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Sigdel S, Udoh G, Albalawy R, Wang J. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: New Insights in Vascular Disease. Cells 2024; 13:1309. [PMID: 39195199 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special deposit of fat tissue surrounding the vasculature. Previous studies suggest that PVAT modulates the vasculature function in physiological conditions and is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Understanding how PVAT influences vasculature function and vascular disease progression is important. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel mediators of intercellular communication. EVs encapsulate molecular cargo such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can influence cellular functions by transferring the carried bioactive molecules. Emerging evidence indicates that PVAT-derived EVs play an important role in vascular functions under health and disease conditions. This review will focus on the roles of PVAT and PVAT-EVs in obesity, diabetic, and metabolic syndrome-related vascular diseases, offering novel insights into therapeutic targets for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smara Sigdel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Gideon Udoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Rakan Albalawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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Osikoya O, Hula N, da Silva RDNO, Goulopoulou S. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Uterine Artery Adaptations to Pregnancy. Microcirculation 2024; 31:e12857. [PMID: 38826057 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by longitudinal maternal, physiological adaptations to support the development of a fetus. One of the cardinal maternal adaptations during a healthy pregnancy is a progressive increase in uterine artery blood flow. This facilitates sufficient blood supply for the development of the placenta and the growing fetus. Regional hemodynamic changes in the uterine circulation, such as a vast reduction in uterine artery resistance, are mainly facilitated by changes in uterine artery reactivity and myogenic tone along with remodeling of the uterine arteries. These regional changes in vascular reactivity have been attributed to pregnancy-induced adaptations of cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, with an emphasis on the interaction between endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is considered the fourth layer of the vascular wall and contributes to the regulation of vascular reactivity in most vascular beds and most species. This review focuses on mechanisms of uterine artery reactivity and the role of PVAT in pregnancy-induced maternal vascular adaptations, with an emphasis on the uterine circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Nataliia Hula
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Renée de Nazaré Oliveira da Silva
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Su Z, Sun JY, Gao M, Sun W, Kong X. Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in the pathogenesis of hypertension in visceral adipose tissue induced by a high-fat diet. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1380906. [PMID: 38689862 PMCID: PMC11058983 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1380906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension (HTN) presents a significant global public health challenge with diverse causative factors. The accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) due to a high-fat diet (HFD) is an independent risk factor for HTN. While various studies have explored pathogenic mechanisms, a comprehensive understanding of impact of VAT on blood pressure necessitates bioinformatics analysis. Methods Datasets GSE214618 and GSE188336 were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus and analyzed to identify shared differentially expressed genes between HFD-VAT and HTN-VAT. Gene Ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses were conducted, leading to the identification of hub genes. We performed molecular validation of hub genes using RT-qPCR, Western-blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis using CIBERSORTx was performed. Results This study indicated that the predominant characteristic of VAT in HTN was related to energy metabolism. The red functional module was enriched in pathways associated with mitochondrial oxidative respiration and ATP metabolism processes. Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb in VAT were identified as hub genes on the pathogenic mechanism of HTN. Proteins encoded by these hub genes were closely associated with the target organs-specifically, the resistance artery, aorta, and heart tissue. After treatment with empagliflozin, there was a tendency for Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb to decrease in VAT. Immune infiltration analysis confirmed that inflammation and immune response may not be the main mechanisms by which visceral adiposity contributes to HTN. Conclusions Our study pinpointed the crucial causative factor of HTN in VAT following HFD. Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb in VAT acted as hub genes that promote elevated blood pressure and can be targets for HTN treatment. These findings contributed to therapeutic strategies and prognostic markers for HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Su
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Flori L, Piragine E, Calderone V, Testai L. Role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of lipid metabolism: Implications on cardiovascular health. Life Sci 2024; 341:122491. [PMID: 38336275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as an urgency for health and a social emergency. Today around 39 % of people is overweight, of these over 13 % is obese. It is well-consolidated that the adipose cells are deputy to lipid storage under caloric excess; however, despite the classical idea that adipose tissue has exclusively a passive function, now it is known to be deeply involved in the regulation of systemic metabolism in physiological as well as under obesogenic conditions, with consequences on cardiovascular health. Beside two traditional types of adipose cells (white and brown), recently the beige one has been highlighted as the consequence of the healthy remodeling of white adipocytes, confirming their metabolic adaptability. In this direction, pharmacological, nutraceutical and nutrient-based approaches are addressed to positively influence inflammation and metabolism, thus contributing to reduce the obese-associated cardiovascular risk. In this scenario, hydrogen sulfide emerges as a new mediator that may regulate crucial targets involved in the regulation of metabolism. The current evidence demonstrates that hydrogen sulfide may induce peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a crucial mediator of adipogenesis, inhibit the phosphorylation of perlipin-1 (plin-1), a protein implicated in the lipolysis, and finally promote browning process, through the release of irisin from skeletal muscle. The results summarized in this review suggest an important role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of metabolism and in the prevention/treatment of obese-associated cardiovascular diseases and propose new insight on the putative mechanisms underlying the release of hydrogen sulfide or its biosynthesis, delineating a further exciting field of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Piragine
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56120 Pisa, Italy.
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Tsvetkov D, Schleifenbaum J, Wang Y, Kassmann M, Polovitskaya MM, Ali M, Schütze S, Rothe M, Luft FC, Jentsch TJ, Gollasch M. KCNQ5 Controls Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Mediated Vasodilation. Hypertension 2024; 81:561-571. [PMID: 38354270 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small arteries exhibit resting tone, a partially contracted state that maintains arterial blood pressure. In arterial smooth muscle cells, potassium channels control contraction and relaxation. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels. However, the mechanisms by which PVAT signals small arteries, and their relevance remain largely unknown. We aimed to uncover key molecular components in adipose-vascular coupling. METHODS A wide spectrum of genetic mouse models targeting Kcnq3, Kcnq4, and Kcnq5 genes (Kcnq3-/-, Kcnq4-/-, Kcnq5-/-, Kcnq5dn/dn, Kcnq4-/-/Kcnq5dn/dn, and Kcnq4-/-/Kcnq5-/-), telemetry blood pressure measurements, targeted lipidomics, RNA-Seq profiling, wire-myography, patch-clamp, and sharp-electrode membrane potential measurements was used. RESULTS We show that PVAT causes smooth muscle cell KV7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels to hyperpolarize the membrane potential. This effect relaxes small arteries and regulates blood pressure. Oxygenation of polyunsaturated fats generates oxylipins, a superclass of lipid mediators. We identified numerous oxylipins released by PVAT, which potentiate vasodilatory action in small arteries by opening smooth muscle cell KV7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a key molecular function of the KV7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels in the adipose-vascular coupling, translating PVAT signals, particularly oxylipins, to the central physiological function of vasoregulation. This novel pathway opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (D.T., M.K., M.A., M.G.)
| | - Johanna Schleifenbaum
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Yibin Wang
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.W., F.C.L.)
| | - Mario Kassmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (D.T., M.K., M.A., M.G.)
| | - Maya M Polovitskaya
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (D.T., M.K., M.A., M.G.)
| | - Sebastian Schütze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
| | | | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.W., F.C.L.)
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.M.P., S.S., T.J.J.)
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (T.J.J.)
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (D.T., M.K., M.A., M.G.)
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Tong Y, Zuo Z, Li X, Li M, Wang Z, Guo X, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen D, Zhang Z. Protective role of perivascular adipose tissue in the cardiovascular system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1296778. [PMID: 38155947 PMCID: PMC10753176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1296778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the key role played by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the protection of cardiovascular health. PVAT is a specific type of adipose tissue that wraps around blood vessels and has recently emerged as a critical factor for maintenance of vascular health. Through a profound exploration of existing research, this review sheds light on the intricate structural composition and cellular origins of PVAT, with a particular emphasis on combining its regulatory functions for vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. The review then delves into the intricate mechanisms by which PVAT exerts its protective effects, including the secretion of diverse adipokines and manipulation of the renin-angiotensin complex. The review further examines the alterations in PVAT function and phenotype observed in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Recognizing the complex interactions of PVAT with the cardiovascular system is critical for pursuing breakthrough therapeutic strategies that can target cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this review aims to augment present understanding of the protective role of PVAT in cardiovascular health, with a special emphasis on elucidating potential mechanisms and paving the way for future research directions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tong
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Zuo
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinqi Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghua Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenggui Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Guo
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wei JH, Qi H, Zhou Y, Hou HT, He GW, Yang Q. Homocysteine impairs the anticontractile/vasorelaxing activity of perivascular adipose tissue surrounding human internal mammary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 64:ezad406. [PMID: 38070151 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding human internal mammary artery (IMA) possesses anticontractile property. Its function under pathological conditions is barely studied. We previously reported that homocysteine impairs the vasodilator function of IMA through endothelium and smooth muscle-dependent mechanisms. This study investigated the effect of homocysteine on the function of PVAT and the associated mechanisms. METHODS Residual IMA tissues were collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Vasoreactivity was studied using myograph. Adiponectin was measured by ELISA. Expressions of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs), eNOS and p-eNOS were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS Exposure to homocysteine augmented the contractile responses of PVAT-intact IMA to U46619 and potassium chloride, regardless with or without endothelium. Such augmentation was also observed in skeletonized IMA with transferred, homocysteine-exposed PVAT. Homocysteine attenuated the relaxant response of PVAT-intact while endothelium-denuded vessels to acetylcholine. Homocysteine lowered adiponectin content in the PVAT, downregulated the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 as well as eNOS and p-eNOS in skeletonized IMA. The relaxant response of skeletonized IMA to AdipoR agonist AdipoRon was blunted by homocysteine or eNOS inhibitor, and homocysteine significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of eNOS inhibitor on AdipoRon-induced relaxation. CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine impairs the anticontractile/vasorelaxing activity of PVAT surrounding the IMA through inhibiting adiponectin/AdipoR/eNOS/nitric oxide signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Tao Hou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases and Translational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Preda A, Carbone F, Tirandi A, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Obesity phenotypes and cardiovascular risk: From pathophysiology to clinical management. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:901-919. [PMID: 37358728 PMCID: PMC10492705 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity epidemic reached the dimensions of a real global health crisis with more than one billion people worldwide living with obesity. Multiple obesity-related mechanisms cause structural, functional, humoral, and hemodynamic alterations with cardiovascular (CV) deleterious effects. A correct assessment of the cardiovascular risk in people with obesity is critical for reducing mortality and preserving quality of life. The correct identification of the obesity status remains difficult as recent evidence suggest that different phenotypes of obesity exist, each one associated with different degrees of CV risk. Diagnosis of obesity cannot depend only on anthropometric parameters but should include a precise assessment of the metabolic status. Recently, the World Heart Federation and World Obesity Federation provided an action plan for management of obesity-related CV risk and mortality, stressing for the instauration of comprehensive structured programs encompassing multidisciplinary teams. In this review we aim at providing an updated summary regarding the different obesity phenotypes, their specific effects on CV risk and differences in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Carbone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Tirandi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Liberale
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Ahmed A, Bibi A, Valoti M, Fusi F. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone: Friends or Foes? Cells 2023; 12:cells12081196. [PMID: 37190105 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a specialized type of adipose tissue that surrounds most mammalian blood vessels. PVAT is a metabolically active, endocrine organ capable of regulating blood vessel tone, endothelium function, vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation, and contributing critically to cardiovascular disease onset and progression. In the context of vascular tone regulation, under physiological conditions, PVAT exerts a potent anticontractile effect by releasing a plethora of vasoactive substances, including NO, H2S, H2O2, prostacyclin, palmitic acid methyl ester, angiotensin 1-7, adiponectin, leptin, and omentin. However, under certain pathophysiological conditions, PVAT exerts pro-contractile effects by decreasing the production of anticontractile and increasing that of pro-contractile factors, including superoxide anion, angiotensin II, catecholamines, prostaglandins, chemerin, resistin, and visfatin. The present review discusses the regulatory effect of PVAT on vascular tone and the factors involved. In this scenario, dissecting the precise role of PVAT is a prerequisite to the development of PVAT-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-NANOTEC, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Zhu H, Wang H, Zhu X, Chen Q, Fang X, Xu X, Ping Y, Gao B, Tong G, Ding Y, Chen T, Huang J. The Importance of Integrated Regulation Mechanism of Coronary Microvascular Function for Maintaining the Stability of Coronary Microcirculation: An Easily Overlooked Perspective. Adv Ther 2023; 40:76-101. [PMID: 36279093 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) refers to a group of disorders affecting the structure and function of coronary microcirculation and is associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. At present, great progress has been made in the diagnosis of CMD, but there is no specific treatment for it because of the complexity of CMD pathogenesis. Vascular dysfunction is one of the important causes of CMD, but previous reviews mostly considered microvascular dysfunction as a whole abnormality so the obtained conclusions are skewed. The coronary microvascular function is co-regulated by multiple mechanisms, and the mechanisms by which microvessels of different luminal diameters are regulated vary. The main purpose of this review is to revisit the mechanisms by which coronary microvessels at different diameters regulate coronary microcirculation through integrated sequential activation and briefly discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment progress of CMD from this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hanxin Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qilan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojiang Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqun Xu
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ping
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoxin Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tielong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Galley JC, Singh S, Awata WMC, Alves JV, Bruder-Nascimento T. Adipokines: Deciphering the cardiovascular signature of adipose tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115324. [PMID: 36309078 PMCID: PMC10509780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension are intimately linked due to the various ways that the important cell types such as vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), endothelial cells (EC), immune cells, and adipocytes, communicate with one another to contribute to these two pathologies. Adipose tissue is a very dynamic organ comprised primarily of adipocytes, which are well known for their role in energy storage. More recently adipose tissue has been recognized as the largest endocrine organ because of its ability to produce a vast number of signaling molecules called adipokines. These signaling molecules stimulate specific types of cells or tissues with many adipokines acting as indicators of adipocyte healthy function, such as adiponectin, omentin, and FGF21, which show anti-inflammatory or cardioprotective effects, acting as regulators of healthy physiological function. Others, like visfatin, chemerin, resistin, and leptin are often altered during pathophysiological circumstances like obesity and lipodystrophy, demonstrating negative cardiovascular outcomes when produced in excess. This review aims to explore the role of adipocytes and their derived products as well as the impacts of these adipokines on blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Galley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shubhnita Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wanessa M. C. Awata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliano V. Alves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Civelek E, Ozen G. The biological actions of prostanoids in adipose tissue in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102508. [PMID: 36270150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been established as an endocrine organ that plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Adipose tissue releases several bioactive molecules called adipokines. Inflammation, dysregulation of adipokine synthesis, and secretion are observed in obesity and related diseases and cause adipose tissue dysfunction. Prostanoids, belonging to the eicosanoid family of lipid mediators, can be synthesized in adipose tissue and play a critical role in adipose tissue biology. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge regarding the interaction of prostanoids with adipokines, the expression of prostanoid receptors, and prostanoid synthase enzymes in adipose tissues in health and disease. Furthermore, the involvement of prostanoids in the physiological function or dysfunction of adipose tissue including inflammation, lipolysis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, browning of adipocytes, and vascular tone regulation was also discussed by examining studies using pharmacological approaches or genetically modified animals for prostanoid receptors/synthase enzymes. Overall, the present review provides a perspective on the evidence from literature regarding the biological effects of prostanoids in adipose tissue. Among prostanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is prominent in regards to its substantial role in both adipose tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Targeting prostanoids may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing or treating obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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13
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Shi H, Wu H, Winkler MA, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Lee R, Kim HW, Weintraub NL. Perivascular adipose tissue in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106354. [PMID: 35842184 PMCID: PMC10184774 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) resides at the outermost boundary of the vascular wall, surrounding most conduit blood vessels, except for the cerebral vessels, in humans. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation localized within PVAT may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, etc., exhibit heightened systemic inflammation and are at increased risk for CVD. Data from clinical studies in patients with ARDs support a linkage between dysfunctional adipose tissue, and PVAT in particular, in disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the data linking PVAT to the pathogenesis of CVD in patients with ARDs, focusing on the role of novel PVAT imaging techniques in defining disease risk and responses to biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hanping Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Winkler
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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14
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Mitidieri E, Turnaturi C, Vanacore D, Sorrentino R, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R. The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide in the Control of Vascular Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:84-97. [PMID: 35442088 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Emerging evidence suggests that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has a relevant role in the control of vascular tone in physiology and pathology. Healthy PVAT has anticontractile, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative actions. Accumulating data from both human and experimental animal models indicate that PVAT dysfunction is conceivably coupled to cardiovascular diseases, and it is associated with vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and arterial remodeling. Therefore, "healthy" PVAT may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Recent Advances: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a vascular anti-contractile factor released from PVAT. The enzymes deputed to H2S biosynthesis are variously expressed in PVAT and strictly dependent on the vascular bed and species. Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases can alter the morphological and secretory characteristics of PVAT, influencing also the H2S signaling. Here, we discuss the role of PVAT-derived H2S in healthy conditions and its relevance in alterations occurring in vascular disorders. Critical Issues: We discuss how a better understanding may help in the prevention of vascular dysfunction related to alteration in PVAT-released H2S as well as the importance of the interplay between PVAT and H2S. Future Directions: We propose future directions to evaluate the contribution of each enzyme involved in H2S biosynthesis and their alteration/switch occurring in vascular disorders and the remaining challenges in investigating the role of H2S. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 84-97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mitidieri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Turnaturi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Vanacore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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15
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Lin Z, Lin X, Zhao X, Xu C, Yu B, Shen Y, Li L. Coronary Artery Spasm: Risk Factors, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Diagnostic Approaches. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:175. [PMID: 39077604 PMCID: PMC11273663 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2305175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a transient reversible subtotal or complete occlusion induced by coronary hypercontraction and the critical cause of myocardial ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries. During the past decades, our knowledge of the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of CAS have been increasingly progressed, and various diagnostic approaches, including imaging technologies and novel biomarkers, have been proposed to serve well to diagnose CAS clinically. This review aims to summarize these research progresses on the risk factors of CAS and introduce current knowledge about the mechanisms accounting for CAS, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell hyperreactivity, and adventitial and perivascular adipose tissue inflammation. We also gathered the recently evolved diagnostic approaches and analyzed their advantages/disadvantages, in purpose of enhancing the diagnostic yield on the basis of ensuring accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchao Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Bokang Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Liliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
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16
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Amer A, Fabio F, Valoti M. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Modulates the Effects of Flavonoids on Rat Aorta Rings: Role of Superoxide Anion and β3 Receptors. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Pathak MP, Patowary P, Das A, Goyary D, Karmakar S, Bhutia YD, Roy PK, Das S, Chattopadhyay P. Crosstalk between AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathways activated by β-caryophyllene suppressed the compound 48/80 induced pseudo-allergic reactions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1523-1536. [PMID: 34314522 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation is initiated by two signalling pathways: immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and IgE-independent pathway. It is reported that the IgE-independent type or pseudo-allergy pathway gets activated by G-protein-dependent activation of the mast cell. Recently, adiponectin (APN) receptors, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 have been identified as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Interestingly, APN replenishment is reported to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling axis. However, no study has been performed interlinking the role of APN and the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling axis in pseudo-allergic reaction. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-pseudo-allergic effects of β-caryophyllene, an FDA-approved food additive, in activating AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and Nrf2/HO-1 axis signalling pathway. Compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis-like shock in BALB/c mice was performed to assess the efficacy of β-caryophyllene (BCP). To assess the effect of BCP in anaphylactic hypotension, mean arterial pressure was measured in Wistar rats. Inhibitory properties of BCP in mast cell degranulation were estimated in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). ELISA was performed to estimate interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1β, IgE, ovalbumin (OVA)-IgE and APN and western blotting for protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and AdipoR1-AdipoR2. BCP dose-dependently inhibited systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis-like shock induced by C48/80. BCP dose-dependently inhibited the mast cell degranulation followed by inhibition of histamine release. Also BCP dose-dependently activated the Nrf2/HO-1 and AdipoR1-AdipoR2 signalling axis pathway. Moreover, BCP reversed the drop in blood pressure when the haemodynamic parameters were accessed. Our findings suggest that BCP is a potent AdipoR1/AdipoR2-Nrf2/HO-1 axis pathway agonist that may suppress the IgE-independent pathway towards allergic response to secretagogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Pratim Pathak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Pompy Patowary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Sanjeev Karmakar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Yangchen D Bhutia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Probin Kumar Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Sanghita Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
- Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemical Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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18
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Molcan L, Maier A, Zemančíková A, Gelles K, Török J, Zeman M, Ellinger I. Expression of Melatonin Receptor 1 in Rat Mesenteric Artery and Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Vasoactive Action of Melatonin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1589-1598. [PMID: 32734322 PMCID: PMC8408066 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is released by the pineal gland and can modulate cardiovascular system function via the G protein-coupled melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2. Most vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which affects their contractility. The aim of our study was to evaluate mRNA and protein expression of MT1 and MT2 in the mesenteric artery (MA) and associated PVAT of male rats by RT-PCR and Western blot. Receptor localization was further studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Effects of melatonin on neurogenic contractions were explored in isolated superior MA ex vivo by measurement of isometric contractile tension. MT1, but not MT2, was present in MA, and MT1 was localized mainly in vascular smooth muscle. Moreover, we proved the presence of MT1, but not MT2 receptors, in MA-associated PVAT. In isolated superior MA with intact PVAT, neuro-adrenergic contractile responses were significantly smaller when compared to arteries with removed PVAT. Pre-treatment with melatonin of PVAT-stripped arterial rings enhanced neurogenic contractions, while the potentiating effect of melatonin was not detected in preparations with preserved PVAT. We hypothesize that melatonin can stimulate the release of PVAT-derived relaxing factor(s) via MT1, which can override the direct pro-contractile effect of melatonin on vascular smooth muscle. Our results suggest that melatonin is involved in the control of vascular tone in a complex way, which is vessel specific and can reflect a sum of action on different layers of the vessel wall and surrounding PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubos Molcan
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andreas Maier
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Zemančíková
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Török
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Wang M, Xing J, Liu M, Gao M, Liu Y, Li X, Hu L, Zhao X, Liao J, Liu G, Dong J. Deletion of Seipin Attenuates Vascular Function and the Anticontractile Effect of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:706924. [PMID: 34409079 PMCID: PMC8365033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.706924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seipin locates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulates adipogenesis and lipid droplet formation. Deletion of Seipin has been well-demonstrated to cause severe general lipodystrophy, however, its role in maintaining perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and vascular homeostasis has not been directly assessed. In the present study, we investigated the role of Seipin in mediating the anticontractile effect of PVAT and vascular function. Seipin expression in PVAT and associated vessels were detected by qPCR and western-blot. Seipin is highly expressed in PVAT, but hardly in vessels. Structural and functional alterations of PVAT and associated vessels were compared between Seipin−/− mice and WT mice. In Seipin−/− mice, aortic and mesenteric PVAT were significantly reduced in mass and adipose-derived relaxing factors (ADRFs) secretion, but increased in macrophage infiltration and ER stress, as compared with those in WT mice. Aortic and mesenteric artery rings from WT and Seipin−/− mice were mounted on a wire myograph. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation were studied in vessels with and without PVAT. WT PVAT augmented relaxation but not Seipin−/− PVAT, which suggest impaired anticontractile function in PVAT of Seipin−/− mice. Thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery from Seipin−/− mice had impaired contractility in response to phenylephrine (PHE) and relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach). In conclusion, Seipin deficiency caused abnormalities in PVAT morphology and vascular functions. Our data demonstrated for the first time that Seipin plays a critical role in maintaining PVAT function and vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengduan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - George Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Li X, Ma Z, Zhu YZ. Regional Heterogeneity of Perivascular Adipose Tissue: Morphology, Origin, and Secretome. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:697720. [PMID: 34239444 PMCID: PMC8259882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.697720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a unique fat depot with local and systemic impacts. PVATs are anatomically, developmentally, and functionally different from classical adipose tissues and they are also different from each other. PVAT adipocytes originate from different progenitors and precursors. They can produce and secrete a wide range of autocrine and paracrine factors, many of which are vasoactive modulators. In the context of obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, these phenotypic and functional differences become more evident. In this review, we focus on the recent findings of PVAT’s heterogeneity by comparing commonly studied adipose tissues around the thoracic aorta (tPVAT), abdominal aorta (aPVAT), and mesenteric artery (mPVAT). Distinct origins and developmental trajectory of PVAT adipocyte potentially contribute to regional heterogeneity. Regional differences also exist in ways how PVAT communicates with its neighboring vasculature by producing specific adipokines, vascular tone regulators, and extracellular vesicles in a given microenvironment. These insights may inspire new therapeutic strategies targeting the PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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21
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Sowka A, Dobrzyn P. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Adiponectin in Vascular Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061485. [PMID: 34204799 PMCID: PMC8231548 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of adipose tissue biology have demonstrated that adipose tissue should be considered as both passive, energy-storing tissue and an endocrine organ because of the secretion of adipose-specific factors, called adipokines. Adiponectin is a well-described homeostatic adipokine with metabolic properties. It regulates whole-body energy status through the induction of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, making it an interesting subject of biomedical studies. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat depot that is conterminous to the vascular wall and acts on it in a paracrine manner through adipokine secretion. PVAT-derived adiponectin can act on the vascular wall through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present review describes adiponectin's structure, receptors, and main signaling pathways. We further discuss recent studies of the extent and nature of crosstalk between PVAT-derived adiponectin and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we argue whether adiponectin and its receptors may be considered putative therapeutic targets.
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22
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Pati P, Valcin JA, Zhang D, Neder TH, Millender-Swain T, Allan JM, Sedaka R, Jin C, Becker BK, Pollock DM, Bailey SM, Pollock JS. Liver circadian clock disruption alters perivascular adipose tissue gene expression and aortic function in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R960-R971. [PMID: 33881363 PMCID: PMC8285618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role that influences cardiovascular disease outcomes through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. It is recognized that the local liver molecular clock regulates some liver-derived metabolites. However, it is unknown whether the liver clock may impact cardiovascular function. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a specialized type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Importantly, cross talk between the endothelium and PVAT via vasoactive factors is critical for vascular function. Therefore, we designed studies to test the hypothesis that cardiovascular function, including PVAT function, is impaired in mice with liver-specific circadian clock disruption. Bmal1 is a core circadian clock gene, thus studies were undertaken in male hepatocyte-specific Bmal1 knockout (HBK) mice and littermate controls (i.e., flox mice). HBK mice showed significantly elevated plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids/free fatty acids, triglycerides, and insulin-like growth factor 1 compared with flox mice. Thoracic aorta PVAT in HBK mice had increased mRNA expression of several key regulatory and metabolic genes, Ppargc1a, Pparg, Adipoq, Lpl, and Ucp1, suggesting altered PVAT energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Sensitivity to acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was significantly decreased in the aortae of HBK mice with PVAT attached compared with aortae of HBK mice with PVAT removed, however, aortic vasorelaxation in flox mice showed no differences with or without attached PVAT. HBK mice had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure during the inactive period of the day. These new findings establish a novel role of the liver circadian clock in regulating PVAT metabolic gene expression and PVAT-mediated aortic vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Pati
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas H Neder
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Telisha Millender-Swain
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John Miller Allan
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Randee Sedaka
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chunhua Jin
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Overweight and obesity are strongly associated with comorbidities such as hypertension and insulin resistance, which collectively contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases and resultant morbidity and mortality. Forty-two percent of adults in the United States are obese, and a total of 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight or obese. These alarming numbers, which continue to climb, represent a major health and economic burden. Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic organ that can be classified based on the cellular composition of different depots and their distinct anatomical localization. Massive expansion and remodeling of adipose tissue during obesity differentially affects specific adipose tissue depots and significantly contributes to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation results in increased immune cell infiltration and secretion of vasoconstrictor mediators, whereas expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue is less harmful. Therefore, fat distribution more than overall body weight is a key determinant of the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissue, in contrast to white adipose tissue, is associated with beneficial effects on the vasculature. The relationship between the type of adipose tissue and its influence on vascular function becomes particularly evident in the context of the heterogenous phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue that is strongly location dependent. In this review, we address the abnormal remodeling of specific adipose tissue depots during obesity and how this critically contributes to the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular stiffness. We also discuss the local and systemic roles of adipose tissue derived secreted factors and increased systemic inflammation during obesity and highlight their detrimental impact on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Department of Medicine (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
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Hu H, Garcia-Barrio M, Jiang ZS, Chen YE, Chang L. Roles of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:736-749. [PMID: 32390459 PMCID: PMC7910418 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which is present surrounding most blood vessels, from the aorta to the microvasculature of the dermis, is mainly composed of fat cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, mast cells, and nerve cells. Although the PVAT is objectively present, its physiological and pathological significance has long been ignored. Recent Advances: PVAT was considered as a supporting component of blood vessels and a protective cushion to the vessel wall from the neighboring tissues during relaxation and contraction. Nonetheless, further extensive research found that PVAT actively regulates blood vessel tone through PVAT-derived vasoactive factors, including both relaxing and contracting factors. In addition, PVAT contributes to atherosclerosis through paracrine secretion of a large number of bioactive factors such as adipokines and cytokines. Thereby, PVAT regulates the functions of blood vessels through various mechanisms operating directly on PVAT or on the underlying vessel layers, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Critical Issues: PVAT is a unique adipose tissue that plays an essential role in maintaining the vascular structure and regulating vascular function and homeostasis. This review focuses on recent updates on the various PVAT roles in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Future Directions: Future studies should further investigate the actual contribution of alterations in PVAT metabolism to the overall systemic outcomes of cardiovascular disease, which remains largely unknown. In addition, the messengers and underlying mechanisms responsible for the crosstalk between PVAT and ECs and VSMCs in the vascular wall should be systematically addressed, as well as the contributions of PVAT aging to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Saxton SN, Toms LK, Aldous RG, Withers SB, Ohanian J, Heagerty AM. Restoring Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function in Obesity Using Exercise. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:1291-1304. [PMID: 33687595 PMCID: PMC8578065 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anti-contractile effect which is vital in regulating vascular tone. This effect is mediated via sympathetic nervous stimulation of PVAT by a mechanism which involves noradrenaline uptake through organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and β3-adrenoceptor-mediated adiponectin release. In obesity, autonomic dysfunction occurs, which may result in a loss of PVAT function and subsequent vascular disease. Accordingly, we have investigated abnormalities in obese PVAT, and the potential for exercise in restoring function. Methods Vascular contractility to electrical field stimulation (EFS) was assessed ex vivo in the presence of pharmacological tools in ±PVAT vessels from obese and exercised obese mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect changes in expression of β3-adrenoceptors, OCT3 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in PVAT. Results High fat feeding induced hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia, which was reversed using exercise, independent of weight loss. Obesity induced a loss of the PVAT anti-contractile effect, which could not be restored via β3-adrenoceptor activation. Moreover, adiponectin no longer exerts vasodilation. Additionally, exercise reversed PVAT dysfunction in obesity by reducing inflammation of PVAT and increasing β3-adrenoceptor and OCT3 expression, which were downregulated in obesity. Furthermore, the vasodilator effects of adiponectin were restored. Conclusion Loss of neutrally mediated PVAT anti-contractile function in obesity will contribute to the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Exercise training will restore function and treat the vascular complications of obesity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10557-020-07136-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren K Toms
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Ohanian
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Barp CG, Bonaventura D, Assreuy J. NO, ROS, RAS, and PVAT: More Than a Soup of Letters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640021. [PMID: 33643076 PMCID: PMC7902489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has recently entered in the realm of cardiovascular diseases as a putative target for intervention. Notwithstanding its relevance, there is still a long way before the role of PVAT in physiology and pathology is fully understood. The general idea that PVAT anti-contractile effect is beneficial and its pro-contractile effect is harmful is being questioned by several reports. The role of some PVAT important products or systems such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and RAS may vary depending on the context, disease, place of production, etc., which adds doubts on how mediators of PVAT anti- and pro-contractile effects are called to action and their final result. This short review will address some points regarding NO, ROS, and RAS in the beneficial and harmful roles of PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Germano Barp
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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27
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Restini CBA, Fink GD, Watts SW. Vascular reactivity stimulated by TMA and TMAO: Are perivascular adipose tissue and endothelium involved? Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105273. [PMID: 33197599 PMCID: PMC7855790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA), formed by intestinal microbiota, and its Flavin-Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) product Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO), are potential modulators of host cardiometabolic phenotypes. High circulating levels of TMAO are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that TMA/TMAO could directly change the vascular tone. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) helps to regulate vascular homeostasis and may also possess FMO3. Thoracic aorta with(+) or without(-) PVAT, also + or - the endothelium (E), of male Sprague Dawley rats were isolated for measurement of isometric tone in response to TMA/TMAO (1nM-0.5 M). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies were done to identify the presence of FMO3. TMA and TMAO elicited concentration-dependent arterial contraction. However, at a maximally achievable concentration (0.2 M), contraction stimulated by TMA was of a greater magnitude (141.5 ± 16% of maximum phenylephrine contraction) than that elicited by TMAO (19.1 ± 4.03%) with PVAT and endothelium intact. When PVAT was preserved, TMAO-induced contraction was extensively reduced the presence (19.1 ± 4.03%) versus absence of E (147.2 ± 20.5%), indicating that the endothelium plays a protective role against TMAO-induced contraction. FMO3 enzyme was present in aortic PVAT, but the FMO3 inhibitor methimazole did not affect contraction stimulated by TMA in aorta + PVAT. However, the l-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine reduced TMA-induced contraction by ∼50% compared to the vehicle. Though a high concentration of these compounds was needed to achieve contraction, the findings that TMA-induced contraction was independent of PVAT and E and mediated by nifedipine-sensitive calcium channels suggest metabolite-induced contraction may be physiologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Baraldi A Restini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 44575 Garfield Road, Building UC4, Clinton Township, MI, 48038, United States.
| | - Gregory D Fink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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Adiponectin Exerts Peripheral Inhibitory Effects on the Mouse Gastric Smooth Muscle through the AMPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249617. [PMID: 33348652 PMCID: PMC7767160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some adipokines, such as adiponectin (ADPN), other than being implicated in the central regulation of feeding behavior, may influence gastric motor responses, which are a source of peripheral signals that also influence food intake. The present study aims to elucidate the signaling pathways through which ADPN exerts its actions in the mouse gastric fundus. To this purpose, we used a multidisciplinary approach. The mechanical results showed that ADPN caused a decay of the strip basal tension, which was abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor, L-NG-nitro arginine (L-NNA). The electrophysiological experiments confirmed that all ADPN effects were abolished by L-NNA, except for the reduction of Ca2+ current, which was instead prevented by the inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), dorsomorphin. The activation of the AMPK signaling by ADPN was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis, which also revealed the ADPN R1 receptor (AdipoR1) expression in glial cells of the myenteric plexus. In conclusion, our results indicate that ADPN exerts an inhibitory action on the gastric smooth muscle by acting on AdipoR1 and involving the AMPK signaling pathway at the peripheral level. These findings provide novel bases for considering AMPK as a possible pharmacologic target for the potential treatment of obesity and eating disorders.
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29
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Loesch A, Dashwood MR. Saphenous Vein Vasa Vasorum as a Potential Target for Perivascular Fat-Derived Factors. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:964-969. [PMID: 33306322 PMCID: PMC7731844 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a source of factors affecting vasomotor tone with the potential to play a role in the performance of saphenous vein (SV) bypass grafts. As these factors have been described as having constrictor or relaxant effects, they may be considered either beneficial or detrimental. The close proximity of PVAT to the adventitia provides an environment whereby adipose tissue-derived factors may affect the vasa vasorum, a microvascular network providing the vessel wall with oxygen and nutrients. Since medial ischaemia promotes aspects of graft occlusion the involvement of the PVAT/vasa vasorum axis in vein graft patency should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Loesch
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Richard Dashwood
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Victorio JA, da Costa RM, Tostes RC, Davel AP. Modulation of Vascular Function by Perivascular Adipose Tissue: Sex Differences. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3768-3777. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701211912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the endothelium, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been described to be involved
in the local modulation of vascular function by synthetizing and releasing vasoactive factors. Under
physiological conditions, PVAT has anticontractile and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in the context of
hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, the PVAT pattern of anticontractile adipokines is altered, favoring
oxidative stress, inflammation and, consequently, vascular dysfunction. Therefore, dysfunctional PVAT has become
a target for therapeutic intervention in cardiometabolic diseases. An increasing number of studies have
revealed sex differences in PVAT morphology and in the modulatory effects of PVAT on endothelial function
and vascular tone. Moreover, distinct mechanisms underlying PVAT dysfunction may account for vascular abnormalities
in males and females. Therefore, targeting sex-specific mechanisms of PVAT dysfunction in cardiovascular
diseases is an evolving strategy for cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaira A. Victorio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. da Costa
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goias-Jatai, Jatai-GO, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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31
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Saxton SN, Heagerty AM, Withers SB. Perivascular adipose tissue: An immune cell metropolis. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1440-1443. [PMID: 32648363 DOI: 10.1113/ep087872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The review discusses how eosinophils can contribute to the function of perivascular adipose tissue and explores the mechanisms involved. What advances does it highlight? Understanding the communication between the cell populations that constitute perivascular adipose tissue function is important for exploring therapeutic options in the treatment of obesity-related cardiovascular complications. This article highlights that eosinophils are able to contribute directly to healthy perivascular adipose tissue function. These immune cells contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide- and adiponectin-dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue. ABSTRACT Perivascular adipose tissue is a heterogeneous tissue that surrounds most blood vessels in the body. This review focuses on the contribution of eosinophils located within the adipose tissue to vascular contractility. A high-fat diet reduces the number of these immune cells within perivascular adipose tissue, and this loss is linked to an increase in vascular contractility and hypertension. We explored the mechanisms by which eosinophils contribute to this function using genetically modified mice, ex vivo assessment of contractility and pharmacological tools. We found that eosinophils contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide- and adiponectin-dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue. It is now important to explore whether manipulation of these pathways in obesity can alleviate cardiovascular complications, in order to determine whether eosinophils are a valid target for obesity-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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32
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Samuel O O. Review on multifaceted involvement of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular pathology. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107259. [PMID: 32692664 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat tissue deposit that encircles the vasculature. PVAT is traditionally known to protect the vasculature from external stimuli that could cause biological stress. In addition to the protective role of PVAT, it secretes certain biologically active substances known as adipokines that induce paracrine effects on proximate blood vessels. These adipokines influence vascular tones. There are different types of PVAT and they are phenotypically and functionally distinct. These are the white and brown PVATs. Under certain conditions, white PVAT could undergo phenotypic switch to attain a brown PVAT-like phenotype. This type of PVAT is referred to as Beige PVAT. The morphology of adipose tissue is influenced by species, age, and sex. These factors play significant roles in adipose tissue mass, functionality, paracrine activity, and predisposition to vascular diseases. The difficulty that is currently experienced in extrapolating animal models to human physiology could be traceable to these factors. Up till now, the involvement of PVAT in the development of vascular pathology is still not well understood. Brown and white PVAT contribute differently to vascular pathology. Thus, the PVAT could be a therapeutic target in curbing certain vascular diseases. In this review, knowledge would be updated on the multifaceted involvement of PVAT in vascular pathology and also explore its vascular therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olapoju Samuel O
- EA 7288, Biocommunication en Cardiometabolique (BC2M), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Perivascular adipose tissue phenotype and sepsis vascular dysfunction: Differential contribution of NO, ROS and beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Life Sci 2020; 254:117819. [PMID: 32442451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular dysfunction plays a key role in sepsis but the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in this condition is relatively unknown. MAIN METHODS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The responses of the aorta and superior mesenteric artery to norepinephrine in the presence or absence of PVAT were evaluated. Fluorescent probes measured the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). NO synthases (NOS) and β3-adrenoceptor expression were detected by immunofluorescence and S-nitrosylation by the biotin switch assay. KEY FINDINGS Aorta and superior mesenteric arteries from septic animals with intact PVAT showed a worsened response to the vasoconstrictor compared to vessels without PVAT. PVAT from the aorta (APVAT) produced NO and ROS whereas PVAT from the superior mesenteric artery (MPVAT) produced only ROS. Septic APVAT exhibited a higher density of NOS-1 and NOS-3. S-nitrosylation was found in APVAT. Donor (PVAT obtained from normal or septic rats):Host (normal vessel without PVAT) experiments showed that L-NAME, ODQ and β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist blocked the septic APVAT anti-contractile effect. None of these compounds affected MPVAT; tempol, but not apocynin, blocked its anti-contractile effect. SIGNIFICANCE PVAT contributes to the anti-contractile effect in the aorta and mesenteric artery of septic rats through different pathways. β3-Adrenergic receptor and NO appear to be key mediators of this effect in APVAT, but not in MPVAT where ROS seem to be a relevant mediator. Therefore, PVAT is a relevant player of sepsis vascular dysfunction.
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Chang L, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Regulates Vascular Function by Targeting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1094-1109. [PMID: 32188271 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissues are present at multiple locations in the body. Most blood vessels are surrounded with adipose tissue which is referred to as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Similarly to adipose tissues at other locations, PVAT harbors many types of cells which produce and secrete adipokines and other undetermined factors which locally modulate PVAT metabolism and vascular function. Uncoupling protein-1, which is considered as a brown fat marker, is also expressed in PVAT of rodents and humans. Thus, compared with other adipose tissues in the visceral area, PVAT displays brown-like characteristics. PVAT shows a distinct function in the cardiovascular system compared with adipose tissues in other depots which are not adjacent to the vascular tree. Growing and extensive studies have demonstrated that presence of normal PVAT is required to maintain the vasculature in a functional status. However, excessive accumulation of dysfunctional PVAT leads to vascular disorders, partially through alteration of its secretome which, in turn, affects vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In this review, we highlight the cross talk between PVAT and vascular smooth muscle cells and its roles in vascular remodeling and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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A New Function for Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT): Assistance of Arterial Stress Relaxation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1807. [PMID: 32019956 PMCID: PMC7000722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In health, PVAT secretes anti-contractile factors that relax the underlying artery. PVAT’s contributions to vascular function include more than production of vasoactive substances. We hypothesized that PVAT benefits the artery by assisting the function of stress (–induced) relaxation. Thoracic aorta rings from Sprague Dawley rats were mounted in isolated tissue baths with (+) and without (−) PVAT. A cumulative length tension (0–6 grams) was generated. The tension to which the tissue stress relaxed over 30 minutes was recorded; the tension lost was stress relaxation. The presence of PVAT increased the amount of stress relaxation (final tension in mgs; aortic ring −PVAT = 4578 ± 190; aortic ring + PVAT = 2730 ± 274, p < 0.05). PVAT left attached but not encompassing the aorta provided no benefit in cumulative stress relaxation (aortic ring +/− PVAT = 4122 ± 176; p > 0.05 vs −PVAT). A PVAT ring separated from the aorta demonstrated more profound stress relaxation than did the aortic ring itself. Finally, PVAT-assisted stress relaxation was observed in an artery with white fat (superior mesenteric artery) and in aorta from both male and female of another rat strain, the Dahl S rat. Knowledge of this new PVAT function supports PVAT as an essential player in vascular health.
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36
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Son M, Oh S, Lee HS, Chung DM, Jang JT, Jeon YJ, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. Ecklonia Cava Extract Attenuates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Modulation of Inflammation and Brown Adipocyte Function in Perivascular Fat Tissue. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2795. [PMID: 31731817 PMCID: PMC6893767 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that perivascular fat tissue (PVAT) dysfunction can induce endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, an event which is related with various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we evaluated whether Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), one component of ECE, could attenuate EC dysfunction by modulating diet-induced PVAT dysfunction mediated by inflammation and ER stress. A high fat diet (HFD) led to an increase in the number and size of white adipocytes in PVAT; PPB and ECE attenuated those increases. Additionally, ECE and PPB attenuated: (i) an increase in the number of M1 macrophages and the expression level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), both of which are related to increases in macrophage infiltration and induction of inflammation in PVAT, and (ii) the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, chemerin) in PVAT which led to vasoconstriction. Furthermore, ECE and PPB: (i) enhanced the expression of adiponectin and IL-10 which had anti-inflammatory and vasodilator effects, (ii) decreased HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and (iii) attenuated the ER stress mediated reduction in sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression. Protective effects against decreased Sirt1 and PPARγ expression led to the restoration of uncoupling protein -1 (UCP-1) expression and the browning process in PVAT. PPB or ECE attenuated endothelial dysfunction by enhancing the pAMPK-PI3K-peNOS pathway and reducing the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1). In conclusion, PPB and ECE attenuated PVAT dysfunction and subsequent endothelial dysfunction by: (i) decreasing inflammation and ER stress, and (ii) modulating brown adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Min Chung
- Shinwoo cooperation. Ltd. 991, Worasan-ro, Munsan-eup, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52839, Korea;
| | - Ji Tae Jang
- Aqua Green Technology Co., Ltd., Smart Bldg., Jeju Science Park, Cheomdan-ro, Jeju 63309, Korea;
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kook Yang Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (H.S.L.)
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Saxton SN, Withers SB, Nyvad J, Mazur A, Matchkov V, Heagerty AM, Aalkjær C. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Contributes to the Modulation of Vascular Tone in vivo. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:320-332. [PMID: 31550717 DOI: 10.1159/000502689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) reduces vascular tone in isolated arteries in vitro, however there are no studies of PVAT effects on vascular tone in vivo. In vitro adipocyte β3-adrenoceptors play a role in PVAT function via secretion of the vasodilator adiponectin. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the effects of PVAT on vessel diameter in vivo, and the contributions of β3-adrenoceptors and adiponectin. METHOD In anaesthetised rats, sections of the intact mesenteric bed were visualised and the diameter of arteries was recorded. Arteries were stimulated with electrical field stimulation (EFS), noradrenaline (NA), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), and acetylcholine (Ach). RESULTS We report that in vivo, stimulation of PVAT with EFS, NA, and AVP evokes a local anti-constrictive effect on the artery, whilst PVAT exerts a pro-contractile effect on arteries subjected to Ach. The anti-constrictive effect of PVAT stimulated with EFS and NA was significantly reduced using β3-adrenoceptor inhibition, and activation of β3-adrenoceptors potentiated the anti-constrictive effect of vessels stimulated with EFS, NA, and AVP. The β3-adrenoceptor agonist had no effect on mesenteric arteries with PVAT removed. A blocking peptide for adiponectin receptor 1 polyclonal antibody reduced the PVAT anti-constrictive effect in arteries stimulated with EFS and NA, indicating that adiponectin may be the anti-constrictive factor released upon β3-adrenoceptor activation. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly demonstrate that PVAT plays a paracrine role in regulating local vascular tone in vivo, and therefore may contribute to the modulation of blood pressure. This effect is mediated via adipocyte β3-adrenoceptors, which may trigger release of the vasodilator adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Nyvad
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Aalkjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Badran M, Yassin BA, Lin DTS, Kobor MS, Ayas N, Laher I. Gestational intermittent hypoxia induces endothelial dysfunction, reduces perivascular adiponectin and causes epigenetic changes in adult male offspring. J Physiol 2019; 597:5349-5364. [PMID: 31441069 DOI: 10.1113/jp277936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by intermittent hypoxia, which causes oxidative stress and inflammation and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. OSA during pregnancy causes adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The effects of pre-existing OSA in pregnant women on cardiometabolic outcomes in the offspring are unknown. We evaluated basic metabolic parameters, as well as aortic vascular and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) function in response to adiponectin, and examined DNA methylation of adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT in 16-week-old adult offspring exposed to gestational intermittent hypoxia (GIH). GIH decreased body weights at week 1 in both male and female offspring, and caused subsequent increases in body weight and food consumption in male offspring only. Adult female offspring had normal levels of lipids, glucose and insulin, with no endothelial dysfunction. Adult male offspring exhibited dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and hyperleptinaemia. Decreased endothelial-dependent vasodilatation, loss of anti-contractile activity of PVAT and low circulating PVAT adiponectin levels, as well as increased pro-inflammatory gene expression and DNA methylation of adiponectin gene promoter, occurred in adult male offspring. Our results suggest that male offspring of women with OSA could be at risk of developing cardiometabolic disease during adulthood. ABSTRACT Perturbations during pregnancy can program the offspring to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a chronic condition that frequently affects pregnancies and leads to adverse fetal outcomes. We assessed the offspring of female mice experiencing gestational intermittent hypoxia (GIH), a hallmark of OSA, for changes in metabolic profiles, aortic nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxations, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) anti-contractile activities and the responses to adiponectin, and DNA methylation of the adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT tissue. Pregnant mouse dams were exposed to intermittent hypoxic cycles ( F I O 2 21-12%) for 18 days. GIH resulted in lower body weights of pups at week 1, followed by significant weight gain by week 16 of age in male but not female offspring. Plasma lipids, leptin and insulin resistance were higher in GIH male adult offspring. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ACh and the anti-contractile activity of PVAT in the abdominal aorta was reduced in GIH adult male offspring. Incubation of arteries from GIH adult male offspring with adiponectin restored the anti-contractile activity of PVAT. Both circulating and PVAT tissue homogenate levels of adiponectin, as well as gene expression of adiponectin in PVAT, were lower in GIH male offspring, along with an increased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. Pyrosequencing of adiponectin gene promoter in PVAT showed increased DNA methylation in GIH male offspring. Our results indicate that GIH leads to vascular disease in adult male offspring through PVAT dysfunction, which was associated with low adiponectin levels and epigenetic modifications on the adiponectin gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bisher Abu Yassin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Tse Shen Lin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Najib Ayas
- Divisions of Critical Care and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Sleep Disorders Program, UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Providence Healthcare, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Gharakhanian R, Su S, Aprahamian T. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Deficiency in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Impairs Macrovascular Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:687. [PMID: 31258484 PMCID: PMC6587635 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Thoracic perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been shown to release factors that influence the functioning of neighboring vascular tissue. Cardiovascular complications of obesity are on the rise; therefore, this study set out to determine if adipose-specific ablation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) plays a role in the maintenance of aortic structure and function. Methods: Adipose-specific VEGF-A-deficient mice were previously generated. Fabp4cre(+). VEGFflox/flox and Fabp4cre(−). VEGFflox/flox mice were maintained on chow diet. PVAT gene expression was measured with real-time quantitative PCR. Aortic vasomotor response was assessed with isometric tension measurements. Collagen deposition was analyzed histologically in the vascular media and compared using ratiometric pigment density. Results: PVAT-specific adiponectin expression was decreased in Fabp4cre(+). VEGFflox/flox mice. Isometric tension measurements revealed a dose-dependent dysfunction in response to acetylcholine within the distal aortic segment of Fabp4cre(+). VEGFflox/flox. Fabp4cre(+). VEGFflox/flox mice exhibited increased aortic deposition of collagen within the thoracic adventitial and medial spaces. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that decreased expression of VEGF-A within the surrounding adipose tissue microenvironment of the thoracic aorta has a detrimental effect on aortic integrity and vascular function. Modulation of angiogenic pathways within PVAT may offer an important avenue toward the treatment of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and its vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Gharakhanian
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi Su
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tamar Aprahamian
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,The Center for Metabolic Health, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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41
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Nava E, Llorens S. The Local Regulation of Vascular Function: From an Inside-Outside to an Outside-Inside Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31244683 PMCID: PMC6581701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of vascular function, specifically that of vasomotion, has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. The classic conception of a vascular system solely regulated by circulating hormones and sympathetic innervation gave way to a vision of a local regulation. Initially by the so-called, autacoids like prostacyclin, which represented the first endothelium-derived paracrine regulator of smooth muscle. This was the prelude of the EDRF-nitric oxide age that has occupied vascular scientists for nearly 30 years. Endothelial cells revealed to have the ability to generate numerous mediators besides prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). The need to classify these substances led to the coining of the terms: endothelium-derived relaxing, hyperpolarizing and contracting factors, which included various prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, endothelin, as well numerous candidates for the hyperpolarizing factor. The opposite layer of the vascular wall, the adventitia, eventually and for a quite short period of time, enjoyed the attention of some vascular physiologists. Adventitial fibroblasts were recognized as paracrine cells to the smooth muscle because of their ability to produce some substances such as superoxide. Remarkably, this took place before our awareness of the functional potential of another adventitial cell, the adipocyte. Possibly, because the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) was systematically removed during the experiments as considered a non-vascular artifact tissue, it took quite long to be considered a major source of paracrine substances. These are now being integrated in the vast pool of mediators synthesized by adipocytes, known as adipokines. They include hormones involved in metabolic regulation, like leptin or adiponectin; classic vascular mediators like NO, angiotensin II or catecholamines; and inflammatory mediators or adipocytokines. The first substance studied was an anti-contractile factor named adipose-derived relaxing factor of uncertain chemical nature but possibly, some of the relaxing mediators mentioned above are behind this factor. This manuscript intends to review the vascular regulation from the point of view of the paracrine control exerted by the cells present in the vascular environment, namely, endothelial, adventitial, adipocyte and vascular stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) refers to the local aggregate of adipose tissue surrounding the vascular tree, exhibiting phenotypes from white to brown and beige adipocytes. Although PVAT has long been regarded as simply a structural unit providing mechanical support to vasculature, it is now gaining reputation as an integral endocrine/paracrine component, in addition to the well-established modulator endothelium, in regulating vascular tone. Since the discovery of anti-contractile effect of PVAT in 1991, the use of multiple rodent models of reduced amounts of PVAT has revealed its regulatory role in vascular remodeling and cardiovascular implications, including atherosclerosis. PVAT does not only release PVAT-derived relaxing factors (PVRFs) to activate multiple subsets of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potassium channels and anti-inflammatory signals in the vasculature, but it does also provide an interface for neuron-adipocyte interactions in the vascular wall to regulate arterial vascular tone. In this review, we outline our current understanding towards PVAT and attempt to provide hints about future studies that can sharpen the therapeutic potential of PVAT against cardiovascular diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hamidah Abu Bakar
- Health Sciences Department, Universiti Selangor, 40000, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC)-a joint cooperation between the Charité-University Medicine Berlin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Medical Clinic for Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Pabbidi MR, Kuppusamy M, Didion SP, Sanapureddy P, Reed JT, Sontakke SP. Sex differences in the vascular function and related mechanisms: role of 17β-estradiol. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1499-H1518. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00194.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in premenopausal women but increases with age and menopause compared with similarly aged men. Based on the prevalence of CVD in postmenopausal women, sex hormone-dependent mechanisms have been postulated to be the primary factors responsible for the protection from CVD in premenopausal women. Recent Women’s Health Initiative studies, Cochrane Review studies, the Early Versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol Study, and the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study have suggested that beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are seen in women of <60 yr of age and if initiated within <10 yr of menopause. In contrast, the beneficial effects of HRT are not seen in women of >60 yr of age and if commenced after 10 yr of menopause. The higher incidence of CVD and the failure of HRT in postmenopausal aged women could be partly associated with fundamental differences in the vascular structure and function between men and women and in between pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. In this regard, previous studies from human and animal studies have identified several sex differences in vascular function and associated mechanisms. The female sex hormone 17β-estradiol regulates the majority of these mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the sex differences in vascular structure, myogenic properties, endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and the role of 17β-estradiol in the regulation of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna R. Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sean P. Didion
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Padmaja Sanapureddy
- Department of Primary Care and Medicine, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey T. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sumit P. Sontakke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Panina YA, Yakimov AS, Komleva YK, Morgun AV, Lopatina OL, Malinovskaya NA, Shuvaev AN, Salmin VV, Taranushenko TE, Salmina AB. Plasticity of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Regulation of Angiogenesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1656. [PMID: 30534080 PMCID: PMC6275221 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is recognized as an important organ with metabolic, regulatory, and plastic roles. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) with self-renewal properties localize in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) being present in a vascular niche, thereby, contributing to local regulation of angiogenesis and vessel remodeling. In the past decades, ASCs have attracted much attention from biologists and bioengineers, particularly, because of their multilineage differentiation potential, strong proliferation, and migration abilities in vitro and high resistance to oxidative stress and senescence. Current data suggest that the SVF serves as an important source of endothelial progenitors, endothelial cells, and pericytes, thereby, contributing to vessel remodeling and growth. In addition, ASCs demonstrate intriguing metabolic and interlineage plasticity, which makes them good candidates for creating regenerative therapeutic protocols, in vitro tissue models and microphysiological systems, and tissue-on-chip devices for diagnostic and regeneration-supporting purposes. This review covers recent achievements in understanding the metabolic activity within the SVF niches (lactate and NAD+ metabolism), which is critical for maintaining the pool of ASCs, and discloses their pro-angiogenic potential, particularly, in the complex therapy of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Panina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anton S Yakimov
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yulia K Komleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Department of Pediatrics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga L Lopatina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Malinovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anton N Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Salmin
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana E Taranushenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Yamada T, Adachi T, Ido Y, Masaki N, Toya T, Uchimuro T, Nishigawa K, Suda H, Osako M, Yamazaki M, Takanashi S, Shimizu H. Preserved Vasoconstriction and Relaxation of Saphenous Vein Grafts Obtained by a No-Touch Technique for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Circ J 2018; 83:232-238. [PMID: 30393270 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain a saphenous vein graft (SVG) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the benefit of using a no-touch (NT) technique in vascular function has not been fully investigated. Methods and Results: The pathological and physiological functions of human SVGs with a NT technique to preserve the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and ones obtained by using a conventional (CON) technique removing PVAT, were examined. Immunohistochemistry of the section of SVGs showed that the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the endothelium of the NT group was more responsive to vascular endothelial growth factor. A myograph of SVGs showed greater contraction with phenylephrine in the NT group. However, the strong contraction was eliminated in SVGs taken by electrocautery. In the 10 patients whose SVGs were taken without electrocautery, endothelial-dependent relaxation with bradykinin was apparently increased in the CON group more than in the NT group. Smooth muscle relaxation with nitroprusside was higher in the CON group at the lower concentrations; however, the relaxation became greater in the NT group at the high concentrations. Therefore, the effect of neutralizing PVAT-released factors in the both groups was further examined. After medium of NT and CON were exchanged in half, relaxation of SVGs was immediately restored in the NT group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the NT technique preserves the functions of vasoconstriction and relaxation. Also, the presence of PVAT-released vasoconstrictive factors was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Yasuo Ido
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Nobuyuki Masaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Takumi Toya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Tomoya Uchimuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | - Kosaku Nishigawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | - Hisao Suda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagoya City University
| | - Motohiko Osako
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
| | - Masataka Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | | | - Hideyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine
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46
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Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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47
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Bussey CE, Withers SB, Saxton SN, Bodagh N, Aldous RG, Heagerty AM. β 3 -Adrenoceptor stimulation of perivascular adipocytes leads to increased fat cell-derived NO and vascular relaxation in small arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3685-3698. [PMID: 29980164 PMCID: PMC6109217 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose In response to noradrenaline, healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anticontractile effect on adjacent small arterial tissue. Organ bath solution transfer experiments have demonstrated the release of PVAT‐derived relaxing factors that mediate this function. The present studies were designed to investigate the mechanism responsible for the noradrenaline‐induced PVAT anticontractile effect. Experimental Approach In vitro rat small arterial contractile function was assessed using wire myography in the presence and absence of PVAT and the effects of sympathomimetic stimulation on the PVAT environment explored using Western blotting and assays of organ bath buffer. Key Results PVAT elicited an anticontractile effect in response to noradrenaline but not phenylephrine stimulation. In arteries surrounded by intact PVAT, the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, CL‐316243, reduced the vasoconstrictor effect of phenylephrine but not noradrenaline. Kv7 channel inhibition using XE 991 reversed the noradrenaline‐induced anticontractile effect in exogenously applied PVAT studies. Adrenergic stimulation of PVAT with noradrenaline and CL‐316243, but not phenylephrine, was associated with increased adipocyte‐derived NO production, and the contractile response to noradrenaline was augmented following incubation of exogenous PVAT with L‐NMMA. PVAT from eNOS−/− mice had no anticontractile effect. Assays of adipocyte cAMP demonstrated an increase with noradrenaline stimulation implicating Gαs signalling in this process. Conclusions and Implications We have shown that adipocyte‐located β3‐adrenoceptor stimulation leads to activation of Gαs signalling pathways with increased cAMP and the release of adipocyte‐derived NO. This process is dependent upon Kv7 channel function. We conclude that adipocyte‐derived NO plays a central role in anticontractile activity when rodent PVAT is stimulated by noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Bussey
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Sophie N Saxton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Bodagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert G Aldous
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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48
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Wang N, Kuczmanski A, Dubrovska G, Gollasch M. Palmitic Acid Methyl Ester and Its Relation to Control of Tone of Human Visceral Arteries and Rat Aortas by Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2018; 9:583. [PMID: 29875688 PMCID: PMC5974537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts anti-contractile effects on visceral arteries by release of various perivascular relaxing factors (PVRFs) and opening voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) has been proposed as transferable PVRF in rat aorta. Here, we studied PVAT regulation of arterial tone of human mesenteric arteries and clarified the contribution of Kv channels and PAME in the effects. Methods: Wire myography was used to measure vasocontractions of mesenteric artery rings from patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Isolated aortic rings from Sprague-Dawley rats were studied for comparison. PVAT was either left intact or removed from the arterial rings. Vasocontractions were induced by external high K+ (60 mM), serotonin (5-HT) or phenylephrine. PAME (10 nM−3 μM) was used as vasodilator. Kv channels were blocked by XE991, a Kv7 (KCNQ) channel inhibitor, or by 4-aminopyridine, a non-specific Kv channel inhibitor. PAME was measured in bathing solutions incubated with rat peri-aortic or human visceral adipose tissue. Results: We found that PVAT displayed anti-contractile effects in both human mesenteric arteries and rat aortas. The anti-contractile effects were inhibited by XE991 (30 μM). PAME (EC50 ~1.4 μM) was capable to produce relaxations of PVAT-removed rat aortas. These effects were abolished by XE991 (30 μM), but not 4-aminopyridine (2 mM) or NDGA (10 μM), a lipoxygenases inhibitor. The cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitor 17-octadecynoic acid (ODYA 10 μM) and the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor 12-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA 10 μM) slightly decreased PAME relaxations. PAME up to 10 μM failed to induce relaxations of PVAT-removed human mesenteric arteries. 5-HT induced endogenous PAME release from rat peri-aortic adipose tissue, but not from human visceral adipose tissue. Conclusions: Our data also suggest that Kv7 channels are involved in the anti-contractile effects of PVAT on arterial tone in both rat aorta and human mesenteric arteries. PAME could contribute to PVAT relaxations by activating Kv7 channels in rat aorta, but not in human mesenteric arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Artur Kuczmanski
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Galyna Dubrovska
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Medical Clinic of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Dopico AM, Bukiya AN, Jaggar JH. Calcium- and voltage-gated BK channels in vascular smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1271-1289. [PMID: 29748711 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels in vascular smooth muscle regulate myogenic tone and vessel contractility. In particular, activation of calcium- and voltage-gated potassium channels of large conductance (BK channels) results in outward current that shifts the membrane potential toward more negative values, triggering a negative feed-back loop on depolarization-induced calcium influx and SM contraction. In this short review, we first present the molecular basis of vascular smooth muscle BK channels and the role of subunit composition and trafficking in the regulation of myogenic tone and vascular contractility. BK channel modulation by endogenous signaling molecules, and paracrine and endocrine mediators follows. Lastly, we describe the functional changes in smooth muscle BK channels that contribute to, or are triggered by, common physiological conditions and pathologies, including obesity, diabetes, and systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dopico
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 South Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 South Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jonathan H Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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50
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Agabiti-Rosei C, Paini A, De Ciuceis C, Withers S, Greenstein A, Heagerty AM, Rizzoni D. Modulation of Vascular Reactivity by Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:44. [PMID: 29736674 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the modulation of vascular contractility and arterial pressure, focusing on the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress/inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS PVAT possesses a relevant endocrine-paracrine activity, which may be altered in several pathophysiological and clinical conditions. During the last two decades, it has been shown that PVAT may modulate vascular reactivity. It has also been previously demonstrated that inflammation in adipose tissue may be implicated in vascular dysfunction. In particular, adipocytes secrete a number of adipokines with various functions, as well as several vasoactive factors, together with components of the renin-angiotensin system which may act at local or at systemic level. It has been shown that the anti-contractile effect of PVAT is lost in obesity, probably as a consequence of the development of adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adipose tissue dysfunction is interrelated with inflammation and oxidative stress, thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction observed in several pathological and clinical conditions such as obesity and hypertension. Decreased local adiponectin level, macrophage recruitment and infiltration, and activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could play an important role in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Agabiti-Rosei
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK. .,Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Paini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sarah Withers
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
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