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Rubio-Tomás T, Soler-Botija C, Martínez-Estrada O, Villena JA. Transcriptional control of cardiac energy metabolism in health and disease: Lessons from animal models. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116185. [PMID: 38561091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac ATP production is tightly regulated in order to satisfy the evolving energetic requirements imposed by different cues during health and pathological conditions. In order to sustain high ATP production rates, cardiac cells are endowed with a vast mitochondrial network that is essentially acquired during the perinatal period. Nevertheless, adult cardiac cells also adapt their mitochondrial mass and oxidative function to changes in energy demand and substrate availability by fine-tuning the pathways and mitochondrial machinery involved in energy production. The reliance of cardiac cells on mitochondrial metabolism makes them particularly sensitive to alterations in proper mitochondrial function, so that deficiency in energy production underlies or precipitates the development of heart diseases. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process fundamentally controlled at the transcriptional level by a network of transcription factors and co-regulators, sometimes with partially redundant functions, that ensure adequate energy supply to the working heart. Novel uncovered regulators, such as RIP140, PERM1, MED1 or BRD4 have been recently shown to modulate or facilitate the transcriptional activity of the PGC-1s/ERRs/PPARs regulatory axis, allowing cardiomyocytes to adapt to a variety of physiological or pathological situations requiring different energy provision. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms that regulate cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis, highlighting the recent discoveries of new transcriptional regulators and describing the experimental models that have provided solid evidence of the relevant contribution of these factors to cardiac function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion GR-70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Carolina Soler-Botija
- ICREC (Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; CIBER on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Josep A Villena
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Wang L, Wan W, Zhang S, Keswani T, Li G, Xiao J. RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation in exercised heart: Mechanisms and opportunities for intervention. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101274. [PMID: 38653129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been widely acknowledged as a beneficial lifestyle alteration and a potent non-pharmacological treatment for heart disease. Extensive investigations have revealed the beneficial effects of exercise on the heart and the underlying mechanisms involved. Exercise is considered one of the key factors that can lead to epigenetic alterations. The increasing number of identified molecules in the exercised heart has led to many studies in recent years that have explored the cellular function of ncRNAs and RNA modifications in the heart. Investigating the regulatory role of RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation in exercised hearts will contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for the management of heart diseases. This review aims to summarize the positive impact of exercise on cardiac health. We will first provide an overview of the mechanisms through which exercise offers protection to the heart. Subsequently, we will delve into the current understanding of ncRNAs, specifically miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, as well as RNA modification, focusing on RNA m6A and RNA A-to-I editing, and how they contribute to exercise-induced benefits for the heart. Lastly, we will explore the emerging therapeutic strategies that utilize exercise-mediated RNA epigenetic regulation in the treatment of heart diseases, while also addressing the challenges faced in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wensi Wan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Hastings MH, Castro C, Freeman R, Abdul Kadir A, Lerchenmüller C, Li H, Rhee J, Roh JD, Roh K, Singh AP, Wu C, Xia P, Zhou Q, Xiao J, Rosenzweig A. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributors to the Cardiac Benefits of Exercise. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:535-552. [PMID: 38680954 PMCID: PMC11055208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Among its many cardiovascular benefits, exercise training improves heart function and protects the heart against age-related decline, pathological stress, and injury. Here, we focus on cardiac benefits with an emphasis on more recent updates to our understanding. While the cardiomyocyte continues to play a central role as both a target and effector of exercise's benefits, there is a growing recognition of the important roles of other, noncardiomyocyte lineages and pathways, including some that lie outside the heart itself. We review what is known about mediators of exercise's benefits-both those intrinsic to the heart (at the level of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, or vascular cells) and those that are systemic (including metabolism, inflammation, the microbiome, and aging)-highlighting what is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H. Hastings
- Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire Castro
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Freeman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Azrul Abdul Kadir
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haobo Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Rhee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason D. Roh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kangsan Roh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand P. Singh
- Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peng Xia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiulian Zhou
- Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Negroiu CE, Tudorașcu I, Bezna CM, Godeanu S, Diaconu M, Danoiu R, Danoiu S. Beyond the Cold: Activating Brown Adipose Tissue as an Approach to Combat Obesity. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1973. [PMID: 38610736 PMCID: PMC11012454 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight people, there is a great need for new anti-obesity therapies. With the discovery of the functionality of brown adipose tissue in adults and the observation of beige fat cells among white fat cells, scientists are looking for substances and methods to increase the activity of these cells. We aimed to describe how scientists have concluded that brown adipose tissue is also present and active in adults, to describe where in the human body these deposits of brown adipose tissue are, to summarize the origin of both brown fat cells and beige fat cells, and, last but not least, to list some of the substances and methods classified as BAT promotion agents with their benefits and side effects. We summarized these findings based on the original literature and reviews in the field, emphasizing the discovery, function, and origins of brown adipose tissue, BAT promotion agents, and batokines. Only studies written in English and with a satisfying rating were identified from electronic searches of PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Negroiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Iulia Tudorașcu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Cristina Maria Bezna
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Marina Diaconu
- Department of Radiology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Danoiu
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
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5
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Zhang F, Lin JJ, Tian HN, Wang J. Effect of exercise on improving myocardial mitochondrial function in decreasing diabetic cardiomyopathy. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:190-201. [PMID: 37845840 PMCID: PMC10988701 DOI: 10.1113/ep091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a significant cause of heart failure in patients with diabetes, and its pathogenesis is closely related to myocardial mitochondrial injury and functional disability. Studies have shown that the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is related to disorders in mitochondrial metabolic substrates, changes in mitochondrial dynamics, an imbalance in mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation, defects in the regulation of microRNAs, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Physical activity may play a role in resistance to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis, the level of autophagy and dynamic changes in fusion and division; enhancing the ability to cope with oxidative stress; and optimising the metabolic substrates of the myocardium. This paper puts forward a new idea for further understanding the specific mitochondrial mechanism of the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and clarifying the role of exercise-mediated myocardial mitochondrial changes in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for exercise to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Sports Physiology DepartmentBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian jian Lin
- PE Teaching and Research OfficeUniversity of International RelationshipBeijingChina
| | - Hao nan Tian
- Sports Physiology DepartmentBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Sports Physiology DepartmentBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
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7
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Ciubuc-Batcu MT, Stapelberg NJC, Headrick JP, Renshaw GMC. A mitochondrial nexus in major depressive disorder: Integration with the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166920. [PMID: 37913835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system processes, including cognition and affective state, fundamentally rely on mitochondria. Impaired mitochondrial function is evident in major depressive disorder (MDD), reflecting cumulative detrimental influences of both extrinsic and intrinsic stressors, genetic predisposition, and mutation. Glucocorticoid 'stress' pathways converge on mitochondria; oxidative and nitrosative stresses in MDD are largely mitochondrial in origin; both initiate cascades promoting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage with disruptions to mitochondrial biogenesis and tryptophan catabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction facilitates proinflammatory dysbiosis while directly triggering immuno-inflammatory activation via released mtDNA, mitochondrial lipids and mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs), further disrupting mitochondrial function and mitochondrial quality control, promoting the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria (confirmed in autopsy studies). Established and putative mechanisms highlight a mitochondrial nexus within the psycho-immune neuroendocrine (PINE) network implicated in MDD. Whether lowering neuronal resilience and thresholds for disease, or linking mechanistic nodes within the MDD pathogenic network, impaired mitochondrial function emerges as an important risk, a functional biomarker, providing a therapeutic target in MDD. Several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to reset mitochondrial function, which could benefit those with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ciubuc-Batcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J C Stapelberg
- Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - J P Headrick
- Griffith University School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Australia
| | - G M C Renshaw
- Hypoxia and Ischemia Research Unit, Griffith University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Australia.
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8
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Lacy C, Shah S, Epstein FH, Yan Z. Endurance Exercise Training Mitigates Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice Independent of Phosphorylation of Ulk1 at S555. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:633. [PMID: 38203804 PMCID: PMC10779281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions of diabetic patients suffer from cardiovascular complications. One of the earliest signs of diabetic complications in the heart is diastolic dysfunction. Regular exercise is a highly effective preventive/therapeutic intervention against diastolic dysfunction in diabetes, but the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that the accumulation of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria in the myocardium is at the center of this pathology. Here, we employed a mouse model of diabetes to test the hypothesis that endurance exercise training mitigates diastolic dysfunction by promoting cardiac mitophagy (the clearance of mitochondria via autophagy) via S555 phosphorylation of Ulk1. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding and streptozotocin (STZ) injection in mice led to reduced endurance capacity, impaired diastolic function, increased myocardial oxidative stress, and compromised mitochondrial structure and function, which were all ameliorated by 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated non-phosphorylatable Ulk1 (S555A) mutant mice and showed the requirement of p-Ulk1at S555 for exercise-induced mitophagy in the myocardium. However, diabetic Ulk1 (S555A) mice retained the benefits of exercise intervention. We conclude that endurance exercise training mitigates diabetes-induced diastolic dysfunction independent of Ulk1 phosphorylation at S555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Guan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Exercise Medicine Research at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (Y.G.); (C.L.)
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Exercise Medicine Research at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (Y.G.); (C.L.)
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Christie Lacy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Exercise Medicine Research at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (Y.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Soham Shah
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (F.H.E.)
| | - Frederick H. Epstein
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (F.H.E.)
| | - Zhen Yan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Exercise Medicine Research at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (Y.G.); (C.L.)
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (F.H.E.)
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Jia D, Tian Z, Wang R. Exercise mitigates age-related metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102087. [PMID: 37832607 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of regular physical activity are related to delaying and reversing the onset of ageing and age-related disorders, including cardiomyopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of the benefits of exercise or physical activity on ageing and age-related disorders remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of ageing and age-related metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial health is an important mediator of cellular function. Therefore, exercise alleviates metabolic diseases in individuals with advancing ageing and age-related diseases by the remarkable promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Exerkines are identified as signaling moieties released in response to exercise. Exerkines released by exercise have potential roles in improving mitochondrial dysfunction in response to age-related disorders. This review comprehensive summarizes the benefits of exercise in metabolic diseases, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the onset of age-related diseases. Using relevant examples utilizing this approach, the possibility of designing therapeutic interventions based on these molecular mechanisms is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jia
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Xia D, Liu Y, Wu P, Wei D. Current Advances of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1485-1500. [PMID: 37481069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power stations and essential organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional mitochondria have emerged as a key factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on advances in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical value and challenges of mitochondria-targeted strategies, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitochondrial quality control modulators, mitochondrial function protectors, mitochondrial biogenesis promoters, and recently developed mitochondrial transplants, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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Bakonyi P, Kolonics A, Aczel D, Zhou L, Mozaffaritabar S, Molnár K, László L, Kutasi B, Tanisawa K, Park J, Gu Y, Pinho RA, Radak Z. Voluntary exercise does not increase gastrointestinal motility but increases spatial memory, intestinal eNOS, Akt levels, and Bifidobacteria abundance in the microbiome. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1173636. [PMID: 37664431 PMCID: PMC10468588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the gut and brain is a great puzzle since it is mediated by very complex mechanisms. Therefore, the possible interactions of the brain-exercise-intestine-microbiome axis were investigated in a control (C, N = 6) and voluntarily exercised (VE, N = 8) middle-aged rats. The endurance capacity was assessed by VO2max on the treadmill, spatial memory by the Morris maze test, gastrointestinal motility by EMG, the microbiome by 16S RNA gene amplicon sequencing, caveolae by electron microscopy, and biochemical assays were used to measure protein levels and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Eight weeks of voluntary running increased VO2max, and spatial memory was assessed by the Morris maze test but did not significantly change the motility of the gastrointestinal tract or production of ROS in the intestine. The protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels significantly increased in the intestine, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1), SIRT1, SIRT3, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) did not change. On the other hand, voluntary exercise increased the number of caveolae in the smooth muscles of the intestine and relative abundance of Bifidobacteria in the microbiome, which correlated with the Akt levels in the intestine. Voluntary exercise has systemic effects and the relationship between intestinal Akt and the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract could be an important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kolonics
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Aczel
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Soroosh Mozaffaritabar
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Kutasi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Jonguk Park
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ricardo A. Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Diniz MS, Grilo LF, Tocantins C, Falcão-Pires I, Pereira SP. Made in the Womb: Maternal Programming of Offspring Cardiovascular Function by an Obesogenic Womb. Metabolites 2023; 13:845. [PMID: 37512552 PMCID: PMC10386510 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate, especially in women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 50% of pregnancies occur in overweight or obese women. It has been described that maternal obesity (MO) predisposes the offspring to an increased risk of developing many chronic diseases in an early stage of life, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the main cause of death worldwide among men and women, and it is manifested in a sex-divergent way. Maternal nutrition and MO during gestation could prompt CVD development in the offspring through adaptations of the offspring's cardiovascular system in the womb, including cardiac epigenetic and persistent metabolic programming of signaling pathways and modulation of mitochondrial metabolic function. Currently, despite diet supplementation, effective therapeutical solutions to prevent the deleterious cardiac offspring function programming by an obesogenic womb are lacking. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which an obesogenic intrauterine environment could program the offspring's cardiovascular metabolism in a sex-divergent way, with a special focus on cardiac mitochondrial function, and debate possible strategies to implement during MO pregnancy that could ameliorate, revert, or even prevent deleterious effects of MO on the offspring's cardiovascular system. The impact of maternal physical exercise during an obesogenic pregnancy, nutritional interventions, and supplementation on offspring's cardiac metabolism are discussed, highlighting changes that may be favorable to MO offspring's cardiovascular health, which might result in the attenuation or even prevention of the development of CVD in MO offspring. The objectives of this manuscript are to comprehensively examine the various aspects of MO during pregnancy and explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an increased CVD risk in the offspring. We review the current literature on MO and its impact on the offspring's cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, we discuss the potential long-term consequences for the offspring. Understanding the multifaceted effects of MO on the offspring's health is crucial for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers to develop effective strategies for prevention and intervention to improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Diniz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís F Grilo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Tocantins
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana P Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Ragni M, Fenaroli F, Ruocco C, Segala A, D’Antona G, Nisoli E, Valerio A. A balanced formula of essential amino acids promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis and protects neurons from ischemic insult. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197208. [PMID: 37397466 PMCID: PMC10308218 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the aging process, and aging is a strong risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury characterized by impairment of mitochondrial function. Among these, ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. Pharmacological approaches for its prevention and therapy are limited. Although non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise, which promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis, have been shown to exert preventive effects against ischemic stroke, regular feasibility is complex in older people, and nutraceutical strategies could be valuable alternatives. We show here that dietary supplementation with a balanced essential amino acid mixture (BCAAem) increased mitochondrial biogenesis and the endogenous antioxidant response in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice to an extent comparable to those elicited by treadmill exercise training, suggesting BCAAem as an effective exercise mimetic on brain mitochondrial health and disease prevention. In vitro BCAAem treatment directly exerted mitochondrial biogenic effects and induced antioxidant enzyme expression in primary mouse cortical neurons. Further, exposure to BCAAem protected cortical neurons from the ischemic damage induced by an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD). BCAAem-mediated protection against OGD was abolished in the presence of rapamycin, Torin-1, or L-NAME, indicating the requirement of both mTOR and eNOS signaling pathways in the BCAAem effects. We propose BCAAem supplementation as an alternative to physical exercise to prevent brain mitochondrial derangements leading to neurodegeneration and as a nutraceutical intervention aiding recovery after cerebral ischemia in conjunction with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fenaroli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Segala
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Robbins JM, Gerszten RE. Exercise, exerkines, and cardiometabolic health: from individual players to a team sport. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:168121. [PMID: 37259917 DOI: 10.1172/jci168121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise confers numerous salutary effects that extend beyond individual organ systems to provide systemic health benefits. Here, we discuss the role of exercise in cardiovascular health. We summarize major findings from human exercise studies in cardiometabolic disease. We next describe our current understanding of cardiac-specific substrate metabolism that occurs with acute exercise and in response to exercise training. We subsequently focus on exercise-stimulated circulating biochemicals ("exerkines") as a paradigm for understanding the global health circuitry of exercise, and discuss important concepts in this emerging field before highlighting exerkines relevant in cardiovascular health and disease. Finally, this Review identifies gaps that remain in the field of exercise science and opportunities that exist to translate biologic insights into human health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Eaton H, Timm KN. Mechanisms of trastuzumab induced cardiotoxicity - is exercise a potential treatment? CARDIO-ONCOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 37098605 PMCID: PMC10127350 DOI: 10.1186/s40959-023-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of the adjuvant therapeutic antibody trastuzumab in breast cancer is associated with a range of cardiotoxic side effects despite successfully reducing the severity of outcomes cancer patients,. The most common cardiac effect, a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is a known precursor to heart failure and often requires interruption of chemotherapy to avoid endangering patients further. An understanding of trastuzumab's cardiac-specific interactions is therefore critical in devising new methods to not only avoid permanent cardiac damage, but also prolong treatment time, and therefore effectiveness, for breast cancer patients. Increasingly, the use of exercise as a treatment has been indicated across the field of cardio-oncology due to encouraging evidence that it can protect against LVEF reductions and heart failure. This review explores the mechanisms of trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity, as well as the physiological effects of exercise on the heart, in order to assess the suitability of exercise intervention for breast cancer patients on trastuzumab antibody-therapy. We furthermore draw comparison to existing evidence for exercise intervention as a cardioprotective treatment in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Although preclinical evidence seems to support exercise-based approaches also in trastuzumab-cardiotoxicity, current clinical evidence is too limited to confidently recommend it as a treatment, largely owing to issues of adherence. Future studies should therefore examine how the variety and duration of exercise can be adjusted to improve treatment effectiveness at a more personalised level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden Eaton
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Merton St, Oxford, OX1 4JD, UK
| | - Kerstin Nina Timm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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16
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Harris MP, Zeng S, Zhu Z, Lira VA, Yu L, Hodgson-Zingman DM, Zingman LV. Myokine Musclin Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Cardiac Conditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6525. [PMID: 37047496 PMCID: PMC10095193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role and mechanisms by which the myokine musclin promotes exercise-induced cardiac conditioning. Exercise is one of the most powerful triggers of cardiac conditioning with proven benefits for healthy and diseased hearts. There is an emerging understanding that muscles produce and secrete myokines, which mediate local and systemic "crosstalk" to promote exercise tolerance and overall health, including cardiac conditioning. The myokine musclin, highly conserved across animal species, has been shown to be upregulated in response to physical activity. However, musclin effects on exercise-induced cardiac conditioning are not established. Following completion of a treadmill exercise protocol, wild type (WT) mice and mice with disruption of the musclin-encoding gene, Ostn, had their hearts extracted and exposed to an ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion protocol or biochemical studies. Disruption of musclin signaling abolished the ability of exercise to mitigate cardiac ischemic injury. This impaired cardioprotection was associated with reduced mitochondrial content and function linked to blunted cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. Genetic deletion of musclin reduced the nuclear abundance of protein kinase G (PKGI) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB), resulting in suppression of the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and its downstream targets in response to physical activity. Synthetic musclin peptide pharmacokinetic parameters were defined and used to calculate the infusion rate necessary to maintain its plasma level comparable to that observed after exercise. This infusion was found to reproduce the cardioprotective benefits of exercise in sedentary WT and Ostn-KO mice. Musclin is essential for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Boosting musclin signaling might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- NMR Core Facility and Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Denice M. Hodgson-Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leonid V. Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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17
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Dihoum A, Rena G, Pearson ER, Lang CC, Mordi IR. Metformin: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies for potential novel applications in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:291-299. [PMID: 36972373 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2196010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For a long time, metformin has been the first-line treatment for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, however, the results of recent cardiovascular outcome trials of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists have caused many to question metformin's position in the guidelines. Although there are several plausible mechanisms by which metformin might have beneficial cardiovascular effects, for example its anti-inflammatory effects and metabolic properties, and numerous observational data suggesting improved cardiovascular outcomes with metformin use, the main randomised clinical trial data for metformin was published over 20 years ago. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of participants in contemporary type 2 diabetes trials were prescribed metformin. AREAS COVERED In this review we will summarise the potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit with metformin, before discussing clinical data in individuals with or without diabetes. EXPERT OPINION Metformin may have some cardiovascular benefit in patients with and without diabetes, however the majority of clinical trials were small and are before the use SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1-RAs. Larger contemporary randomised trials with metformin evaluating its cardiovascular benefit are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Dihoum
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chim C Lang
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ify R Mordi
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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18
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Anagnostopoulos I, Kousta M, Kossyvakis C, Lakka E, Vrachatis D, Deftereos S, Vassilikos VP, Giannopoulos G. Weekly physical activity and incident atrial fibrillation in females - A dose-response meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:191-196. [PMID: 36356696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For years, physical activity (PA) has been considered a mixed blessing in terms of the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Previous analyses have had equivocal results regarding the cut-off of PA level beyond which AF risk increases, if such a limit really does exist. Data regarding females in particular have been scarce. METHODS We performed a dose-response meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between weekly PA and the risk for AF in females. Major electronic databases were searched for studies assessing the association between leisure time PA and the risk for incident AF in females from the general population. The linearity of the dose-response curve was assessed using the restricted cubic spline model. RESULTS A total of 15 studies, which involved 1,821,422 females, were included in the final analysis. AF incidence was 3.7%. Dose-response analysis revealed an inverse nonlinear relationship between weekly PA and the risk for incident AF (p for linearity <0.0001). No significant heterogeneity was documented (I2 = 37%). Cautious interpretation is needed for PA exceeding 50 metabolic equivalents of task- hours per week (METs- h/w), due to limited available data for these high levels of PA. CONCLUSION According to this analysis, physicians can safely advise females to perform up to 50METs- h/w of moderate or vigorous PA, to reduce the risk for future AF. Interestingly, significant benefit can be attained even at low levels of regular weekly PA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kousta
- Cardiology Department, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Lakka
- Cardiology Department, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vrachatis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Deftereos
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios P Vassilikos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Giannopoulos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Trager LE, Lyons M, Kuznetsov A, Sheffield C, Roh K, Freeman R, Rhee J, Guseh JS, Li H, Rosenzweig A. Beyond cardiomyocytes: Cellular diversity in the heart's response to exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022:S2095-2546(22)00125-9. [PMID: 36549585 PMCID: PMC10362490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes comprise ∼70% to 85% of the total volume of the adult mammalian heart but only about 25% to 35% of its total number of cells. Advances in single cell and single nuclei RNA sequencing have greatly facilitated investigation into and increased appreciation of the potential functions of non-cardiomyocytes in the heart. While much of this work has focused on the relationship between non-cardiomyocytes, disease, and the heart's response to pathological stress, it will also be important to understand the roles that these cells play in the healthy heart, cardiac homeostasis, and the response to physiological stress such as exercise. The present review summarizes recent research highlighting dynamic changes in non-cardiomyocytes in response to the physiological stress of exercise. Of particular interest are changes in fibrotic pathways, the cardiac vasculature, and immune or inflammatory cells. In many instances, limited data are available about how specific lineages change in response to exercise or whether the changes observed are functionally important, underscoring the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena E Trager
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MI 55455, USA
| | - Margaret Lyons
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexandra Kuznetsov
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cedric Sheffield
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kangsan Roh
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Freeman
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James Rhee
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Sawalla Guseh
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haobo Li
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Li S, Ma J, Pang X, Liang Y, Li X, Wang M, Yuan J, Pan Y, Fu Y, Laher I. Time-dependent Effects of Moderate- and High-intensity Exercises on Myocardial Transcriptomics. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1214-1225. [PMID: 36063823 DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a highly adaptable organ that responds to changes in functional requirements due to exposure to internal and external stimuli. Physical exercise has unique stimulatory effects on the myocardium in both healthy individuals and those with health disorders, where the effects are primarily determined by the intensity and recovery time of exercise. We investigated the time-dependent effects of different exercise intensities on myocardial transcriptional expression in rats. Moderate intensity exercise induced more differentially expressed genes in the myocardium than high intensity exercise, while 16 differentially expressed genes were down-regulated by moderate intensity exercise but up-regulated by high intensity exercise at 12 h post- exercise. Both Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that moderate intensity exercise specifically regulated gene expression related to heart adaptation, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress, while high intensity exercise specifically regulated gene expression related to immunity, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there was increased expression of Tbx5, Casq1, Igsf1, and Ddah1 at all time points after moderate intensity exercise, while there was increased expression of Card9 at all time points after high intensity exercise. Our study provides a better understanding of the intensity dependent effects of physical exercise of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac adaptation to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaole Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manda Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghan Yuan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Pan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ismail Laher
- Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Chen H, Chen C, Spanos M, Li G, Lu R, Bei Y, Xiao J. Exercise training maintains cardiovascular health: signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:306. [PMID: 36050310 PMCID: PMC9437103 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has been widely recognized as a healthy lifestyle as well as an effective non-drug therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Functional and mechanistic studies that employ animal exercise models as well as observational and interventional cohort studies with human participants, have contributed considerably in delineating the essential signaling pathways by which exercise promotes cardiovascular fitness and health. First, this review summarizes the beneficial impact of exercise on multiple aspects of cardiovascular health. We then discuss in detail the signaling pathways mediating exercise's benefits for cardiovascular health. The exercise-regulated signaling cascades have been shown to confer myocardial protection and drive systemic adaptations. The signaling molecules that are necessary for exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy have the potential to attenuate myocardial injury and reverse cardiac remodeling. Exercise-regulated noncoding RNAs and their associated signaling pathways are also discussed in detail for their roles and mechanisms in exercise-induced cardioprotective effects. Moreover, we address the exercise-mediated signaling pathways and molecules that can serve as potential therapeutic targets ranging from pharmacological approaches to gene therapies in CVD. We also discuss multiple factors that influence exercise's effect and highlight the importance and need for further investigations regarding the exercise-regulated molecules as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for CVD as well as the cross talk between the heart and other tissues or organs during exercise. We conclude that a deep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in exercise's benefits for cardiovascular health will undoubtedly contribute to the identification and development of novel therapeutic targets and strategies for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Michail Spanos
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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22
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Tedesco L, Rossi F, Ruocco C, Ragni M, Carruba MO, Valerio A, Nisoli E. A designer mixture of six amino acids promotes the extracellular matrix gene expression in cultured human fibroblasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1255-1261. [PMID: 35793559 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The deterioration of the skin is caused by dermatological disorders, environmental conditions, and ageing processes. One incisive strategy for supervising the skin ageing process is implementing healthy nutrition, preserving a balanced diet and a good supply of food supplements. Here, we compared H-Pro-Hyp-OH peptide, hydrolysed collagen, and an original mixture of six amino acids (we named 6aa)-including glycine, l-alanine, l-proline, l-valine, l-leucine, and l-lysine-effects on the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, particularly the elastin, fibronectin, collagen 1, and collagen 4. Treatment of BJ human skin fibroblasts with the 6aa mixture upregulated elastin, fibronectin, and collagen 1 gene expression, without affecting the expression of anti-reactive oxygen species enzymes. Moreover, the mTOR signaling pathway seems to be involved, at least in part. Collectively, these results suggest that the six amino acid mixture exerts beneficial effects in human skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, viale Europa, 11-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - Milan, Italy
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23
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Fajardo G, Coronado M, Matthews M, Bernstein D. Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Heart: The Balance between Physiological and Pathological Stress. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061375. [PMID: 35740401 PMCID: PMC9220167 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial function and morphology are critical adaptations to cardiovascular stress, working in concert in an attempt to restore organelle-level and cellular-level homeostasis. Processes that alter mitochondrial morphology include fission, fusion, mitophagy, and biogenesis, and these interact to maintain mitochondrial quality control. Not all cardiovascular stress is pathologic (e.g., ischemia, pressure overload, cardiotoxins), despite a wealth of studies to this effect. Physiological stress, such as that induced by aerobic exercise, can induce morphologic adaptations that share many common pathways with pathological stress, but in this case result in improved mitochondrial health. Developing a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying alterations in mitochondrial quality control under diverse cardiovascular stressors will aid in the development of pharmacologic interventions aimed at restoring cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fajardo
- Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | | | - Melia Matthews
- Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-723-7913
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24
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Hastings MH, Herrera JJ, Guseh JS, Atlason B, Houstis NE, Abdul Kadir A, Li H, Sheffield C, Singh AP, Roh JD, Day SM, Rosenzweig A. Animal Models of Exercise From Rodents to Pythons. Circ Res 2022; 130:1994-2014. [PMID: 35679366 PMCID: PMC9202075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic animal models of exercise are commonly used in research. Acute exercise testing is used, often in combination with genetic, pharmacological, or other manipulations, to study the impact of these manipulations on the cardiovascular response to exercise and to detect impairments or improvements in cardiovascular function that may not be evident at rest. Chronic exercise conditioning models are used to study the cardiac phenotypic response to regular exercise training and as a platform for discovery of novel pathways mediating cardiovascular benefits conferred by exercise conditioning that could be exploited therapeutically. The cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well established, and, frequently, molecular manipulations that mimic the pathway changes induced by exercise recapitulate at least some of its benefits. This review discusses approaches for assessing cardiovascular function during an acute exercise challenge in rodents, as well as practical and conceptual considerations in the use of common rodent exercise conditioning models. The case for studying feeding in the Burmese python as a model for exercise-like physiological adaptation is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Hastings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Jonathan J Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.J.H.)
| | - J Sawalla Guseh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Bjarni Atlason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Nicholas E Houstis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Azrul Abdul Kadir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Haobo Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Cedric Sheffield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Anand P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Jason D Roh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine' University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.M.D.)
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
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25
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Cunningham RP, Moore MP, Dashek RJ, Meers GM, Jepkemoi V, Takahashi T, Vieira-Potter VJ, Kanaley JA, Booth FW, Rector RS. Hepatocyte-specific eNOS deletion impairs exercise-induced adaptations in hepatic mitochondrial function and autophagy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1066-1078. [PMID: 35357089 PMCID: PMC9050943 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a potential mediator of exercise-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations. METHODS Here, male and female hepatocyte-specific eNOS knockout (eNOShep-/- ) and intact hepatic eNOS (eNOSfl/fl ) mice performed voluntary wheel-running exercise (EX) or remained in sedentary cage conditions for 10 weeks. RESULTS EX resolved the exacerbated hepatic steatosis in eNOShep-/- male mice. Elevated hydrogen peroxide emission (~50% higher in eNOShep-/- vs. eNOSfl/fl mice) was completely ablated with EX. Interestingly, EX increased [1-14 C] palmitate oxidation in eNOSfl/fl male mice, but this was blunted in the eNOShep-/- male mice. eNOShep-/- mice had lower markers of the energy sensors AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/phospho- (p)AMPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR, as well as the autophagy initiators serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 and pULK1, compared with eNOSfl/fl mice. Females showed elevated electron transport chain protein content and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (transcription factor A, mitochondrial, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study demonstrates for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the requirement of eNOS in hepatocytes in the EX-induced increases in hepatic fatty acid oxidation in male mice. Deletion of eNOS in hepatocytes also appears to impair the energy-sensing ability of the cell and inhibit the activation of the autophagy initiating factor ULK1. These data uncover the important and novel role of hepatocyte eNOS in EX-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P. Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan J. Dashek
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grace M. Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Vivien Jepkemoi
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
| | - Takamune Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Frank W. Booth
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Departments of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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26
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Tedesco L, Rossi F, Ruocco C, Ragni M, Carruba MO, Valerio A, Nisoli E. An original amino acid formula favours in vitro corneal epithelial wound healing by promoting Fn1, ITGB1, and PGC-1α expression. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109060. [PMID: 35390334 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Corneal disorders are frequent, involving most diabetic patients; among its manifestations, they include delayed wound healing. Since maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is fundamental for the cell, stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis represents a unique therapeutic tool for preventing and treating disorders with a deficit in energy metabolism. We have recently demonstrated that a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched mixture (BCAAem) supported mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac and skeletal muscle, reduced liver damage caused by alcohol, and prevented the doxorubicin-dependent mitochondrial damage in cardiomyocytes. The present study aimed to investigate a new amino acid mixture, named six amino acids (6AA), to promote corneal epithelial wound healing by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. A murine epithelium cell line (TKE2) exposed to this mixture showed increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers, fibronectin 1 (Fn1) and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and cell migration. Most importantly, the 6AA mixture completely restored the wound in scratch assays, confirming the potential of this new formula in eye disorders like keratopathy. Moreover, our results demonstrate for the first time that peroxisome proliferator-receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) is expressed in TKE2 cells, which controls mitochondrial function and corneal repair process. These results could be relevant for the treatment mainly focused on corneal re-epithelialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32 - 20129, Milan, Italy
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27
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Shi X, Qiu H. New Insights Into Energy Substrate Utilization and Metabolic Remodeling in Cardiac Physiological Adaption. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831829. [PMID: 35283773 PMCID: PMC8914108 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function highly relies on sufficient energy supply. Perturbations in myocardial energy metabolism play a causative role in cardiac pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that modifications of cardiac metabolism are also an essential part of the adaptive responses to various physiological conditions in the heart to meet specific energy needs. The review highlighted some new studies on basic myocardial energy substrate metabolism and updated recent findings regarding cardiac metabolic remodeling and their associated mechanisms under physiological conditions, including exercise and cardiac development. Studying basic metabolic profiles in the heart in these conditions can contribute to understanding the significance of metabolic regulation in the heart during physiological adaption and gaining further insights into the maladaptive metabolic changes associated with cardiac pathogenesis, thus opening up new avenues to exploring novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac diseases.
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28
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Dominiak K, Galganski L, Budzinska A, Woyda-Ploszczyca A, Zoladz JA, Jarmuszkiewicz W. Effects of Endurance Training on the Coenzyme Q Redox State in Rat Heart, Liver, and Brain at the Tissue and Mitochondrial Levels: Implications for Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Respiratory Chain Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020896. [PMID: 35055078 PMCID: PMC8778810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen adult, 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the training group (n = 8) or the control group (n = 8). We elucidated the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training on coenzyme Q (Q) content and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tissue level and in isolated mitochondria of the rat heart, liver and brain. We demonstrated that endurance training enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in all tested organs, while a significant increase in the Q redox state was observed in the heart and brain, indicating an elevated level of QH2 as an antioxidant. Moreover, endurance training increased the mQH2 antioxidant pool in the mitochondria of the heart and liver, but not in the brain. At the tissue and isolated mitochondria level, an increase in ROS formation was only observed in the heart. ROS formation observed in the mitochondria of individual rat tissues after training may be associated with changes in the activity/amount of individual components of the oxidative phosphorylation system and its molecular organization, as well as with the size of the oxidized pool of mitochondrial Q acting as an electron carrier in the respiratory chain. Our results indicate that tissue-dependent changes induced by endurance training in the cellular and mitochondrial QH2 pool acting as an antioxidant and in the mitochondrial Q pool serving the respiratory chain may serve important roles in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis and the level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dominiak
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Lukasz Galganski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.J.)
| | - Adrianna Budzinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Andrzej Woyda-Ploszczyca
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.J.)
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29
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Li S, Wang M, Ma J, Pang X, Yuan J, Pan Y, Fu Y, Laher I. MOTS-c and Exercise Restore Cardiac Function by Activating of NRG1-ErbB Signaling in Diabetic Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:812032. [PMID: 35370955 PMCID: PMC8969227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.812032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic cardiac remodeling and dysfunction are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is important in inhibiting myocardial pathologic remodeling and restoring cardiac function in diabetes. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c has exercise-like effects by improving insulin resistance, combatting hyperglycemia, and reducing lipid accumulation. We investigated the effects and transcriptomic profiling of MOTS-c and aerobic exercise on cardiac properties in a rat model of type 2 diabetes which was induced by feeding a high fat high sugar diet combined with an injection of a low dose of streptozotocin. Both aerobic exercise and MOTS-c treatment reduced abnormalities in cardiac structure and function. Transcriptomic function enrichment analysis revealed that MOTS-c had exercise-like effects on inflammation, myocardial apoptosis, angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and showed that the NRG1-ErbB4 pathway might be an important component in both MOTS-c and exercise induced attenuation of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Moreover, our findings suggest that MOTS-c activates NRG1-ErbB4 signaling and mimics exercise-induced cardio-protection in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manda Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghan Yuan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Pan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ismail Laher,
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30
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Vladimirsky VE, Vladimirsky EV, Lunina AN, Fesyun AD, Rachin AP, Lebedeva OD, Yakovlev MY, Tubekova MA. [Molecular mechanisms of adaptive and therapeutic effects of physical activity in patients with cardiovascular diseases]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOI FIZICHESKOI KULTURY 2022; 99:69-77. [PMID: 35485663 DOI: 10.17116/kurort20229902169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is one of the main components of the rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). As shown by practice and the results of evidence-based studies, the beneficial effects of physical activity on disease outcomes in a number of cardiac nosologies are comparable to drug treatment. This gives the doctor another tool to influence the unfavorable epidemiological situation in developed countries with the spread of diseases of the cardiovascular system and CVD mortality. Reliable positive results of cardiorehabilitation (CR) were obtained using various methods. The goal of CR is to restore the optimal physiological, psychological and professional status, reduce the risk of CVD and mortality. In most current CVD guidelines worldwide, cardiac rehabilitation is a Class I recommendation. The molecular mechanisms described in the review, initiated by physical activity, underlie the multifactorial effect of the latter on the function of the cardiovascular system and the course of cardiac diseases. Physical exercise is an important component of the therapeutic management of patients with CVD, which is supported by the results of a meta-analysis of 63 studies associated with various forms of aerobic exercise of varying intensity (from 50 to 95% VO2) for 1 to 47 months, which showed that CR based on physical exercise improves cardiorespiratory endurance. Knowledge of the molecular basis of the influence of physical activity makes it possible to use biochemical markers to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A N Lunina
- Wagner Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russia
| | - A D Fesyun
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A P Rachin
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O D Lebedeva
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Yakovlev
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Tubekova
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Nijholt KT, Sánchez-Aguilera PI, Voorrips SN, de Boer RA, Westenbrink BD. Exercise: a molecular tool to boost muscle growth and mitochondrial performance in heart failure? Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 24:287-298. [PMID: 34957643 PMCID: PMC9302125 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired exercise capacity is the key symptom of heart failure (HF) and is associated with reduced quality of life and higher mortality rates. Unfortunately, current therapies, although generally lifesaving, have only small or marginal effects on exercise capacity. Specific strategies to alleviate exercise intolerance may improve quality of life, while possibly improving prognosis as well. There is overwhelming evidence that physical exercise improves performance in cardiac and skeletal muscles in health and disease. Unravelling the mechanistic underpinnings of exercise‐induced improvements in muscle function could provide targets that will allow us to boost exercise performance in HF. With the current review we discuss: (i) recently discovered signalling pathways that govern physiological muscle growth as well as mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that underlie metabolic adaptations to exercise; (ii) the mechanistic underpinnings of exercise intolerance in HF and the benefits of exercise in HF patients on molecular, functional and prognostic levels; and (iii) potential molecular therapeutics to improve exercise performance in HF. We propose that novel molecular therapies to boost adaptive muscle growth and mitochondrial quality control in HF should always be combined with some form of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten T Nijholt
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo I Sánchez-Aguilera
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Voorrips
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Daan Westenbrink
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Roberts FL, Markby GR. New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102639. [PMID: 34685618 PMCID: PMC8533934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases. This is particularly important as exercise is not an available option to all and so novel methods must be identified to confer the beneficial effects of exercise in a therapeutic manner. This review will focus on key emerging molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy in selected, highly metabolic tissues, describing their regulation and contribution to beneficial adaptations to exercise.
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33
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Al-Menhali AS, Anderson C, Gourine AV, Abramov AY, D'Souza A, Jaganjac M. Proteomic Analysis of Cardiac Adaptation to Exercise by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:723858. [PMID: 34540898 PMCID: PMC8440823 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.723858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has many health benefits, among which is a significant reduction of cardiovascular risk. Although many beneficial effects of exercise are well described, the exact mechanisms by which exercise confers cardiovascular benefits are yet to be fully understood. In the current study, we have used high resolution mass spectrometry to determine the proteomic responses of the heart to exercise training in mice. The impact of exercise-induced oxidative stress on modifications of cardiomyocyte proteins with lipid peroxidation biomarker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was examined as well. Fourteen male mice were randomized into the control (sedentary) group and the exercise group that was subjected to a swim exercise training program for 5 days a week for 5 months. Proteins were isolated from the left ventricular tissue, fractionated and digested for shotgun proteomics. Peptides were separated by nanoliquid chromatography and analyzed on an Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer using high-energy collision–induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation fragmentation. We identified distinct ventricular protein signatures established in response to exercise training. Comparative proteomics identified 23 proteins that were upregulated and 37 proteins that were downregulated with exercise, in addition to 65 proteins that were identified only in ventricular tissue samples of exercised mice. Most of the proteins specific to exercised mice are involved in respiratory electron transport and/or implicated in glutathione conjugation. Additionally, 10 proteins were found to be modified with 4-HNE. This study provides new data on the effects of exercise on the cardiac proteome and contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Saleh Al-Menhali
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Qatar Analytics and BioResearch Lab, Anti Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cali Anderson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia D'Souza
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Picard M. Blood mitochondrial DNA copy number: What are we counting? Mitochondrion 2021; 60:1-11. [PMID: 34157430 PMCID: PMC8464495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing scientific interest to develop scalable biological measures that capture mitochondrial (dys)function. Mitochondria have their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It has been proposed that the number of mtDNA copies per cell (mtDNA copy number; mtDNAcn) reflects mitochondrial health. The common availability of stored DNA material or existing DNA sequencing data, especially from blood and other easy-to-collect samples, has made its quantification a popular approach in clinical and epidemiological studies. However, the interpretation of mtDNAcn is not univocal, and either a reduction or elevation in mtDNAcn can indicate dysfunction. The major determinants of blood-derived mtDNAcn are the heterogeneous cell type composition of leukocytes and platelet abundance, which can change with time of day, aging, and with disease. Hematopoiesis is a likely driver of blood mtDNAcn. Here we discuss the rationale and available methods to quantify mtDNAcn, the influence of blood cell type variations, and consider important gaps in knowledge that need to be resolved to maximize the scientific value around the investigation of blood mtDNAcn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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35
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Al-Jarrah MD, Erekat NS. Endurance exercise training suppresses Parkinson disease-induced overexpression of apoptotic mediators in the heart. NeuroRehabilitation 2021; 48:315-320. [PMID: 33814475 DOI: 10.3233/nre-201650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDWe have shown elevated levels of p53 and active caspase-3 in the heart with Parkinson disease (PD). The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of treadmill training on the cardiac expression of p53 and active caspase-3 in the mouse with induced Parkinsonism. METHODS Thirty randomly selected normal albino mice were equally divided into the following 3 groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary Parkinson diseased (SPD), and exercised Parkinson diseased (EPD). 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTP/p) were used to induce chronic Parkinson disease in the SPD and EPD animals. The expression of p53 and active caspase-3 was investigated, using immunohistochemistry, in the heart in each animal group. RESULTS Both p53 and active caspase-3 expression was significantly (p value < 0.05) reduced in the PD heart following endurance exercise training. CONCLUSION Our present data suggest that chronic exercise training reduced PD-induced upregulation of p53 and active caspase-3 in the heart. Thus, our study suggests that inhibiting p53 and/or active caspase-3 may be considered as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate PD cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed D Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nour S Erekat
- Department of Anatomy. Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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36
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Sorriento D, Di Vaia E, Iaccarino G. Physical Exercise: A Novel Tool to Protect Mitochondrial Health. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660068. [PMID: 33986694 PMCID: PMC8110831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial contributor to heart diseases. Alterations in energetic metabolism affect crucial homeostatic processes, such asATP production, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the release of pro-apoptotic factors, associated with metabolic abnormalities. In response to energetic deficiency, the cardiomyocytes activate the Mitochondrial Quality Control (MQC), a critical process in maintaining mitochondrial health. This process is compromised in cardiovascular diseases depending on the pathology's severity and represents, therefore, a potential therapeutic target. Several potential targeting molecules within this process have been identified in the last years, and therapeutic strategies have been proposed to ameliorate mitochondria monitoring and function. In this context, physical exercise is considered a non-pharmacological strategy to protect mitochondrial health. Physical exercise regulates MQC allowing the repair/elimination of damaged mitochondria and synthesizing new ones, thus recovering the metabolic state. In this review, we will deal with the effect of physical exercise on cardiac mitochondrial function tracing its ability to modulate specific steps in MQC both in physiologic and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CIRIAPA Interdepartmental Center for Research on Arterial Hypertension and Associated Conditions, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Di Vaia
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CIRIAPA Interdepartmental Center for Research on Arterial Hypertension and Associated Conditions, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Vieira RFL, Muñoz VR, Junqueira RL, de Oliveira F, Gaspar RC, Nakandakari SCBR, Costa SDO, Torsoni MA, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, de Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Zaghloul I, Mekary RA, Pauli JR. Time-restricted feeding combined with aerobic exercise training can prevent weight gain and improve metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol 2021; 600:797-813. [PMID: 33450053 DOI: 10.1113/jp280820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Time-restricted feeding (TRF, in which energy intake is restricted to 8 h/day during the dark phase) alone or combined with aerobic exercise (AE) training can prevent weight gain and metabolic disorders in Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet. The benefits of TRF combined with AE are associated with improved hepatic metabolism and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation. TRF combined with AE training increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased expression of lipogenic and gluconeogenic genes in the liver of young male Swiss mice. TRF combined with AE training attenuated the detrimental effects of high-fat diet feeding on the insulin signalling pathway in the liver. ABSTRACT Time-restricted feeding (TRF) or physical exercise have been shown to be efficient in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders; however, the additive effects of TRF combined with aerobic exercise (AE) training on liver metabolism have not been widely explored. In this study TRF (8 h in the active phase) and TRF combined with AE (TRF+Exe) were compared in male Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet, with evaluation of the effects on insulin sensitivity and expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. As in previous reports, we show that TRF alone (eating only between zeitgeber time 16 and 0) was sufficient to reduce weight and adiposity gain, increase fatty acid oxidation and decrease lipogenesis genes in the liver. In addition, we show that mice of the TRF+Exe group showed additional adaptations such as increased oxygen consumption ( V ̇ O 2 ), carbon dioxide production ( V ̇ C O 2 ) and production of ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate). Also, TRF+Exe attenuated the negative effects of high-fat diet feeding on the insulin signalling pathway (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, Akt), and led to increased fatty acid oxidation (Ppara, Cpt1a) and decreased gluconeogenic (Fbp1, Pck1, Pgc1a) and lipogenic (Srebp1c, Cd36) gene expression in the liver. These molecular results were accompanied by increased glucose metabolism, lower serum triglycerides and reduced hepatic lipid content in the TRF+Exe group. The data presented in this study show that TRF alone has benefits but TRF+Exe has additive benefits and can mitigate the harmful effects of consuming a high-fat diet on body adiposity, liver metabolism and glycaemic homeostasis in young male Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Fudoli Lins Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Junqueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fellipe de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suleyma de Oliveira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iman Zaghloul
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS), Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Nigro E, Polito R, Alfieri A, Mancini A, Imperlini E, Elce A, Krustrup P, Orrù S, Buono P, Daniele A. Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020. [PMID: 32885275 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5.pmid:32885275;pmcid:pmc7471545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ausilia Elce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stefania Orrù
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Bottani E, Lamperti C, Prigione A, Tiranti V, Persico N, Brunetti D. Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Mitochondrial Diseases: "One-Size-Fits-All" and "Precision Medicine" Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1083. [PMID: 33187380 PMCID: PMC7696526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) refer to a group of severe, often inherited genetic conditions due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome or in the nuclear genes encoding for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mutations hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, affecting the primary source of cellular ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. The limited information of the natural history, the limitations of currently available preclinical models, coupled with the large variability of phenotypical presentations of PMD patients, have strongly penalized the development of effective therapies. However, new therapeutic strategies have been emerging, often with promising preclinical and clinical results. Here we review the state of the art on experimental treatments for mitochondrial diseases, presenting "one-size-fits-all" approaches and precision medicine strategies. Finally, we propose novel perspective therapeutic plans, either based on preclinical studies or currently used for other genetic or metabolic diseases that could be transferred to PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich Heine University (HHU), 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicola Persico
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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40
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Biochemical adaptations in white adipose tissue following aerobic exercise: from mitochondrial biogenesis to browning. Biochem J 2020; 477:1061-1081. [PMID: 32187350 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of white adipose tissue (WAT) biochemistry has evolved over the last few decades and it is now clear that WAT is not simply a site of energy storage, but rather a pliable endocrine organ demonstrating dynamic responsiveness to the effects of aerobic exercise. Similar to its established effects in skeletal muscle, aerobic exercise induces many biochemical adaptations in WAT including mitochondrial biogenesis and browning. While past research has focused on the regulation of these biochemical processes, there has been renewed interest as of late given the potential of harnessing WAT mitochondrial biogenesis and browning to treat obesity and type II diabetes. Unfortunately, despite increasing evidence that innumerable factors, both exercise induced and pharmacological, can elicit these biochemical adaptations in WAT, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we begin with a historical account of our understanding of WAT exercise biochemistry before presenting detailed evidence in favour of an up-to-date model by which aerobic exercise induces mitochondrial biogenesis and browning in WAT. Specifically, we discuss how aerobic exercise induces increases in WAT lipolysis and re-esterification and how this could be a trigger that activates the cellular energy sensor 5' AMP-activated protein kinase to mediate the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and browning via the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha. While this review primarily focuses on mechanistic results from rodent studies special attention is given to the translation of these results, or lack thereof, to human physiology.
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41
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Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2569-2582. [PMID: 32885275 PMCID: PMC7471545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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42
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McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise adaptations: molecular mechanisms and potential targets for therapeutic benefit. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:495-505. [PMID: 32632275 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is fundamental for good health, whereas physical inactivity underpins many chronic diseases of modern society. It is well appreciated that regular exercise improves metabolism and the metabolic phenotype in a number of tissues. The phenotypic alterations observed in skeletal muscle are partly mediated by transcriptional responses that occur following each individual bout of exercise. This adaptive response increases oxidative capacity and influences the function of myokines and extracellular vesicles that signal to other tissues. Our understanding of the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that mediate the skeletal muscle gene expression response to exercise as well as of their upstream signalling pathways has advanced substantially in the past 10 years. With this knowledge also comes the opportunity to design new therapeutic strategies based on the biology of exercise for a variety of chronic conditions where regular exercise might be a challenge. This Review provides an overview of the beneficial adaptive responses to exercise and details the molecular mechanisms involved. The possibility of designing therapeutic interventions based on these molecular mechanisms is addressed, using relevant examples that have exploited this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Cunningham RP, Sheldon RD, Rector RS. The Emerging Role of Hepatocellular eNOS in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32719616 PMCID: PMC7350778 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is comprised of a spectrum of liver injury ranging from excess fat accumulation in the liver (steatosis), to steatohepatitis (NASH), to its end stage of cirrhosis. A hallmark of NAFLD progression is the decline in function of hepatic mitochondria, although the mechanisms remain unresolved. Given the important role endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays in mitochondrial dynamics in other tissues, it has emerged as a potential mediator of maintaining mitochondrial function in the liver. In this mini review, we summarize the most relevant findings that extends current understanding of eNOS as a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and identifies a potential additional role in mitochondrial turnover and attenuating inflammation during NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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44
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Xiang K, Qin Z, Zhang H, Liu X. Energy Metabolism in Exercise-Induced Physiologic Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1133. [PMID: 32848751 PMCID: PMC7403221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologic hypertrophy of the heart preserves or enhances systolic function without interstitial fibrosis or cell death. As a unique form of physiological stress, regular exercise training can trigger the adaptation of cardiac muscle to cause physiological hypertrophy, partly due to its ability to improve cardiac metabolism. In heart failure (HF), cardiac dysfunction is closely associated with early initiation of maladaptive metabolic remodeling. A large amount of clinical and experimental evidence shows that metabolic homeostasis plays an important role in exercise training, which is conducive to the treatment and recovery of cardiovascular diseases. Potential mechanistic targets for modulation of cardiac metabolism have become a hot topic at present. Thus, exploring the energy metabolism mechanism in exercise-induced physiologic cardiac hypertrophy may produce new therapeutic targets, which will be helpful to design novel effective strategies. In this review, we summarize the changes of myocardial metabolism (fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and mitochondrial adaptation), metabolically-related signaling molecules, and probable regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism during exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefa Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Pope BS, Wood SK. Advances in understanding mechanisms and therapeutic targets to treat comorbid depression and cardiovascular disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:337-349. [PMID: 32598982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic or repeated social stress exposure often precipitates the onset of depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite a clear clinical association between CVD and depression, the pathophysiology underlying these comorbid conditions is unclear. Chronic exposure to social stress can lead to immune system dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and vagal withdrawal. Further, regular physical exercise is well-known to exert cardioprotective effects, and accumulating evidence demonstrates the antidepressant effect of exercise. This review explores the contribution of inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and vagal withdrawal to stress-induced depression and CVD. Evidence for therapeutic benefits of exercise, anti-inflammatory therapies, and vagus nerve stimulation are also reviewed. Benefits of targeted therapeutics of mitochondrial agents, anti-inflammatory therapies, and vagus nerve stimulation are discussed. Importantly, the ability of exercise to impact each of these factors is also reviewed. The current findings described here implicate a new direction for research, targeting the shared mechanisms underlying comorbid depression-CVD. This will guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of these stress-related pathologies, particularly within treatment-resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Pope
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, 20208, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States; William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States.
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Boulghobra D, Coste F, Geny B, Reboul C. Exercise training protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury: A central role for mitochondria? Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:395-410. [PMID: 32294509 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physical exercise is an effective lifestyle intervention to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and also to improve cardiac function and survival in patients with ischemic heart disease. Among the strategies that contribute to reduce heart damages during ischemia and reperfusion, regular physical exercise is efficient both in rodent experimental models and in humans. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of exercise remain unclear. During ischemia and reperfusion, mitochondria are crucial players in cell death, but also in cell survival. Although exercise training can influence mitochondrial function, the consequences on heart sensitivity to ischemic insults remain elusive. In this review, we describe the effects of physical activity on cardiac mitochondria and their potential key role in exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion damage. Based on recent scientific data, we discuss the role of different pathways that might help to explain why mitochondria are a key target of exercise-induced cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Coste
- LAPEC EA4278, Avignon Université, F-84000, Avignon, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- EA3072, «Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant, et Protection Musculaire», Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Reboul
- LAPEC EA4278, Avignon Université, F-84000, Avignon, France.
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Majerczak J, Filipowska J, Tylko G, Guzik M, Karasinski J, Piechowicz E, Pyza E, Chlopicki S, Zoladz JA. Impact of long-lasting spontaneous physical activity on bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the heart and tibia in murine model of heart failure. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14412. [PMID: 32319199 PMCID: PMC7174143 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) plays an important role in bone remodeling and in heart failure pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spontaneous physical activity on the expression of BMP4 in the heart and tibia of the transgenic (Tgαq*44) mice, representing a model of chronic heart failure. Tgαq*44 and wild-type FVB mice (WT) were randomly assigned either to sedentary or to trained groups undergoing 8 weeks of spontaneous wheel running. The BMP4 protein expression in heart and tibiae was evaluated using Western immunoblotting and the phosphorus and calcium in the tibiae was assessed using the X-ray microanalysis. BMP4 content in the hearts of the Tgαq*44-sedentary mice was by ~490% higher than in the WT-sedentary mice, whereas in tibiae the BMP4 content of the Tgαq*44-sedentary mice was similar to that in the WT-sedentary animals. Tgαq*44 mice revealed by ~28% poorer spontaneous physical activity than the WT mice. No effect of performed physical activity on the BMP4 content in the hearts of either in the Tgαq*44 or WT mice was observed. However, 8-week spontaneous wheel running resulted in a decrease in the BMP4 expression in tibiae (by ~43%) in the group of Tgαq*44 mice only, with no changes in their bone phosphorus and calcium contents. We have concluded that prolonged period of spontaneous physical exercise does not increase the risk of the progression of the BMP4-mediated pathological cardiac hypertrophy and does not affect bone mineral status in the chronic heart failure mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majerczak
- Department of NeurobiologyFaculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Joanna Filipowska
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular TherapeuticsCity of HopeDuarteCAUSA
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Cell Biology and ImagingInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Magdalena Guzik
- Department of Muscle PhysiologyFaculty of RehabilitationUniversity School of Physical EducationKrakowPoland
| | - Janusz Karasinski
- Department of Cell Biology and ImagingInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Ewa Piechowicz
- Department of Muscle PhysiologyFaculty of RehabilitationUniversity School of Physical EducationKrakowPoland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and ImagingInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental TherapeuticsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- Department of PharmacologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Department of Muscle PhysiologyFaculty of RehabilitationUniversity School of Physical EducationKrakowPoland
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Boengler K, Schlüter KD, Schermuly RT, Schulz R. Cardioprotection in right heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5413-5431. [PMID: 31995639 PMCID: PMC7680005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic and pharmacological conditioning of the left ventricle is mediated by the activation of signalling cascades, which finally converge at the mitochondria and reduce ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of conditioning in the left ventricle are well characterized, cardioprotection of the right ventricle is principally feasible but less established. Similar to what is known for the left ventricle, a dysregulation in signalling pathways seems to play a role in I/R injury of the healthy and failing right ventricle and in the ability/inability of the right ventricle to respond to a conditioning stimulus. The maintenance of mitochondrial function seems to be crucial in both ventricles to reduce I/R injury. As far as currently known, similar molecular mechanisms mediate ischaemic and pharmacological preconditioning in the left and right ventricles. However, the two ventricles seem to respond differently towards exercise‐induced preconditioning. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson's Disease? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4293071. [PMID: 32215173 PMCID: PMC7042542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4293071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at investigating the effects and molecular mechanisms of physical activity intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of PD. Methods Four electronic databases up to December 2019 were searched (PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley database), 176 articles were selected. Literature data were analyzed by the logic analysis method. Results (1) Risk factors of PD include dairy products, pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and obesity. Protective factors include alcohol, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and physical activity. (2) Physical activity can reduce the risk and improve symptoms of PD and the beneficial forms of physical activity, including running, dancing, traditional Chinese martial arts, yoga, and weight training. (3) Different forms of physical activity alleviate the symptoms of PD through different mechanisms, including reducing the accumulation of α-syn protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while enhancing BDNF activity, nerve regeneration, and mitochondrial function. Conclusion Physical activity has a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of PD. Illustrating the molecular mechanism of physical activity-induced protective effect on PD is an urgent need for improving the efficacy of PD therapy regimens in the future.
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Tedesco L, Rossi F, Ragni M, Ruocco C, Brunetti D, Carruba MO, Torrente Y, Valerio A, Nisoli E. A Special Amino-Acid Formula Tailored to Boosting Cell Respiration Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Caused by Doxorubicin in Mouse Cardiomyocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020282. [PMID: 31973180 PMCID: PMC7071384 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX), can induce cardiotoxicity supposed to be related to mitochondrial damage. We have recently demonstrated that a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched mixture (BCAAem), supplemented with drinking water to middle-aged mice, was able to promote mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. To maximally favor and increase oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function, here we tested a new original formula, composed of essential amino acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle precursors and co-factors (named α5), in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and mice treated with DOX. We measured mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, and BCAA catabolic pathway. Moreover, the molecular relevance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was studied in both cardiac tissue and HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Finally, the role of Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), a critical transcriptional regulator of BCAA oxidation and eNOS-mTORC1 signal, was investigated. Our results demonstrate that the α5 mixture prevents the DOX-dependent mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress better than the previous BCAAem, implying a KLF15/eNOS/mTORC1 signaling axis. These results could be relevant for the prevention of cardiotoxicity in the DOX-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele O. Carruba
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (E.N.); Tel.: +39-030-3717504 (A.V.); +39-02-50316956 (E.N.); Fax: +39-030-3717529 (A.V.); +39-02-50317118 (E.N.)
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (E.N.); Tel.: +39-030-3717504 (A.V.); +39-02-50316956 (E.N.); Fax: +39-030-3717529 (A.V.); +39-02-50317118 (E.N.)
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