplanted human β cells. Thus, NTPDase3 is a cell-surface biomarker of adult human β cells, and the antibody directed to this protein should be a useful new reagent for β cell sorting, in vivo imaging, and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neil Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin P Weller
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tracy Cooper
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matt T Goff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John Virostko
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alena Shostak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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18
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Furuyama K, Chera S, van Gurp L, Oropeza D, Ghila L, Damond N, Vethe H, Paulo JA, Joosten AM, Berney T, Bosco D, Dorrell C, Grompe M, Ræder H, Roep BO, Thorel F, Herrera PL. Diabetes relief in mice by glucose-sensing insulin-secreting human α-cells. Nature 2019; 567:43-48. [PMID: 30760930 PMCID: PMC6624841 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity switches, where terminally-differentiated cells convert into different cell-types when stressed, represent a widespread regenerative strategy in animals, yet they are poorly documented in mammals. In mice, some glucagon-producing pancreatic α-cells and somatostatin-producing δ-cells become insulin expressers upon ablation of insulin-secreting β-cells, promoting diabetes recovery. Whether human islets also display this plasticity, especially in diabetic conditions, remains unknown. Here we show that islet non-β-cells, namely α-cells and PPY-producing γ–cells, obtained from deceased non-diabetic or diabetic human donors, can be lineage-traced and reprogrammed by the transcription factors Pdx1 and MafA to produce and secrete insulin in response to glucose. When transplanted into diabetic mice, converted human α-cells reverse diabetes and remain producing insulin even after 6 months. Surprisingly, insulin-producing α-cells maintain α-cell markers, as seen by deep transcriptomic and proteomic characterization. These observations provide conceptual evidence and a molecular framework for a mechanistic understanding of in situ cell plasticity as a treatment for diabetes and other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuyama
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Léon van Gurp
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolas Damond
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antoinette M Joosten
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Zhong AH, Gordon Jiang Z, Cummings RD, Robson SC. Various N-glycoforms differentially upregulate E-NTPDase activity of the NTPDase3/CD39L3 ecto-enzymatic domain. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:601-609. [PMID: 28956227 PMCID: PMC5714850 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The GDA1/CD39 ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) superfamily is a group of eight heavily glycosylated ecto-enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleosides di- and tri-phosphates in the presence of divalent cations, to generate the monophosphate derivatives. This catalytic process differentially regulates a complex array of purinergic signaling responses. NTPDase3/CD39L3is dominantly expressed in pancreatic islet cells, where it may regulate insulin secretion, and has seven N-linked glycosylation sites with four close to five highly conserved domains called "apyrase conserved regions" (ACRs). In a manner similar to CD39, NTPDase3/CD39L3 uses ATP as its preferential substrate and also possesses significant activities toward other triphosphate and diphosphate nucleosides. To understand the mechanism of the ecto-NTPDase activity and substrate specificity, potentially impacted by N-glycans, we have generated soluble enzymatic domains of NTPDase3/CD39L3 in human embryotic kidney cells with four different glycan modifications. These include mannose5-9 glycans with kifunesine treatment, single GlcNAc-Asn by treatment with EndoH, de-glycosylated form by treatment with PNGaseF, and wild-type glycans. Our functional data indicate that the non-glycosylated NTPDase3/CD39L3 ecto-enzymatic domain retains activity, but that N-glycan attachments, such as the GlcNAc-Asn, substantially upregulate specific NTPDase activity by 2-20 fold. Both the Vmax and the Km on di- or tri-phosphate nucleosides are substantially and differentially altered by the glycan attachments. Structural modeling analysis based on putative structures derived from bacterial-originated CD39 domain proteins suggests that N-glycan modifications at Asn149 next to ACR2 and/or Asn454, N-terminal to ACR5 have critical roles in regulating the catalytic pocket of NTPDase3/CD39L3. Our data provide both new insights into the enzymatic mechanisms of NTPDase family members and further evidence that N-glycans directly modulate functional ectonucleotidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Zhong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Glycobiology, Department of Surgery at BIDMC, HMS Center for Glycobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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20
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Wuttke A. Lipid Signalling Dynamics at the β-cell Plasma Membrane. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 116:281-90. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wuttke
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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21
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Takeda K, Tsai SH, Kayama H. Regulation of immune responses by ATP-hydrolyzing ecto-enzymes. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shih Han Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Khan S, Yan-Do R, Duong E, Wu X, Bautista A, Cheley S, MacDonald PE, Braun M. Autocrine activation of P2Y1 receptors couples Ca (2+) influx to Ca (2+) release in human pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2535-45. [PMID: 25208758 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is evidence that ATP acts as an autocrine signal in beta cells but the receptors and pathways involved are incompletely understood. Here we investigate the receptor subtype(s) and mechanism(s) mediating the effects of ATP on human beta cells. METHODS We examined the effects of purinergic agonists and antagonists on membrane potential, membrane currents, intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) and insulin secretion in human beta cells. RESULTS Extracellular application of ATP evoked small inward currents (3.4 ± 0.7 pA) accompanied by depolarisation of the membrane potential (by 14.4 ± 2.4 mV) and stimulation of electrical activity at 6 mmol/l glucose. ATP increased [Ca(2+)]i by stimulating Ca(2+) influx and evoking Ca(2+) release via InsP3-receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ATP-evoked Ca(2+) release was sufficient to trigger exocytosis in cells voltage-clamped at -70 mV. All effects of ATP were mimicked by the P2Y(1/12/13) agonist ADP and the P2Y1 agonist MRS-2365, whereas the P2X(1/3) agonist α,β-methyleneadenosine-5-triphosphate only had a small effect. The P2Y1 antagonists MRS-2279 and MRS-2500 hyperpolarised glucose-stimulated beta cells and lowered [Ca(2+)]i in the absence of exogenously added ATP and inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion by 35%. In voltage-clamped cells subjected to action potential-like stimulation, MRS-2279 decreased [Ca(2+)]i and exocytosis without affecting Ca(2+) influx. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that ATP acts as a positive autocrine signal in human beta cells by activating P2Y1 receptors, stimulating electrical activity and coupling Ca(2+) influx to Ca(2+) release from ER stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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McCoy E, Street S, Taylor-Blake B, Yi J, Edwards M, Wightman M, Zylka M. Deletion of ENTPD3 does not impair nucleotide hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or spinal cord. F1000Res 2014; 3:163. [PMID: 25717362 PMCID: PMC4329602 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4563.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are membrane-bound or secreted proteins that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides. Recently, we identified three ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze extracellular adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine in primary somatosensory neurons. Currently, it is unclear which ectonucleotidases hydrolyze ATP and ADP in these neurons. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ENTPDs) comprise a class of enzymes that dephosphorylate extracellular ATP and ADP. Here, we found that ENTPD3 (also known as NTPDase3 or CD39L3) was located in nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and in free nerve endings in the skin. To determine if ENTPD3 contributes directly to ATP and ADP hydrolysis in these tissues, we generated and characterized an Entpd3 knockout mouse. This mouse lacks ENTPD3 protein in all tissues examined, including the DRG, spinal cord, skin, and bladder. However, DRG and spinal cord tissues from Entpd3 (-/-) mice showed no reduction in histochemical staining when ATP, ADP, AMP, or UTP were used as substrates. Additionally, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), adenosine production was not impaired in the dorsal spinal cord of Entpd3 (-/-) mice when the substrate ADP was applied. Further, Entpd3 (-/-) mice did not differ in nociceptive behaviors when compared to wild-type mice, although Entpd3 (-/-) mice showed a modest reduction in β-alanine-mediated itch. Taken together, our data indicate that deletion of Entpd3 does not impair ATP or ADP hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or in dorsal spinal cord. Moreover, our data suggest there could be multiple ectonucleotidases that act redundantly to hydrolyze nucleotides in these regions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McCoy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sarah Street
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jason Yi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Martin Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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