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Idrizaj E, Biagioni C, Traini C, Vannucchi MG, Baccari MC. Glucagon-like Peptide-2 Depresses Ileal Contractility in Preparations from Mice through Opposite Modulatory Effects on Nitrergic and Cholinergic Neurotransmission. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1855. [PMID: 38339131 PMCID: PMC10855646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has been reported to influence gastrointestinal motor responses, exerting a modulatory role on enteric neurotransmission. To our knowledge, no data on GLP-2 effects on the motility of the isolated ileum are available; therefore, we investigated whether GLP-2 affects the contractile activity of mouse ileal preparations and the neurotransmitters engaged. Ileal preparations showed tetrodotoxin (TTX)- and atropine-insensitive spontaneous contractile activity, which was unaffected by the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, L-NNA. GLP-2 depressed the spontaneous contractility, an effect that was abolished by TTX or L-NNA and not influenced by atropine. Electrical field stimulation induced TTX- and atropine-sensitive contractile responses, which were reduced in amplitude by GLP-2 even in the presence of L-NNA. Immunohistochemical results showed a significant increase in nNOS-positive fibers in the ileal muscle wall and a significant decrease in ChAT-positive myenteric neurons in GLP-2-exposed preparations. The present results offer the first evidence that GLP-2 acts on ileal preparations. The hormone appears to depress ileal contractility through a dual opposite modulatory effect on inhibitory nitrergic and excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission. From a physiological point of view, it could be hypothesized that GLP-2 inhibitory actions on ileal contractility can increase transit time, facilitating nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantina Idrizaj
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Cristina Biagioni
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Traini
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
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2
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Marotti V, Xu Y, Bohns Michalowski C, Zhang W, Domingues I, Ameraoui H, Moreels TG, Baatsen P, Van Hul M, Muccioli GG, Cani PD, Alhouayek M, Malfanti A, Beloqui A. A nanoparticle platform for combined mucosal healing and immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:206-221. [PMID: 37859689 PMCID: PMC10582360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment consist of anti-inflammatory products. In this study, we sought to induce the physiological secretion of glucagon-like peptide 2, a peptide with intestinal growth-promoting activity, via nanoparticles while simultaneously providing with immunomodulation by tailoring the nanoparticle surface. To this end, we developed hybrid lipid hyaluronate-KPV conjugated nanoparticles loaded with teduglutide for combination therapy in IBD. The nanocarriers induced (or did not induce) immunosuppression depending on the presence (or absence) of a hyaluronan-KPV functionalization. This strategy holds promise as a nanoparticle platform for combined mucosal healing and immunomodulation in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marotti
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yining Xu
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécilia Bohns Michalowski
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wunan Zhang
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inês Domingues
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom G. Moreels
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- EM-platform, VIB Bio Imaging Core, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- UCLouvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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3
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Mukherjee K, Wang R, Xiao C. Release of Lipids Stored in the Intestine by Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Involves a Gut-Brain Neural Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:192-201. [PMID: 37970717 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut hormone GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) plays important roles in lipid handling in the intestine. During postabsorptive stage, it releases preformed chylomicrons stored in the intestine, the underlying mechanisms of which are not well understood. Previous studies implicate the involvement of neural pathways in GLP-2's actions on lipid absorption in the intestine, but the role of such mechanisms in releasing postabsorptive lipid storage has not been established. METHODS Here, in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, we directly tested whether gut-brain neural communication mediates GLP-2's effects on postabsorptive lipid mobilization in the intestine. We performed total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy to disrupt the gut-brain neural communication and analyzed lipid output 5 hours after a lipid load in response to intraperitoneal GLP-2 or saline. RESULTS Peripheral GLP-2 administration led to increased lymph lipid output and activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. Disruption of gut-brain neural communication via vagotomy blunted GLP-2's effects on promoting lipid release in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, demonstrate a novel mechanism in which postabsorptive mobilization of intestinal lipid storage by GLP-2 enlists a gut-brain neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundanika Mukherjee
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rita Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ammann M, Santol J, Pereyra D, Kalchbrenner T, Wuerger T, Laengle J, Smoot RL, Hulla W, Laengle F, Starlinger P. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 regulation during human liver regeneration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15980. [PMID: 37749369 PMCID: PMC10519971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic demands of the regenerating liver are met via lipid metabolism and critical regulators of this process. As such, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) critically affect hepatic regeneration in rodent models. The present study aimed to evaluate potential alterations and dynamics of circulating GLP-1 and GLP-2 in patients undergoing liver resections, focusing on post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). GLP-1, GLP-2, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and parameters of lipid metabolism were determined perioperatively in fasting plasma of 46 patients, who underwent liver resection. GLP-1 and GLP-2 demonstrated a rapid and consistently inverse time course during hepatic regeneration with a significant decrease of GLP-1 and increase of GLP-2 on POD1. Importantly, these postoperative dynamics were significantly more pronounced when PHLF occurred. Of note, the extent of resection or development of complications were not associated with these alterations. IL-6 mirrored the time course of GLP-2. Assessing the main degradation protein dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) no significant association with either GLP-1 or -2 could be found. Additionally, in PHLF distinct postoperative declines in plasma lipid parameters were present and correlated with GLP-2 dynamics. Our data suggest dynamic inverse regulation of GLP-1 and GLP-2 during liver regeneration, rather caused by an increase in expression/release than by changes in degradation capacity and might be associated with inflammatory responses. Their close association with circulating markers of lipid metabolism and insufficient hepatic regeneration after liver surgery suggest a critical involvement during these processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ammann
- Department of Surgery, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Santol
- Department of Surgery, HPB Centre, Viennese Health Network, Clinic Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pereyra
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Kalchbrenner
- Department of Pathology, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Tanja Wuerger
- Department of Pathology, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hulla
- Department of Pathology, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Friedrich Laengle
- Department of Surgery, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Fuchs CD, Claudel T, Mlitz V, Riva A, Menz M, Brusilovskaya K, Haller F, Baumgartner M, Königshofer P, Unger LW, Sjöland W, Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Busslinger G, Reiberger T, Marschall HU, Trauner M. GLP-2 Improves Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mdr2 -/- Mice Via Activation of NR4a1/Nur77 in Hepatic Stellate Cells and Intestinal FXR Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:847-856. [PMID: 37572734 PMCID: PMC10522987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 may exert antifibrotic effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Thus, we aimed to test whether application of the GLP-2 analogue teduglutide has hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects in the Mdr2/Abcb4-/- mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis displaying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Mdr2-/- mice were injected daily for 4 weeks with teduglutide followed by gene expression profiling (bulk liver; isolated HSCs) and immunohistochemistry. Activated HSCs (LX2 cells) and immortalized human hepatocytes and human intestinal organoids were treated with GLP-2. mRNA profiling by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay using cytosolic and nuclear protein extracts was performed. RESULTS Hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and reactive cholangiocyte phenotype were improved in GLP-2-treated Mdr2-/- mice. Primary HSCs isolated from Mdr2-/- mice and LX2 cells exposed to GLP-2 in vitro displayed significantly increased mRNA expression levels of NR4a1/Nur77 (P < .05). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed an increased nuclear NR4a1 binding after GLP-2 treatment in LX2 cells. Moreover, GLP-2 alleviated the Tgfβ-mediated reduction of NR4a1 nuclear binding activity. In vivo, GLP-2 treatment of Mdr2-/- mice resulted in increased intrahepatic levels of muricholic acids (accordingly Cyp2c70 mRNA expression was significantly increased), and in reduced mRNA levels of Cyp7a1 and FXR. Serum Fgf15 levels were increased in Mdr2-/- mice treated with GLP-2. Accordingly, GLP-2 treatment of human intestinal organoids activated their FXR-FGF19 signaling axis. CONCLUSIONS GLP-2 treatment increased NR4a1/Nur77 activation in HSCs, subsequently attenuating their activation. GLP-2 promoted intestinal Fxr-Fgf15/19 signaling resulting in reduced Cyp7a1 and increased Cyp2c70 expression in the liver, contributing to hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of GLP-2 in the Mdr2-/- mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Riva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Menz
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ksenia Brusilovskaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Haller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Baumgartner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Königshofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas W Unger
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Sjöland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Busslinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Experimental Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab (HEPEX), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Gou X, Qin L, Wu D, Xie J, Lu Y, Zhang Q, He Y. Research Progress of Takeda G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 in Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2023; 28:5870. [PMID: 37570840 PMCID: PMC10421342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are acknowledged as signaling molecules involved in metabolic syndrome. The Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) functions as a significant bile acid receptor. The accumulated evidence suggests that TGR5 involves lipid homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and inflammation regulation. In line with this, recent preclinical studies also demonstrate that TGR5 plays a significant role in the generation and progression of metabolic syndrome, encompassing type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we discuss the role of TGR5 in metabolic syndrome, illustrating the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Gou
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yanliu Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Popovic D, Maltese G, Mustafa O, Doumas M, Giouleme O, Kotsa K, Germanidis G. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Considerations and Practical Recommendations for Safe and Effective Use. Curr Obes Rep 2023:10.1007/s13679-023-00506-3. [PMID: 37081371 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss current literature and provide practical recommendations for the safe and effective use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or obesity. The molecular mechanisms that justify the potential benefits of GLP-1 RA in IBD and the links between IBD, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Preliminary data suggest that GLP-1 RA can modulate crucial pathways in the pathogenesis of IBD, such as chronic inflammation circuits, intestinal tight junctions, and gut microbiome dysbiosis, setting the stage for human trials to investigate the role of these agents in the treatment of IBD among people with or without diabetes and obesity. However, gastrointestinal side effects related to GLP-1 RA need appropriate clinical management to mitigate risks and maximize the benefits of therapy in people with IBD. GLP-1 RA originally emerged as drugs for the treatment of hyperglycemia and are currently licensed for the management of T2D and/or overweight/obesity. However, their wealth of pleiotropic actions soon raised expectations that they might confer benefits on non-metabolic disorders. Future studies are expected to clarify whether GLP-1 RA deserve an adjunct place in the arsenal of drugs against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Djordje Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Giuseppe Maltese
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
- Unit for Metabolic Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Omar Mustafa
- Department of Diabetes, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Doumas
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Giouleme
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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8
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Gadgaard S, Windeløv JA, Schiellerup SP, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Long-acting agonists of human and rodent GLP-2 receptors for studies of the physiology and pharmacological potential of the GLP-2 system. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114383. [PMID: 36780786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted postprandially from enteroendocrine Lcells and has anabolic action on gut and bone. Short-acting teduglutide is the only approved GLP-2 analog for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome (SBS). To improve the therapeutic effect, we created a series of lipidated GLP-2R agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Six GLP-2 analogs were studied in vitro for cAMP accumulation, β-arrestin 1 and 2 recruitment, affinity, and internalization. The trophic actions on intestine and bone were examined in vivo in rodents. KEY RESULTS Lipidations at lysines introduced at position 12, 16, and 20 of hGLP-2(1-33) were well-tolerated with less than 2.2-fold impaired potency and full efficacy at the hGLP-2R in cAMP accumulation. In contrast, N- and C-terminal (His1 and Lys30) lipidations impaired potency by 4.2- and 45-fold and lowered efficacy to 77% and 85% of hGLP-2, respectively. All variants were similarly active on the rat and mouse GLP-2Rs and the three most active variants displayed increased selectivity for hGLP-2R over hGLP-1R activation, compared to native hGLP-2. Impact on arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization followed that of Gαs-coupling, except for lipidation in position 20, where internalization was more impaired, suggesting desensitization protection. A highly active variant (C16 at position 20) with low internalization and a half-life of 9.5 h in rats showed improved gut and bone tropism with increased weight of small intestine in mice and decreased CTX levels in rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION We present novel hGLP-2 agonists suitable for in vivo studies of the GLP-2 system to uncover its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Gadgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Bainan Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sine P Schiellerup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Grande EM, Raka F, Hoffman S, Adeli K. GLP-2 Regulation of Dietary Fat Absorption and Intestinal Chylomicron Production via Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Signaling. Diabetes 2022; 71:1388-1399. [PMID: 35476805 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial dyslipidemia is a metabolic condition commonly associated with insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by the overproduction of intestinal chylomicron particles and excess atherogenic chylomicron remnants in circulation. We have previously shown that glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) augments dietary fat uptake and chylomicron production in insulin-resistant states; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have implicated nitric oxide (NO) in the absorptive actions of GLP-2. In this study, we report a novel role for neuronal NO synthase (nNOS)-mediated NO generation in lipid uptake and chylomicron formation based on studies in C57BL/6J mice, nNOS-/- mice, and Syrian golden hamsters after intraduodenal and oral fat administration. GLP-2 treatment in wild-type (WT) mice significantly increased postprandial lipid accumulation and circulating apolipoprotein B48 protein levels, while these effects were abolished in nNOS-/- mice. nNOS inhibition in Syrian golden hamsters and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibition in WT mice also abrogated the effect of GLP-2 on postprandial lipid accumulation. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism in which nNOS-generated NO is crucial for GLP-2-mediated lipid absorption and chylomicron production in both mouse and hamster models. Overall, our data implicate an nNOS-PKG-mediated pathway in GLP-2-mediated stimulation of dietary fat absorption and intestinal chylomicron production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Grande
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Hoffman
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Kim ER, Park JS, Kim JH, Oh JY, Oh IJ, Choi DH, Lee YS, Park IS, Kim S, Lee DH, Cheon JH, Bae JW, Lee M, Cho JW, An IB, Nam EJ, Yang SI, Lee MS, Bae SH, Lee YH. A GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor dual agonist to treat NASH: Targeting the gut-liver axis and microbiome. Hepatology 2022; 75:1523-1538. [PMID: 34773257 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Currently there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat NAFLD and NASH, the rates of which are increasing worldwide. Although NAFLD/NASH are highly complex and heterogeneous conditions, most pharmacotherapy pipelines focus on a single mechanistic target. Considering the importance of the gut-liver axis in their pathogenesis, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a long-acting dual agonist of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 receptors in mice with NAFLD/NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet/high fructose and sucrose solution. After 16 weeks, mice were randomly allocated to receive vehicle, GLP1-Fc, GLP2-Fc, or GLP1/2-Fc fusion (GLP1/2-Fc) subcutaneously every 2 days for 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored, insulin/glucose tolerance tests were performed, feces were collected, and microbiome profiles were analyzed. Immobilized cell systems were used to evaluate direct peptide effect. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, immunoblot analysis, tunnel assay, and biochemical assays were performed to assess drug effects on inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, cell death, and intestinal structures. The mice had well-developed NASH phenotypes. GLP1/2-Fc reduced body weight, glucose levels, hepatic triglyceride levels, and cellular apoptosis. It improved liver fibrosis, insulin sensitivity, and intestinal tight junctions, and increased microvillus height, crypt depth, and goblet cells of intestine compared with a vehicle group. Similar effects of GLP1/2-Fc were found in in vitro cell systems. GLP1/2-Fc also changed microbiome profiles. We applied fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) gain further insight into the mechanism of GLP1/2-Fc-mediated protection. We confirmed that FMT exerted an additive effect on GLP1-Fc group, including the body weight change, liver weight, hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS A long-acting dual agonist of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ran Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Ji Young Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - In Jeong Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Da Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - I Seul Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - SeungWon Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical SciencesKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems BiologyGlycosylation Network Research CenterYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - In Bok An
- Research InstituteSL MetaGenSeoulKorea
| | | | | | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Systems BiologyGlycosylation Network Research CenterYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
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11
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Butt S, Gagnon J, Saleh M. A Protective Role for Glucagon-like Peptide-2 in Heat-stable Enterotoxin b (STb)-Induced L-Cell Toxicity. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6546206. [PMID: 35266539 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-derived purified heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb) is responsible for secretory diarrhea in livestock and humans. STb disrupts intestinal fluid homeostasis, epithelial barrier function, and promotes cell death. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic hormone secreted by enteroendocrine L cells. GLP-2 enhances crypt cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, and inhibits enterocyte apoptosis. Whether STb can affect GLP-2 producing L cells remains to be elucidated. First, secreted-His-labeled STb from transformed E coli was collected and purified. When incubated with L-cell models (GLUTag, NCI-H716, and secretin tumor cell line [STC-1]), fluorescent immunocytochemistry revealed STb was internalized and was differentially localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Cell viability experiments with neutral red and resazurin revealed that STb was toxic in all but the GLUTag cells. STb stimulated 2-hour GLP-2 secretion in all cell models. Interestingly, GLUTag cells produced the highest amount of GLP-2 when treated with STb, demonstrating an inverse relationship in GLP-2 secretion and cell toxicity. To demonstrate a protective role for GLP-2, GLUTag-conditioned media (rich in GLP-2) blocked STb toxicity in STC-1 cells. Confirming a protective role of GLP-2, teduglutide was able to improve cell viability in cells treated with H2O2. In conclusion, STb interacts with the L cell, stimulates secretion, and may induce toxicity if GLP-2 is not produced at high levels. GLP-2 or receptor agonists have the ability to improve cell viability in response to toxins. These results suggest that GLP-2 secretion can play a protective role during STb intoxication. This work supports future investigation into the use of GLP-2 therapies in enterotoxigenic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Butt
- Laurentian University, School of Natural Sciences, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Gagnon
- Laurentian University, School of Natural Sciences, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Mazen Saleh
- Laurentian University, School of Natural Sciences, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
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12
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Gadgaard S, van der Velden WJC, Schiellerup SP, Hunt JE, Gabe MBN, Windeløv JA, Boer GA, Kissow H, Ørskov C, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Novel agonist- and antagonist-based radioligands for the GLP-2 receptor - useful tools for studies of basic GLP-2R pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1998-2015. [PMID: 34855984 PMCID: PMC9303331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) is a pro‐glucagon‐derived hormone secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells with actions on gut and bones. GLP‐2(1–33) is cleaved by DPP‐4, forming GLP‐2(3–33), having low intrinsic activity and competitive antagonism properties at GLP‐2 receptors. We created radioligands based on these two molecules. Experimental approach The methionine in position 10 of GLP‐2(1–33) and GLP‐2(3–33) was substituted with tyrosine (M10Y) enabling oxidative iodination, creating [125I]‐hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) and [125I]‐hGLP‐2(3–33,M10Y). Both were characterized by competition binding, on‐and‐off‐rate determination and receptor activation. Receptor expression was determined by target‐tissue autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Key results Both M10Y‐substituted peptides induced cAMP production via the GLP‐2 receptor comparable to the wildtype peptides. GLP‐2(3–33,M10Y) maintained the antagonistic properties of GLP‐2(3–33). However, hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) had lower arrestin recruitment than hGLP‐2(1–33). High affinities for the hGLP‐2 receptor were observed using [125I]‐hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) and [125I]‐hGLP‐2(3–33,M10Y) with KD values of 59.3 and 40.6 nM. The latter (with antagonistic properties) had higher Bmax and faster on and off rates compared to the former (full agonist). Both bound the hGLP‐1 receptor with low affinity (Ki of 130 and 330 nM, respectively). Autoradiography in wildtype mice revealed strong labelling of subepithelial myofibroblasts, confirmed by immunohistochemistry using a GLP‐2 receptor specific antibody that in turn was confirmed in GLP‐2 receptor knock‐out mice. Conclusion and implications Two new radioligands with different binding kinetics, one a full agonist and the other a weak partial agonist with antagonistic properties were developed and subepithelial myofibroblasts identified as a major site for GLP‐2 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Gadgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Bainan Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Present address: Department of Computational & Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sine P Schiellerup
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Hunt
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria B N Gabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geke Aline Boer
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Melo FJ, Pinto-Lopes P, Estevinho MM, Magro F. The Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 as a Therapeutic Target and Serum Biomarker in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1153-1165. [PMID: 33295607 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), aminopeptidase N (APN), and their substrates in autoimmune diseases are being increasingly recognized. However, their significance in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is not entirely understood. This systematic review aims to discuss the pathophysiological processes related to these ectopeptidases while comparing findings from preclinical and clinical settings. METHODS This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We performed a literature search in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to identify all reports from inception until February 2020. The search included validated animal models of intestinal inflammation and studies in IBD patients. Quality assessment was performed using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool and CASP qualitative and cohort checklists. RESULTS From the 45 included studies, 36 were performed in animal models and 12 in humans (3 reports included both). Overall, the methodological quality of preclinical studies was acceptable. In animal models, DPP4 and APN inhibition significantly improved intestinal inflammation.Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 analogs and GLP-2-relase-inducing drugs also showed significant benefits in recovery from inflammatory damage. A nonsignificant trend toward disease remission with the GLP-2 analog teduglutide was observed in the sole interventional human study. All human studies reported an inverse correlation between soluble DPP4/CD26 levels and disease severity, in accordance with the proposal of DPP4 as a biomarker for IBD. CONCLUSIONS The use of DPP4 inhibitors and analogs of its substrates has clear benefits in the treatment of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation. Further research is warranted to validate their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jorge Melo
- Department of Biomedicine, Unity of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinto-Lopes
- Department of Biomedicine, Unity of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tâmega e Sousa Hospital Center, Padre Américo Hospital, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Estevinho
- Department of Biomedicine, Unity of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gastroenterology, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unity of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Zhang Z, Hao L, Shi M, Yu Z, Shao S, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Hölscher C. Neuroprotective Effects of a GLP-2 Analogue in the MPTP Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:529-543. [PMID: 33523018 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a peptide hormone derived from the proglucagon gene expressed in the intestines, pancreas and brain. Some previous studies showed that GLP-2 improved aging and Alzheimer's disease related memory impairments. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and to date, there is no particular medicine reversed PD symptoms effectively. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate neuroprotective effects of a GLP-2 analogue in the 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD mouse model. METHODS In the present study, the protease resistant Gly(2)-GLP-2 (50 nmol/kg ip.) analogue has been tested for 14 days by behavioral assessment, transmission electron microscope, immunofluorescence histochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot in an acute PD mouse model induced by MPTP. For comparison, the incretin receptor dual agonist DA5-CH was tested in a separate group. RESULTS The GLP-2 analogue treatment improved the locomotor and exploratory activity of mice, and improved bradykinesia and movement imbalance of mice. Gly(2)-GLP-2 treatment also protected dopaminergic neurons and restored tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels in the substantia nigra. Gly(2)-GLP-2 furthermore reduced the inflammation response as seen in lower microglia activation, and decreased NLRP3 and interleukin-1β pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels. In addition, the GLP-2 analogue improved MPTP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the substantia nigra. The protective effects were comparable to those of the dual agonist DA5-CH. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that Gly(2)-GLP-2 can attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation and mitochondrial damage in the substantia nigra induced by MPTP, and Gly(2)-GLP-2 shows neuroprotective effects in this PD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Basic Medical Collenge, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Li Hao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Basic Medical Collenge, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Simai Shao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
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15
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Eslami M, Bahar A, Hemati M, Rasouli Nejad Z, Mehranfar F, Karami S, Kobyliak NM, Yousefi B. Dietary pattern, colonic microbiota and immunometabolism interaction: new frontiers for diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14415. [PMID: 33025587 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the numerous possible mechanisms that provide supportive evidence for how colonic dysbiosis denotes metabolic dysfunction, dysregulates glucose homeostasis and leads to diabetes mellitus and related metabolic disorders are defined. Information was gathered from articles identified by systematic reviews and searches using Google, PubMed and Scopus. The composition of the colonic microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining host homeostasis by affecting both metabolic activities and underlying functional gene transcription in individuals with diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Increased colonic microbiome-derived concentrations of lipopolysaccharides, also known as 'metabolic endotoxaemia', as well as alterations in bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal hormones and branched-chain amino acid secretion have been associated with the diverse production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. It has been shown that changes to intestinal bacterial composition are significant even in early childhood and are associated with the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes. We hope that an improved understanding of related mechanisms linking the colonic microbiome with glucose metabolism might provide for innovative therapeutic approaches that would bring the ideal intestinal ecosystem to a state of optimal health, thus preventing and treating diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan, Iran
| | - A Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry, Semnan, Iran
| | - M Hemati
- Department of Immunology, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - F Mehranfar
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - S Karami
- Department of Biochemistry, Semnan, Iran
| | - N M Kobyliak
- Department of Endocrinology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - B Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan, Iran
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16
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Mieczkowska A, Bouvard B, Legrand E, Mabilleau G. [Gly²]-GLP-2, But Not Glucagon or [D-Ala²]-GLP-1, Controls Collagen Crosslinking in Murine Osteoblast Cultures. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721506. [PMID: 34421828 PMCID: PMC8371440 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is organized at the molecular level to resist fracture with the minimum of bone material. This implies that several modifications of the extracellular matrix, including enzymatic collagen crosslinking, take place. We previously highlighted the role of several gut hormones in enhancing collagen maturity and bone strength. The present study investigated the effect of proglucagon-derived peptides on osteoblast-mediated collagen post-processing. Briefly, MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblasts were cultured in the presence of glucagon (GCG), [D-Ala²]-glucagon-like peptide-1 ([D-Ala²]-GLP-1), and [Gly²]-glucagon-like peptide-2 ([Gly²]-GLP-2). Gut hormone receptor expression at the mRNA and protein levels were investigated by qPCR and Western blot. Extent of collagen postprocessing was examined by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. GCG and GLP-1 receptors were not evidenced in osteoblast cells at the mRNA and protein levels. However, it is not clear whether the known GLP-2 receptor is expressed. Nevertheless, administration of [Gly²]-GLP-2, but not GCG or [D-Ala²]-GLP-1, led to a dose-dependent increase in collagen maturity and an acceleration of collagen post-processing. This mechanism was dependent on adenylyl cyclase activation. In conclusion, the present study highlighted a direct effect of [Gly²]-GLP-2 to enhance collagen post-processing and crosslinking maturation in murine osteoblast cultures. Whether this effect is translatable to human osteoblasts remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Rheumatology Department, Angers, France
| | - Erick Legrand
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Rheumatology Department, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Bone Pathology Unit, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Mabilleau,
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17
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Nardini P, Pini A, Bessard A, Duchalais E, Niccolai E, Neunlist M, Vannucchi MG. GLP-2 Prevents Neuronal and Glial Changes in the Distal Colon of Mice Chronically Treated with Cisplatin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228875. [PMID: 33238628 PMCID: PMC7700273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of solid cancers. Its administration is commonly associated with acute and chronic gastrointestinal dysfunctions, likely related to mucosal and enteric nervous system (ENS) injuries, respectively. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a pleiotropic hormone exerting trophic/reparative activities on the intestine, via antiapoptotic and pro-proliferating pathways, to guarantee mucosal integrity, energy absorption and motility. Further, it possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Presently, cisplatin acute and chronic damages and GLP-2 protective effects were investigated in the mouse distal colon using histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. The mice received cisplatin and the degradation-resistant GLP-2 analog ([Gly2]GLP-2) for 4 weeks. Cisplatin-treated mice showed mucosal damage, inflammation, IL-1β and IL-10 increase; decreased number of total neurons, ChAT- and nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons; loss of SOX-10-IR cells and reduced expression of GFAP- and S100β-glial markers in the myenteric plexus. [Gly2]GLP-2 co-treatment partially prevented mucosal damage and counteracted the increase in cytokines and the loss of nNOS-IR and SOX-10-IR cells but not that of ChAT-IR neurons. Our data demonstrate that cisplatin causes mucosal injuries, neuropathy and gliopathy and that [Gly2]GLP-2 prevents these injuries, partially reducing mucosal inflammation and inducing ENS remodeling. Hence, this analog could represent an effective strategy to overcome colonic injures induced by cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Nardini
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Anne Bessard
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (A.B.); (E.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (A.B.); (E.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (A.B.); (E.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-275-8152
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18
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Ejarque M, Sabadell‐Basallote J, Beiroa D, Calvo E, Keiran N, Nuñez‐Roa C, Rodríguez MDM, Sabench F, Castillo D, Jimenez V, Bosch F, Nogueiras R, Vendrell J, Fernández‐Veledo S. Adipose tissue is a key organ for the beneficial effects of GLP‐2 metabolic function. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2131-2145. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ejarque
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Joan Sabadell‐Basallote
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Noelia Keiran
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Catalina Nuñez‐Roa
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Rodríguez
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Fatima Sabench
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Surgery Service Hospital Sant Joan de Reus Reus Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Surgery Service Hospital Sant Joan de Reus Reus Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández‐Veledo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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19
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Su Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Ma J, Sun L, Shao S, Zhang Z, Hölscher C. A GLP-2 Analogue Protects SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a Cells Against Mitochondrial Damage, Autophagy Impairments and Apoptosis in a Parkinson Model. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:43-50. [PMID: 33022720 DOI: 10.1055/a-1266-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a peptide hormone that belongs to the glucagon-derived peptide family. We have previously shown that analogues of the sister hormone Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) showed neuroprotective effects. Here we investigated the effect of a GLP-2 agonist in a cell model of Parkinson's disease (PD) created by treating SH-SY5Y or Neuro-2a cells with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine ion (MPP+). Cell viability and cell cytotoxicity was detected by MTT and LDH assays, respectively. The protein expression levels of mitochondrial, autophagy and apoptotic biomarkers including PGC-1α, Mfn2, IRE1, ATG7, LC3B, Beclin1 and Bcl-2 were detected by western blot. Mitochondrial superoxide was detected by MitoSOX Red. In addition, mitochondrial morphology, autophagosome and apoptotic corpuscles were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). We found that the GLP-1 and the GLP-2 agonists both protect cells against mitochondrial damage, autophagy impairments and apoptosis induced by MPP+both in SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a cells. Cell signaling for mitogenesis was enhanced, and oxidative stress levels much reduced by the drugs. This demonstrates for the first time the neuroprotective effects of a GLP-2 analogue in PD cellular models, in which oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis play crucial roles. The protective effects were comparable to those seen with the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. The results suggest that not only GLP-1, but also GLP-2 has neuroprotective properties and may be useful as a novel treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinlian Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Simai Shao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Neurology Department of the Second Associated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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20
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Baldassano S, Amato A, Terzo S, Caldara GF, Lentini L, Mulè F. Glucagon-like peptide-2 analog and inflammatory state in obese mice. Endocrine 2020; 68:695-698. [PMID: 32172484 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Terzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Lentini
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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21
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Fuchs S, Yusta B, Baggio LL, Varin EM, Matthews D, Drucker DJ. Loss of Glp2r signaling activates hepatic stellate cells and exacerbates diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136907. [PMID: 32191643 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog is used in individuals with intestinal failure who are at risk for liver disease, yet the hepatic actions of GLP-2 are not understood. Treatment of high-fat diet-fed (HFD-fed) mice with GLP-2 did not modify the development of hepatosteatosis or hepatic inflammation. In contrast, Glp2r-/- mice exhibited increased hepatic lipid accumulation, deterioration in glucose tolerance, and upregulation of biomarkers of hepatic inflammation. Both mouse and human liver expressed the canonical GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R), and hepatic Glp2r expression was upregulated in mice with hepatosteatosis. Cell fractionation localized the Glp2r to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and markers of HSC activation and fibrosis were increased in livers of Glp2r-/- mice. Moreover, GLP-2 directly modulated gene expression in isolated HSCs ex vivo. Taken together, these findings define an essential role for the GLP-2R in hepatic adaptation to nutrient excess and unveil a gut hormone-HSC axis, linking GLP-2R signaling to control of HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Fuchs
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children and
| | - Bernardo Yusta
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Nahmias A, Lewis GF. Emerging Role of Lymphatics in the Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Mobilization. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1604. [PMID: 32063861 PMCID: PMC7000543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal handling of dietary triglycerides has important implications for health and disease. Following digestion in the intestinal lumen, absorption, and re-esterification of fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in intestinal enterocytes, triglycerides are packaged into lipoprotein particles (chylomicrons) for secretion or into cytoplasmic lipid droplets for transient or more prolonged storage. Despite the recognition of prolonged retention of triglycerides in the post-absorptive phase and subsequent release from the intestine in chylomicron particles, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Chylomicron secretion involves multiple steps, including intracellular assembly and post-assembly transport through cellular organelles, the lamina propria, and the mesenteric lymphatics before being released into the circulation. Contrary to the long-held view that the intestinal lymphatic vasculature acts mainly as a passive conduit, it is increasingly recognized to play an active and regulatory role in the rate of chylomicron release into the circulation. Here, we review the latest advances in understanding the role of lymphatics in intestinal lipid handling and chylomicron secretion. We highlight emerging evidence that oral glucose and the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilize retained enteral lipid by differing mechanisms to promote the secretion of chylomicrons via glucose possibly by mobilizing cytoplasmic lipid droplets and via glucagon-like peptide-2 possibly by targeting post-enterocyte secretory mechanisms. We discuss other potential regulatory factors that are the focus of ongoing and future research. Regulation of lymphatic pumping and function is emerging as an area of great interest in our understanding of the integrated absorption of dietary fat and chylomicron secretion and potential implications for whole-body metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Priska Stahel
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avital Nahmias
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Beaudry JL, Drucker DJ. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4-Mechanisms of Action in Adipose Tissue. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5648010. [PMID: 31782955 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) and related gut hormones exemplified by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulate energy disposal and storage through actions on metabolically sensitive organs, including adipose tissue. The actions of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, GIP, and their rate-limiting enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, include direct and indirect regulation of islet hormone secretion, food intake, body weight, all contributing to control of white and brown adipose tissue activity. Moreover, agents mimicking actions of these peptides are in use for the therapy of metabolic disorders with disordered energy homeostasis such as diabetes, obesity, and intestinal failure. Here we highlight current concepts and mechanisms for direct and indirect actions of these peptides on adipose tissue depots. The available data highlight the importance of indirect peptide actions for control of adipose tissue biology, consistent with the very low level of endogenous peptide receptor expression within white and brown adipose tissue depots. Finally, we discuss limitations and challenges for the interpretation of available experimental observations, coupled to identification of enduring concepts supported by more robust evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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24
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Yano K, Kaji T, Onishi S, Machigashira S, Nagai T, Harumatsu T, Yamada K, Yamada W, Muto M, Nakame K, Mukai M, Ieiri S. Novel effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 for hepatocellular injury in a parenterally fed rat model of short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1345-1351. [PMID: 31555865 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients require long-term parenteral nutrition following massive bowel resection, which causes intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Previous reports have shown that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) resulted in the bowel adaptation for SBS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GLP-2 for IFALD in a parenterally fed rat model. METHODS Using rat, a catheter was placed in the jugular vein, and 90% small bowel resection (SBR) was performed. Animals were divided into three groups: SBR and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (SBS/TPN group), SBR and TPN plus GLP-2 at 1 µg/kg/h [SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (low) group], and SBR and TPN plus GLP-2 at 10 µg/kg/h [SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (high) group]. On day 13, the liver was harvested and analyzed by using nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) score. RESULTS Histologically, hepatic steatosis in the SBS/TPN group and SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (high) group was observed. Both steatosis and lobular inflammation score in the SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (low) group were significantly lower compared with those in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Active NAFLD score in the SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (low) group was significantly lower compared with that in the SBS/TPN/GLP-2 (high) group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Low-dose GLP-2 intravenous administration improves hepatic steatosis of IFALD following in an SBS parenterally fed rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Kaji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.,Clinical Training Center, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shun Onishi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Seiro Machigashira
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Taichiro Nagai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Toshio Harumatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Waka Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Muto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakame
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Motoi Mukai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ieiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medical and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
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25
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Morgantini C, Nahmias A, Dash S, Lewis GF. Glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilizes lipids from the intestine by a systemic nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2535-2541. [PMID: 31364232 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) mobilizes intestinal triglyceride (TG) stores and stimulates chylomicron secretion by a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism in humans. METHODS In a randomized, single-blind, cross-over study, 10 healthy male volunteers ingested a high-fat formula followed, 7 hours later, by one of three treatments: NO synthase inhibitor L-NG -monomethyl arginine acetate (L-NMMA) + GLP-2 analogue teduglutide, normal saline + teduglutide, or L-NMMA + placebo. TG in plasma and lipoprotein fractions were measured, along with measurement of blood flow in superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries using Doppler ultrasound in six participants. RESULTS Teduglutide rapidly increased mesenteric blood flow and TG concentrations in plasma, in TG-rich lipoproteins, and most robustly in chylomicrons. L-NMMA significantly attenuated teduglutide-induced enhancement of mesenteric blood flow but not TG mobilization and chylomicron secretion. CONCLUSIONS GLP-2 mobilization of TG stores and stimulation of chylomicron secretion from the small intestine appears to be independent of systemic NO in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Priska Stahel
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cecilia Morgantini
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Avital Nahmias
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Yusta B, Matthews D, Koehler JA, Pujadas G, Kaur KD, Drucker DJ. Localization of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor Expression in the Mouse. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1950-1963. [PMID: 31237617 PMCID: PMC6656427 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), secreted from enteroendocrine cells, attenuates gut motility, enhances barrier function, and augments nutrient absorption, actions mediated by a single GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R). Despite extensive analyses, the precise distribution and cellular localization of GLP-2R expression remains controversial, confounded by the lack of suitable GLP-2R antisera. Here, we reassessed murine Glp2r expression using regular and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and a Glp2rLacZ reporter mouse. Glp2r mRNA expression was detected from the stomach to the rectum and most abundant in the jejunum. Glp2r transcripts were also detected in cerebral cortex, mesenteric lymph nodes, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and mesenteric fat. Surprisingly, Glp2r mRNA was found in testis by qPCR at levels similar to jejunum. However, the testis Glp2r transcripts, detected by different primer pairs and qPCR, lacked 5' mRNA coding sequences, and only a minute proportion of them corresponded to full-length Glp2r mRNA. Within the gut, Glp2r-driven LacZ expression was localized to enteric neurons and lamina propria stromal cells, findings confirmed by ISH analysis of the endogenous Glp2r mRNA. Unexpectedly, vascular Glp2rLacZ expression was localized to mesenteric veins and not arteries. Moreover, mesenteric fat Glp2rLacZ expression was detected within blood vessels and not adipocytes. Reporter LacZ expression was not detected in all tissues expressing an endogenous Glp2r transcript, such as gallbladder, urinary bladder, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Collectively, these findings extend our understanding of the cellular domains of Glp2r expression and highlight limitations inherent in application of commonly used technologies to infer analysis of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Yusta
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Koehler
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gemma Pujadas
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran Deep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Daniel J. Drucker, MD, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Mailbox 39, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. E-mail:
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Stahel P, Xiao C, Davis X, Tso P, Lewis GF. Glucose and GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2) Mobilize Intestinal Triglyceride by Distinct Mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1565-1573. [PMID: 31294621 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary triglycerides are partially retained in the intestine within intracellular or extracellular compartments, which can be rapidly mobilized in response to several stimuli, including glucose and GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2). To elucidate the mechanism of intestinal lipid mobilization, this study examined the patterns and time course of lymph flow and triglycerides after glucose and GLP-2 treatment in rats. Approach and Results: Lymph flow, triglyceride concentration, and triglyceride output were assessed in mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats in response to an intraduodenal (i.d.) lipid bolus followed 5 hours later by either (1) i.d. saline+intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline (placebo), (2) i.d. glucose plus i.p. saline, (3) i.d. saline+i.p. GLP-2, or (4) i.d. glucose+i.p. GLP-2. GLP-2 and glucose administered alone or in combination stimulated total triglyceride output to a similar extent, but the timing and pattern of stimulation differed markedly. Whereas GLP-2 rapidly increased lymph flow with no effect on lymph triglyceride concentration or triglyceride:apoB48 (apolipoprotein B48) ratio (a surrogate marker of chylomicron size) compared with placebo, glucose transiently decreased lymph flow followed by delayed stimulation of lymph flow and increased lymph triglyceride concentration and triglyceride:apoB48 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Glucose and GLP-2 robustly enhanced intestinal triglyceride output in rats but with different effects on lymph flow, lymph triglyceride concentration, and chylomicron size. GLP-2 stimulated triglyceride output primarily by enhancing lymph flow with no effect on chylomicron size, whereas glucose mobilized intestinal triglycerides, stimulating secretion of larger chylomicrons. This suggests that these 2 stimuli mobilize intestinal lipid by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priska Stahel
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
| | - Changting Xiao
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
| | - Xenia Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (X.D., P.T.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (X.D., P.T.)
| | - Gary F Lewis
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
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28
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Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Jiang Z, Wan S, Blanco E, King AJ, Chen T, Bell N, Dragoli D, Jacobs JW, Jain R, Leadbetter M, Siegel M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Shaw K, Le C, Vanegas S, Hsu IH, Kozuka K, Okamoto K, Caldwell JS, Lewis JG. Intestinal TGR5 agonism improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G412-G424. [PMID: 30605011 PMCID: PMC6459286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists induce systemic release of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) from intestinal L cells, a potentially therapeutic action against metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and Type 2 diabetes. Historically, TGR5 agonist use has been hindered by side effects, including inhibition of gallbladder emptying. Here, we characterize RDX8940, a novel, orally administered TGR5 agonist designed to have minimal systemic effects and investigate its activity in mice fed a Western diet, a model of NAFLD and mild insulin resistance. Agonist activity, binding selectivity, toxicity, solubility, and permeability of RDX8940 were characterized in standard in vitro models. RDX8940 pharmacokinetics and effects on GLP secretion, insulin sensitivity, and liver steatosis were assessed in C57BL/6 mice fed normal or Western diet chow and given single or repeated doses of RDX8940 or vehicle, with or without dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Gallbladder effects were assessed in CD-1 mice fed normal chow and given RDX8940 or a systemic TGR5 agonist or vehicle. Our results showed that RDX8940 is minimally systemic, potent, and selective, and induces incretin (GLP-1, GLP-2, and peptide YY) secretion. RDX8940-induced increases in plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) levels were enhanced by repeated dosing and by coadministration of DPP4 inhibitors. RDX8940 increased hepatic exposure to aGLP-1 without requiring coadministration of a DPP4 inhibitor. In mice fed a Western diet, RDX8940 improved liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity. Unlike systemic TGR5 agonists, RDX8940 did not inhibit gallbladder emptying. These results indicate that RDX8940 may have therapeutic potential in patients with NAFLD/NASH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists have potential as a treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but have until now been associated with undesirable side effects associated with systemic TGR5 agonism, including blockade of gallbladder emptying. We demonstrate that RDX8940, a potent, selective, minimally systemic oral TGR5 agonist, improves liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of NAFLD and does not inhibit gallbladder emptying in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sindy Wan
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Shaw
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Cathy Le
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | - I-Hsin Hsu
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
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29
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Gut peptide and neuroendocrine regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:326-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Baldassano S, Gasbjerg LS, Kizilkaya HS, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Hartmann B. Increased Body Weight and Fat Mass After Subchronic GIP Receptor Antagonist, but Not GLP-2 Receptor Antagonist, Administration in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:492. [PMID: 31447774 PMCID: PMC6691063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are hormones secreted from the enteroendocrine cells after a meal. They exert their actions through activation of G protein-coupled receptors (R), the GIPR and GLP-2R, respectively. Both have been reported to influence metabolism. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of the hormones in the regulation of lipid and bone homeostasis by subchronic treatment with novel GIPR and GLP-2R antagonists. Rats were injected once daily with vehicle, GIPR, or GLP-2R antagonists for 3 weeks. Body weight, food intake, body composition, plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipokines, triglycerides and the marker of bone resorption carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), were examined. In rats, subchronic treatment with GIPR antagonist, rat GIP (3-30)NH2, did not modify food intake and bone resorption, but significantly increased body weight, body fat mass, triglycerides, LPL, and leptin levels compared with vehicle treated rats. Subchronic (Pro3)GIP (a partial GIPR agonist), GLP-2(11-33), and GLP-2(3-33) (GLP-2R antagonists) treatment did not affect any parameter. The present results would be consistent with a role for GIP, but not GLP-2, in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in rats, while neither GIPR nor GLP-2R antagonism appeared to influence bone resorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bolette Hartmann
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31
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Xiao C, Stahel P, Lewis GF. Regulation of Chylomicron Secretion: Focus on Post-Assembly Mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:487-501. [PMID: 30819663 PMCID: PMC6396431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides and other lipids by the intestine, the packaging of those lipids into lipoprotein chylomicron (CM) particles, and their secretion via the lymphatic duct into the blood circulation are essential in maintaining whole-body lipid and energy homeostasis. Biosynthesis and assembly of CMs in enterocytes is a complex multistep process that is subject to regulation by intracellular signaling pathways as well as by hormones, nutrients, and neural factors extrinsic to the enterocyte. Dysregulation of this process has implications for health and disease, contributing to dyslipidemia and a potentially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There is increasing recognition that, besides intracellular regulation of CM assembly and secretion, regulation of postassembly pathways also plays important roles in CM secretion. This review examines recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of CM secretion in relation to mobilization of intestinal lipid stores, drawing particular attention to post-assembly regulatory mechanisms, including intracellular trafficking of triglycerides in enterocytes, CM mobilization from the lamina propria, and regulated transport of CM by intestinal lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Xiao
- Changting Xiao, PhD, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower 10-203, Medical and Related Science Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. fax: (416) 581-7487.
| | | | - Gary F. Lewis
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Gary F. Lewis, MD, FRCPC, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, EN12-218, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada. fax: (416) 340-3314.
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32
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Nuzzo D, Baldassano S, Amato A, Picone P, Galizzi G, Caldara GF, Di Carlo M, Mulè F. Glucagon-like peptide-2 reduces the obesity-associated inflammation in the brain. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:296-304. [PMID: 30347266 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a link between obesity and neurodegeneration. The purpose of the present study was to explore the neuroprotective potential of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in the brain of high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were analysed in the brains of obese mice chronically treated with [Gly2]-GLP-2 (teduglutide), the stable analogue of the GLP-2, and they were compared to age-matched untreated obese and lean animals. Neurodegeneration was examined by TUNEL assay. HFD feeding increased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (NF-kB, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), index of gliosis and neurodegeneration, stress marker proteins (p-ERK, Hsp60 and i-NOS), amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). [Gly2]-GLP-2 treatment significantly attenuated the HFD-induced increased expression of the various markers, as well as the higher levels of reactive oxygen species found in brains of untreated-HFD mice. Immunofluorescence confirmed that the increase of GFAP or APP in the brain cortex of HFD mice were less prominent in the [Gly2]-GLP-2 treated group. TUNEL-positive cell number in brain sections of [Gly2]-GLP-2-treated HFD-fed mice was significantly lesser in comparison with untreated-HFD animals and similar to STD fed mice. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that GLP-2 stable analogue improves the obesity-associated neuroinflammation and the central stress conditions, it reduces the neuronal apoptotic death, providing evidence for a neuroprotective role of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Pasquale Picone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacoma Galizzi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Italy.
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33
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Roles of Gut-Derived Secretory Factors in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Their Possible Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103064. [PMID: 30297626 PMCID: PMC6213237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global increase in the number of people diagnosed with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The gut-liver axis (GLA) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this review, we discuss the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of action of gut-derived secretory factors in NAFLD/NASH, focusing on recent human studies. Several studies have identified potential causal associations between gut-derived secretory factors and NAFLD/NASH, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The effects of gut-derived hormone-associated drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 analog and recombinant variant of fibroblast growth factor 19, and other new treatment strategies for NAFLD/NASH have also been reported. A growing body of evidence highlights the role of GLA in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH. Larger and longitudinal studies as well as translational research are expected to provide additional insights into the role of gut-derived secretory factors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH, possibly providing novel markers and therapeutic targets in patients with NAFLD/NASH.
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34
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Taher J, Baker C, Alvares D, Ijaz L, Hussain M, Adeli K. GLP-2 Dysregulates Hepatic Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inducing Fatty Liver and VLDL Overproduction in Male Hamsters and Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3340-3350. [PMID: 30052880 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental complications of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes include the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and an atherogenic fasting dyslipidemic profile, primarily due to increases in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production. Recently, central glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP2R) signaling has been implicated in regulating hepatic insulin sensitivity; however, its role in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is unknown. We investigated the role of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in regulating hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in Syrian golden hamsters, C57BL/6J mice, and Glp2r-/- mice consuming either a normal chow or high-fat diet (HFD). In the chow-fed hamsters, IP GLP-2 administration significantly increased fasting dyslipidemia, hepatic VLDL production, and the expression of key genes involved in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In HFD-fed hamsters and chow-fed mice, GLP-2 administration exacerbated or induced hepatic lipid accumulation. HFD-fed Glp2r-/- mice displayed reduced glucose tolerance, VLDL secretion, and microsomal transfer protein lipid transfer activity, as well as exacerbated fatty liver. Thus, we conclude that GLP-2 plays a lipogenic role in the liver by increasing lipogenic gene expression and inducing hepatic steatosis, fasting dyslipidemia, and VLDL overproduction. In contrast, the lack of Glp2r appears to interfere with VLDL secretion, resulting in enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies have uncovered a role for GLP-2 in maintaining hepatic lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Baker
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Alvares
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laraib Ijaz
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Chen T, Reich NW, Bell N, Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Kozuka K, He L, Spencer AG, Charmot D, Navre M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Tabora J, Caldwell JS, Jacobs JW, Lewis JG. Design of Gut-Restricted Thiazolidine Agonists of G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7589-7613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Patricia D. Finn
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - David Rodriguez
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jill Kohler
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Kenji Kozuka
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Limin He
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Andrew G. Spencer
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Dominique Charmot
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Marc Navre
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Samantha Koo-McCoy
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jocelyn Tabora
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Caldwell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Jacobs
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jason Gustaf Lewis
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
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36
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Yu T, Yu Q, Chen X, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yu C. Exclusive enteral nutrition protects against inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting NF‑κB activation through regulation of the p38/MSK1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1305-1316. [PMID: 29901086 PMCID: PMC6089761 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although enteral nutrition therapy for inflammatory bowel disease has been confirmed to be an effective treatment method, the exact mechanism responsible for the effects of enteral nutrition remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) against colitis, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms by inhibiting p65 activation via regulating the p38/mitogen‑ and stress‑activated protein kinase‑1 (MSK1) pathway. Experiments were performed by establishing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‑mice colitis and picrylsulfonic acid solution (TNBS)‑induced rat colitis, and the results demonstrated that EEN treatment attenuated body weight loss, colon length shortening and colonic pathological damage caused by colitis. EEN also inhibited inflammatory cells infiltration and decreased myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities. Furthermore, EEN significantly reduced the production of pro‑inflammatory mediators in serum and the colon. Mechanically, EEN suppressed activation of p65 by inhibiting the p38/MSK1 pathway. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that EEN attenuated DSS‑ and TNBS‑induced colitis by inhibiting p65 activation via regulating the p38/MSK1 pathway, thus suggesting that EEN is effective in the treatment of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gulou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gulou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gulou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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37
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Duan L, Rao X, Braunstein Z, Toomey AC, Zhong J. Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1734. [PMID: 29270177 PMCID: PMC5723660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and involve a complicated reciprocity of environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors. Despite substantial advances in the foundational understanding of the immunological pathogenesis of IBD, the detailed mechanism of the pathological progression in IBD remains unknown. In addition to Th1/Th2 cells, whose role in IBD has been previously well defined, recent evidence indicates that Th17 cells and Tregs also play a crucial role in the development of IBD. Diets which contain excess sugars, salt, and fat may also be important actors in the pathogenesis of IBD, which may be the cause of high IBD incidence in western developed and industrialized countries. Up until now, the reason for the variance in prevalence of IBD between developed and developing countries has been unknown. This is partly due to the increasing popularity of western diets in developing countries, which makes the data harder to interpret. The enterocrinins glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), including GLP-1 and GLP-2, exhibit notable benefits on lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis formation, plasma glucose levels, and maintenance of gastric mucosa integrity. In addition to the regulation of nutrient metabolism, the emerging role of GLPs and their degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) in gastrointestinal diseases has gained increasing attention. Therefore, here we review the function of the DPP-4/GLP axis in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Amelia C Toomey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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38
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The role of enteric neurons in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:420-434. [PMID: 28847715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic neural network of the gastrointestinal tract, which is essential for regulating gut functions and intestinal homeostasis. The importance of the ENS is underscored by the existence of severe gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which arise when the ENS fails to develop normally or becomes dysregulated. Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons are involved in intestinal inflammation. However, the role of the ENS in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis remains poorly understood, even though processes like perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis are important factors in CRC. Here we summarize how enteric neurons are affected during CRC and discuss the influence of enteric neurons, either direct or indirect, on the development and/or progression of CRC. Finally, we illustrate how the ENS could be targeted as a potential anti-cancer therapy, establishing the ENS as an integral part of the tumor microenvironment.
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Effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 and distal bowel resection on intestinal and systemic adaptive responses in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181453. [PMID: 28738080 PMCID: PMC5524396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), with or without massive distal bowel resection, on adaptation of jejunal mucosa, enteric neurons, gut hormones and tissue reserves in rats. BACKGROUND GLP-2 is a gut hormone known to be trophic for small bowel mucosa, and to mimic intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome (SBS). However, the effects of exogenous GLP-2 and SBS on enteric neurons are unclear. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to four treatments: Transected Bowel (TB) (n = 8), TB + GLP-2 (2.5 nmol/kg/h, n = 8), SBS (n = 5), or SBS + GLP-2 (2.5 nmol/kg/h, n = 9). SBS groups underwent a 60% jejunoileal resection with cecectomy and jejunocolic anastomosis. All rats were maintained on parenteral nutrition for 7 d. Parameters measured included gut morphometry, qPCR for hexose transporter (SGLT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-5) and GLP-2 receptor mRNA, whole mount immunohistochemistry for neurons (HuC/D, VIP, nNOS), plasma glucose, gut hormones, and body composition. RESULTS Resection increased the proportion of nNOS immunopositive myenteric neurons, intestinal muscularis propria thickness and crypt cell proliferation, which were not recapitulated by GLP-2 therapy. Exogenous GLP-2 increased jejunal mucosal surface area without affecting enteric VIP or nNOS neuronal immunopositivity, attenuated resection-induced reductions in jejunal hexose transporter abundance (SGLT-1, GLUT-2), increased plasma amylin and decreased peptide YY concentrations. Exogenous GLP-2 attenuated resection-induced increases in blood glucose and body fat loss. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous GLP-2 stimulates jejunal adaptation independent of enteric neuronal VIP or nNOS changes, and has divergent effects on plasma amylin and peptide YY concentrations. The novel ability of exogenous GLP-2 to modulate resection-induced changes in peripheral glucose and lipid reserves may be important in understanding the whole-body response following intestinal resection, and is worthy of further study.
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Wismann P, Barkholt P, Secher T, Vrang N, Hansen HB, Jeppesen PB, Baggio LL, Koehler JA, Drucker DJ, Sandoval DA, Jelsing J. The endogenous preproglucagon system is not essential for gut growth homeostasis in mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:681-692. [PMID: 28702324 PMCID: PMC5485241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of obesity and related co-morbidities is reaching pandemic proportions. Today, the most effective obesity treatments are glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs and bariatric surgery. Interestingly, both intervention paradigms have been associated with adaptive growth responses in the gut; however, intestinotrophic mechanisms associated with or secondary to medical or surgical obesity therapies are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the local basal endogenous and pharmacological intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptides and bariatric surgery in mice. METHODS We used in situ hybridization to provide a detailed and comparative anatomical map of the local distribution of GLP-1 receptor (Glp1r), GLP-2 receptor (Glp2r), and preproglucagon (Gcg) mRNA expression throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Gut development in GLP-1R-, GLP-2R-, or GCG-deficient mice was compared to their corresponding wild-type controls, and intestinotrophic effects of GLP-1 and GLP-2 analogs were assessed in wild-type mice. Lastly, gut volume was determined in a mouse model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). RESULTS Comparison of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gcg mRNA expression indicated a widespread, but distinct, distribution of these three transcripts throughout all compartments of the mouse gastrointestinal tract. While mice null for Glp1r or Gcg showed normal intestinal morphology, Glp2r-/- mice exhibited a slight reduction in small intestinal mucosa volume. Pharmacological treatment with GLP-1 and GLP-2 analogs significantly increased gut volume. In contrast, VSG surgery had no effect on intestinal morphology. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that the endogenous preproglucagon system, exemplified by the entire GCG gene and the receptors for GLP-1 and GLP-2, does not play a major role in normal gut development in the mouse. Furthermore, elevation in local intestinal and circulating levels of GLP-1 and GLP-2 achieved after VSG has limited impact on intestinal morphometry. Hence, although exogenous treatment with GLP-1 and GLP-2 analogs enhances gut growth, the contributions of endogenously-secreted GLP-1 and GLP-2 to gut growth may be more modest and highly context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Secher
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | - Laurie L. Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A. Koehler
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | | | - Jacob Jelsing
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Effects of teduglutide on histological parameters of intestinal anastomotic healing. Eur Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-017-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Intestinal Incretins and the Regulation of Bone Physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1033:13-33. [PMID: 29101649 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although originally identified as modulators of nutrient absorption, the gut hormones gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have also been found to play an important role in the regulation of bone turnover. These "incretin" hormones promote bone anabolism by stimulating osteoblast differentiation as well as increasing osteoblast longevity. In addition, GIP and perhaps GLP-2 attenuate the activity of osteoclastic cells, leading to a net increase in bone deposition and ultimately increasing bone mass. Studies have demonstrated that these hormones are important for bone mineralization and overall bone quality and function evolutionarily as important nutritional links signaling nutrient availability for skeletal anabolic functions. Accordingly, these entero-osseous hormones (EOH) have therapeutic potential for the management of osteoporosis. Although this chapter primarily focuses on skeletal effects of these incretin hormones, the GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors are actually widely expressed throughout the body. Therefore, we will also briefly discuss these extraosseous receptors/effects and how they may indirectly impact the skeleton.
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Baldassano S, Amato A, Mulè F. Influence of glucagon-like peptide 2 on energy homeostasis. Peptides 2016; 86:1-5. [PMID: 27664588 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal hormone released from enteroendocrine L-type cells together with glucagon like peptide-1 in response to dietary nutrients. GLP-2 acts through a specific receptor, the GLP-2 receptor, mainly located in the gut and in the brain. Classically, GLP-2 is considered a trophic hormone involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial morphology and function. This role has been targeted for therapies promoting repair and adaptive growth of the intestinal mucosa. Recently, GLP-2 has been shown to exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism specially in conditions related to increased uptake of energy, such as obesity. Several actions of GLP-2 are related to a positive energy balance: GLP-2 increases not only the absorptive surface, but also expression and activity of epithelial brush-border nutrient transporters and digestive enzymes, intestinal blood flow, postprandial chylomicron secretion and it inhibits gastrointestinal motility, providing the opportunity to increase absorption of nutrients. Other actions, including anorexigenic effects, appear in opposition to the energy intake. In this review, we discuss the GLP-2 functions related to energy homeostasis. GLP-2 could be considered an hormone causing positive energy balance, which, however has the role to mitigate the metabolic dysfunctions associated with hyper-adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy.
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Baldassano S, Amato A, Caldara GF, Mulè F. Glucagon-like peptide-2 treatment improves glucose dysmetabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. Endocrine 2016; 54:648-656. [PMID: 26832341 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that endogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is dispensable for the regulation of glucose homeostasis under normal conditions, while it can play a beneficial role in obesity conditions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with Gly2-GLP-2, a stable analogue of GLP-2, can have an impact on glycaemic and lipid control in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), an animal model of human obesity and insulin resistance. HFD mice were treated once a day with Gly2-GLP-2 for 4 weeks. Body weight, food intake, fasting glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, insulin-induced glucose clearance, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, β-cell mass, plasma lipid metabolic profile, and lipid deposition in the liver were examined. In untreated HFD mice, fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated plasma insulin and sensibility to exogenous insulin were deteriorating with time and β-cell mass increased. In Gly2-GLP-2-treated mice, we found significant increase in glucose tolerance and exogenous insulin sensitivity, reduction in glucose-stimulated plasma insulin and in the increase in β-cell mass in comparison with pair-aged HFD untreated animals. The chronic treatment with the peptide was not associated with remarkable improvements of dyslipidemia and it did not prevent liver fat accumulation and the presence of microvesicular steatosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest, for the first time, that Gly2-GLP-2 may produce glucose metabolic benefits in mice with diet-induced obesity. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of GLP-2 on glucose metabolism remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize and illuminate the recent findings regarding gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms and the specific biomolecules involved in regulating this process, such as glucagon-like peptides (GLPs). RECENT FINDINGS There has been a growing interest in luminal nutrient chemosensing and its physiological effects throughout the digestive system. From the ingestion of food in the oral cavity to the processing and absorption of nutrients in the intestines, nutrient chemosensing receptors signal the production and release of numerous bioactive peptides from enteroendocrine cells, such as the proglucagon-derived peptides. There has been a major emphasis on two proglucagon-derived peptides, namely GLP-1 and GLP-2, due to their apparent beneficial effect on gut structure, function, and on metabolic processes. As an incretin, GLP-1 not only enhances the effect and release of insulin on pancreatic βcells but also has been implicated in having trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. In addition, GLP-2, the other major proglucagon-derived peptide, has potent intestinotrophic effects, such as increasing the rate of mucosal stem cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow, and fluid absorption, as well as augmenting the rate of duodenal bicarbonate secretion to improve gastric mucosal health and longevity. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms underlying nutrient chemosensing and how it relates to GLP release can further elucidate how the gut functions in response to cellular changes and disturbances. Furthermore, a more in-depth comprehension of GLP release and its tissue-specific effects will help improve the utility of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonists in clinical settings. This, in turn, should help patients suffering from intestinal failure, malabsorption, and mucosal injury.
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Baldassano S, Amato A, Rappa F, Cappello F, Mulè F. Influence of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 on lipid disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet. Endocr Res 2016; 41:317-324. [PMID: 26906293 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2016.1141950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on lipid profile in mice fed a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS HFD- and age-matched STD mice were injected once a day with GLP-2 (3-33), a GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) antagonist, or vehicle for 4 weeks. RESULTS HFD mice displayed increased intrahepatic lipid concentration and hepatic steatosis and higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol, LDL, AST, and ALT than STD mice. No difference was observed in lipid fecal elimination. In STD mice, the chronic treatment with GLP-2 (3-33) did not affect any parameter, while in HFD mice, it enhanced plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, and AST and reduced HDL, it increased intrahepatic lipid concentration, and it worsened the hepatic steatosis degree, without affecting lipid fecal elimination. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that GLP-2R antagonism worsens lipid disorders in HFD mice, and endogenous GLP-2 might even exert a defensive role against lipid imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università di Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università di Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- b Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche - Università di Palermo , Italy
- c Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- b Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche - Università di Palermo , Italy
- c Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia , Palermo , Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università di Palermo , Italy
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Larraufie P, Doré J, Lapaque N, Blottière HM. TLR ligands and butyrate increase Pyy expression through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27405092 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is an active barrier separating the host from its microbiota. It senses microbial compounds through expression of a wide range of receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs have been shown to regulate epithelium permeability or secretion of defensin by Paneth cells. However, the expression and function of TLRs in enteroendocrine L-cells, a specific subtype of intestinal cells secreting PYY and GLP-1, have not yet been assessed. PYY and GLP-1 are implicated in regulation of gut motility, food intake and insulin secretion, and are of great interest regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes. Using a cellular model of human L-cells and a reporter system for NF-κB activation pathway, we reported functional expression of TLRs in these cells. Stimulation with specific TLR-agonists increased expression of Pyy but not Proglucagon in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Moreover, the effect of TLR stimulation was additive to butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation, on Pyy expression. Additionally, butyrate also increased Tlr expression, including Tlr4, and the NF-κB response to TLR stimulation. Altogether, our results demonstrated a role of TLRs in the modulation of Pyy expression and the importance of butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation in regulation of microbial TLR-dependent sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Larraufie
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Joël Doré
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
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Thymann T. Endocrine regulation of gut maturation in early life in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S90-3. [PMID: 27345327 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
After birth, the newborn must adapt to the acute challenges of circulatory changes, active respiration, thermoregulation, microbial colonization, and enteral nutrition. Whereas these processes normally occur without clinical complications in neonates born at term, birth at a preterm state of gestation is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In commercial pig production, perinatal mortality is higher than in any other mammalian species. Asphyxia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, and gut dysmotility, represent some of the most common findings. The intestine is a particularly sensitive organ after birth, as it must adapt acutely to enteral nutrition and microbial colonization. Likewise, during the weaning phase, the intestine must adapt to new diet types. Both critical phases are associated with high morbidity. This review focuses on the endocrine changes occurring around birth and weaning. There are a number of endocrine adaptations in late gestation and early postnatal life that are under influence of development stage and environmental factors such as diet. The review discusses general endocrine changes in perinatal life but specifically focuses on the role of glucagon-like peptide-2. This gut-derived hormone plays a key role in development and function of the intestine in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark.
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Connor EE, Evock-Clover CM, Wall EH, Baldwin RL, Santin-Duran M, Elsasser TH, Bravo DM. Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S56-65. [PMID: 27345324 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous endocrine cell subtypes exist within the intestinal mucosa and produce peptides contributing to the regulation of critical physiological processes including appetite, energy metabolism, gut function, and gut health. The mechanisms of action and the extent of the physiological effects of these enteric peptides are only beginning to be uncovered. One peptide in particular, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) produced by enteroendocrine L cells, has been fairly well characterized in rodent and swine models in terms of its ability to improve nutrient absorption and healing of the gut after injury. In fact, a long-acting form of GLP-2 recently has been approved for the management and treatment of human conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome. However, novel functions of GLP-2 within the gut continue to be demonstrated, including its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation. As knowledge continues to grow about GLP-2's effects on the gut and its mechanisms of release, the potential to use GLP-2 to improve gut function and health of food animals becomes increasingly more apparent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the current understanding of GLP-2's functions and mechanisms of action within the gut; (2) novel applications of GLP-2 (or stimulators of its release) to improve general health and production performance of food animals; and (3) recent findings, using dairy calves as a model, that suggest the therapeutic potential of GLP-2 to reduce the pathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Connor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.
| | - C M Evock-Clover
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R L Baldwin
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - M Santin-Duran
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
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Amato A, Baldassano S, Mulè F. GLP2: an underestimated signal for improving glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R57-66. [PMID: 27048234 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, which projects mainly to the hypothalamus. The main biological actions of GLP2 are related to the regulation of energy absorption and maintenance of mucosal morphology, function and integrity of the intestine; however, recent experimental data suggest that GLP2 exerts beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, especially in conditions related to increased uptake of energy, such as obesity, at least in the animal model. Indeed, mice lacking GLP2 receptor selectively in hypothalamic neurons that express proopiomelanocortin show impaired postprandial glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance (by increased gluconeogenesis). Moreover, GLP2 acts as a beneficial factor for glucose metabolism in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Thus, the aim of this review is to update and summarize current knowledge about the role of GLP2 in the control of glucose homeostasis and to discuss how this molecule could exert protective effects against the onset of related obesity type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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