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El-Baz AM, Shata A, Nouh NA, Jamil L, Hafez MM, Negm S, El-Kott AF, AlShehri MA, Khalaf EM. Vinpocetine and Lactobacillus improve fatty liver in rats: role of adiponectin and gut microbiome. AMB Express 2024; 14:89. [PMID: 39095672 PMCID: PMC11297008 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics that interfere with the damage/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) have evolved as promising candidates for hepatic inflammation like that occurring in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the current study, we examined the therapeutic impact of the phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitor vinpocetine (Vinpo), alone or when combined with Lactobacillus, on hepatic abnormalities caused by a 13-week high-fat diet (HFD) and diabetes in rats. The results show that Vinpo (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) dose-dependently curbed HFD-induced elevation of liver injury parameters in serum (ALT, AST) and tissue histopathology. These effects were concordant with Vinpo's potential to ameliorate HFD-induced fibrosis (Histological fibrosis score, hydroxyproline, TGF-β1) and oxidative stress (MDA, NOx) alongside restoring the antioxidant-related parameters (GSH, SOD, Nrf-2, HO-1) in the liver. Mechanistically, Vinpo attenuated the hepatocellular release of DAMPs like high mobility group box (HMGB)1 alongside lowering the overactivation of the pattern recognition receptors including, toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Consequently, there was less activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B that lowered production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in Vinpo-treated HFD/diabetes rats. Compared to Vinpo treatment alone, Lactobacillus probiotics as adjunctive therapy with Vinpo significantly improved the disease-associated inflammation and oxidative stress injury, as well as the insulin resistance and lipid profile abnormalities via enhancing the restoration of the symbiotic microbiota. In conclusion, combining Vinpo and Lactobacillus probiotics may be a successful approach for limiting NAFLD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Baz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Shata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Nouh
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Inpatient Pharmacy, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Lubna Jamil
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University (O6U), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Sally Negm
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Art Mahyel Aseer, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A AlShehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
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Ouyang C, Liu P, Liu Y, Lan J, Liu Q. Metabolites mediate the causal associations between gut microbiota and NAFLD: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:244. [PMID: 39085775 PMCID: PMC11292861 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although gut microbiota and serum metabolite composition have been observed to be altered in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), previous observational studies have demonstrated inconsistent results. As this may be influenced by factors such as confounders and reverse causality, we used Mendelian randomization to clarify the causal effect of gut microbiota and blood metabolites on NAFLD. METHODS In this research, we performed a two-step Mendelian randomization analysis by utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data obtained from MiBioGen and UK Biobank. To mitigate potential errors, we employed False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction and linkage unbalanced regression (LDSC) analysis. Sensitivity analyses including cML-MA and bidirectional Mendelian randomization were performed to ensure the robustness of the results. RESULTS In this study, a total of nine gut microbiota and seven metabolites were found to be significantly associated with NAFLD. MR analysis of the above findings revealed a causal relationship between Ruminococcus2 and cysteine-glutathione disulfide (OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.006-1.369, P = 0.041), as well as 3-indoleglyoxylic acid (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.011-1.370, P = 0.036). For each incremental standard deviation in Ruminococcus2 abundance, there was a corresponding 26% reduction in NAFLD risk (OR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.61-0.89, P = 0.0012), accompanied by a 17% increase in cysteine-glutathione disulfide levels (OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.01-1.37, P = 0.041) and an 18% increase in 3-indoleglyoxylic acid levels (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 0.81-1.00, P = 0.036). The proportion mediated by cysteine-glutathione disulfide is 11.2%, while the proportion mediated by 3-indoleglyoxylic acid is 7.5%. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that increased abundance of specific gut microbiota may reduce the risk of developing NAFLD, and this relationship could potentially be mediated through blood metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ouyang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Lan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China
| | - Quanyan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China.
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Li L, Shu X, Yi Y, Wang C, Li J, Ding Y, Li J, Chang Y. Dietary inflammatory impact on NAFLD development in obese vs. lean individuals: an analysis based on NHANES 2003-2018. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:127. [PMID: 38685122 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often linked with obesity, can also affect individuals with normal weight, a condition known as "lean NAFLD", imposing comparable burdens and adverse effects. However, the impact of diet on lean NAFLD remains underexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and NAFLD among Americans, stratified by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI). METHODS Five thousand one hundred fifty-two participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018 were comprised in the final analysis. NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis were diagnosed by serological markers. Lean and abdominal lean individuals were identified using BMI and WHtR, separately. DII was determined by assigning scores to 28 distinct food parameters based on their inflammatory potential, obtained from the NAHNES website. Differences across DII quartiles were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Chi-Square Test along with One-Way ANOVA. The correlation between DII and NAFLD was determined by multiple regression models and subgroup analyses. RESULTS Among the 5152 subjects, 2503 were diagnosed with NAFLD, including 86 cases of lean NAFLD and 8 cases of abdominal lean NAFLD. DII was positively linked with NAFLD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.81 [1.48-2.21], P < 0.001) and advanced liver fibrosis (OR = 1.46 [1.02-2.07], P = 0.037). Further analysis revealed that this association was primarily observed in obese or abdominal obese participants (In BMI ≥ 25.00 kg/m^2, OR = 1.56 [1.23-1.98], P < 0.001. In WHtR> 0.50, OR = 1.48 [1.23-1.79], P < 0.001.), rather than their lean counterparts. Subgroup analyses indicated that female individuals, without a diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes appeared to be more sensitive to the rise in DII. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated a significant positive correlation between DII and NAFLD in the general population. However, the impact of a pro-inflammatory diet was less prominent in lean individuals compared to obese ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiawen Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Sausa M, Fucarino A, Paladino L, Zummo FP, Fabbrizio A, Di Felice V, Rappa F, Barone R, Marino Gammazza A, Macaluso F. Probiotics as Potential Therapeutic Agents: Safeguarding Skeletal Muscle against Alcohol-Induced Damage through the Gut-Liver-Muscle Axis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:382. [PMID: 38397983 PMCID: PMC10886686 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have shown the potential to counteract the loss of muscle mass, reduce physical fatigue, and mitigate inflammatory response following intense exercise, although the mechanisms by which they work are not very clear. The objective of this review is to describe the main harmful effects of alcohol on skeletal muscle and to provide important strategies based on the use of probiotics. The excessive consumption of alcohol is a worldwide problem and has been shown to be crucial in the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), for which, to date, the only therapy available is lifestyle modification, including cessation of drinking. In ALD, alcohol contributes significantly to the loss of skeletal muscle, and also to changes in the intestinal microbiota, which are the basis for a series of problems related to the onset of sarcopenia. Some of the main effects of alcohol on the skeletal muscle are described in this review, with particular emphasis on the "gut-liver-muscle axis", which seems to be the primary cause of a series of muscle dysfunctions related to the onset of ALD. The modulation of the intestinal microbiota through probiotics utilization has appeared to be crucial in mitigating the muscle damage induced by the high amounts of alcohol consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sausa
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (M.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (M.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Zummo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Antonio Fabbrizio
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (M.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (M.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.Z.); (V.D.F.); (F.R.); (R.B.); (A.M.G.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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Shaaban AA, Khalaf EM, Hazem SH, Shaker ME, Shata A, Nouh NA, Jamil L, Hafez MM, El-Baz AM. WITHDRAWN: Vinpocetine and Lactobacillus improve fatty liver in rats via modulating the oxidative stress, inflammation, adiponectin and gut microbiome. Life Sci 2023; 331:121931. [PMID: 37442416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Eman M Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Sara H Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Shata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Nouh
- Department of Microbiology, Program Medicine, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 6231, Saudi Arabia; Inpatient Pharmacy, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Lubna Jamil
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 6 October University (O6U), Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Baz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
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Jiang L, Xu J, Cheng SY, Wang Y, Cai W. The gut microbiome and intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:452-457. [PMID: 37453856 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common hepatobiliary complication resulting from long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure. The spectrum of IFALD ranges from cholestasis, steatosis, portal fibrosis, to cirrhosis. Development of IFALD is a multifactorial process, in which gut dysbiosis plays a critical role in its initiation and progression in conjunction with increased intestinal permeability, activation of hepatic immune responses, and administration of lipid emulsion. Gut microbiota manipulation including pre/probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics has been studied in IFALD with varying success. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the taxonomic and functional changes of gut microbiota in preclinical and clinical studies of IFALD. We also review the function of microbial metabolites and associated signalings in the context of IFALD. By providing microbiota-targeted interventions aiming to optimize PN-induced liver injury, our review provides perspectives for future basic and translational investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Si-Yang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Chen X, Mendes BG, Alves BS, Duan Y. Phage therapy in gut microbiome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:93-118. [PMID: 37770177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophage viruses for bacterial infection treatment, has been around for almost a century, but with the increase in antibiotic use, its importance has declined rapidly. There has been renewed interest in revisiting this practice due to the general decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics, combined with improved understanding of human microbiota and advances in sequencing technologies. Phage therapy has been proposed as a clinical alternative to restore the gut microbiota in the absence of an effective treatment. That is due to its immunomodulatory and bactericidal effects against its target bacteria. In the gastrointestinal diseases field, phage therapy has been studied mainly as a promising tool in infectious diseases treatment, such as cholera and diarrhea. However, many studies have been conducted in non-communicable diseases, such as the targeting of adherent invasive Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease, the treatment of Clostridioides difficile in ulcerative colitis, the eradication of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer, the targeting of alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or Enterococcus faecalis in alcohol-associated hepatitis. This review will summarize the changes in the gut microbiota and the phageome in association with some gastrointestinal and liver diseases and highlight the recent scientific advances in phage therapy as a therapeutic tool for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Beatriz G Mendes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Secchi Alves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Elghannam MT, Hassanien MH, Ameen YA, Turky EA, Elattar GM, ElRay AA, Eltalkawy MD. Oral microbiota and liver diseases. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:68-72. [PMID: 36963900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in our health and particularly liver diseases, including NAFLD, cirrhosis, and HCC. Oral microbiome and its role in health and disease represent an active field of research. Several lines of evidence have suggested that oral microbiota dysbiosis represents a major factor contributing to the occurrence and progression of many liver diseases. The human microbiome is valuable to the diagnosis of cancer and provides a novel strategy for targeted therapy of HCC. The most studied liver disease in relation to oral-gut-liver axis dysbiosis includes MAFLD; however, other diseases include Precancerous liver disease as viral liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, AIH and liver carcinoma (HCC). It seems that restoring populations of beneficial organisms and correcting dysbiosis appears to improve outcomes in liver disorders. We discuss the possible role of oral microbiota in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Tharwat Elghannam
- TBRI, Warak ALHadar, P.O. Box 30 Imbaba, Cairo, Egypt; Hepatogastroenterology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Aly ElRay
- Hepatogastroenterology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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9
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Shin JH, Lee Y, Song EJ, Lee D, Jang SY, Byeon HR, Hong MG, Lee SN, Kim HJ, Seo JG, Jun DW, Nam YD. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii prevents hepatic damage in a mouse model of NASH induced by a high-fructose high-fat diet. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123547. [PMID: 37007480 PMCID: PMC10060964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. A dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with the pathophysiology of NASH, and probiotics have proven helpful in its treatment and prevention. Although both traditional and next-generation probiotics have the potential to alleviate various diseases, studies that observe the therapeutic effect of next-generation probiotics on NASH are lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether a next-generation probiotic candidate, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, contributed to the mitigation of NASH.MethodsIn this study, we conducted 16S rRNA sequencing analyses in patients with NASH and healthy controls. To test F. prausnitzii could alleviate NASH symptoms, we isolated four F. prausnitzii strains (EB-FPDK3, EB-FPDK9, EB-FPDK11, and EB-FPYYK1) from fecal samples collected from four healthy individuals. Mice were maintained on a high-fructose high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce a NASH model and received oral administration of the bacterial strains. Changes in characteristic NASH phenotypes were assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests, biochemical assays, and histological analyses.Results16S rRNA sequencing analyses confirmed that the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii reduced significantly in patients with NASH compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In the NASH mice, F. prausnitzii supplementation improved glucose homeostasis, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, curbed liver damage and fibrosis, restored damaged gut barrier functions, and alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation. Furthermore, real-time PCR assays documented that the four F. prausnitzii strains regulated the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis in these mice.DiscussionOur study, therefore, confirms that the administration of F. prausnitzii bacteria can alleviate NASH symptoms. We propose that F. prausnitzii has the potential to contribute to the next-generation probiotic treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Shin
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmi Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yul Jang
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Byeon
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Hong
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Seo
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Gu Seo,
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Dae Won Jun,
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Young-Do Nam,
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10
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He Y, Su Y, Duan C, Wang S, He W, Zhang Y, An X, He M. Emerging role of aging in the progression of NAFLD to HCC. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101833. [PMID: 36565959 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the aging of global population, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has surged in recent decades. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that follows a progressive course, ranging from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is well established that aging induces pathological changes in liver and potentiates the occurrence and progression of NAFLD, HCC and other age-related liver diseases. Studies of senescent cells also indicate a pivotal engagement in the development of NAFLD via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), silence information regulator protein family (sirtuins), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are three vital and broadly studied targets involved in aging process and NAFLD. Nevertheless, the crucial role of these aging-associated factors in aging-related NAFLD remains underestimated. Here, we reviewed the current research on the roles of aging, cellular senescence and three aging-related factors in the evolution of NAFLD to HCC, aiming at inspiring promising therapeutic targets for aging-related NAFLD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghong Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcheng Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Yingting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.
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11
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Ding Q, Zhang G, Wang Y, Xu L, Wu M, Zhou Y, Xu T, Meng X, Huang C, Zhang L. β-catenin ISGylation promotes lipid deposition and apoptosis in ethanol-stimulated liver injury models. Redox Rep 2022; 27:239-248. [PMID: 36259544 PMCID: PMC9586657 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2109360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The restoration of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to alleviate alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) progression is under study as a new strategy for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) treatment. Recent studies have indicated that interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) can covalently bind to β-catenin by HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase 5 (HERC5), leading to ISG degradation and downregulation of β-catenin levels. However, the relationship between β-catenin and the ISG15 system in AFLD remains unclear. Methods Here, we explored the roles of the ISG15 system in β-catenin activation and in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis. Results In this study, HERC5 silencing upregulated β-catenin protein expression and inhibited lipid metabolism disorders and cell apoptosis. Reduced β-catenin protein expression, increased lipid metabolism disorders, and cell apoptosis were detected in cells induced with HERC5 overexpression, which was reversible with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. All the above results were statistically analyzed. Thus, these observations demonstrate that β-catenin ISGylation is a prominent regulator of ALD pathology, which works by regulating ROS to induce lipid metabolism disorders and cell apoptosis. Conclusion Our findings provided the mechanism involved in the β-catenin ISGylation, allowing for future studies on the prevention or amelioration of liver injury in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of major autoimmune disease, Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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12
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Role of Intestinal Microbes in Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012661. [PMID: 36293518 PMCID: PMC9603943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent availability and upgrading of many emerging intestinal microbes sequencing technologies, our research on intestinal microbes is changing rapidly. A variety of investigations have found that intestinal microbes are essential for immune system regulation and energy metabolism homeostasis, which impacts many critical organs. The liver is the first organ to be traversed by the intestinal portal vein, and there is a strong bidirectional link between the liver and intestine. Many intestinal factors, such as intestinal microbes, bacterial composition, and intestinal bacterial metabolites, are deeply involved in liver homeostasis. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), autoimmune liver disease (AIH) and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Intestinal permeability and dysbacteriosis often lead to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolites entering in serum. Then, Toll-like receptors activation in the liver induces the exposure of the intestine and liver to many small molecules with pro-inflammatory properties. And all of these eventually result in various liver diseases. In this paper, we have discussed the current evidence on the role of various intestinal microbes in different chronic liver diseases. As well as potential new therapeutic approaches are proposed in this review, such as antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics, which may have an improvement in liver diseases.
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13
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Bajaj JS, Nagy LE. Natural History of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: Understanding the Changing Landscape of Pathophysiology and Patient Care. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:840-851. [PMID: 35598629 PMCID: PMC9509416 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use and consequent liver disease are major burdens that have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several facets to the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and progression to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) that require a concerted effort by clinicians and translational and basic science investigators. Several recent advances from bedside to bench and bench to bedside have been made in ALD. We focused this review on a case-based approach that provides a human context to these important advances across the spectrum of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia.
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Center for Liver Disease Research, Departments of Inflammation and Immunity and Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Lonardo A. Precision medicine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1175-1178. [PMID: 35801994 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
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15
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Inhibition of autophagy impairs free fatty acid-induced excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cells. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Lonardo A. Separating the apples from the oranges: from NAFLD heterogeneity to personalized medicine. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Arrese and Colleagues have published a review article entitled, “Insights into Nonalcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease (NAFLD) Heterogeneity” (Semin Liver Dis. 2021;41:421-34. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1730927). This milestone publication clearly and exhaustively explains the multitude of pathogenic pathways involved in the development and progression of disease eventually conducive to heterogeneous clinical phenotypes and different disease outcomes. The present commentary first briefly discusses the biological grounds of NAFLD heterogeneity and then illustrates the work by Arrese et al. In conclusion, the presently adopted nomenclatures appear inadequate in rendering the complexity of disease in the individual patient. In order to adopt the principles of personalized care, what remains to be done is to propose and validate a simple and accurate classification system. This should give full consideration to the principal disease modifiers and should shape a scheme to be adopted in both clinical practice and in the research arena. Care should be taken to not neglect the systemic nature of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy
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17
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Lonardo A. Separating the apples from the oranges: from NAFLD heterogeneity to personalized medicine. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: doi.org/10.37349/emed.2021.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Arrese and Colleagues have published a review article entitled, “Insights into Nonalcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease (NAFLD) Heterogeneity” (Semin Liver Dis. 2021;41:421-34. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1730927). This milestone publication clearly and exhaustively explains the multitude of pathogenic pathways involved in the development and progression of disease eventually conducive to heterogeneous clinical phenotypes and different disease outcomes. The present commentary first briefly discusses the biological grounds of NAFLD heterogeneity and then illustrates the work by Arrese et al. In conclusion, the presently adopted nomenclatures appear inadequate in rendering the complexity of disease in the individual patient. In order to adopt the principles of personalized care, what remains to be done is to propose and validate a simple and accurate classification system. This should give full consideration to the principal disease modifiers and should shape a scheme to be adopted in both clinical practice and in the research arena. Care should be taken to not neglect the systemic nature of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy
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18
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Yu J, Zhang H, Chen L, Ruan Y, Chen Y, Liu Q. Disease-Associated Gut Microbiota Reduces the Profile of Secondary Bile Acids in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698852. [PMID: 34568090 PMCID: PMC8459332 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) display an altered gut microbiota compared with healthy children. However, little is known about the fecal bile acid profiles and their association with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pediatric NAFLD. A total of 68 children were enrolled in this study, including 32 NAFLD patients and 36 healthy children. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed by metagenomic sequencing to determine the changes in the gut microbiota of children with NAFLD, and an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system was used to quantify the concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids. The associations between the gut microbiota and concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids in the fecal samples were then analyzed. We found that children with NAFLD exhibited reduced levels of secondary bile acids and alterations in bile acid biotransforming-related bacteria in the feces. Notably, the decrease in Eubacterium and Ruminococcaceae bacteria, which express bile salt hydrolase and 7α-dehydroxylase, was significantly positively correlated with the level of fecal lithocholic acid (LCA). However, the level of fecal LCA was negatively associated with the abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichia coli that was enriched in children with NAFLD. Pediatric NAFLD is characterized by an altered profile of gut microbiota and fecal bile acids. This study demonstrates that the disease-associated gut microbiota is linked with decreased concentrations of secondary bile acids in the feces. The disease-associated gut microbiota likely inhibits the conversion of primary to secondary bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiake Yu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yufei Ruan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Milosevic I, Russo E, Vujovic A, Barac A, Stevanovic O, Gitto S, Amedei A. Microbiota and viral hepatitis: State of the art of a complex matter. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5488-5501. [PMID: 34588747 PMCID: PMC8433613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i33.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in gut microbiota influence both the gut and liver, which are strictly connected by the so-called “gut–liver axis”. The gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship in the onset and clinical course of liver diseases. According to the results of several studies, gut dysbiosis is linked to viral hepatitis, mainly hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect liver function and modulate the pathology of viral hepatitis. Recent studies showed that the gut microbiota produces various molecules, such as peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, DNA, lipoteichoic acid, indole-derivatives, bile acids, and trimethylamine, which are translocated to the liver and interact with liver immune cells causing pathological effects. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the liver and its implications on host health and pathologic status are essential factors impacting the etiology and therapeutic approach. Concrete mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis remain unclear and not understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings of research on the bidirectional relationship of the components of gut microbiota and the progression of liver diseases and viral hepatitis and vice versa. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies, such as fecal transplantation, used to restore the gut microbiota composition and so improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milosevic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Ankica Vujovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Olja Stevanovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
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20
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Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Li Y, Dai W, Piao C, Liu J, Yu H, Li X, Wang Y, Liu J. Probiotics in treating with alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Youbao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
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21
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The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158309. [PMID: 34361075 PMCID: PMC8347749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic liver disease, the causative factor is important; however, recently, the intestinal microbiome has been associated with the progression of chronic liver disease and the occurrence of side effects. The immune system is affected by the metabolites of the microbiome, and diet is the primary regulator of the microbiota composition and function in the gut–liver axis. These metabolites can be used as therapeutic material, and postbiotics, in the future, can increase or decrease human immunity by modulating inflammation and immune reactions. Therefore, the excessive intake of nutrients and the lack of nutrition have important effects on immunity and inflammation. Evidence has been published indicating that microbiome-induced chronic inflammation and the consequent immune dysregulation affect the development of chronic liver disease. In this research paper, we discuss the overall trend of microbiome-derived substances related to immunity and the future research directions.
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22
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Silva CBP, Elias-Oliveira J, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Carlos D, Tostes RC. Ethanol: striking the cardiovascular system by harming the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H275-H291. [PMID: 34142885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption represents a significant public health problem, and excessive ethanol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular system are complex and not fully comprehended. The gut microbiota and their metabolites are indispensable symbionts essential for health and homeostasis and therefore, have emerged as potential contributors to ethanol-induced cardiovascular system dysfunction. By mechanisms that are not completely understood, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system and activates several signaling pathways that stimulate inflammatory responses, which in turn, contribute to the development and progression of CVD. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the effects of ethanol in the gut microbiota and discusses the mechanisms by which ethanol-induced gut dysbiosis leads to the activation of the immune system and cardiovascular dysfunction. The cross talk between ethanol consumption and the gut microbiota and its implications are detailed. In summary, an imbalance in the symbiotic relationship between the host and the commensal microbiota in a holobiont, as seen with ethanol consumption, may contribute to CVD. Therefore, manipulating the gut microbiota, by using antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation might prove a valuable opportunity to prevent/mitigate the deleterious effects of ethanol and improve cardiovascular health and risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B P Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Elias-Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Bakhshimoghaddam F, Alizadeh M. Contribution of gut microbiota to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathways of mechanisms. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:61-68. [PMID: 34330514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common, multifactorial liver disease with rapidly increasing prevalence. During the past decade, several lines of evidence have suggested that gut microbiota dysbiosis represents a major factor contributing to NAFLD occurrence and its progression. METHOD We have performed a review of the published data on the relationship between gut microbiota and risk factors for NAFLD and the role that gut-liver axis plays in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. RESULTS Accumulated evidence has indicated that dysfunction of the gut-liver axis, including increased intestinal permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, microbiota-derived mediators, and intestinal dysbiosis contribute to the progression and development of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review suggest that lifestyle modification and manipulation of gut microbiota can be considered as a therapeutic target for NAFLD management. However, important documents supporting the role of gut microbiota in NAFLD come from animal studies; therefore, information from studies on humans could lead to novel therapeutics for this highly common disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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24
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Lonardo A, Arab JP, Arrese M. Perspectives on Precision Medicine Approaches to NAFLD Diagnosis and Management. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2130-2158. [PMID: 33829368 PMCID: PMC8107169 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine defines the attempt to identify the most effective approaches for specific subsets of patients based on their genetic background, clinical features, and environmental factors. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses the alcohol-like spectrum of liver disorders (steatosis, steatohepatitis with/without fibrosis, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) in the nonalcoholic patient. Recently, disease renaming to MAFLD [metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease] and positive criteria for diagnosis have been proposed. This review article is specifically devoted to envisaging some clues that may be useful to implementing a precision medicine-oriented approach in research and clinical practice. To this end, we focus on how sex and reproductive status, genetics, intestinal microbiota diversity, endocrine and metabolic status, as well as physical activity may interact in determining NAFLD/MAFLD heterogeneity. All these factors should be considered in the individual patient with the aim of implementing an individualized therapeutic plan. The impact of considering NAFLD heterogeneity on the development of targeted therapies for NAFLD subgroups is also extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 1135 Via Giardini, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Wang R, Tang R, Li B, Ma X, Schnabl B, Tilg H. Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:4-17. [PMID: 33318628 PMCID: PMC7852541 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic consortium of microorganisms that are intricately connected with human physiology. The liver is a central immunological organ that is particularly enriched in innate immune cells and constantly exposed to circulating nutrients and endotoxins derived from the gut microbiota. The delicate interaction between the gut and liver prevents accidental immune activation against otherwise harmless antigens. Work on the interplay between the gut microbiota and liver has assisted in understanding the pathophysiology of various liver diseases. Of immense importance is the step from high-throughput sequencing (correlation) to mechanistic studies (causality) and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the gut microbiota, liver immunology, and the interaction between the gut and liver. In addition, the impairment in the gut-liver axis found in various liver diseases is reviewed here, with an emphasis on alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune liver disease (AILD). On the basis of growing evidence from these preclinical studies, we propose that the gut-liver axis paves the way for targeted therapeutic modalities for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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26
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Mendes BG, Schnabl B. From intestinal dysbiosis to alcohol-associated liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:595-605. [PMID: 32911590 PMCID: PMC7641547 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial overgrowth can lead to a dysregulation of tryptophan metabolism and lower production of indoles. Several of these indole derivatives are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that, in turn, are involved in antimicrobial defense via induction of interleukin-22 (IL-22). IL-22 increases the expression of intestinal regenerating islet-derived 3 (Reg3) lectins, which maintain low bacterial colonization of the inner mucus layer and reduce bacterial translocation to the liver. Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with reduced intestinal expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, increased numbers of mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial translocation. Translocated microbial products and viable bacteria reach the liver and activate the innate immune system. Release of inflammatory molecules promotes inflammation, contributes to hepatocyte death and results in a fibrotic response. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake changes the gut microbiota and contributes to alcohol-associated liver disease by changing microbial-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia Mendes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Bluemel S, Wang Y, Lee S, Schnabl B. Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 deficiency in hepatocytes does not protect from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but attenuates insulin resistance in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4933-4944. [PMID: 32952340 PMCID: PMC7476178 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND End-stage liver disease caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the second leading indication for liver transplantation. To date, only moderately effective pharmacotherapies exist to treat NASH. Understanding the pathogenesis of NASH is therefore crucial for the development of new therapies. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is important for the progression of liver disease. TNF signaling via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) has been hypothesized to be important for the development of NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma in whole-body knockout animal models.
AIM To investigate the role of TNFR1 signaling in hepatocytes for steatohepatitis development in a mouse model of diet-induced NASH.
METHODS NASH was induced by a western-style fast-food diet in mice deficient for TNFR1 in hepatocytes (TNFR1ΔHEP) and their wild-type littermates (TNFR1fl/fl). Glucose tolerance was assessed after 18 wk and insulin resistance after 19 wk of feeding. After 20 wk mice were assessed for features of NASH and the metabolic syndrome such as liver weight, liver steatosis, liver fibrosis and markers of liver inflammation.
RESULTS Obesity, liver injury, inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis was not different between TNFR1ΔHEP and TNFR1fl/fl mice. However, Tnfr1 deficiency in hepatocytes protected against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that deficiency of TNFR1 signaling in hepatocytes does not protect from diet-induced NASH. However, improved insulin resistance in this model strengthens the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
| | - Suhan Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is an exciting new area of research in chronic liver disease. It has shown promise in expanding our understanding of these complicated disease processes and has opened up new treatment modalities. The aim of this review is to increase understanding of the microbiome and explain the collection and analysis process in the context of liver disease. It also looks at our current understanding of the role of the microbiome in the wide spectrum of chronic liver diseases and how it is being used in current therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Reuter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
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29
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Gao B, Emami A, Nath S, Schnabl B. Microbial Products and Metabolites Contributing to Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000023. [PMID: 32583604 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a serious public health concern, alcohol-related liver disease is associated with dysregulations in the intestinal barrier function and the gut microbiota. The liver and gut communicate via the gut-liver axis, through which microbial products and metabolites translocate to the liver. Here, the current knowledge of various microbial products and metabolites which contribute to the alcohol-related liver diseases, including bile acids, indole-3-acetic acid, butyrate, long-chain fatty acids, endotoxin, cytolysin, β-glucan, and candidalysin is reviewed. Some of these might serve as therapeutic targets for alcohol-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Atoosa Emami
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shilpa Nath
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
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30
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Smirnova E, Puri P, Muthiah MD, Daitya K, Brown R, Chalasani N, Liangpunsakul S, Shah VH, Gelow K, Siddiqui MS, Boyett S, Mirshahi F, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet P, Sanyal AJ. Fecal Microbiome Distinguishes Alcohol Consumption From Alcoholic Hepatitis But Does Not Discriminate Disease Severity. Hepatology 2020; 72:271-286. [PMID: 32056227 PMCID: PMC7752764 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of the intestinal microbiome in alcoholic hepatitis is not established. The aims of this study were to (1) characterize the fecal microbial ecology associated with alcoholic hepatitis, (2) relate microbiome changes to disease severity, and (3) infer the functional relevance of shifts in microbial ecology. APPROACH AND RESULTS The fecal microbiome in patients with moderate alcoholic hepatitis (MAH) or severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) was compared with healthy controls (HCs) and heavy drinking controls (HDCs). Microbial taxa were identified by 16S pyrosequencing. Functional metagenomics was performed using PICRUSt. Fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform. A total of 78 participants (HC, n = 24; HDC, n = 20; MAH, n = 10; SAH, n = 24) were studied. HDC had a distinct signature compared with HC with depletion of Bacteroidetes (46% vs. 26%; P = 0.01). Alcoholic hepatitis was associated with a distinct microbiome signature compared with HDC (area under the curve = 0.826); differential abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Rikenellaceae families were the key contributors to these differences. The beta diversity was significantly different among the groups (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA] P < 0.001). SAH was associated with increased Proteobacteria (SAH 14% vs. HDC 7% and SAH vs. HC 2%, P = 0.20 and 0.01, respectively). Firmicutes abundance declined from HDC to MAH to SAH (63% vs. 53% vs. 48%, respectively; P = 0.09, HDC vs. SAH). Microbial taxa did not distinguish between MAH and SAH (PERMANOVA P = 0.785). SCFAs producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) were decreased in alcoholic hepatitis, and a similar decrease was observed in fecal SCFAs among alcoholic hepatitis patients. CONCLUSIONS There are distinct changes in fecal microbiome associated with the development, but not severity, of alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Smirnova
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mark D. Muthiah
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kalyani Daitya
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Robert Brown
- Dept. of Microbiology, George Mason University, VA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kayla Gelow
- Dept. of Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohammed S. Siddiqui
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Sherry Boyett
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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31
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Bluemel S, Wang L, Kuelbs C, Moncera K, Torralba M, Singh H, Fouts DE, Schnabl B. Intestinal and hepatic microbiota changes associated with chronic ethanol administration in mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:265-275. [PMID: 30982395 PMCID: PMC7524386 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1595300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-induced liver disease is closely related to translocation of bacterial products and bacteria from the intestine to the liver. However, it is not known whether bacterial translocation to the liver depends on certain intestinal microbiota changes that would predispose bacteria to translocate to the liver. In this study, we investigated the microbiota in the jejunum, ileum, cecum, feces and liver of mice subjected to chronic ethanol feeding using a Lieber DeCarli diet model of chronic ethanol feeding for 8 weeks. We demonstrate that chronic ethanol administration changes alpha diversity in the ileum and the liver and leads to compositional changes especially in the ileum. This is largely driven by an increase in gram-negative phyla - the source of endotoxins. Moreover, gram-negative Prevotella not only increased in the mucus layer of the ileum but also in liver samples. These results suggest that bacterial translocation to the liver might be associated with microbiota changes in the distal gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
| | - Claire Kuelbs
- Rockville Campus, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Kelvin Moncera
- Rockville Campus, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, USA
| | | | - Harinder Singh
- Rockville Campus, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA,CONTACT Bernd Schnabl MD Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
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32
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Yi HW, Zhu XX, Huang XL, Lai YZ, Tang Y. Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum protected alcohol and high fat diet induced hepatic injury in mice. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:169-177. [PMID: 32245586 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the protective effect of Bifidobacterium longum (BL) and the synergistical effect of Selenium and BL on alcohol plus high fat diet (HFD) induced hepatic injury in mice. We also want to explore the mechanism of Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum (SeBL). C57BL/6 mice were treated with alcohol plus HFD with or without different dosage of BL or SeBL for 4 weeks. Serum levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FFAs, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, hepatic MDA level, SOD activity, the mRNA levels of AMPK, PPAR-α and SREBP1 were invested. SeBL inhibited lipid accumulation in hepatocytes; reduced serum AST and ALT levels; improved dyslipidemia; decreased serum FFAs, TC, TG and LDL-C levels. SeBL also inhibited alcohol plus HFD-induced hepatocyte oxidative stress through decrease in hepatic MDA levels and increase in SOD activity. SeBL also regulated lipid metabolism related genes such as AMPK, PPAR-α and SREBP1. Although BL had similar effect as SeBL, SeBL is more effective than BL. SeBL protected mice from alcohol plus HFD-induced hepatic injury in mice because of its inhibitory effect on hepatocellular oxidative stress, lipogenesis and inflammation. Selenium enhanced the protective effect of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Zhu Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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33
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Zarrinpar A, Kim UB, Boominathan V. Phenotypic Response and Personalized Medicine in Liver Cancer and Transplantation: Approaches to Complex Systems. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Herbert Wertheim College of EngineeringUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Un Bi Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Vijay Boominathan
- Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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34
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Wang W, Xu AL, Li ZC, Li Y, Xu SF, Sang HC, Zhi F. Combination of Probiotics and Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharide Alleviates Hepatic Steatosis via Gut Microbiota Modulation and Insulin Resistance Improvement in High Fat-Induced NAFLD Mice. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:336-348. [PMID: 31950772 PMCID: PMC7188963 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is currently the leading cause of obesity-related cancer deaths in middle-aged men. METHODS Probiotics with lipid-lowering function were screened from the fecal microbiota of healthy adults. Polysaccharide from different sources was screened for improving insulin resistance. The combination of probiotics and Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (LBM) was investigated for alleviating hepatic steatosis. RESULTS First, Bifidobacterium bifidum V (BbV) and Lactobacillus plantarum X (LpX) were obtained from the fecal microbiota of healthy adults. Second, to improve insulin resistance, a Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide showing good performance in reducing insulin resistance was obtained. The liver total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels and the serum levels of free fatty acid, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, and TC can be significantly reduced through supplementation with LpX-BbV (LB) in NAFLD mice. Interestingly, the function of the probiotic LB can be enhanced by S. miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide. Furthermore, the gut microbiota was modulated by LpX-BbV+S. miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide (LBM). The lipopolysaccharide concentration of the LBM group was decreased by 73.6% compared to the NAFLD group. Ultimately, the mRNA concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) decreased with LB and LBM treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this this study indicate that the LBM combination can be used as a therapeutic for ameliorating NAFLD via modulating the gut microbiota and improving insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Chao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Fu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Chao Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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35
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Lechner S, Yee M, Limketkai BN, Pham EA. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Chronic Liver Diseases: Current Understanding and Future Direction. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:897-905. [PMID: 32020359 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even though effective treatments are now available for most chronic viral hepatitis, treatment options for other causes of chronic liver disease remain inadequate. Recent research has revealed a previously unappreciated role that the human intestinal microbiome plays in mediating the development and progression of chronic liver diseases. The recent remarkable success of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating Clostridioides difficile demonstrates that the intestinal microbiota can be manipulated to obtain favorable therapeutic benefits and that FMT may become an important component of a total therapeutic approach to effectively treat hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lechner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Yee
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Berkeley N Limketkai
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Pham
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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The Candida albicans exotoxin candidalysin promotes alcohol-associated liver disease. J Hepatol 2020; 72:391-400. [PMID: 31606552 PMCID: PMC7031049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-associated liver disease is a leading indication for liver transplantation and a leading cause of mortality. Alterations to the gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease. Patients with alcohol-associated liver disease have increased proportions of Candida spp. in the fecal mycobiome, yet little is known about the effect of intestinal Candida on the disease. Herein, we evaluated the contributions of Candida albicans and its exotoxin candidalysin in alcohol-associated liver disease. METHODS C. albicans and the extent of cell elongation 1 (ECE1) were analyzed in fecal samples from controls, patients with alcohol use disorder and those with alcoholic hepatitis. Mice colonized with different and genetically manipulated C. albicans strains were subjected to the chronic-plus-binge ethanol diet model. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and incubated with candidalysin. RESULTS The percentages of individuals carrying ECE1 were 0%, 4.76% and 30.77% in non-alcoholic controls, patients with alcohol use disorder and patients with alcoholic hepatitis, respectively. Candidalysin exacerbates ethanol-induced liver disease and is associated with increased mortality in mice. Candidalysin enhances ethanol-induced liver disease independently of the β-glucan receptor C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (CLEC7A) on bone marrow-derived cells, and candidalysin does not alter gut barrier function. Candidalysin can damage primary hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and is associated with liver disease severity and mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Candidalysin is associated with the progression of ethanol-induced liver disease in preclinical models and worse clinical outcomes in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. LAY SUMMARY Candidalysin is a peptide toxin secreted by the commensal gut fungus Candida albicans. Candidalysin enhances alcohol-associated liver disease independently of the β-glucan receptor CLEC7A on bone marrow-derived cells in mice without affecting intestinal permeability. Candidalysin is cytotoxic to primary hepatocytes, indicating a direct role of candidalysin on ethanol-induced liver disease. Candidalysin might be an effective target for therapy in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Liu D, Huang J, Luo Y, Wen B, Wu W, Zeng H, Zhonghua L. Fuzhuan Brick Tea Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders by Shaping Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13589-13604. [PMID: 31735025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence suggests that the metabolic improvement of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) is associated with gut microbiota. However, the causalities between FBT and gut microbiota have not yet been elucidated and the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. To impart direct evidence for the essential role of gut microbiota in the attenuation of obesity by FBT, the effects of FBT on healthy mice and microbiota-depleted mice that were treated with antibiotics were compared in an HFD-induced obesity mouse model. The results showed that FBT dramatically ameliorated obesity, serum lipid parameters, blood glucose homeostasis, hepatic steatosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and tissue inflammation. However, the microbiota-depleted mice with single bacterium (Escherichia-Shigella) after antibiotic treatment were resistant to FBT-induced antiobesity and metabolic improvement. The beneficial effects of FBT resulted from its shift on gut microbiota composition and structure in mice. HFD-induced increase in the phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was remarkably restored by FBT. Furthermore, FBT-induced increase in abundances of beneficial bacteria Clostridiaceae, Bacteroidales, and Lachnospiraceae and decreases in harmful Ruminococcaceae, Peptococcaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were causal antecedents for FBT to reduce obesity and improve metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- Changsha University of Science & Technology , Changsha 410114 , China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Yong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Beibei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- Tea Research Institute , Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410125 , China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine , Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , China
| | - Liu Zhonghua
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128 , China
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Meroni M, Longo M, Dongiovanni P. The Role of Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Insight into Therapeutic Strategies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112642. [PMID: 31689910 PMCID: PMC6893730 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological hepatic conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may predispose to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to the epidemic obesity, NAFLD is representing a global health issue and the leading cause of liver damage worldwide. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), adiposity and physical inactivity as well as genetic and epigenetic factors corroborate to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Emerging evidence has outlined the implication of gut microbiota and gut-derived endotoxins as actively contributors to NAFLD pathophysiology probably due to the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between the gut and the liver. Obesity, nutrition and environmental factors might alter intestinal permeability producing a favorable micro-environment for bacterial overgrowth, mucosal inflammation and translocation of both invasive pathogens and harmful byproducts, which, in turn, influence hepatic fat composition and exacerbated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes. To date, no therapeutic interventions are available for NAFLD prevention and management, except for modifications in lifestyle, diet and physical exercise even though they show discouraging results due to the poor compliance of patients. The premise of this review is to discuss the role of gut–liver axis in NAFLD and emphasize the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut microbiota composition as a novel attractive therapeutic strategy to introduce in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Silva-Sperb AS, Moraes HA, de Moura BC, Alves BC, Bruch-Bertani JP, Azevedo VZ, Dall'Alba V. Effect of probiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients: PROBILIVER TRIAL protocol. Trials 2019; 20:580. [PMID: 31601229 PMCID: PMC6785848 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently factors in the relationship between gut microbiota, obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome have been suggested in the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this sense, this work aims to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota modulation, degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, inflammation, gut permeability, and body composition. Methods This double-blind, randomized clinical trial will include adult outpatients with a diagnosis of NASH confirmed by biopsy with or without transient elastography. All patients will undergo a complete anamnesis to investigate their alcohol consumption, previous history, medications, nutritional assessment (dietary intake and body composition), sarcopenia, physical activity level and physical and functional capacity, cardiovascular risk, biochemical parameters for assessment of inflammatory status, lipid profile, hepatic function, gut permeability, and assessment of microbiota. These procedures will be performed at baseline and repeated after 24 weeks (at the end of the study). Through the process of randomization, patients will be allocated to receive treatment A or treatment B. Both patients and researchers involved will be blinded (double-blind study). The intervention consists of treatment with a probiotic mix (Lactobacillus acidophillus + Bifidobacterium lactis + Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Lactobacillus paracasei, 1 x 109 CFU for each) and the placebo which is identical in all its characteristics and packaging. Patients will be instructed to consume two sachets/day during 24 weeks and to report any symptoms or side effects related to the use of the sachets. Adherence control will be carried out through the patient’s notes on a form provided, and also by checking the number of sachets used. Discussion The final results of study will be analyzed and disseminated in 2020. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03467282. Registered on 15 March 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3679-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Souza Silva-Sperb
- Graduate Program: Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400 - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Abadie Moraes
- Graduate Program: Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400 - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bruna Concheski de Moura
- Graduate Program: Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400 - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cherubini Alves
- Graduate Program: Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400 - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valesca Dall'Alba
- Graduate Program: Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400 - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Nutrition and Dietetics Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Alcohol or Gut Microbiota: Who Is the Guilty? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184568. [PMID: 31540133 PMCID: PMC6770333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a disorder caused by excessive alcohol intake represents a global health care burden. ALD encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatic injuries including asymptomatic steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The susceptibility of alcoholic patients to develop ALD is highly variable and its progression to more advanced stages is strongly influenced by several hits (i.e., amount and duration of alcohol abuse). Among them, the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites have been recently identified as paramount in ALD pathophysiology. Ethanol abuse triggers qualitative and quantitative modifications in intestinal flora taxonomic composition, mucosal inflammation, and intestinal barrier derangement. Intestinal hypermeability results in the translocation of viable pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative microbial products, and pro-inflammatory luminal metabolites into the bloodstream, further corroborating the alcohol-induced liver damage. Thus, the premise of this review is to discuss the beneficial effect of gut microbiota modulation as a novel therapeutic approach in ALD management.
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41
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George AK, Singh M, Pushpakumar S, Homme RP, Hardin SJ, Tyagi SC. Dysbiotic 1-carbon metabolism in cardiac muscle remodeling. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2590-2598. [PMID: 31489638 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unless there is a genetic defect/mutation/deletion in a gene, the causation of a given disease is chronic dysregulation of gut metabolism. Most of the time, if not always, starts within the gut; that is what we eat. Recent research shows that the imbalance between good versus bad microbial population, especially in the gut, causes systemic diseases. Thus, an appropriate balance of the gut microbiota (eubiosis over dysbiosis) needs to be maintained for normal health (Veeranki and Tyagi, 2017, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 232, 2929-2930). However, during various diseases such as metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension the dysbiotic gut environment tends to prevail. Our research focuses on homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism that occupies a center-stage in many biochemically relevant epigenetic mechanisms. For example, dysbiotic bacteria methylate promoters to inhibit gene activities. Interestingly, the product of the 1-carbon metabolism is Hcy, unequivocally. Emerging studies show that host resistance to various antibiotics occurs due to inverton promoter inhibition, presumably because of promoter methylation. This results from modification of host promoters by bacterial products leading to loss of host's ability to drug compatibility and system sensitivity. In this study, we focus on the role of high methionine diet (HMD), an ingredient rich in red meat and measure the effects of a probiotic on cardiac muscle remodeling and its functions. We employed wild type (WT) and cystathionine beta-synthase heterozygote knockout (CBS+/- ) mice with and without HMD and with and without a probiotic; PB (Lactobacillus) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Results indicate that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity was robust in CBS+/- fed with HMD and that it was successfully attenuated by the PB treatment. Cardiomyocyte contractility and ECHO data revealed mitigation of the cardiac dysfunction in CBS+/- + HMD mice treated with PB. In conclusion, our data suggest that probiotics can potentially reverse the Hcy-meditated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash K George
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - S Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Rubens P Homme
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shanna J Hardin
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Jin M, Kalainy S, Baskota N, Chiang D, Deehan EC, McDougall C, Tandon P, Martínez I, Cervera C, Walter J, Abraldes JG. Faecal microbiota from patients with cirrhosis has a low capacity to ferment non-digestible carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids. Liver Int 2019; 39:1437-1447. [PMID: 30919578 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cirrhosis is associated with dysbiosis, but its functional consequences are still largely unknown. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) account for physiological interactions between the gut microbiota and host. Our aim was to assess the impact of cirrhotic dysbiosis on the production of SCFAs. METHODS Seventeen patients with cirrhosis and 17 controls were selected. Microbiota composition in faecal samples was assessed by next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing. SCFAs were measured with GC-MS in faecal samples and after in vitro batch fermentations using arabinoxylan, resistant starch, pectin, and lactulose as substrates. RESULTS Among the 17 cirrhotic patients (mean age 58, eight males), six, nine and two were, respectively, Child-Pugh class A, B and C. Eleven patients were on oral antibiotics, 11 on lactulose and 13 on proton pump inhibitors. Cirrhotic patients showed marked differences in the composition and diversity of gut microbiome when compared to controls, that were more pronounced with increased severity. Stool samples from cirrhotic patients showed lower SCFAs content and reduced capacity to produce SCFAs in batch fermentations, with butyrate production being the most abnormal. These functional aberrancies were more pronounced with greater liver disease severity. Abundance of Ruminococcus faecis (in family Ruminococcaceae), Faecalicatena fissicatena and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (in family Lachnospiraceae) was positively correlated with the SCFAs production. CONCLUSION Cirrhotic dysbiosis is associated with a decreased capacity to ferment non-digestible carbohydrates into SCFAs, especially into butyrate. These functional abnormalities are more pronounced as disease progresses. These results might inform the design of gut-targeted therapies for cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Jin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Sylvia Kalainy
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nami Baskota
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Chiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea McDougall
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Inés Martínez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Cervera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan G Abraldes
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Schwenger KJ, Clermont-Dejean N, Allard JP. The role of the gut microbiome in chronic liver disease: the clinical evidence revised. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:214-226. [PMID: 32039372 PMCID: PMC7001555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested a role for the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of a wide range of liver diseases. The intestinal microbiota and bacterial products may contribute to the development of liver diseases through multiple mechanisms including increased intestinal permeability, chronic systemic inflammation, production of short-chain fatty acids and changes in metabolism. This suggests a potential role for pre-, pro- and synbiotic products in the prevention or treatment of some liver diseases. In addition, there is emerging evidence on the effects of faecal microbial transplant. Herein, we discuss the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and liver diseases, as well as reviewing intestinal microbiota-based treatment options that are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Jp Schwenger
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Johane P Allard
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease: A Channelopathy Leading to Alterations in Innate Immunity and in Microbiota. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:197-207. [PMID: 31075352 PMCID: PMC6664222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic disease caused by mutation of Cftr. CF-associated liver disease (CFLD) is a common nonpulmonary cause of mortality in CF and accounts for approximately 2.5%-5% of overall CF mortality. The peak of the disease is in the pediatric population, but a second wave of liver disease in CF adults has been reported in the past decade in association with an increase in the life expectancy of these patients. New drugs are available to correct the basic defect in CF but their efficacy in CFLD is not known. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, expressed in the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, is a major determinant for bile secretion and CFLD classically has been considered a channelopathy. However, the recent findings of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator as a regulator of epithelial innate immunity and the possible influence of the intestinal disease with an altered microbiota on the liver complication have opened new mechanistic insights on the pathogenesis of CFLD. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and discusses a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Liu D, Wen B, Zhu K, Luo Y, Li J, Li Y, Lin H, Huang J, Liu Z. Antibiotics-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influence metabolic phenotypes in a murine model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5269-5283. [PMID: 31020379 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota play a key role in the regulation of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. To study the relationship between them, antibiotics have been widely used to generate pseudo-germ-free rodents as control models. However, it is not clear whether antibiotics impact an animal's metabolic phenotype. Therefore, the effect of antibiotics-induced gut microbial perturbations on metabolic phenotypes in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice was investigated. The results showed that antibiotics perturbed gut microbial composition and structure. Community diversity and richness were reduced, and the phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was decreased by antibiotics. Visualization of Unifrac distance data using principal component analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGAM) demonstrated that fecal samples of HFD-fed mice separated from those of chow diet (CD) fed mice. Fecal samples from antibiotics-treated and non-treated mice were clustered into two different microbial populations. Moreover, antibiotics suppressed HFD-induced metabolic features, including body weight gain (BWG), liver weight (LW), epididymal fat weight (EFW), and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and insulin (INS) significantly (P < 0.05). Lachnospiraceae, Ruminiclostridium and Helicobacter, biomarkers of mouse gut microbiota before treatment by antibiotics, were positively correlated with obesity phenotypes significantly (P < 0.05) and were decreased by (92.95 ± 5.09) %, (97.73 ± 2.09) % and (99.48 ± 0.21) % respectively after 30 days of treatment by antibiotics. However, Bacteroidia were enriched in HFD-fed antibiotics-treated mice and were negatively correlated with obesity phenotypes significantly (P < 0.05). We suggested that the antibiotics-induced depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminiclostridium, and Helicobacter, and the decrease in F/B ratio in gut microbiota played a role in the prevention of HFD-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199, China
| | - Beibei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Arab JP, Arrese M, Trauner M. Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:321-350. [PMID: 29414249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches based on a profound understanding of its pathogenesis to halt disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex interaction among environmental factors (i.e., Western diet), obesity, changes in microbiota, and predisposing genetic variants resulting in a disturbed lipid homeostasis and an excessive accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid species in hepatocytes. Insulin resistance is a central mechanism that leads to lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disturbed autophagy, and, ultimately, hepatocyte injury and death that triggers hepatic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and progressive fibrogenesis, thus driving disease progression. In the present review, we summarize the currently available data on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the most recent advances. A better understanding of NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis is crucial for the design of new and efficient therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
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Cui Y, Wang Q, Chang R, Zhou X, Xu C. Intestinal Barrier Function-Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Interactions and Possible Role of Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2754-2762. [PMID: 30798598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic stress liver injury that is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome. The pathological features are diffuse hepatic vesicular steatosis, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and even liver cancer. A variety of pathological outcomes cause serious harm to human health. At present, an increasing number of researchers are investigating the pathogenesis of NAFLD from the perspective of changes in the function of the intestinal barrier. The physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barriers in the intestinal tract constitute the complete intestinal barrier, which plays an important defensive role against the invasion of harmful substances from the intestines. Protecting the function of the intestinal barrier is a new way to treat NAFLD and its related diseases. In this perspective, we summarized the current knowledge of the role of the intestinal barrier in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , 2 Xinyang Road , New Development District, Daqing , Heilongjiang 163319 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , 2 Xinyang Road , New Development District, Daqing , Heilongjiang 163319 , People's Republic of China
| | - Renxu Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , 2 Xinyang Road , New Development District, Daqing , Heilongjiang 163319 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocui Zhou
- Laboratory of Zoonosis , China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center , Qingdao , Shandong 266000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , 2 Xinyang Road , New Development District, Daqing , Heilongjiang 163319 , People's Republic of China
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Ding Y, Yanagi K, Cheng C, Alaniz RC, Lee K, Jayaraman A. Interactions between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic liver disease: The role of microbiota-derived metabolites. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:521-529. [PMID: 30660825 PMCID: PMC6392453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a mechanistic role in the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Animal and human studies have linked small molecule metabolites produced by commensal bacteria in the gut contribute to not only intestinal inflammation, but also to hepatic inflammation. These immunomodulatory metabolites are capable of engaging host cellular receptors, and may mediate the observed association between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. This review focuses on the effects and potential mechanisms of three specific classes of metabolites that synthesized or modified by gut bacteria: short chain fatty acids, amino acid catabolites, and bile acids. In particular, we discuss their role as ligands for cell surface and nuclear receptors regulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways in the intestine and liver. Studies reveal that the metabolites can both agonize and antagonize their cognate receptors to reduce or exacerbate liver steatosis and inflammation, and that the effects are metabolite- and context-specific. Further studies are warranted to more comprehensively understand bacterial metabolite-mediated gut-liver in NAFLD. This understanding could help identify novel therapeutics and therapeutic targets to intervene in the disease through the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Karin Yanagi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Clint Cheng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA; Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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Sarin SK, Pande A, Schnabl B. Microbiome as a therapeutic target in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2019; 70:260-272. [PMID: 30658727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease is associated with significant changes in gut microbial composition. The transmissibility of ethanol-induced liver disease has been demonstrated using faecal microbiota transfer in preclinical models. This technique has also led to improved survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, suggesting that changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are causatively linked to alcohol-related liver disease. A major mechanism by which gut microbiota influence the development of alcohol-related liver disease is through a leaky intestinal barrier. This permits translocation of viable bacteria and microbial products to the liver, where they induce and promote inflammation, as well as contribute to hepatocyte death and the fibrotic response. In addition, gut dysbiosis is associated with changes in the metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota, bile acid composition and circulation, immune dysregulation during onset and progression of alcohol-related liver disease. Findings from preclinical and human studies will be used to demonstrate how alcohol causes intestinal pathology and contributes to alcohol-related liver disease and how the latter is self-perpetuating. Additionally, we summarise the effects of untargeted treatment approaches on the gut microbiota, such as diet, probiotics, antibiotics and faecal microbial transplantation in alcohol-related liver disease. We further discuss how targeted approaches can restore intestinal homeostasis and improve alcohol-related liver disease. These approaches are likely to add to the therapeutic options for alcohol-related liver disease independently or in conjunction with steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Apurva Pande
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Han R, Ma J, Li H. Mechanistic and therapeutic advances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting the gut microbiota. Front Med 2018; 12:645-657. [PMID: 30178233 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common metabolic diseases currently in the context of obesity worldwide, which contains a spectrum of chronic liver diseases, including hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic carcinoma. In addition to the classical "Two-hit" theory, NAFLD has been recognized as a typical gut microbiota-related disease because of the intricate role of gut microbiota in maintaining human health and disease formation. Moreover, gut microbiota is even regarded as a "metabolic organ" that play complementary roles to that of liver in many aspects. The mechanisms underlying gut microbiota-mediated development of NAFLD include modulation of host energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and bile acid and choline metabolism. As a result, gut microbiota have been emerging as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD by manipulating it in various ways, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and herbal components. In this review, we summarized the most recent advances in gut microbiota-mediated mechanisms, as well as gut microbiota-targeted therapies on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Han
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junli Ma
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Houkai Li
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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