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Wolever TM, Zurbau A, Koecher K, Au-Yeung F. The Effect of Adding Protein to a Carbohydrate Meal on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Acute Controlled Feeding Trials. J Nutr 2024; 154:2640-2654. [PMID: 39019167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein influences acute postprandial glucose and insulin responses, but the effects of dose, protein type, and health status are unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the acute effect of adding protein to carbohydrate on postprandial responses and identify effect modifiers. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through 30 July, 2023 for acute, crossover trials comparing acute postprandial responses elicited by carbohydrate-containing test meals with and without added protein in adults without diabetes or with type 2 (T2DM) or type 1 (T1DM) diabetes mellitus. Group data were pooled separately using generic inverse variance with random-effects models and expressed as the ratio of means with 95% confidence interval. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) were assessed. RESULTS In 154 trial comparisons of animal, dairy, and plant proteins (without diabetes, n = 22, 67, 32, respectively; T2DM, n = 14, 16, 3, respectively), each gram protein per gram available carbohydrate (g/g) reduced the glucose area under the curve (AUC) less in adults with T2DM than in those without diabetes (-10% compared with -50%, P < 0.05) but increased the insulin AUC similarly (+76% compared with +56%). In subjects without diabetes, each g/g of dairy and plant protein reduced glucose AUC by 52% and 55%, respectively, and increased the insulin AUC by 64% and 45%, respectively (all P < 0.05). Animal proteins significantly reduced the glucose AUC by 31% and increased the insulin AUC by 37% (pooled effects) but without a significant dose-response. In adults with T2DM, animal protein reduced the glucose AUC by 13% and increased the insulin AUC by 105%, with no significant dose-response. Dairy protein reduced the glucose AUC by 18% (no dose-response), but each g/g increased the insulin AUC by 34% (P < 0.05). In adults with T1DM, protein increased the glucose AUC by 40% (P < 0.05, n = 5). Data source (reported AUC compared with calculated AUC) and study methodology quality significantly modified some outcomes and contributed to high between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In people without diabetes, adding dairy or plant protein to a carbohydrate-containing meal elicits physiologically significant reductions in glucose AUC and increases insulin AUC. Animal protein may slightly reduce the glucose AUC and may increase the insulin AUC. In people with T2DM, protein may not have such large and consistent effects. Further research is needed to determine if the effects of protein differ by health status and protein source. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022322090.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ms Wolever
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andreea Zurbau
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Koecher
- General Mills, Bell Institute of Health & Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Fei Au-Yeung
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bosch R, Petrone M, Arends R, Vicini P, Sijbrands EJG, Hoefman S, Snelder N. Characterisation of cotadutide's dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonistic effects on glycaemic control using an in vivo human glucose regulation quantitative systems pharmacology model. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1874-1885. [PMID: 38403793 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cotadutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist with balanced agonistic activity at each receptor designed to harness the advantages on promoting liver health, weight loss and glycaemic control. We characterised the effects of cotadutide on glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon over time in a quantitative manner using our glucose dynamics systems model (4GI systems model), in combination with clinical data from a multiple ascending dose/Phase 2a (MAD/Ph2a) study in overweight and obese subjects with a history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (NCT02548585). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The cotadutide PK-4GI systems model was calibrated to clinical data by re-estimating only food related parameters. In vivo cotadutide efficacy was scaled based on in vitro potency. The model was used to explore the effect of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and predict the relative contribution of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonistic effects on glucose. KEY RESULTS Cotadutide MAD/Ph2a clinical endpoints were successfully predicted. The 4GI model captured a positive effect of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and showed that the stimulating effect of glucagon on glucose production counteracts the GLP-1 receptor-mediated decrease in glucose, resulting in a plateau for glucose decrease around a 200-μg cotadutide dose. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The 4GI quantitative systems pharmacology model was able to predict the clinical effects of cotadutide on glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon and GIP given known in vitro potency. The analyses demonstrated that the quantitative systems pharmacology model, and its successive refinements, will be a valuable tool to support the clinical development of cotadutide and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella Petrone
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalin Arends
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Vicini
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Solinas G, Becattini B. An adipoincretin effect links adipostasis with insulin secretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:466-477. [PMID: 38861922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The current paradigm for the insulin system focuses on the phenomenon of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin action on blood glucose control. This historical glucose-centric perspective may have introduced a conceptual bias in our understanding of insulin regulation. A body of evidence demonstrating that in vivo variations in blood glucose and insulin secretion can be largely dissociated motivated us to reconsider the fundamental design of the insulin system as a control system for metabolic homeostasis. Here, we propose that a minimal glucose-centric model does not accurately describe the physiological behavior of the insulin system and propose a new paradigm focusing on the effects of incretins, arguing that under fasting conditions, insulin is regulated by an adipoincretin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Becattini
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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4
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Ribeiro R, Viveiros O, Taranu V, Rossoni C. One Anastomosis Transit Bipartition (OATB): Rational and Mid-term Outcomes. Obes Surg 2024; 34:371-381. [PMID: 38135740 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "One-anastomosis transit bipartition" (OATB) is a promising emerging technique in the metabolic syndrome treatment. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the results achieved with OATB in the first 5 years after surgery. METHOD Cross-sectional, retrospective study, with individuals undergoing primary OATB. Individuals included in the study were: ≥ 18 years, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2; and excluded smoking habits, drug dependence, inflammatory bowel diseases. The data analyzed demographic, anthropometric, surgical, clinical, and nutritional. RESULTS Sixty eight participants, 75% women, average age 45.5 years and BMI 41 kg/m2. Associated diseases: osteoarthritis (52.9%), hypertension (48.5%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus-T2DM (39.7%). All underwent laparoscopy, without conversions. Average operative time is 122.6 ± 31.7 min, and hospital stay is 2.2 ± 0.8 days. The common channel length 27 and 41 patients with 250 cm and 300 cm respectively. We registered no intraoperative complications, 2 (2.9%) early complications, and 14 (20.6%) late complications. In the first 6 months, 94.7% (250 cm) and 88.9% (300 cm) of the patients no longer used medication for T2DM, with no statistical difference between the two groups. The incidence of nutritional disorders at any time during follow-up: hypovitaminosis D (14.7%), folate hypovitaminosis (14.7%), elevated PTH (7.4%), hypoproteinemia (5.9%) and anemia (5.9%). We found no statistically significant difference between 250 and 300 cm common channel groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that OATB is a safe and effective technique, demonstrating good control of T2DM and metabolic syndrome. There is a requirement to treat previous nutritional deficits. We need more long-term evidence and comparison to other surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ribeiro
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, 2724-002, Amadora, Portugal
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Lusíadas, Amadora, Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Octávio Viveiros
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, 2724-002, Amadora, Portugal
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Lusíadas, Amadora, Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Viorel Taranu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, 2724-002, Amadora, Portugal
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Lusíadas, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Carina Rossoni
- Multidisciplinary Center for Obesity Treatment, Hospital Lusíadas, 2724-002, Amadora, Portugal.
- School of Sciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Institute of Environmental Health (ISAMB) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Ang T, Mason SA, Dao GM, Bruce CR, Kowalski GM. The impact of a single dose of whey protein on glucose flux and metabolite profiles in normoglycemic males: insights into glucagon and insulin biology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E688-E699. [PMID: 37877796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates euglycemic glucagon and insulin secretion, a response that is particularly robust with rapidly absorbing proteins. Previously, we have shown that ingestion of repeated doses of rapidly absorbing whey protein equally stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd), thus explaining the preservation of euglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine if a smaller single dose of whey could elicit a large enough glucagon and insulin response to stimulate glucose flux. Therefore, in normoglycemic young adult males (n = 10; age ∼26; BMI ∼25), using [6,6-2H2] glucose tracing and quantitative targeted metabolite profiling, we determined the metabolic response to a single 25 g "standard" dose of whey protein. Whey protein ingestion did not alter glycemia, but increased circulating glucagon (peak 4-fold basal), insulin (peak 6-fold basal), amino acids, and urea while also reducing free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations. Interestingly, the postprandial insulin response was driven by both a stimulation of insulin secretion and marked reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Whey protein ingestion resulted in a modest stimulation of EGP and Rd, both peaking at ∼20% above baseline 1 h after protein ingestion. These findings demonstrate that the ingestion of a single standard serving of whey protein can induce a euglycemic glucagon and insulin response that stimulates glucose flux. We speculate on a theory that could potentially explain how glucagon and insulin synergistically provide hardwired control of nitrogen and glucose homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates glucagon and insulin secretion. Here we show that in normoglycemic males, ingestion of a single "standard" 25 g serving of rapidly absorbing whey protein drives a sufficiently large glucagon and insulin response, such that it simultaneously increases endogenous glucose production and glucose disposal. We speculate on a novel theory that could potentially explain how the antagonistic/synergistic actions of glucagon and insulin simultaneously provide tight control of glucose and nitrogen homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giang M Dao
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Lee S, Chung MJ, Ahn M, Park HJ, Wang EK, Guon T, Kee HJ, Ku CR, Na K. Surfactant-like photosensitizer for endoscopic duodenal ablation: Modulating meal-stimulated incretin hormones in obese and type 2 diabetes. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122336. [PMID: 37778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Duodenal ablation improves glycaemic control and weight loss, so it has been applied using hydrothermal catheters in obese and type 2 diabetes patients, indicating similar mechanisms and therapeutic effects as bariatric surgeries. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy is an innovative procedure that easily accessible to endocrine or gastrointestinal organs, so it is critical for the sprayed photosensitizer (PS) to long-term interact with target tissues for enhancing its effects. Surfactant-like PS was more stable in a wide range of pH and 2.8-fold more retained in the duodenum at 1 h than hydrophilic PS due to its amphiphilic property. Endoscopic duodenal ablation using surfactant-like PS was performed in high fat diet induced rat models, demonstrating body weight loss, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and modulation of incretin hormones. Locoregional ablation of duodenum could affect the profiles of overall intestinal cells secreting meal-stimulated hormones and further the systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, regarding gut-brain axis. Our strategy suggests a potential for a treatment of minimally invasive bariatric and metabolic therapy if accompanied by detailed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Ahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Wang
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeun Guon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Ichikawa R, Takano K, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi M, Kitamura T, Shichiri M, Miyatsuka T. Robust increase in glucagon secretion after oral protein intake, but not after glucose or lipid intake in Japanese people without diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1172-1174. [PMID: 37480216 PMCID: PMC10512907 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies in Asian populations have analyzed how glucagon secretion is affected by ingested glucose, proteins or lipids, individually. To investigate the fluctuations of glucagon secretion after the intake of each of these nutrients, 10 healthy volunteers underwent oral loading tests using each of glucose, proteins and lipids, and blood levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured every 30 min for 120 min. Whereas glucagon secretion was suppressed and minimally affected by oral glucose intake and lipid intake, respectively, oral protein intake robustly increased glucagon secretion, as well as insulin secretion. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism by which protein loading increases glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raishi Ichikawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismKitasato University, School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Koji Takano
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismKitasato University, School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismKitasato University, School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismKitasato University, School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismKitasato University, School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
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Al-Sabah S, Jamal MH, Al-Khaledi G, Dsouza C, AlOtaibi F, Al-Ali W, Cherian P, Al-Khairi I, Ali H, Abu-Farha M, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F. Increased Glucagon Immunoreactivity in a Rat Model of Diet-induced Obesity following Sleeve Gastrectomy. Med Princ Pract 2023; 32:000533746. [PMID: 37634505 PMCID: PMC10659591 DOI: 10.1159/000533746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity, and procedures such as Roux-en Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) also result in rapid improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. In addition, these procedures cause changes in the secretion of various gut-derived hormones. The role these hormones play in the mechanism of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery is still debated, but nonetheless, their importance provides inspiration for novel obesity-targeted pharmacotherapies. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either regular chow or a cafeteria diet to induce obesity. A sub-group of the obese animals then underwent either sham surgery or SG. RESULTS Following a 4-week recovery period, SG rats weighed significantly less than obese or sham-operated rats. Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity also occurred in the SG group, but these were not always statistically significant. We measured the intracellular lipid content of liver samples and found that obese rats showed signs of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which were significantly ameliorated by SG. There were significantly higher glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses to a standard mixed meal in the SG group, as well as paradoxically higher glucagon secretion. CONCLUSION These data highlight the need for more specific anti-glucagon antibodies to characterize the changes in proglucagon-derived peptide concentrations that occur following SG. Further studies are required to determine whether these peptides contribute to the therapeutic effects of SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Al-Sabah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad H. Jamal
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Organ Transplant, College of Medicine, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ghanim Al-Khaledi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Carol Dsouza
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah AlOtaibi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Waleed Al-Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Irina Al-Khairi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hamad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Rose BD, Lange K, Mohammadpour Z, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Quinine on the Glycaemic Response to, and Gastric Emptying of, a Mixed-Nutrient Drink in Females and Males. Nutrients 2023; 15:3584. [PMID: 37630774 PMCID: PMC10459881 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraduodenal quinine, in the dose of 600 mg, stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin and insulin; slows gastric emptying (GE); and lowers post-meal glucose in men. Oral sensitivity to bitter substances may be greater in women than men. We, accordingly, evaluated the dose-related effects of quinine on GE, and the glycaemic responses to, a mixed-nutrient drink in females, and compared the effects of the higher dose with those in males. A total of 13 female and 13 male healthy volunteers received quinine-hydrochloride (600 mg ('QHCl-600') or 300 mg ('QHCl-300', females only) or control ('C'), intraduodenally (10 mL bolus) 30 min before a drink (500 kcal, 74 g carbohydrates). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin were measured at baseline, for 30 min after quinine alone, and then for 2 h post-drink. GE was measured by 13C-acetate breath-test. QHCl-600 alone stimulated insulin, C-peptide and GLP-1 secretion compared to C. Post-drink, QHCl-600 reduced plasma glucose, stimulated C-peptide and GLP-1, and increased the C-peptide/glucose ratio and oral disposition index, while cholecystokinin and GIP were less, in females and males. QHCl-600 also slowed GE compared to C in males and compared to QHCl-300 in females (p < 0.05). QHCl-300 reduced post-meal glucose concentrations and increased the C-peptide/glucose ratio, compared to C (p < 0.05). Magnitudes of glucose lowering and increase in C-peptide/glucose ratio by QHCl-600 were greater in females than males (p < 0.05). We conclude that quinine modulates glucoregulatory functions, associated with glucose lowering in healthy males and females. However, glucose lowering appears to be greater in females than males, without apparent differential effects on GI functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Braden David Rose
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Zinat Mohammadpour
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jens Frederik Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Stefanakis K, Kokkinos A, Simati S, Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Kouvari M, Kumar A, Kalra B, Mantzoros CS. Circulating levels of all proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated postprandially by obesity status and in response to high-fat meals vs. high-carbohydrate meals. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1369-1378. [PMID: 37418844 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We measured all proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) levels in response to administration of three mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTs), examining differences in postprandial PGDP responses in subjects with leanness and obesity or between high-fat vs. high carbohydrate meals. METHODS We designed three physiology interventional studies, administering MMTs over a 180-min period to individuals without diabetes after an overnight fast. In Study 1, a 450 kcal MMT was administered to n = 4 normal weight and n = 9 individuals with obesity. In Study 2, a 600 kcal high-fat MMT was administered to n = 15 normal-weight and n = 15 individuals with obesity. In Study 3, n = 32 participants with obesity were assigned to receive a 600-kcal high-fat (n = 15) or an isocaloric high-carbohydrate MMT (n = 17). Fasting and postprandial levels of c-peptide and PGDPs (proglucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon, major proglucagon fragment [MPGF]) were assessed. RESULTS In study 1, individuals with normal weight displayed elevated glicentin postprandial secretion compared with people with obesity (p = 0.002). Following a high-fat MMT with 33% higher energy content in study 2, all postprandial PGDPs levels were elevated (p-time<0.001), irrespective of weight status. In study 3, a prolonged postprandial upregulation of PGDPs during the high-fat MMT was observed in contrast with the acute, short-term (max 60 min) PGDP responses to a high-carbohydrate MMT (p-time∗meal<0.001). Across both studies 2 and 3, the postprandial responses of glucagon and MPGF were higher in subjects with male sex whereas glicentin was higher in subjects with female sex. CONCLUSIONS Fat and carbohydrate content of a meal can substantially affect the postprandial levels of PGDPs. Circulating levels of PGDPs are influenced by the energy content of the meal, and additionally, the presence of leanness or obesity affects circulating levels of select PGDPs. These results, which are to be confirmed by additional studies, expand our understanding of PGDP physiology in leanness and obesity. CLINICALTRIALS GOV REGISTRATION NUMBERS: (NCT04170010, NCT04430946, NCT04575194).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stefanakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Sofia K Konstantinidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece; Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Athens Medical Center, Athens 15125, Greece
| | - Matina Kouvari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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11
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Khamnueva LY, Andreeva LS. [Efficacy of treatment with glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists-1 in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:38-46. [PMID: 37448270 DOI: 10.14341/probl13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The projected 68% increase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the upcoming decades and the specific pathophysiological course of the disease are critical factors for the development of optimal disease management tactics in the Asian population. It is now known that β-cell dysfunction is dominant in the pathogenesis of T2D in Asians. In a number of Asian countries, incretin therapy is the leading therapy. AIM To review literature on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and clinical trial results of GLP-1 receptor agonist class (GLP-1RA) drugs as well as to evaluate their effectiveness in Asian population with T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of studies on pathophysiological aspects of GLP-1 secretion and evaluation of the efficacy of therapy with GLP-1RA preparations registered and used in clinical practice in Asian regions. RESULTS Several studies in Asian countries have shown that intact GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in both T2D patients and healthy Japanese volunteers; as well as in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. It is suggested that either impaired secretion of GLP-1 in the gut, accelerated processing by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, or a combination of both are responsible for the decrease in GLP-1. The greater efficacy of GLP-1RA treatment in achieving glycemic control in Asian T2D patients was presented by Kim Y.G. et al. in a meta-analysis of 15 randomised controlled trials, the reduction in HbA1c on GLP-1RA treatment averaged -1.16% in Asian-dominated studies and -0.83% in non-Asian-dominated studies. In the PIONEER 9 clinical programme, similar results were obtained, with oral semaglutide having a more pronounced effect on glycaemic control in Japanese patients. Thus, the mean change in HbA 1c was -1.1%, 7 mg -1.5%, and 14 mg -1.7% at the 3 mg dose; whereas in the PIONEER 1 study in the global population, the mean change in HbA1c was -0.6%, -0.9% and -1.1% for 3, 7, 14 mg semaglutide, respectively. The PIONEER 10 study concluded that oral semaglutide was well tolerated by Japanese patients with T2D. Oral semaglutide reduced HbA1c (14 mg dose) and body weight (7 and 14 mg doses) more significantly compared to dulaglutide at 0.75 mg dose. Results of a pooled analysis of long-acting GLP-1RA showed a more significant reduction in cardiovascular event risk in the Asian subpopulation. CONCLUSION The presented review describes benefits in glycemic control as well as in the reduction of relative cardiovascular event risks with GLP-1RA treatment in the Asian population, which requires further in-depth research and implies optimal management tactics in patients with T2DM.
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12
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Zhang J, Schäfer SM, Kabisch S, Csanalosi M, Schuppelius B, Kemper M, Markova M, Meyer NMT, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Keyhani-Nejad F, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH. Implication of sugar, protein and incretins in excessive glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes after mixed meals. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:467-476. [PMID: 36857956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Amino acids powerfully release glucagon but their contribution to postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Exogenously applied GIP stimulates, while GLP-1 inhibits, glucagon secretion in humans. However, their role in mixed meals is unclear, which we therefore characterized. METHODS In three experiments, participants with type 2 diabetes and obese controls randomly received different loads of sugars and/or proteins. In the first experiment, participants ingested the rapidly cleaved saccharose (SAC) or slowly cleaved isomaltulose (ISO) which is known to elicit opposite profiles of GIP and GLP-1 secretion. In the second one participants received test meals which contained saccharose or isomaltulose in combination with milk protein. The third set of participants underwent randomized oral protein tests with whey protein or casein. Incretins, glucagon, C-peptide, and insulin were profiled by specific immunological assays. RESULTS 50 g of the sugars alone suppressed glucagon in controls but slightly less in type 2 diabetes patients. Participants with type 2 diabetes showed excessive glucagon responses within 15 min and lasting over 3 h, while the obese controls showed small initial and delayed greater glucagon responses to mixed meals. The release of GIP was significantly faster and greater with SAC compared to ISO, while GLP-1 showed an inverse pattern. The glucagon responses to whey or casein were only moderately increased in type 2 diabetes patients without a left shift of the dose response curve. CONCLUSIONS The rapid hypersecretion of glucagon after mixed meals in type 2 diabetes patients compared to controls is unaffected by endogenous incretins. The defective suppression of glucagon by glucose combined with hypersecretion to protein is required for the exaggerated response. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBERS NCT03806920, NCT02219295, NCT04564391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylva Mareike Schäfer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marta Csanalosi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schuppelius
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margrit Kemper
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mariya Markova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Marie Tosca Meyer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Reseach Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Farnaz Keyhani-Nejad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Nagahisa T, Kosugi S, Yamaguchi S. Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD + Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061494. [PMID: 36986224 PMCID: PMC10052115 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine has garnered attention as a target organ for developing new therapies for impaired glucose tolerance. The intestine, which produces incretin hormones, is the central regulator of glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, which determines postprandial glucose levels, is regulated by intestinal homeostasis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis in major metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in obesity- and aging-associated organ derangements. Furthermore, NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in the intestines and its upstream and downstream mediators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins (SIRTs), respectively, are critical for intestinal homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism, and GLP-1 production. Thus, boosting the intestinal AMPK-NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT pathway to improve intestinal homeostasis, GLP-1 production, and postprandial glucose metabolism has gained significant attention as a novel strategy to improve impaired glucose tolerance. Herein, we aimed to review in detail the regulatory mechanisms and importance of intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in regulating intestinal homeostasis and GLP-1 secretion in obesity and aging. Furthermore, dietary and molecular factors regulating intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis were critically explored to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for postprandial glucose dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nagahisa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kosugi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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14
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Alsalim W, Lindgren O, Ahrén B. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in humans: Characteristics and regulation. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:354-361. [PMID: 36539382 PMCID: PMC9951578 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are important incretin hormones. They are released from the gut after meal ingestion and potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Their release after meal ingestion and oral glucose are well established and have been characterized previously. During recent years, knowledge of other regulatory aspects that potentially may affect GIP and GLP-1 secretion after meal ingestion have also begun to emerge. Here, the results of human studies on these novel aspects of meal- and nutrient-stimulated incretin hormone secretion are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human literature was revisited by identifying articles in PubMed using key words GIP, GLP-1, secretion, meal, and nutrients. RESULTS The results show that all macronutrients individually stimulate GIP and GLP-1 secretion. However, there was no synergistic action when given in combination. A pre-load 30 min before a meal augments the GIP and GLP-1 response. GIP and GLP-1 secretion have a diurnal variation with a higher response to an identical meal in the morning than in the afternoon. There is no difference in GIP and GLP-1 secretion whether a meal is ingested slowly or rapidly. GIP and GLP-1 secretion after dinner are the same whether or not breakfast and lunch have been ingested. The temperature of the food may be of importance for the incretin hormone response. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings have increased our knowledge on the regulation of the complexity of the incretin system and are also important knowledge when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wathik Alsalim
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden,Department of EndocrinologySkåne University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Ola Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden,Department of EndocrinologySkåne University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden,Department of EndocrinologySkåne University HospitalLundSweden
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15
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Bulum T. Nephroprotective Properties of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102586. [PMID: 36289848 PMCID: PMC9599125 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and about 30–40% of patients with diabetes will develop kidney disease. Incretin hormones have received attention during the past three decades not only as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but also for their cardiorenometabolic effects. The main incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Additional to the pancreas, receptors for GLP-1 are widely distributed in various organs, causing positive effects on endothelial function and vascular atherogenesis. Along with glycemic control and weight reduction, GLP-1 receptor agonists also strongly improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Compared to GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide showed a superior reduction in hemoglobin A1c and body weight. Preliminary results also suggest that tirzepatide improves kidney outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes with increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, we present the nephroprotective properties of dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists as a new drug to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Bulum
- Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, Dugi dol 4a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Medical School, University of Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Brubaker PL. The Molecular Determinants of Glucagon-like Peptide Secretion by the Intestinal L cell. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6717959. [PMID: 36156130 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal L cell secretes a diversity of biologically active hormones, most notably the glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2. The highly successful introduction of GLP-1-based drugs into the clinic for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and of a GLP-2 analog for patients with short bowel syndrome, has led to the suggestion that stimulation of the endogenous secretion of these peptides may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in these conditions. Situated in the intestinal epithelium, the L cell demonstrates complex relationships with not only circulating, paracrine, and neural regulators, but also ingested nutrients and other factors in the lumen, most notably the microbiota. The integrated input from these numerous secretagogues results in a variety of temporal patterns in L cell secretion, ranging from minutes to 24 hours. This review combines the findings of traditional, physiological studies with those using newer molecular approaches to describe what is known and what remains to be elucidated after 5 decades of research on the intestinal L cell and its secreted peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Amodeo S, Mirarchi L, Seidita A, Citarrella R, Licata A, Soresi M, Iovanna JL, Giannitrapani L. EVOO's Effects on Incretin Production: Is There a Rationale for a Combination in T2DM Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10120. [PMID: 36077515 PMCID: PMC9456130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health concern as it is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide due to social and economic developments that have led to unhealthy lifestyles, with a considerable impact both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The management of T2DM, before starting specific therapies, includes cornerstones such as healthy eating, regular exercise and weight loss. Strict adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been related to an inverse association with the risk of T2DM onset, as well as an improvement in glycaemic control; in particular, thanks to the consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Agonists of gut-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastrointestinal hormones able to increase insulin secretion in response to hyperglycaemia (incretins), have been recently introduced in T2DM therapy, quickly entering the international guidelines. Recent studies have linked the action of EVOO in reducing postprandial glycaemia to the increase in GLP-1 and the reduction of its inactivating protease, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). In this review, we explore observations regarding the pathophysiological basis of the existence of an enhanced effect between the action of EVOO and incretins and, consequently, try to understand whether there is a rationale for their use in combination for T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Amodeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Mirarchi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurelio Seidita
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Citarrella
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Licata
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Lucio Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Greenwell AA, Saed CT, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Ho KL, Gopal K, Chan JSF, Kaczmar OO, Dyer SA, Eaton F, Lopaschuk GD, Al Batran R, Ussher JR. An isoproteic cocoa butter-based ketogenic diet fails to improve glucose homeostasis and promote weight loss in obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E8-E20. [PMID: 35575232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High-fat and very low-carbohydrate based ketogenic diets have gained considerable popularity as a nonpharmacological strategy for obesity, due to their potential to enhance weight loss and improve glucose homeostasis. However, the effectiveness of a ketogenic diet toward metabolic health is equivocal. To better understand the impact of ketogenic diets in obesity, male and female mice were fed a 60% cocoa butter-based high-fat diet for 16-wk to induce obesity, following which mice were transitioned to either an 85% cocoa butter fat-based ketogenic diet, a 10% cocoa butter fat-based low-fat diet, or maintained on a high-fat diet for an additional 8-wk. All experimental diets were matched for sucrose and protein content and contained an identical micronutrient profile, with complex carbohydrates being the primary carbohydrate source in the low-fat diet. The transition to a ketogenic diet was ineffective at promoting significant body fat loss and improving glucose homeostasis in obese male and female mice. Alternatively, obese male and female mice transitioned to a low-fat and high-complex carbohydrate diet exhibited beneficial body composition changes and improved glucose tolerance that may, in part, be attributed to a mild decrease in food intake and a mild increase in energy expenditure. Our findings support the consumption of a diet low in saturated fat and rich in complex carbohydrates as a potential dietary intervention for the treatment of obesity and obesity-induced impairments in glycemia. Furthermore, our results suggest that careful consideration should be taken when considering a ketogenic diet as a nonpharmacological strategy for obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been demonstrated that ketogenic diets may be a nutritional strategy for alleviating hyperglycemia and promoting weight loss in obesity. However, there are a number of inconsistencies with many of these studies, especially with regard to the macronutrient and micronutrient compositions of the diets being compared. Our work demonstrates that a ketogenic diet that is both micronutrient-matched and isoproteic with its comparator diets fails to improve glycemia or promote weight loss in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Greenwell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina T Saed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seyed Amirhossein Tabatabaei Dakhili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim L Ho
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keshav Gopal
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan S F Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oksana O Kaczmar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott A Dyer
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farah Eaton
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Perakakis N, Kokkinos A, Angelidi AM, Tsilingiris D, Gavrieli A, Yannakoulia M, Tentolouris N, Mantzoros CS. Changes in circulating levels of five proglucagon-derived peptides in response to intravenous or oral administration of glucose and lipids and in response to a mixed-meal in subjects with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1969-1976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ahrén B. GIP secretion after oral macronutrient ingestion-The human literature revisited and a systematic study in model experiments in mice. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1655-1665. [PMID: 35587193 PMCID: PMC9533035 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted after meal ingestion. This study explored the relative influence of classes of macronutrients on GIP secretion. METHODS The human literature was revisited by identifying articles from Pubmed using key words GIP, macronutrients, carbohydrates, fat, protein, healthy subjects. In model experiments in anesthetized mice, glucose (25-125 mg), protein (15-120 mg), fat emulsion (6-100 mg) or saline was given orally with determination of GIP levels. RESULTS The literature survey revealed 15 studies in which glucose, protein or fat was administered to healthy subjects. All three classes of macronutrients stimulated GIP secretion with a 30-45 min peak after glucose and protein and a more prolonged release after fat. Limitation in study designs precludes firm conclusions on relative potency of the macronutrients. In mice, glucose was more potent to stimulate GIP secretion than fat and protein with no significant difference between protein and fat. By co-administration of the macronutrients at moderate caloric combinations, a synergistic stimulation of GIP secretion was observed. In contrast, when raising the glucose challenge together with protein and fat, no synergy but an additive effect was evident. CONCLUSIONS Glucose, protein and fat all stimulate GIP secretion in humans and mice. In mice, glucose is more potent than fat and protein and there is also a synergy between the macronutrients on GIP secretion at moderate caloric doses. Further studies are warranted in humans to explore the relative potency of macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund university, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Lages M, Barros R, Moreira P, Guarino MP. Metabolic Effects of an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Compared to the Mixed Meal Tolerance Tests: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102032. [PMID: 35631171 PMCID: PMC9147413 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended for assessing abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. Recognised as the gold standard test for diagnosing diabetes, the OGTT provides useful information about glucose tolerance. However, it does not replicate the process of absorption and digestion of complex foods, such as that which occurs with a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), an alternative that is still not well explored in the diagnosis of metabolic alterations. The MMTT could be an asset in detecting glucose homeostasis disorders, including diabetes since it has more similarities to the common dietary pattern, allowing early detection of subtle changes in metabolic homeostasis in response to combined nutrients. This alternative has the advantage of being more tolerable and pleasant to patients since it induces a more gradual increase in blood glucose, thus reducing the risk of rebound hypoglycemia and other related complications. The present article reviewed the clinical data available regarding the possibility of screening or diagnosing altered glucose homeostasis, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the MMTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Lages
- ciTechCare—Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal;
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.); (P.M.)
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saude Publica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Barros
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.); (P.M.)
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saude Publica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.); (P.M.)
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saude Publica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratorio Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saude Populacional (ITR), Portugal Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria P. Guarino
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.); (P.M.)
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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22
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Bosch R, Petrone M, Arends R, Vicini P, Sijbrands EJG, Hoefman S, Snelder N. A novel integrated QSP model of in vivo human glucose regulation to support the development of a glucagon/GLP‐1 dual agonist. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:302-317. [PMID: 34889083 PMCID: PMC8923724 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella Petrone
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences AstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | | | - Paolo Vicini
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences AstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | - Eric J. G. Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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23
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Nasr NE, Sadek KM. Role and mechanism(s) of incretin-dependent therapies for treating diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18408-18422. [PMID: 35031999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide ailment which leads to chronic complications like cardiac disorders, renal perturbations, limb amputation and blindness. Type one diabetes (T1DM), Type two diabetes (T2DM), Another types of diabetes, such as genetic errors in function of β-cell and action of insulin, cystic fibrosis, chemical-instigated diabetes or following tissue transplantation), and pregnancy DM (GDM). In response to nutritional ingestion, the gut may release a pancreatic stimulant that affects carbohydrate metabolism. The duodenum produces a 'chemical excitant' that stimulates pancreatic output, and researchers have sought to cure diabetes using gut extract injections, coining the word 'incretin' to describe the phenomena. Incretins include GIP and GLP-1. The 'enteroinsular axis' is the link between pancreas and intestine. Nutrient, neuronal and hormonal impulses from intestine to cells secreting insulin were thought to be part of this axis. In addition, the hormonal component, incretin, must meet two requirements: (1) it secreted by foods, mainly carbohydrates, and (2) it must induce an insulinotropic effect which is glucose-dependent. In this review, we clarify the ability of using incretin-dependent treatments for treating DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr E Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
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Christiansen CB, Veedfald S, Hartmann B, Gauguin AM, Møller S, Moritz T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Colonic Lactulose Fermentation Has No Impact on Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Peptide-YY Secretion in Healthy Young Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:77-87. [PMID: 34508600 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The colon houses most of humans' gut microbiota, which ferments indigestible carbohydrates. The products of fermentation have been proposed to influence the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) from the many endocrine cells in the colonic epithelium. However, little is known about the colonic contribution to fasting or postprandial plasma levels of L-cell products. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of colonic lactulose fermentation on gut peptide secretion and to evaluate whether colonic endocrine secretion contributes to gut hormone concentrations measurable in the fasting state. METHODS Ten healthy young men were studied on 3 occasions after an overnight fast. On 2 study days, lactulose (20 g) was given orally and compared to water intake on a third study day. For 1 of the lactulose visits, participants underwent a full colonic evacuation. Over a 6-h study protocol, lactulose fermentation was assessed by measuring exhaled hydrogen, and gut peptide secretion, paracetamol, and short-chain fatty acid levels were measured in plasma. RESULTS Colonic evacuation markedly reduced hydrogen exhalation after lactulose intake (P = 0.013). Our analysis suggests that the colon does not account for the measurable amounts of GLP-1 and PYY present in the circulation during fasting and that fermentation and peptide secretion are not acutely related. CONCLUSION Whether colonic luminal contents affect colonic L-cell secretion sufficiently to influence circulating concentrations requires further investigation. Colonic evacuation markedly reduced lactulose fermentation, but hormone releases were unchanged in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Novo Nordic Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordic Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Marie Gauguin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 260, Copenhagen University Hospital at Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordic Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordic Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Pelle MC, Provenzano M, Zaffina I, Pujia R, Giofrè F, Lucà S, Andreucci M, Sciacqua A, Arturi F. Role of a Dual Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)/Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (Twincretin) in Glycemic Control: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:29. [PMID: 35054422 PMCID: PMC8779403 DOI: 10.3390/life12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are two gut hormones, defined incretins, responsible for the amplification of insulin secretion after oral glucose intake. Unlike GLP-1, GIP has little acute effect on insulin secretion and no effect on food intake; instead it seems that the GIP may be an obesity-promoting hormone. In patients with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) some studies found a downregulation of GIP receptors on pancreatic β cells caused by hyperglycemic state, but the glucagonotropic effect persisted. Agonists of the receptor for the GLP-1 have proven successful for the treatment of diabetes, since they reduce the risk for cardiovascular and renal events, but the possible application of GIP as therapy for T2DM is discussed. Moreover, the latest evidence showed a synergetic effect when GIP was combined with GLP-1 in monomolecular co-agonists. In fact, compared with the separate infusion of each hormone, the combination increased both insulin response and glucagonostatic response. In accordance with theseconsiderations, a dual GIP/GLP-1receptor agonist, i.e., Tirzepatide, known as a "twincretin" had been developed. In the pre-clinical trials, as well as Phase 1-3 clinical trials, Tirzepatideshowedpotent glucose lowering and weight loss effects within an acceptable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pelle
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Isabella Zaffina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Roberta Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Federica Giofrè
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Stefania Lucà
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Franco Arturi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.Z.); (R.P.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
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26
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Toffolon A, de Rocco‐Ponce M, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Tessari P. Effect of Reversal of Whey-Protein to Casein Ratio of Cow Milk, on Insulin, Incretin, and Amino Acid Responses in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100069. [PMID: 34618402 PMCID: PMC9286575 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Milk-proteins, besides lactose, stimulate insulin and incretin secretion. Although whey-proteins (WP) are more efficient than casein (Cas) in hormone secretion, the effects of reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in whole-milk are poorly known. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy volunteers received two different cow-milk drinks, at identical lactose (0.36 g × kg-1 BW) and total-protein (0.18 g × kg1 BW) loads, but at reversed WP/Cas ratio. One is cow-whole milk with a ≈20/80 [WP/Cas] ratio, the other an experimental cow-milk with a ≈70/30 [WP/Cas] ratio ([↑WP↓Cas]-milk). Both milk-types induced the same mild hyperglycemic response. Following [↑WP↓Cas]-milk, the [20'-90'] insulin incremental area (iAUC) (+ ≈44%, p < 0.035), and the [20'-120'] C-peptide iAUC (+ ≈47%, p < 0.015) are greater than those with cow-milk. Similarly, following [↑WP↓Cas]-milk, the GLP-1 [20'-90'] iAUC (+96%, p < 0.025), and the GIP [30'-60'] iAUC (+140%, p < 0.006), were greater than those with cow-milk. Plasma total and branched-chain amino acids are also greater following the [↑WP↓Cas] than cow-milk. CONCLUSIONS Reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in cow-milk enhanced the insulin response, an effect possibly mediated by incretins and/or amino acids(s). These data may be useful in designing specific milk formulas with different effects on insulin and incretin response(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Toffolon
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionDepartment of Medicine (DIMED)University of PadovaPadova35128Italy
| | - Maurizio de Rocco‐Ponce
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionDepartment of Medicine (DIMED)University of PadovaPadova35128Italy
| | - Monica Vettore
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionDepartment of Medicine (DIMED)University of PadovaPadova35128Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionDepartment of Medicine (DIMED)University of PadovaPadova35128Italy
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of AgronomyFood Natural ResourcesAnimals & Environment (DAFNAE)University of PadovaPadova35123Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionDepartment of Medicine (DIMED)University of PadovaPadova35128Italy
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Chueire VB, Muscelli E. Effect of free fatty acids on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and incretin effect - a narrative review. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:24-31. [PMID: 33320449 PMCID: PMC10528699 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious effects of free fatty acids, FFAs, on insulin sensitivity are observed in vivo studies in humans. Mechanisms include impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, but the effects on insulin secretion are less well known. Our aim was to review the relationship of increased FFAs with insulin resistance, secretion and mainly with the incretin effect in humans. Narrative review. Increased endogenous or administered FFAs induce insulin resistance. FFAs effects on insulin secretion are debatable; inhibition and stimulation have been reported, depending on the type and duration of lipids exposition and the study subjects. Chronically elevated FFAs seem to decrease insulin biosynthesis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β-cell glucose sensitivity. Lipids infusion decreases the response to incretins with unchanged incretin levels in volunteers with normal glucose tolerance. In contrast, FFAs reduction by acipimox did not restore the incretin effect in type-2 diabetes, probably due to the dysfunctional β-cell. Possible mechanisms of FFAs excess on incretin effect include reduction of the expression and levels of GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1) receptor, reduction of connexin-36 expression thus the coordinated secretory activity in response to GLP-1, and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptors downregulation in islets cells. Increased circulating FFAs impair insulin sensitivity. Effects on insulin secretion are complex and controversial. Deleterious effects on the incretin-induced potentiation of insulin secretion were reported. More investigation is needed to better understand the extent and mechanisms of β-cell impairment and insulin resistance induced by increased FFAs and how to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bahdur Chueire
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Hospital da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil,
| | - Elza Muscelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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28
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Effects of Delayed-Release Olive Oil and Hydrolyzed Pine Nut Oil on Glucose Tolerance, Incretin Secretion and Appetite in Humans. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103407. [PMID: 34684407 PMCID: PMC8538272 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential synergistic effects of olive oil releasing 2-oleoylglycerol and hydrolyzed pine nut oil containing 20% pinolenic acid on GLP-1 secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and appetite in healthy individuals, when delivered to the small intestine as potential agonists of GPR119, FFA1 and FFA4. METHODS Nine overweight/obese individuals completed three 6-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in a crossover design. At -30 min, participants consumed either: no oil, 6 g of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), or a combination of 3 g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3 g olive oil (PNO-OO) in delayed-release capsules. Repeated measures of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, subjective appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability were done. RESULTS PNO-FFA augmented GLP-1 secretion from 0-360 min compared to no oil and PNO-OO (p < 0.01). GIP secretion was increased from 240-360 min after both PNO-FFA and PNO-OO versus no oil (p < 0.01). Both oil treatments suppressed subjective appetite by reducing hunger and prospective food consumption and increasing satiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In support of previous findings, 6 g of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil enhanced postprandial GLP-1 secretion and reduced appetite. However, no synergistic effect of combining hydrolyzed pine nut oil and olive oil on GLP-1 secretion was observed. These results need further evaluation in long-term studies including effects on bodyweight and insulin sensitivity.
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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30
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Modvig IM, Kuhre RE, Jepsen SL, Xu SFS, Engelstoft MS, Egerod KL, Schwartz TW, Ørskov C, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. Amino acids differ in their capacity to stimulate GLP-1 release from the perfused rat small intestine and stimulate secretion by different sensing mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E874-E885. [PMID: 33645250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00026.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore individual amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 responses and the underlying stimulatory mechanisms, as well as to identify the amino acid-sensing receptors involved in amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 release. Experiments were primarily based on isolated perfused rat small intestines, which have intact epithelial polarization allowing discrimination between luminal and basolateral mechanisms as well as quantitative studies of intestinal absorption and hormone secretion. Expression analysis of amino acid sensors on isolated murine GLP-1 secreting L-cells was assessed by qPCR. We found that l-valine powerfully stimulated GLP-1 secretion but only from the luminal side (2.9-fold increase). When administered from the vascular side, l-arginine and the aromatic amino acids stimulated GLP-1 secretion equally (2.6- to 2.9-fold increases). Expression analysis revealed that Casr expression was enriched in murine GLP-1 secreting L-cells, whereas Gpr35, Gprc6a, Gpr142, Gpr93 (Lpar5), and the umami taste receptor subunits Tas1r3 and Tas1r1 were not. Consistently, activation of GPR35, GPR93, GPR142, and the umami taste receptor with specific agonists or allosteric modulators did not increase GLP-1 secretion (P > 0.05 for all experiments), whereas vascular inhibition of CaSR reduced GLP-1 secretion in response to luminal infusion of mixed amino acids. In conclusion, amino acids differ in their capacity to stimulate GLP-1 secretion. Some amino acids stimulated secretion only from the intestinal lumen, whereas other amino acids exclusively stimulated secretion from the vascular side, indicating that amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 secretion involves both apical and basolateral (postabsorptive) sensing mechanisms. Sensing of absorbed amino acids involves CaSR activation as vascular inhibition of CaSR markedly diminished amino acid stimulated GLP-1 release.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using isolated perfused rat small intestines, we show that amino acids differ in their mechanisms and capacity of stimulating GLP-1 release. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sensing by GPR142, GPR35, GPR93, and the umami taste receptor (Tas1R1/Tas1R3) are not involved in amino acid stimulated GLP-1 release. In contrast to previous studies, this experimental model allows discrimination between the luminal and the vascular side of the intestine, which is essential when studying mechanisms of amino acid-stimulated GLP-1 secretion.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Perfusion
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Secretory Pathway/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Modvig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Lind Jepsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stella Feng Sheng Xu
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Storm Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue Walther Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041345. [PMID: 33919503 PMCID: PMC8074206 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-calorie Mediterranean-style or low-carbohydrate dietary regimens are widely used nutritional strategies against obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a balanced Mediterranean diet with a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and glucose homeostasis in morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes. Insulin secretion, insulin clearance, and different β-cell function components were estimated by modeling plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide profiles during 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed at baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention. The average weight loss was 5%, being 58% greater in the low-carbohydrate-group than Mediterranean-group. Fasting plasma glucose and glucose tolerance were not affected by the diets. The two dietary regimens proved similarly effective in improving insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia, while enhancing endogenous insulin clearance and β-cell glucose sensitivity. In summary, we demonstrated that a low-carbohydrate diet is a successful short-term approach for weight loss in morbidly obese patients and a feasible alternative to the Mediterranean diet for its glucometabolic benefits, including improvements in insulin resistance, insulin clearance and β-cell function. Further studies are needed to compare the long-term efficacy and safety of the two diets.
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32
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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal (SASI) Bypass for Patients with Morbid Obesity: a Multicenter Study. Obes Surg 2021; 30:837-845. [PMID: 31734889 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass is a newly introduced bariatric and metabolic procedure. The present multicenter study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the SASI bypass in the treatment of patients with morbid obesity and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS This is a retrospective, seven-country, multicenter study on patients with morbid obesity who underwent the SASI bypass. Data regarding patients' demographics, body mass index (BMI), percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), and improvement in comorbidities at 12 months postoperatively and postoperative complications were collected. RESULTS Among 605 patients who underwent the SASI, 54 were excluded and 551 (390; 70.8% female) were included. At 12 months after the SASI, a significant decrease in the BMI was observed (43.2 ± 12.5 to 31.2 ± 9.7 kg/m2; p < 0.0001). The %TWL was 27.4 ± 13.4 and the %EWL was 63.9 ± 29.5. Among the 279 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), complete remission was recorded in 234 (83.9%) patients and partial improvement in 43 (15.4%) patients. Eighty-six (36.1%) patients with hypertension, 104 (65%) patients with hyperlipidemia, 37 (57.8%) patients with sleep apnea, and 70 (92.1%) patients with GERD achieved remission. Fifty-six (10.1%) complications and 2 (0.3%) mortalities were recorded. Most complications were minor. All patients had 12 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The SASI bypass is an effective bariatric and metabolic surgery that achieved satisfactory weight loss and improvement in medical comorbidities, including T2DM, hypertension, sleep apnea, and GERD, with a low complication rate.
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33
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El K, Capozzi ME, Campbell JE. Repositioning the Alpha Cell in Postprandial Metabolism. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5910252. [PMID: 32964214 PMCID: PMC7899437 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained in large part due to the actions of the pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted from β- and α-cells, respectively. The historical narrative positions these hormones in opposition, with insulin primarily responsible for glucose-lowering and glucagon-driving elevations in glucose. Recent progress in this area has revealed a more complex relationship between insulin and glucagon, highlighted by data demonstrating that α-cell input is essential for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the common perception that glucagon levels decrease following a nutrient challenge is largely shaped by the inhibitory effects of glucose administration alone on the α-cell. Largely overlooked is that a mixed nutrient challenge, which is more representative of typical human feeding, actually stimulates glucagon secretion. Thus, postprandial metabolism is associated with elevations, not decreases, in α-cell activity. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of how α-cells regulate metabolism, with a particular focus on the postprandial state. We highlight α- to β-cell communication, a term that describes how α-cell input into β-cells is a critical axis that regulates insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the open questions that have the potential to advance this field and continue to evolve our understanding of the role that α-cells play in postprandial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley El
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Correspondence: Jonathan E. Campbell, 300 N Duke Street, Durham, North Carolina 27701. E-mail:
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34
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Nishiya Y, Daimon M, Mizushiri S, Murakami H, Tanabe J, Matsuhashi Y, Yanagimachi M, Tokuda I, Sawada K, Ihara K. Nutrient consumption-dependent association of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor gene polymorphism with insulin secretion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16382. [PMID: 33009421 PMCID: PMC7532183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since type 2 diabetes (DM) is a life-style related disease, life-style should be considered when association between genetic factors and DM are examined. However, most studies did not examine genetic associations in consideration with lifestyle. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) mediates the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 in β-cells. We here examined the association while taking into consideration of interactions between the gene polymorphism and various nutrient factors. Participants from the population-based Iwaki study of Japanese subjects held in 2014–2017 with information on nutritional intake evaluated by self-administered dietary history questionnaire, and GLP1R genotype (rs3765467: A/G), were included (n = 1,560). Although not significant, insulin secretion indices assessed by homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) in subjects with the GG genotype tended to be lower than in those with the AA+AG genotypes in most groups stratified into tertiles based on daily nutrient consumptions (high, middle, and low). Stratification also showed that the GG genotype was a significant risk for decreased insulin secretion (HOMA-β ≤ 30) even after adjustment for multiple factors (age, body mass index, alcohol consumption), but only in the highest tertiles of energy, protein and carbohydrate consumption in men [odds ratios (95% confidence interval) 3.95 (1.03–15.1), 15.83 (1.58–158.9), and 4.23 (1.10–11.2), respectively]. A polymorphism of the GLP1R gene was associated with decreased insulin secretion in a nutrient consumption-dependent manner in Japanese men, indicating an interaction between GLP1R and nutritional factors in the pathophysiology of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
| | - Satoru Mizushiri
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Jutaro Tanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuhashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yanagimachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Itoyo Tokuda
- Department of Oral Healthcare Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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35
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Kohanmoo A, Faghih S, Akhlaghi M. Effect of short- and long-term protein consumption on appetite and appetite-regulating gastrointestinal hormones, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Physiol Behav 2020; 226:113123. [PMID: 32768415 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM High-protein diets are considered as useful diets for weight loss programs. We collected randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of protein on appetite and gastrointestinal hormones involved in appetite regulation. METHODS Trials were included if participants were healthy adults and isocaloric treatments were used in control and treatment arms. Random-effects model was used to calculate mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In total, 49 publications for acute and 19 articles for long-term effect of protein were included. In acute interventions, protein decreased hunger (-7 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), P<0.001), desire to eat (-5 mm, P = 0.045), and prospective food consumption (-5 mm, P = 0.001) and increased fullness (10 mm, P<0.001) and satiety (4 mm, P<0.001). There was also a decrease in ghrelin (-20 pg/ml, P<0.001) and increase in cholecystokinin (30 pg/ml, P<0.001) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (21 ng/ml, P<0.001), but no change in gastric inhibitory polypeptide and peptide YY was observed. Appetite markers were affected by protein doses < 35 g but ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and GLP-1 changed significantly after doses ≥ 35 g. Long-term ingestion of protein did not affect these outcomes, except for GLP-1 which showed a significant decrease. CONCLUSION Results of this meta-analysis showed that acute ingestion of protein suppresses appetite, decreases ghrelin, and augments cholecystokinin and GLP-1. Results of long-term trials are inconclusive and further trials are required before a clear and sound conclusion on these trials could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kohanmoo
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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36
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Lindgren O, Ahrén B. Consequences on islet and incretin hormone responses to dinner by omission of lunch in healthy men. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00141. [PMID: 32704562 PMCID: PMC7375076 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omission of breakfast results in higher glucose and lower insulin and incretin hormone levels after both lunch and dinner. Whether omission of lunch has a similar impact on the following meal is not known. AIM This study therefore explored whether omission of lunch ingestion affects glucose, islet and incretin hormones after dinner ingestion in healthy subjects. MATERIALS & METHODS Twelve male volunteers (mean age 22 years, BMI 22.5 kg/m2) underwent two test days in random order with standard breakfast and dinner on both days with provision or omission of standard lunch in between. RESULTS The results showed that throughout the 300 minutes study period, glucose, insulin, glucagon and GIP levels after dinner ingestion did not differ between the two tests. In contrast, C-peptide, and GLP-1 levels were 26%-35% higher at later time points after dinner ingestion when lunch had been omitted (P < .05). CONCLUSION We conclude that omission of lunch increases GLP-1 and insulin secretion and possibly also insulin clearance resulting in unchanged glucose and insulin levels after dinner ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
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37
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Somogyi E, Sigalet D, Adrian TE, Nyakas C, Hoornenborg CW, van Beek AP, Koopmans HS, van Dijk G. Ileal Transposition in Rats Reduces Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat Most Efficaciously When Ingesting a High-Protein Diet. Obes Surg 2020; 30:2729-2742. [PMID: 32342267 PMCID: PMC7260147 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Ileal transposition (IT) allows exploration of hindgut effects of bariatric procedures in inducing weight loss and reducing adiposity. Here we investigated the role of dietary macronutrient content on IT effects in rats. Methods Male Lewis rats consuming one of three isocaloric liquid diets enriched with fat (HF), carbohydrates (HC), or protein (HP) underwent IT or sham surgery. Body weight, energy intake, energy efficiency, body composition, and (meal-induced) changes in plasma GIP, GLP-1, PYY, neurotensin, and insulin levels were measured. Results Following IT, HC intake remained highest leading to smallest weight loss among dietary groups. IT in HF rats caused high initial weight loss and profound hypophagia, but the rats caught up later, and finally had the highest body fat content among IT rats. HP diet most efficaciously supported IT-induced reduction in body weight and adiposity, but (as opposed to other diet groups) lean mass was also reduced. Energy efficiency decreased immediately after IT irrespective of diet, but normalized later. Energy intake alone explained variation in post-operative weight change by 80%. GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY were upregulated by IT, particularly during (0–60 min) and following 17-h post-ingestive intake, with marginal diet effects. Thirty-day post-operative cumulative energy intake was negatively correlated to 17-h post-ingestive PYY levels, explaining 47% of its variation. Conclusion Reduction in energy intake underlies IT-induced weight loss, with highest efficacy of the HP diet. PYY, GLP-1, and neurotensin levels are upregulated by IT, of which PYY may be most specifically related to reduced intake and weight loss after IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Somogyi
- School of PhD Studies, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Sigalet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas E Adrian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Csaba Nyakas
- School of PhD Studies, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christiaan W Hoornenborg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry S Koopmans
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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38
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Jensen CZ, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Holst LM, Hermansen K, Hartmann B, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Kuhre RE, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Clausen TR, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Responses of gut and pancreatic hormones, bile acids, and fibroblast growth factor-21 differ to glucose, protein, and fat ingestion after gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G661-G672. [PMID: 32068442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00265.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial gut hormone responses change after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and we investigated the impact of glucose, protein, and fat (with and without pancreas lipase inhibition) on plasma responses of gut and pancreas hormones, bile acids, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) after RYGB and in nonoperated control subjects. In a randomized, crossover study 10 RYGB operated and 8 healthy weight-matched control subjects were administered 4 different 4-h isocaloric (200 kcal) liquid meal tests containing >90 energy (E)% of either glucose, protein (whey protein), or fat (butter with and without orlistat). The primary outcome was glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion (area under the curve above baseline). Secondary outcomes included responses of peptide YY (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), glicentin, neurotensin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, bile acids, and FGF-21. In the RYGB group the responses of GLP-1, GIP, glicentin, FGF-21, and C-peptide were increased after glucose compared with the other meals. The neurotensin and bile acids responses were greater after fat, while the glucagon and CCK responses were greater after protein ingestion. Furthermore, compared with control subjects, RYGB subjects had greater responses of total PYY after glucose, glucagon after glucose and fat, glicentin after glucose and protein, and GLP-1 and neurotensin after all meals, while GIP and CCK responses were lower after fat. Ghrelin responses did not differ between meals or between groups. Orlistat reduced all hormone responses to fat ingestion, except for ghrelin in the RYGB group. In conclusion, after RYGB glucose is a more potent stimulator of most gut hormones, especially for the marked increased secretion of GLP-1 compared with fat and protein.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the impact of glucose, protein, and fat meals on intestinal and pancreatic hormones, bile acid, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) secretion in gastric bypass-operated patients compared with matched nonoperated individuals. The fat meal was administered with and without a pancreas lipase inhibitor. We found that the impact of the different meals on gut hormones, bile, and FGF 21 secretion differ and was different from the responses observed in nonoperated control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zinck Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line M Holst
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Frederik Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine R Clausen
- Department of Diabetes and Obesity Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Regazzo D, Barbot M, Scaroni C, Albiger N, Occhi G. The pathogenic role of the GIP/GIPR axis in human endocrine tumors: emerging clinical mechanisms beyond diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:165-183. [PMID: 31933128 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients. GIP has a variety of effects on different systems, including the potentiation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells after food intake (i.e. incretin effect), which is probably the most important. GIP effects are mediated by the GIP receptor (GIPR), a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in several tissues, including islet β-cells, adipocytes, bone cells, and brain. As well as its involvement in metabolic disorders (e.g. it contributes to the impaired postprandial insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and to the pathogenesis of obesity and associated insulin resistance), an inappropriate GIP/GIPR axis activation of potential diagnostic and prognostic value has been reported in several endocrine tumors in recent years. The ectopic GIPR expression seen in patients with overt Cushing syndrome and primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or unilateral cortisol-producing adenoma has been associated with an inverse rhythm of cortisol secretion, with low fasting morning plasma levels that increase after eating. On the other hand, most acromegalic patients with an unusual GH response to oral glucose suppression have GIPR-positive somatotropinomas, and a milder phenotype, and are more responsive to medical treatment. Neuroendocrine tumors are characterized by a strong GIPR expression that may correlate positively or inversely with the proliferative index MIB-1, and that seems an attractive target for developing novel radioligands. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the GIP/GIPR axis in endocrine neoplasia, in the experimental and the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Regazzo
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbot
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Nora Albiger
- Endocrinology Service, ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Occhi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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40
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Laparoscopic Single Anastomosis Sleeve Ileal (SASI) Bypass for Patients With Morbid Obesity: Technical Description and Short-term Outcomes. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2020; 30:e13-e17. [DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Prodhan UK, Pundir S, Chiang VSC, Milan AM, Barnett MPG, Smith GC, Markworth JF, Knowles SO, Cameron-Smith D. Comparable Postprandial Amino Acid and Gastrointestinal Hormone Responses to Beef Steak Cooked Using Different Methods: A Randomised Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E380. [PMID: 32023931 PMCID: PMC7071200 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooking changes the texture and tenderness of red meat, which may influence its digestibility, circulatory amino acids (AA) and gastrointestinal (GI) hormonal responses in consumers. In a randomised crossover intervention, healthy males (n = 12) consumed a beef steak sandwich, in which the beef was cooked by either a pan-fried (PF) or sous-vide (SV) method. Plasma AA were measured by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), while plasma GI hormones were measured using a flow cytometric multiplex array. Following meat ingestion, the circulatory concentrations of some of the essential AA (all the branched-chain AA: leucine, isoleucine and valine; and threonine), some of the nonessential AA (glycine, alanine, tyrosine and proline) and some of the nonproteogenic AA (taurine, citrulline and ornithine) were increased from fasting levels by 120 or 180 min (p < 0.05). There were no differences in circulating AA concentrations between cooking methods. Likewise, of the measured GI hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations increased from fasting levels after consumption of the steak sandwich (p < 0.05), with no differences between the cooking methods. In the healthy male adults, protein digestion and circulating GI hormone responses to a beef-steak breakfast were unaltered by the different cooking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal K. Prodhan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Vic S.-C. Chiang
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Amber M. Milan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P. G. Barnett
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Greg C. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James F. Markworth
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott O. Knowles
- Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
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42
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Martinussen C, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Carlsson ER, Hartmann B, Clausen TR, Veedfald S, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Hansen HS, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Intestinal sensing and handling of dietary lipids in gastric bypass-operated patients and matched controls. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:28-41. [PMID: 31742316 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered meal-related gut hormone secretion seems important for weight loss and diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Elucidating the responsible meal components and receptors could aid discovery of new treatments of obesity and diabetes. Enteroendocrine cells respond to digestion products of dietary triacylglycerol, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and 2-oleoyl-glycerol (2-OG), but not medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of olive oil (20 mL) and its derivates, LCFAs and 2-OG, on enteroendocrine secretions [glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), and neurotensin (NT)] and on glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism in RYGB-operated and unoperated individuals. METHODS In an exploratory randomized crossover design, 10 RYGB-operated patients and 10 matched controls ingested 3 equimolar triacylglycerol formulations on separate days: olive oil (digested to 2-OG + LCFAs), C8-dietary oil (2-OG + MCFAs), and tricaprylin (MCFAs; negative control). Hormone responses were calculated as area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Independent of group status, olive oil had greater effects than C8-dietary oil on AUCs of plasma GLP-1 (+32%; 95% CI: 23%, 43%; P < 0.01), CCK (+53%, P < 0.01), and NT (+71%, P < 0.01), whereas the effect on GIP differed between groups (+90% in controls, P < 0.01; +24% in RYGB, P = 0.10). Independent of group status, C8-dietary oil had greater effects than tricaprylin on AUCs of plasma CCK (+40%, P < 0.01) and NT (+32%, P < 0.01), but not GLP-1 (+5%; 95% CI: -2.9%, 13%; P = 0.22), whereas the effect on GIP again differed between groups (+78% in controls, P < 0.01; +39% in RYGB, P = 0.01). Distal (GLP-1/PYY/NT), but not proximal (CCK/GIP), enteroendocrine responses were generally greater in RYGB patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LCFAs plus 2-OG was substantially more effective than 2-OG plus MCFAs in stimulating enteroendocrine secretion in RYGB-operated and matched control individuals. Distal lipid-induced gut hormone release was greater after RYGB.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03223389.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin R Carlsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Hidayat K, Du X, Shi BM. Milk in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: The potential role of milk proteins. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3187. [PMID: 31111646 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, diabetes mellitus is not only considered a leading cause of mortality and morbidities but has also created a substantial economic burden. There is growing evidence that foods and their components can be implemented in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased dairy consumption has been linked to a lower risk of T2DM. The protective role of dairy foods in the development of T2DM is thought to be largely attributable to dairy nutrients, one of them being dairy protein. There is considerable evidence that milk proteins increase the postprandial insulin response and lower the postprandial blood glucose response in both healthy subjects and patients with T2DM. The exact mechanisms by which milk proteins lower postprandial glucose levels are yet to established; however, the amino acids and bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are thought to modify a physiological milieu, which includes delayed gastric emptying and the enhancement of incretin and insulin responses, consequently leading to lower postprandial glucose levels. The present review will focus on providing a clear presentation of the potential implementation of milk proteins as a dietary supplement in the prevention and management of T2DM by summarizing the relevant supporting evidence for this particular topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemayanto Hidayat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bi-Min Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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44
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Rings LM, Swink JM, Dunbar LK, Burns TA, Toribio RE. Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2752-2764. [PMID: 31664736 PMCID: PMC6872622 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enteroinsular axis (EIA) comprises intestinal factors (incretins) that stimulate insulin release after PO ingestion of nutrients. Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are the main incretins. The EIA has not been investigated in healthy neonatal foals but should be important because energy demands are high in healthy foals and dysregulation is frequent in sick foals. Objectives and Hypothesis To evaluate the EIA response to carbohydrates or fasting in newborn foals. We hypothesized that incretin secretion would be higher after PO versus IV carbohydrate administration or fasting. Animals Thirty‐six healthy Standardbred foals ≤4 days of age. Methods Prospective study. Blood was collected before and after a PO glucose test (OGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), an IV glucose test (IVGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), a PO lactose test (OLT; 1000 mg/kg), and fasting. Foals were muzzled for 240 minutes. Blood was collected over 210 minutes glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP‐1 concentrations were measured. Results Only PO lactose caused a significant increase in blood glucose concentration (P < .05). All IV glucose doses induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Concentrations of GIP and GLP‐1 decreased until foals nursed (P < .05), at which time rapid increases in glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP‐1 concentrations occurred (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Healthy newborn foals have a functional EIA that is more responsive to milk and lactose than glucose. Non‐carbohydrate factors in mare's milk may be important for EIA activity. Constant exposure of intestinal cells to nutrients to maintain EIA activity could be relevant to management of sick foals. Foals can be fasted for 4 hours without experiencing hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Rings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob M Swink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura K Dunbar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Teresa A Burns
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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45
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Lanng AR, Gasbjerg LS, Bergmann NC, Bergmann S, Helsted MM, Gillum MP, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Gluco-metabolic effects of oral and intravenous alcohol administration in men. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1372-1382. [PMID: 31518994 PMCID: PMC6790903 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of the calorically dense compound alcohol may cause metabolic disturbances including hypoglycaemia, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. The gastrointestinal tract is well recognised as a major influencer on glucose, protein and lipid metabolism, but its role in alcohol metabolism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of oral and intravenous alcohol, respectively, on plasma concentrations of several gluco-regulatory hormones including serum/plasma insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blinded, randomised, crossover design, we subjected 12 healthy men to intragastric ethanol infusion (IGEI) and an isoethanolaemic intravenous ethanol infusion (IVEI) (0.7 g alcohol per kg body weight), respectively, on two separate experimental days. RESULTS Isoethanolaemia during the two alcohol administration forms was obtained (P = 0.38). During both interventions, plasma glucose peaked after ~30 min and thereafter fell below baseline concentrations. GIP and GLP-1 concentrations were unaffected by the two interventions. Insulin concentrations were unaffected by IGEI but decreased during IVEI. C-peptide, insulin secretion rate and glucagon concentrations were lowered similarly during IGEI and IVEI. FGF21 concentrations increased dramatically (nine-fold) and similarly during IGEI and IVEI. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol does not seem to affect the secretion of incretin hormones but decreased insulin and glucagon secretion independently of gut-derived factors. IGEI as well as IVEI potently stimulate FGF21 secretion indicating a gut-independent effect of alcohol on FGF21 secretion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie R Lanng
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasha C Bergmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Sigrid Bergmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to F K Knop:
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46
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Abdulla H, Bass JJ, Stokes T, Gorissen SHM, McGlory C, Phillips BE, Phillips SM, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. The effect of oral essential amino acids on incretin hormone production in youth and ageing. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2:e00085. [PMID: 31592446 PMCID: PMC6775449 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of substantive doses of essential amino acids (EAA) on incretin and insulin production, and the impact of age upon this effect, is ill-defined. METHODS A 15-g oral EAA drink was administered to young (N = 8; 26 ± 4.4 years) and older (N = 8; 69 ± 3.8 years) healthy volunteers. Another group of younger volunteers (N = 9; 21 ± 1.9 years) was given IV infusions to achieve equivalent plasma amino acids (AA) profiles. Plasma AA, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) were quantified over 2 hours. RESULTS In younger recruits, EAA-induced rapid insulinaemia and aminoacidaemia with total amino acids(AA), EAA and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) matched between oral and IV groups. Insulin peaked at 39 ± 29 pmol L-1 at 30 minutes following oral feeding compared to 22 ± 9 pmol L-1 at 60 minutes following IV feeding (P: NS). EAA peaked at 3395 μmol L-1 at 45 minutes during IV infusion compared to 2892 μmol L-1 following oral intake (Feeding effect: P < 0.0001. Oral vs IV feeding: P: NS). There was an 11% greater increase in insulin levels in the 120 minutes duration of the study in response to oral EAA as opposed to IV EAA. GIP increased following oral EAA (452 pmol L-1 vs 232 pmol L-1, P < 0.05). Age did not impact insulin or incretins production. CONCLUSION Postprandial rises in EAA levels lead to rapid insulinaemia which is higher with oral compared with IV EAA, that is attributed more to GIP and unaffected by age. This finding supports EAA, on their own or as part of high-protein meal, as nutritive therapeutics in impaired glycaemia and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport SciencesUniversity of LimerickLimerickUK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Chris McGlory
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation TrustDerbyUK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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47
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Holst JJ, Albrechtsen NJW, Rosenkilde MM, Deacon CF. Physiology of the Incretin Hormones,
GIP
and
GLP
‐1—Regulation of Release and Posttranslational Modifications. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1339-1381. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Farr OM, Pilitsi E, Mantzoros CS. Of mice and men: incretin actions in the central nervous system. Metabolism 2019; 98:121-135. [PMID: 31173757 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Incretins have risen to the forefront of therapies for obesity and related metabolic complications, primarily because of their efficacy and relatively few side effects. Importantly, their efficacy in altering energy balance and decreasing body weight is apparently through actions in the central nervous system (CNS); the latter may have implications beyond obesity per se, i.e. in other disease states associated with obesity including CNS-related disorders. Here, we first describe the role of the CNS in energy homeostasis and then the current state of knowledge in terms of incretin physiology, pathophysiology and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. In the future, more clinical studies are needed to fully map mechanistic pathways underlying incretin actions and outcomes in the human CNS. Additionally, future research will likely lead to the discovery of additional novel incretins and/or more efficacious medications with less side effects through the improvement of current compounds with properties that would allow them to have more favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and/or by combining known and novel incretins into safe and more efficacious combination therapies leading ultimately to more tangible benefits for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
| | - Eleni Pilitsi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, United States of America
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49
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Enhanced postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion during obesity development has a protective role against glucose intolerance induction in rats. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:411-422. [PMID: 31352909 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that regulates postprandial glycaemic response by enhancing insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that the postprandial GLP-1 response was enhanced during the development of diet-induced obesity in rats. However, the physiological relevance of the enhanced GLP-1 response remained unclear. We aimed to determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 during obesity development. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a control diet or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS, 30 % fat and 40 % sucrose, weight basis) diet with or without continuous administration of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) (Ex9, 100 µg/d), for 5 weeks. Meal tolerance tests (MTT) were performed to assess postprandial glucose, insulin and GLP-1 responses to a liquid diet administration (15 kcal (63 kJ)/10 ml per kg body weight) every 2 weeks. The AUC of postprandial glucose in the HFS group was similar to the control group in both MTT (P = 0·9665 and P = 0·3475, respectively), whereas AUC of postprandial GLP-1 (after 4 weeks,P = 0·0457) and of insulin (after 2 and 4 weeks, P = 0·0486 and P = 0·0110) was higher in the HFS group compared with the control group. In the Ex9 group, AUC of postprandial glucose (P = 0·0297 and P = 0·0486) was higher along with a lower insulin response compared with the HFS group (P = 0·0564 and P = 0·0281). These results suggest that enhancement of the postprandial GLP-1 response during obesity development has a role in maintaining a normal postprandial glycaemic response. Hence, enhancing endogenous GLP-1 secretion by certain materials could be a potential target for prevention of glucose intolerance.
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50
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Christiansen CB, Trammell SAJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Schoonjans K, Albrechtsen R, Gillum MP, Kuhre RE, Holst JJ. Bile acids drive colonic secretion of glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY in rodents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G574-G584. [PMID: 30767682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A large number of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-producing L cells are located in the colon, but little is known about their contribution to whole body metabolism. Since bile acids (BAs) increase GLP-1 and PYY release, and since BAs spill over from the ileum to the colon, we decided to investigate the ability of BAs to stimulate colonic GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Using isolated perfused rat/mouse colon as well as stimulation of the rat colon in vivo, we demonstrate that BAs significantly enhance secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from the colon with average increases of 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we find that responses depend on BA absorption followed by basolateral activation of the BA-receptor Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5. Surprisingly, the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter, which serves to absorb conjugated BAs, was not required for colonic conjugated BA absorption or conjugated BA-induced peptide secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that BAs represent a major physiological stimulus for colonic L-cell secretion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of isolated perfused rodent colon preparations we show that bile acids are potent and direct promoters of colonic glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY secretion. The study provides convincing evidence that basolateral Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5 activation is mediating the effects of bile acids in the colon and thus add to the existing literature described for L cells in the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Samuel Addison Jack Trammell
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Clinical Proteomics, Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Matthew Paul Gillum
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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