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Rishiraj N, Prasad N, Niven B. Anthropometric and performance changes in male college 15s Rugby Union student-athletes over 52 weeks using in-person training and online training supervision. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:758-765. [PMID: 38841728 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the physiological demands on 15s Rugby Union (RU) players have increased, researchers have suggested that the anthropometric and performance data from developing male college-age RU student-athletes remain limited. This prospective longitudinal repeated measures study aimed to examine the anthropometric and performance changes of male college-age New Zealand Rugby Otago Rugby Football Union (NZRORFU) Academy student-athletes (student-athletes), using in-person and online training supervision (IPTS and OTS, respectively). METHODS NZRORFU recruited 20 student-athletes (aged 19 to 21 years) and nine were monitored over 52 weeks. During weeks 1 through 35 (in-season), the student-athlete's weekly schedule included 25 hours of IPTS. During the remaining 17 weeks (off-season), the student-athletes followed individualized training programs with OTS. Data were collected on two anthropometric variables and nine performance variables. RESULTS Over the 52 weeks, using IPTS and OTS, led to increases in both anthropometric measurements with simultaneous significant performance improvements in vertical jump/lower-body power (7.1%, P=0.005, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 54.4, 63.5), Cohen's effect size (ES) =medium, upper-body strength, bench-press (17.3%, P=0.005, 95% CI 107.4, 127.6, ES=large), and bench-pull (6.1%, P=0.034, 95% CI 90.4, 96.6, ES=large). Furthermore, performance improvements were observed in two anaerobic endurance variables, however, acceleration and speed results were slower. CONCLUSIONS The use of IPTS and OTS for 52 weeks resulted in increases in body weight and skinfolds with concurrent significant improvements in the performance of VJ/lower-body power and upper-body strength, but changes in each performance variable occurred at different periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Rishiraj
- Department of High Performance and Rehabilitation, ACTIN Health & Rehabilitation Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada -
| | - Navin Prasad
- UBC Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Niven
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Araujo Bonetti DE Poli R, Murias JM, Antunes BM, Marinari G, Dutra YM, Milioni F, Zagatto AM. Five Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improve Muscle Glycolytic Content and Activity But Not Time to Task Failure in Severe-Intensity Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1355-1367. [PMID: 38537252 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the impact of a 5-wk sprint interval training (SIT) intervention on time to task failure (TTF) during severe-intensity constant work rate (CWR) exercise, as well as in glycolytic enzymatic content and activity, and glycogen content. METHODS Fourteen active males were randomized into either a SIT group ( n = 8) composed of 15 SIT sessions over 5 wk, or a control group ( n = 6). At pretraining period, participants performed i) ramp incremental test to measure the cardiorespiratory function; ii) CWR cycling TTF at 150% of the power output (PO) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP-PO) with muscle biopsies at rest and immediately following task failure. After 5 wk, the same evaluations were repeated (i.e., exercise intensities matched to current training status), and an additional cycling CWR matched to pretraining 150% RCP-PO was performed only for TTF evaluation. The content and enzymatic activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GPhos), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the glycogen content, were analyzed. Content of monocarboxylate transporter isoform 4 (MCT4) and muscle buffering capacity were also measured. RESULTS Despite improvements in total work performed at CWR posttraining, no differences were observed for TTF. The GPhos, HK, PFK, and LDH content and activity, and glycogen content also improved after training only in the SIT group. Furthermore, the MCT4 concentrations and muscle buffering capacity were also improved only for the SIT group. However, no difference in glycogen depletion was observed between groups and time. CONCLUSIONS Five weeks of SIT improved the glycolytic pathway parameters and total work performed; however, glycogen depletion was not altered during CWR severe-intensity exercise, and TTF remained similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Araujo Bonetti DE Poli
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences. Bauru, BRAZIL
| | - Juan Manuel Murias
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, QATAR
| | - Barbara Moura Antunes
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences. Bauru, BRAZIL
| | - Gabriele Marinari
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Yago Medeiros Dutra
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences. Bauru, BRAZIL
| | - Fabio Milioni
- Centro Universitário Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio, Itu, BRAZIL
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences. Bauru, BRAZIL
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Wang T, Zhong Y, Wei X. Early excellence and future performance advantage. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306134. [PMID: 38917179 PMCID: PMC11198806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the impact of athletes achieving excellence at different ages (excellent age) on their subsequent performance development. The aim was to deepen understanding of the interplay among talent, training, and athletes' performance development. Additionally, the study aimed to provide insights for athletics coaches to better identify talent and devise more effective personalized long-term training plans. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. METHOD A hierarchical linear model was employed to analyze the correlation between excellent age and subsequent performance development in a cohort of 775 elite track and field athletes. This analysis was expanded upon by the application of a general linear regression model, which was used to explore the relationship between excellent age and peak age, peak performance, as well as the growth in performance during adulthood. RESULTS As athletes reached excellence at later ages, their peak performance exhibited a U-shaped pattern(p <0.001), initially decreasing and then rising. Simultaneously, their peak age became increasingly advanced(p <0.001), with a progressively larger performance improvement during adulthood(p <0.001). In various disciplines, excellent age is negatively correlated with peak performance for speed athletes(p = 0.025), exhibiting a U-shaped pattern for endurance athletes(p = 0.024), and showing no significant correlation for fast-power athletes(p = 0.916). CONCLUSIONS Athletes who achieve excellence either early or later often show more remarkable future developments. However, there are significant distinctions in the age at which these athletes reach their peak performance and the pace of improvement leading up to it. Those who excel early may possess greater innate athletic talent, whereas those who excel later may exhibit superior training adaptability. Consequently, an athlete's early performance can predict his/her future performance trajectory, offering support for individualized long-term training plans. In summary, the age at which athletes achieve excellence may bring different advantages to their future athletic performance and development. This implies that we should harness these differences to uncover each athlete's maximum potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Wang C, Ye M. Individualizing Basketball-Specific Interval Training Using Anaerobic Speed Reserve: Effects on Physiological and Hormonal Adaptations. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:365-374. [PMID: 38237576 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the adaptive responses to supramaximal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) individualized according to anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT), and velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (MAS) to determine which approach facilitates more identical adaptations across athletes with different profiles. METHODS Thirty national-level basketball players (age = 28.4 [5] y; body mass = 88.9 [6.3] kg; height = 190 [4.8] cm) were randomly assigned to 3 training groups performing 2 sets of 4, 6, 8, 6, 8, and 10-minute runs (from first to sixth week, respectively), consisting of 15-second running at Δ%20ASR (MAS + 0.2 × ASR), 95%VIFT, and 120%MAS, with 15 seconds recovery between efforts and a 3-minute relief between sets. RESULTS All 3 interval interventions significantly (P < .05) enhanced maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), oxygen pulse (V˙O2/HR), first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2), cardiac output (Q˙max), stroke volume, peak and average power output, testosterone levels, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio following the training period. Different values of interindividual variability (coefficient of variation) for the percentage changes of the measured variables were observed in response to HIITASR, HIITvIFT, and HIITMAS for V˙O2max (8.7%, 18.8%, 34.6%, respectively), V˙O2/HR (9.5%, 15.0%, 28.6%), VT1 (9.6%, 19.6%, 34.6%), VT2 (21.8%, 32.4%, 56.7%), Q˙max (8.2%, 16.9%, 28.8%), stroke volume (7.9%, 15.2%, 23.5%), peak power output (20%, 22%, 37.3%), average power output (21.1%, 21.3%, 32.5%), testosterone (52.9%, 61.6%, 59.9%), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (55.1%, 59.5%, 57.8%). CONCLUSIONS Supramaximal HIIT performed at Δ%20ASR resulted in more uniform physiological adaptations than HIIT interventions prescribed using VIFT or MAS. Although hormonal changes do not follow this approach, all the approaches induced an anabolic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhang Wang
- College of Physical Education, Xuchang University, Henan, HEN, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, SD, China
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wizenberg AM, Gonzalez-Rojas D, Rivera PM, Proppe CE, Laurel KP, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Billaut F, Keller JL, Hill EC. Acute Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Sprint Interval Performance and Muscle Oxygen Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e546-e554. [PMID: 37639655 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wizenberg, AM, Gonzalez-Rojas, D, Rivera, PM, Proppe, CE, Laurel, KP, Stout, JR, Fukuda, DH, Billaut, F, Keller, JL, and Hill, EC. Acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction on sprint interval performance and muscle oxygen responses. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e546-e554, 2023-This investigation aimed to examine the acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (CBFR and IBFR, respectively) during sprint interval training (SIT) on muscle oxygenation, sprint performance, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Fifteen men (22.6 ± 2.4 years; 176 ± 6.3 cm; 80.0 ± 12.6 kg) completed in random order a SIT session with CBFR, IBFR (applied during rest), and no blood flow restriction (NoBFR). Each SIT session consisted of two 30-second all-out sprint tests separated by 2 minutes. Peak power (PP), total work (TW), sprint decrement score (S dec ), RPE, and muscle oxygenation were measured during each sprint. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. PP decreased to a greater extent from sprint 1 to sprint 2 during CBFR (25.5 ± 11.9%) and IBFR (23.4 ± 9.3%) compared with NoBFR (13.4 ± 8.6%). TW was reduced similarly (17,835.6 ± 966.2 to 12,687.2 ± 675.2 J) from sprint 1 to sprint 2 for all 3 conditions, but TW was lower (collapsed across time) for CBFR (14,320.7 ± 769.1 J) than IBFR (15,548.0 ± 840.5 J) and NoBFR (15,915.4 ± 771.5 J). There were no differences in S dec (84.3 ± 1.7%, 86.1 ± 1.5%, and 87.2 ± 1.1% for CBFR, IBFR, and NoBFR, respectively) or RPE, which increased from sprint 1 (8.5 ± 0.3) to sprint 2 (9.7 ± 0.1). Collective muscle oxygenation responses increased across time and were similar among conditions, whereas increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] were greatest for CBFR. Applying BFR during SIT induced greater decrements in PP, and CBFR resulted in greater decrements in work across repeated sprints. The larger increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] for CBFR suggested it may induce greater metabolite accumulation than IBFR and NoBFR when combined with SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Wizenberg
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David Gonzalez-Rojas
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paola M Rivera
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Christopher E Proppe
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kaliegh P Laurel
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffery R Stout
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Florida Space Institute, Partnership I, Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Moghaddam M, Cervantes M, Cheshier B, Jacobson BH. Sprint Interval Training on Stationary Air Bike Elicits Cardiorespiratory Adaptations While Being Time-Efficient. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1795-1801. [PMID: 37616537 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moghaddam, M, Cervantes, M, Cheshier, B, and Jacobson, BH. Sprint interval training on stationary air bike elicits cardiorespiratory adaptations while being time-efficient. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1795-1801, 2023-Sprint interval training (SIT) refers to a set of brief intermittent exercises that are performed at maximal intensity. This study compared the effects of 2 SIT protocols (e.g., 10-5-SIT and 20-10-SIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular adaptations, using stationary air bikes. Thirty-two recreationally active individuals were randomly assigned to the 3 performance groups, such as 10-5-SIT (n = 11), 20-10-SIT (n = 10), and MICT (n = 11), to train 3 days per week for 4 weeks. Moderate-intensity continuous training included 30 minutes of cycling at 75% of maximal heart rate reserve, whereas the SIT protocols consisted of 3 sets of 8 intervals at all-out intensity. The 10-5-SIT and 20-10-SIT were performed with 10-second work:5-second rest and 20-second work:10-second rest, with 2.5- and 5-minute recovery periods between sets, respectively. A ramp protocol was used before and after the intervention via cycle ergometer to assess aerobic performance. Time to exhaustion (TTE), absolute V̇o2max (A-V̇o2max), relative V̇o2max (R-V̇o2max), and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured and analyzed with 2-way mixed factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs). In addition, total work (TW) during 12 sessions were recorded and analyzed with 1-way ANOVA. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found for TW (10-5-SIT: 907.3 ± 332.0, 20-10-SIT: 1230.0 ± 188.1, and MICT: 2263.0 ± 896.9 calories) between groups. A significant main effect of time was observed for 10-5-SIT, 20-10-SIT, and MICT (p < 0.05) in TTE (increased by 7.3, 8.7, and 8.2%), A-V̇o2max (increased by 13.0, 11.8, and 13.6%), R-V̇o2max (increased by 12.6, 12.1, and 14.8%), and METs (increased by 12.7, 12.3, and 14.9%), respectively. Despite less volume and duration, both SIT protocols induced cardiorespiratory adaptations similar to MICT. These findings suggest that performing SIT on a stationary air bike is valuable because of time-efficiency and cardiorespiratory adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Moghaddam
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Mason Cervantes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brandie Cheshier
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Mayborn College of Health Sciences, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas; and
| | - Bert H Jacobson
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Fehr CM, McEwen G, Robinson C. The Effects of "Physical BEMER® Vascular Therapy" on Work Performed During Repeated Wingate Sprints. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:732-737. [PMID: 35481952 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2053040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) on recovery and performance parameters in anaerobic exercise compared to active and passive recovery. Method: Fifteen recreationally active participants completed four sessions separated by 2-5 days between each session. The first visit involved one Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT; 30-s cycling sprint on a Monark ergometer) to familiarize participants with testing procedures. The three subsequent sessions involved four repeated WAnTs. Each sprint was followed by 4 min of either passive recovery (laying supine), active recovery (pedaling at 50 rpm at 20% of sprint workload), or BEMER recovery (laying supine on the BEMER body pad at intensity level "5-Plus."). The same recovery method was used within each testing session, and recovery method order was randomized across participants. Results: There was no difference in peak power, average power, fatigue index, or average work performed between recovery conditions. Active recovery resulted in a statistically significant decrease in ratings of pain intensity (M = -0.767, SD = 0.928) and pain unpleasantness (M = -0.608, SD = 0.915), from the first minute to the fourth minute of recovery, compared to both BEMER (Intensity: M = 0.675, SD = 0.745, Unpleasantness: M = 1.125, SD = 0.862) and passive (Intensity: M = 0.542, SD = 0.774, Unpleasantness: M = 1.018, SD = 0.872) recoveries, where pain ratings increased. Conclusions: Although no recovery method resulted in increased performance, active recovery led to a more comfortable exercise experience while still allowing comparable exercise performance.
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Ma X, Cao Z, Zhu Z, Chen X, Wen D, Cao Z. VO 2max (VO 2peak) in elite athletes under high-intensity interval training: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16663. [PMID: 37346345 PMCID: PMC10279791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Consensus is lacking regarding whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effectively improves VO2max (VO2peak) in elite athletes (Athlete must be involved in regular competition at the national level). This meta-analysis compared the effects of HIIT and conventional training methods (continuous training, repeated-sprint training, high volume low-intensity training, high-intensity continuous running, sprint-interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training)on VO2max in elite athletes. Nine studies were included, comprising 176 elite athletes (80 female). Compared to that with conventional training, VO2max was significantly increased after HIIT (overall: 0.58 [0.30, 0.87], I2 = 0.49, P = 0.03; males: 0.41 [0.06, 0.76], I2 = 0%, P = 0.89). VO2max had positive training effects when the HIIT recovery period had an interval time ≥2 min (0.44 [0.03, 0.84], I2 = 0%, P = 0.99) and recovery phase intensity ≤40% (0.38 [0.05, 0.71], I2 = 0%, P = 0.96). Thus, HIIT shows superiority over conventional training methods in improving VO2max, promoting aerobic capacity, in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Ma
- Shanghai University of Sport, China
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziwei Cao
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
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Yasar Z, Ross MD, Gaffney CJ, Postlethwaite RD, Wilson R, Hayes LD. Aerobically trained older adults show impaired resting, but preserved exercise-induced circulating progenitor cell count, which was not improved by sprint interval training. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:465-475. [PMID: 36786845 PMCID: PMC10011317 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Older adults exhibit a reduced number and function of CD34 + circulating progenitor cells (CPC), a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise promotes the mobilisation of CPCs from bone marrow, so whether ageing per se or physical inactivity in older age reduces CPCs is unknown. Thus, this study examined the effect of age on resting and exercise-induced changes in CPCs in aerobically trained adults and the effect of 8 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) on resting and exercise-induced CPCs in older adults. Twelve young (22-34 years) and nine older (63-70 years) adults participated in the study. Blood was sampled pre and immediately post a graded exercise test to exhaustion in both groups. Older participants repeated the process after 8 weeks of SIT (3 × 20 s 'all-out' sprints, 2 × a week). Total CPCs (CD34+) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs: CD34+KDR+) were determined by flow cytometry. Older adults exhibited lower basal total CD34+ CPCs (828 ± 314 vs. 1186 ± 272 cells·mL-1, p = 0.0149) and CD34+KDR+ EPCs (177 ± 128 vs. 335 ± 92 cells·mL-1, p = 0.007) than younger adults. The maximal exercise test increased CPCs in young (CD34+: p = 0.004; CD34+KDR+: p = 0.017) and older adults (CD34+: p < 0.001; CD34+KDR+: p = 0.008), without difference between groups (p = 0.211). SIT did not alter resting or exercise-induced changes in CPCs in the older cohort (p > 0.232). This study suggests age per se does not impair exercise-induced CPC counts, but does lower resting CPC counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerbu Yasar
- Active Ageing Research Group, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mark D. Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J. Gaffney
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Russell Wilson
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Hagiwara M, Yamagishi T, Okamoto S, Azuma Y, Yamashita D. Short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia improves explosive power production capacity and repeated sprint ability in Japanese international-level male fencers: A case study. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15637. [PMID: 36945895 PMCID: PMC10031295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This case study reports the effects of six sessions of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) over 3 weeks on explosive power production capacity and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in two Japanese international-level foil fencers. The six RSH sessions (60-s sprints in total per session: consisting of two sets of five 6-s sprints with 30-s passive recovery, at simulated altitude of 3000 m) caused improvements of peak power output (PPO; Athlete A: 5.1%; Athlete B: 3.2%) and mean power output (MPO; Athlete A: 4.4%; Athlete B: 1.6%) over the 10 repeated sprints, respectively. The observed findings suggest that as few as six RSH sessions over 3 weeks can improve, at least to some extent, explosive power production capacity (PPO) and RSA (MPO) in the two elite fencers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply short-term RSH in combat sport (fencing) with international-level athletes. Further studies are required to explore the effectiveness of short-term RSH in combat sports with a more robust study design (e.g., randomized control trial with adequate statistical power) as the modality of RSH would suit physical and physiological demands in the majority of combat sports (e.g., wrestling, boxing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hagiwara
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Takaki Yamagishi
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Shogo Okamoto
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Azuma
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
- Albirex Niigata BBNiigataJapan
| | - Daichi Yamashita
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
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13
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Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Craig TP, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J, Swinton PA. The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:457-481. [PMID: 36165995 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Craig
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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14
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Hatta H. Effects of endurance training on metabolic enzyme activity and transporter protein levels in the skeletal muscles of orchiectomized mice. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:14. [PMID: 35768774 PMCID: PMC10717707 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether endurance training attenuates orchiectomy (ORX)-induced metabolic alterations. At 7 days of recovery after sham operation or ORX surgery, the mice were randomized to remain sedentary or undergo 5 weeks of treadmill running training (15-20 m/min, 60 min, 5 days/week). ORX decreased glycogen concentration in the gastrocnemius muscle, enhanced phosphofructokinase activity in the plantaris muscle, and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity in the plantaris and soleus muscles. Mitochondrial enzyme activities and protein content in the plantaris and soleus muscles were also decreased after ORX, but preserved, in part, by endurance training. In the treadmill running test (15 m/min, 60 min) after 4 weeks of training, orchiectomized sedentary mice showed impaired exercise performance, which was restored by endurance training. Thus, endurance training could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the hypoandrogenism-induced decline in muscle mitochondrial content and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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15
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Stöggl TL, Blumkaitis JC, Strepp T, Sareban M, Simon P, Neuberger EWI, Finkenzeller T, Nunes N, Aglas L, Haller N. The Salzburg 10/7 HIIT shock cycle study: the effects of a 7-day high-intensity interval training shock microcycle with or without additional low-intensity training on endurance performance, well-being, stress and recovery in endurance trained athletes-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:84. [PMID: 35526065 PMCID: PMC9077880 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performing multiple high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions in a compressed period of time (approximately 7-14 days) is called a HIIT shock microcycle (SM) and promises a rapid increase in endurance performance. However, the efficacy of HIIT-SM, as well as knowledge about optimal training volumes during a SM in the endurance-trained population have not been adequately investigated. This study aims to examine the effects of two different types of HIIT-SM (with or without additional low-intensity training (LIT)) compared to a control group (CG) on key endurance performance variables. Moreover, participants are closely monitored for stress, fatigue, recovery, and sleep before, during and after the intervention using innovative biomarkers, questionnaires, and wearable devices. METHODS This is a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial that includes the results of a pilot participant. Thirty-six endurance trained athletes will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a HIIT-SM (HSM) group, HIIT-SM with additional LIT (HSM + LIT) group or a CG. All participants will be monitored before (9 days), during (7 days), and after (14 days) a 7-day intervention, for a total of 30 days. Participants in both intervention groups will complete 10 HIIT sessions over 7 consecutive days, with an additional 30 min of LIT in the HSM + LIT group. HIIT sessions consist of aerobic HIIT, i.e., 5 × 4 min at 90-95% of maximal heart rate interspersed by recovery periods of 2.5 min. To determine the effects of the intervention, physiological exercise testing, and a 5 km time trial will be conducted before and after the intervention. RESULTS The feasibility study indicates good adherence and performance improvement of the pilot participant. Load monitoring tools, i.e., biomarkers and questionnaires showed increased values during the intervention period, indicating sensitive variables. CONCLUSION This study will be the first to examine the effects of different total training volumes of HIIT-SM, especially the combination of LIT and HIIT in the HSM + LIT group. In addition, different assessments to monitor the athletes' load during such an exhaustive training period will allow the identification of load monitoring tools such as innovative biomarkers, questionnaires, and wearable technology. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05067426. Registered 05 October 2021-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067426 . Protocol Version Issue date: 1 Dec 2021. Original protocol. Authors: TLS, NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leonhard Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia C Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mahdi Sareban
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmo W I Neuberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Finkenzeller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Natalia Nunes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. .,Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Effect of Interval Training on the Factors Influencing Maximal Oxygen Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1329-1352. [PMID: 35041180 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) is an important measure in exercise science as it is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Individual studies have identified central and peripheral adaptions to interval training that may underlie improvements in VO2max, but there is no compilation of results. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the adaptive responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on the central and peripheral factors influencing VO2max in healthy individuals. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE (up to and including 13 June, 2020) were explored to conduct the literature search. STUDY SELECTION Reviewed studies met the following criteria: (1) were in the English language; (2) prospective in nature; (3) included at least three interval sessions or were at least 1 week in duration; (4) contained HIIT or SIT; (5) involved participants between the ages of 18 and 65 years; and (6) included at least one of the following central (blood volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin mass, left ventricular mass, maximal stroke volume, maximal cardiac output) or peripheral factors (capillary density, maximal citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial respiration associated with VO2max). RESULTS Thirty-two studies (369 participants, 49 were female) were included in the quantitative analyses, consisting of both HIIT (n = 18) and SIT (n = 17) interventions. There were only statistically significant changes in hematological measures (plasma volume) following HIIT. There was a significant increase in left ventricular mass following HIIT (7.4%, p < 0.001) and SIT (5.3%, p = 0.007) in inactive individuals, though the change following SIT may be misleading. There was only a significant increase in maximal stroke volume (14.1%, p = 0.015) and maximal cardiac output (12.6%, p = 0.002) following HIIT. In addition to central factors, there was a significant increase in capillary density (13.8%, p < 0.001) following SIT in active individuals. With respect to maximal citrate synthase activity, there were improvements following HIIT (20.8%, p < 0.001) and SIT (15.7%, p < 0.001, I2 = 97%) in active individuals. The results for mitochondrial respiration suggested that there was no statistically significant improvement following HIIT (5.0%, p = 0.585). CONCLUSIONS Improvements in the central and peripheral factors influencing VO2max were dependent on the interval type. Only HIIT led to a statistically significant improvement in cardiac function. Both HIIT and SIT increased maximal citrate synthase activity, while changes in other peripheral measures (capillary density, mitochondrial respiration) only occurred with SIT.
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17
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Solsona R, Berthelot H, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Mechanical, Cardiorespiratory, and Muscular Oxygenation Responses to Sprint Interval Exercises Under Different Hypoxic Conditions in Healthy Moderately Trained Men. Front Physiol 2022; 12:773950. [PMID: 34975526 PMCID: PMC8716850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sprint interval exercises (SIT) conducted under different conditions (hypoxia and blood flow restriction [BFR]) on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and muscular O2 extraction responses. Methods: For this purpose, 13 healthy moderately trained men completed five bouts of 30 s all-out exercises interspaced by 4 min resting periods with lower limb bilateral BFR at 60% of the femoral artery occlusive pressure (BFR60) during the first 2 min of recovery, with gravity-induced BFR (pedaling in supine position; G-BFR), in a hypoxic chamber (FiO2≈13%; HYP) or without additional stress (NOR). Peak and average power, time to achieve peak power, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and a fatigue index (FI) were analyzed. Gas exchanges and muscular oxygenation were measured by metabolic cart and NIRS, respectively. Heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were continuously recorded. Results: Regarding mechanical responses, peak and average power decreased after each sprint (p < 0.001) excepting between sprints four and five. Time to reach peak power increased between the three first sprints and sprint number five (p < 0.001). RPE increased throughout the exercises (p < 0.001). Of note, peak and average power, time to achieve peak power and RPE were lower in G-BFR (p < 0.001). Results also showed that SpO2 decreased in the last sprints for all the conditions and was lower for HYP (p < 0.001). In addition, Δ[O2Hb] increased in the last two sprints (p < 0.001). Concerning cardiorespiratory parameters, BFR60 application induced a decrease in gas exchange rates, which increased after its release compared to the other conditions (p < 0.001). Moreover, muscle blood concentration was higher for BFR60 (p < 0.001). Importantly, average and peak oxygen consumption and muscular oxyhemoglobin availability during sprints decreased for HYP (p < 0.001). Finally, the tissue saturation index was lower in G-BFR. Conclusions: Thus, SIT associated with G-BFR displayed lower mechanical, cardiorespiratory responses, and skeletal muscle oxygenation than the other conditions. Exercise with BFR60 promotes higher blood accumulation within working muscles, suggesting that BFR60 may additionally affect cellular stress. In addition, HYP and G-BFR induced local hypoxia with higher levels for G-BFR when considering both exercise bouts and recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Berthelot
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M J Sanchez
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Almquist NW, Wilhelmsen M, Ellefsen S, Sandbakk Ø, Rønnestad BR. Effects of Including Sprints in LIT Sessions during a 14-d Camp on Muscle Biology and Performance Measures in Elite Cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2333-2345. [PMID: 34081058 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of including sprints within low-intensity training (LIT) sessions during a 14-d training camp focusing on LIT, followed by 10-d recovery (Rec), on performance and performance-related measures in elite cyclists. METHODS During the camp, a sprint training group (SPR; n = 9) included 12 × 30-s maximal sprints during five LIT sessions, whereas a control group (CON; n = 9) performed distance-matched LIT only. Training load was equally increased in both groups by 48% ± 27% during the training camp and subsequently decreased by -56% ± 23% during the recovery period compared with habitual training. Performance tests were conducted before the training camp (Pre) and after Rec. Muscle biopsies, hematological measures, and stress/recovery questionnaires were collected Pre and after the camp (Post). RESULTS Thirty-second sprint (SPR vs CON: 4% ± 4%, P < 0.01) and 5-min mean power (SPR vs CON: 4% ± 8%, P = 0.04) changed differently between groups. In muscle, Na+-K+ β1 protein content changed differently between groups, decreasing in CON compared with SPR (-8% ± 14%, P = 0.04), whereas other proteins showed similar changes. SPR and CON displayed similar increases in red blood cell volume (SPR: 2.6% ± 4.7%, P = 0.07; CON: 3.9% ± 4.5%, P = 0.02) and V˙O2 at 4 mmol·L-1 [BLa-] (SPR: 2.5% ± 3.3%, P = 0.03; CON: 2.2% ± 3.0%, P = 0.04). No changes were seen for V˙O2max, Wmax, hematological measures, muscle enzyme activity, and stress/recovery measures. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of 30-s sprints within LIT sessions during a high-volume training camp affected competition-relevant performance measures and Na+-K+ β1 protein content differently from LIT only, without affecting sport-specific stress/recovery or any other physiological measure in elite cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malene Wilhelmsen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, NORWAY
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, NORWAY
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, NORWAY
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19
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Wang J, Guan H, Hostrup M, Rowlands DS, González-Alonso J, Jensen J. The Road to the Beijing Winter Olympics and Beyond: Opinions and Perspectives on Physiology and Innovation in Winter Sport. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2021; 3:321-331. [PMID: 36304069 PMCID: PMC8475427 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beijing will host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and China strengthens research on various aspects to allow their athletes to compete successfully in winter sport. Simultaneously, Government-directed initiatives aim to increase public participation in recreational winter sport. These parallel developments allow research to advance knowledge and understanding of the physiological determinants of performance and health related to winter sport. Winter sport athletes often conduct a substantial amount of training with high volumes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity and lower volumes of high-intensity work. Moreover, much of the training occur at low ambient temperatures and winter sport athletes have high risk of developing asthma or asthma-related conditions, such as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The high training volumes require optimal nutrition with increased energy and dietary protein requirement to stimulate muscle protein synthesis response in the post-exercise period. Whether higher protein intake is required in the cold should be investigated. Cross-country skiing is performed mostly in Northern hemisphere with a strong cultural heritage and sporting tradition. It is expected that innovative initiatives on recruitment and training during the next few years will target to enhance performance of Chinese athletes in classical endurance-based winter sport. The innovation potential coupled with resourcing and population may be substantial with the potential for China to become a significant winter sport nation. This paper discusses the physiological aspects of endurance training and performance in winter sport highlighting areas where innovation may advance in athletic performance in cold environments. In addition, to ensure sustainable development of snow sport, a quality ski patrol and rescue system is recommended for the safety of increasing mass participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Department of Health Promotion and Physical Education, School of Health Sciences and Human Performance, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O.Box 4012, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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20
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Drouin PJ, Islam H, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Intramuscular hematoma of the vastus lateralis following percutaneous skeletal muscle microbiopsy: a case report. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15038. [PMID: 34633155 PMCID: PMC8503893 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, percutaneous microbiopsy needles have been used as a less invasive alternative to the Bergstrom needle for obtaining human skeletal muscle biopsy to assess changes in protein content, gene expression, and enzymatic activities. Unlike the Bergstrom muscle biopsy procedure, potential complications associated with microbiopsies of human skeletal muscle have not been documented. Therefore, the present case report follows a young male's recovery from a muscle biopsy-induced hemorrhage/hematoma of the right vastus lateralis with the specific aims of (1) informing future participants, researchers, and clinicians on expected time course of recovery and (2) informing methods to minimize future participant adverse event risk during and after the percutaneous microbiopsy procedure. The present case report demonstrates that the inadvertent hemorrhaging of a neighboring vessel by percutaneous microbiopsy procedure can be debilitating. To minimize the risk of muscle biopsy-induced hemorrhage/hematoma, we advise post-biopsy compression for up to 15 min and post-biopsy follow-up should be completed for up to 72 h. When there is indication of hematoma development, compression should be applied, and the participant should avoid exercise and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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21
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Merrells RJ, Madon SB, Chivers PT, Fournier PA. Nausea after Repeated Sprints: Is Lactic Acidosis Really the Culprit? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1865-1872. [PMID: 34398059 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nausea caused by exhaustive sprinting is associated with high lactate ([La-]) and hydrogen ion concentrations ([H+]) and fall in blood pCO2, thus raising the issue of whether there is a causal link between nausea and these variables. For this reason, this study aimed to determine whether interspersing repeated sprints (RS) with periods of active, compared with passive, recovery results in lower levels of both nausea and changes in [La-], [H+], and pCO2. METHODS Twelve male participants completed two separate sessions comprising four 30-s sprints separated by 20 min of either active (AR; cycling at 40% V˙O2peak) or passive recovery (PR). At 6 and 18 min of each recovery period, nausea was assessed via a visual analog scale (VAS), and blood samples were collected to measure [La-], [H+], and pCO2. RESULTS RS significantly increased VAS score in both AR (P < 0.001) and PR (P < 0.01). After the first sprint, VAS was higher than preexercise in only AR (P < 0.01). AR was associated with lower VAS, [La-], [H+], and higher pCO2 (all P = 0.001) compared with PR after sprints 2-4. Linear mixed modeling indicated that each of the variables significantly predicts VAS scores (P < 0.0001). Repeated-measures correlation (rrm2) indicated that [La-] had the closest association with VAS (rrm2 = 0.22, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The lower levels of both nausea and changes in [La-], [H+], and pCO2 in response to AR suggest that nausea associated with RS may be causally related with these variables. However, the absence of a close relationship between these variables after the first sprint and the findings that [La-], [H+], and pCO2 only account for 13%-22% of the variation in VAS indicate that other mechanisms may also mediate nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Human Sciences (Sport Science, Exercise and Health), University of Western Australia, Crawley, AUSTRALIA
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Kelly DT, Cregg CJ, O'Connor PL, Cullen BD, Moyna NM. Physiological and performance responses of sprint interval training and endurance training in Gaelic football players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2265-2275. [PMID: 33914154 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While ideal for developing aerobic capacity, traditional endurance training (ET) is extremely time-consuming and may lack the specificity to maintain indices of speed and power in team sport athletes. In contrast, low-volume short-duration sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to improve [Formula: see text]O2max to a similar extent as ET. However, to date, few studies have compared the effects of running-based SIT and ET, on aerobic capacity and indices of speed and power of trained team sport athletes. METHODS Club level male Gaelic football players were randomly assigned to SIT (n = 13; 26.5 ± 4.87 years) or ET (n = 12; 25.4 ± 2.58 years) groups. Participants trained 3 days week-1 for 6 weeks. [Formula: see text]O2max, RE, v[Formula: see text]O2max, blood lactate concentrations, Wingate test performance, running speed, jump performance and intermittent endurance performance (IEP) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. RESULTS An increase in [Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.05), v[Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.001) and IEP (p < 0.001) following 6 weeks of both SIT and ET was observed. Wingate mean power (p < 0.001), peak power (p < 0.001) and fatigue index (p < 0.005) were all significantly improved following training in both groups. Velocity at LT was significantly higher and performance in the 20-m running speed and VJ tests were significantly reduced post training in the ET group (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Despite the large difference in total training time, a running-based protocol of SIT is a time efficient training method for improving aerobic capacity and IEP while maintaining indices of lower body power and running speed in team-sport players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Cathal J Cregg
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Connacht Gaelic Athletic Association, Centre of Excellence, Bekan, Ireland
| | - Paul L O'Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Bryan D Cullen
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall M Moyna
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34268627 PMCID: PMC8282832 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
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Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7201. [PMID: 34281138 PMCID: PMC8294064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a "near maximal" or "all-out" effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Hüseyin Hüsrev Turnagöl
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
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Physical exercise, obesity, inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): a review with bioinformatics analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4625-4635. [PMID: 34014471 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent an innate organism defense mechanism characterized by neutrophil release of intracellular material to capture any aggressor agent. Elevated NETs release is associated with increased inflammatory response and related diseases, such as obesity. Chronic physical training is one of the main strategies to treat and prevent obesity. The relationship between physical training and NETs is still under study. The present review, followed by a bioinformatics analysis, demonstrates the meaningful connection between physical exercise, obesity, and NETs. The bioinformatics indicated TNF-α as a leading gene after the ontological analysis followed by positive-interleukin-6 regulation, chemokines, and inflammatory response regulation. The main results pointed to a relevant regulatory effect of physical training on NETs release, indicating physical exercise as a possible therapeutic target on modulating NETs and inflammation.
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Karabiyik H, Eser MC, Guler O, Yasli BC, Ertetik G, Sisman A, Koz M, Gabrys T, Pilis K, Karayigit R. The Effects of 15 or 30 s SIT in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance and Critical Power. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083976. [PMID: 33918866 PMCID: PMC8069352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is a concept that has been shown to enhance aerobic-anaerobic training adaptations and induce larger effects in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of SIT with 15 or 30 s in hypoxia on aerobic, anaerobic performance and critical power (CP). A total of 32 male team players were divided into four groups: SIT with 15 s at FiO2: 0.209 (15 N); FiO2: 0.135 (15 H); SIT with 30 s at FiO2: 0.209 (30 N); and FiO2: 0.135 (30 H). VO2max did not significantly increase, however time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was found to be significantly longer in the post test compared to pre test (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.86). Mean power (MPw.kg) after repeated wingate tests was significantly higher compared to pre training in all groups (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.66). Similarly, CP was increased in all groups with 4 weeks of SIT (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.82). This study showed that 4 weeks of SIT with 15 and 30 s sprint bouts in normoxia or hypoxia did not increased VO2max in trained athletes. However, anerobic performance and CP can be increased with 4 weeks of SIT both in normoxia or hypoxia with 15 or 30 s of sprint durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karabiyik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mustafa Can Eser
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Ozkan Guler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76410, Turkey
| | - Goktug Ertetik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37000, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Sisman
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey
| | - Mitat Koz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Sport Centrum Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Karol Pilis
- Faculty of Health Science, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
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The Inclusion of Sprints in Low-Intensity Sessions During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists Improves Endurance Performance 6 Weeks Into the Subsequent Preparatory Period. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1502-1509. [PMID: 33819914 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of including repeated sprints in a weekly low-intensity (LIT) session during a 3-week transition period on cycling performance 6 weeks into the subsequent preparatory period (PREP) in elite cyclists. METHODS Eleven elite male cyclists (age = 22.0 [3.8] y, body mass = 73.0 [5.8] kg, height = 186 [7] cm, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] = 5469 [384] mL·min-1) reduced their training load by 64% and performed only LIT sessions (CON, n = 6) or included 3 sets of 3 × 30-second maximal sprints in a weekly LIT session (SPR, n = 5) during a 3-week transition period. There was no difference in the reduction in training load during the transition period between groups. Physiological and performance measures were compared between the end of the competitive period and 6 weeks into the PREP. RESULTS SPR demonstrated a 7.3% (7.2%) improvement in mean power output during a 20-minute all-out test at PREP, which was greater than CON (-1.3% [4.6%]) (P = .048). SPR had a corresponding 7.0% (3.6%) improvement in average VO2 during the 20-minute all-out test, which was larger than the 0.7% (6.0%) change in CON (P = .042). No change in VO2max, gross efficiency, or power output at blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L-1 from competitive period to PREP occurred in either group. CONCLUSION Including sprints in a weekly LIT session during the transition period of elite cyclists provided a performance advantage 6 weeks into the subsequent PREP, which coincided with a higher performance VO2.
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Interval versus constant-load exercise training in adults with Cystic Fibrosis. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 288:103643. [PMID: 33618051 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of interval exercise (IE) compared to constant-load exercise (CLE) training remains unsettled in adults with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). METHODS Twenty-four adults with CF were randomised to 30-min IE (100 % peak work capacity (WRpeak) for 30-s alternated with 40 % WRpeak for 30-s; n = 12) or 30-min CLE (70 % WRpeak; n = 12) training, 3 times weekly, for 12 weeks. Isometric quadriceps muscle strength was assessed using a strain gauge Myometer. RESULTS The magnitude of improvement in quadriceps muscle strength was greater (p = 0.037) in the IE (by 32 ± 13 Nm) compared to the CLE (by 23 ± 12 Nm) groups. Maximum inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures were significantly improved only in the IE group (by 30 ± 10 cmH2O; p = 0.009 and 13 ± 4 cmH2O; p = 0.007, respectively). Arterial oxygen saturation during training was higher (p = 0.002) for IE (94 ± 1%) compared to CLE (91 ± 1%), whereas dyspnoea scores were lower (p = 0.001) for IE (3.8 ± 0.7) compared to CLE (5.9 ± 0.8) CONCLUSIONS: IE is superior to CLE in improving peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and preferable to CLE because it is associated with lower exercise-induced arterial oxygen desaturation and breathlessness.
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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Jelstad S, Ditta Valsdottir T, Johansen EI, Jensen JR. Eight sessions of endurance training decrease fasting glucose and improve glucose tolerance in middle-aged overweight males. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:12-19. [PMID: 30688111 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1563189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise improves metabolic regulation and reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. The recommendations for exercise are rather general and the health benefits of controlled training studies are important to make better recommendations. In the present study, we report that eight endurance training sessions over 3 weeks reduced fasting glucose, and improved glucose tolerance and plasma lipids in sedentary middle-aged males (44-64 years) with overweight or obesity (BMI: 27-38). The decrease in fasting glucose was substantial (from 5.3 ± 0.3 to 4.8 ± 0.2 mM; p < .001). The training sessions consisted of 60-min indoor-cycling at ∼83% of peak heart rate divided in four blocks of 15 min cycling, with 2-min rest between blocks. Maximal oxygen uptake did not increase (38.8 ± 1.8 vs. 39.0 ± 1.6 ml kg-1 min-1). In conclusion, 3-weekly sessions of moderate-/high-intensity endurance training can be recommended for untrained males with overweight or obesity to improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Jelstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Atlantis Medical University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil I Johansen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Rgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Manuel Clemente F, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H. Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player's physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1202-1222. [PMID: 33423603 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1863644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programmes on men soccer players' aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic performance), repeated sprint ability (RSA), vertical jump height (VJH), and linear sprinting time (ST). An electronic search yielded 1,714 articles, 33 of which were included in the present study. Meta-analyses revealed significant benefits of HIIT compared to controls in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.018), AP (p = 0.041), and RSA (p = 0.049). No significant effects were found in terms of ST (p = 0.080). The meta-analyses of non-controlled studies revealed significant improvements after HIIT in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.001), AP (p = 0.007), RSA (p = 0.001), and ST (p < 0.001). However, no significant improvements in VHJ were found (p = 0.063). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in sub-group analysis (comparisons between HIIT types). In conclusion, HIIT is effective for improving maximal oxygen uptake, AP, and RSA regardless of the HIIT type. For VHJ and ST outcomes, it seems reasonable to complement the HIIT since it might not be enough to achieve significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico De Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial De Nun'álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto De Telecomunicações, Delegação Da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad De Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Universidade Federal Da Paraíba: João Pessoa, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Taghi-zada TP, Kasumov KM. Are Levorin Channels with Selective Permeability Capable of Enhancing Muscle Activity in Complex with Carriers? RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Warnier G, Benoit N, Naslain D, Lambrecht S, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Effects of Sprint Interval Training at Different Altitudes on Cycling Performance at Sea-Level. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E148. [PMID: 33217937 PMCID: PMC7698804 DOI: 10.3390/sports8110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits of sprint interval training performed in hypoxia (SIH) compared to normoxia (SIN) have been assessed by studies mostly conducted around 3000 m of simulated altitude. The present study aims to determine whether SIH at an altitude as high as 4000 m can elicit greater adaptations than the same training at 2000 m, 3000 m or sea-level. METHODS Thirty well-trained endurance male athletes (18-35 years old) participated in a six-week repeated sprint interval training program (30 s all-out sprint, 4 min 30 s recovery; 4-9 repetitions, 2 sessions/week) at sea-level (SL, n = 8), 2000 m (FiO2 16.7%, n = 8), 3000 m (FiO2 14.5%, n = 7) or 4000 m (FiO2 13.0%, n = 7). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise components were evaluated by an incremental exercise test, a 600 kJ time trial and a Wingate test before and after the training program. RESULTS After training, peak power output (PPO) during the incremental exercise test increased (~6%) without differences between groups. The lactate threshold assessed by Dmax increased at 2000 m (+14 ± 12 W) and 4000 m (+12 ± 11 W) but did not change at SL and 3000 m. Mean power during the Wingate test increased at SL, 2000 m and 4000 m, although peak power increased only at 4000 m (+38 ± 38 W). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that SIH using 30 s sprints is as efficient as SIN for improving aerobic and anaerobic qualities. Additional benefits such as lactate-related adaptations were found only in SIH and Wingate peak power only increased at 4000 m. This finding is of particular interest for disciplines requiring high power output, such as in very explosive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Warnier
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Sophie Lambrecht
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint-Luc University Hospitals, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
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Breenfeldt Andersen A, Bejder J, Bonne T, Olsen NV, Nordsborg N. Repeated Wingate sprints is a feasible high-quality training strategy in moderate hypoxia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242439. [PMID: 33186393 PMCID: PMC7665825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint-interval training (SIT) is efficient at improving maximal aerobic capacity and anaerobic fitness at sea-level and may be a feasible training strategy at altitude. Here, it was evaluated if SIT intensity can be maintained in mild to moderate hypoxia. It was hypothesized that 6 x 30 s Wingate sprint performance with 2 min active rest between sprints can be performed in hypoxic conditions corresponding to ~3,000 m of altitude without reducing mean power output (MPO). In a single-blinded, randomized crossover design, ten highly-trained male endurance athletes with a maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) of 68 ± 5 mL O2 × min-1 × kg-1 completed 6 x 30 s all-out Wingate cycling sprints separated by two-minute active recovery on four separate days in a hypobaric chamber. The ambient pressure within the chamber on each experimental day was 772 mmHg (~0 m), 679 mmHg (~915 m), 585 mmHg (~ 2,150 m), and 522 mmHg (~3,050 m), respectively. MPO was not different at sea-level and up to ~2,150 m (~1% and ~3% non-significant decrements at ~915 and ~2,150 m, respectively), whereas MPO was ~5% lower (P<0.05) at ~3,050 m. Temporal differences between altitudes was not different for peak power output (PPO), despite a main effect of altitude. In conclusion, repeated Wingate exercise can be completed by highly-trained athletes at altitudes up to ~2,150 m without compromising MPO or PPO. In contrast, MPO was compromised in hypobaric hypoxia corresponding to ~3,050 m. Thus, SIT may be an efficient strategy for athletes sojourning to moderate altitude and aiming to maintain training quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroanesteshia, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ogura Y, Kakehashi C, Yoshihara T, Kurosaka M, Kakigi R, Higashida K, Fujiwara SE, Akema T, Funabashi T. Ketogenic diet feeding improves aerobic metabolism property in extensor digitorum longus muscle of sedentary male rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241382. [PMID: 33125406 PMCID: PMC7598508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of the ketogenic diet, an extremely high-fat diet with extremely low carbohydrates, suggest that it changes the energy metabolism properties of skeletal muscle. However, ketogenic diet effects on muscle metabolic characteristics are diverse and sometimes countervailing. Furthermore, ketogenic diet effects on skeletal muscle performance are unknown. After male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age) were assigned randomly to a control group (CON) and a ketogenic diet group (KD), they were fed for 4 weeks respectively with a control diet (10% fat, 10% protein, 80% carbohydrate) and a ketogenic diet (90% fat, 10% protein, 0% carbohydrate). After the 4-week feeding period, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was evaluated ex vivo for twitch force, tetanic force, and fatigue. We also analyzed the myosin heavy chain composition, protein expression of metabolic enzymes and regulatory factors, and citrate synthase activity. No significant difference was found between CON and KD in twitch or tetanic forces or muscle fatigue. However, the KD citrate synthase activity and the protein expression of Sema3A, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were significantly higher than those of CON. Moreover, a myosin heavy chain shift occurred from type IIb to IIx in KD. These results demonstrated that the 4-week ketogenic diet improves skeletal muscle aerobic capacity without obstructing muscle contractile function in sedentary male rats and suggest involvement of Sema3A in the myosin heavy chain shift of EDL muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kakehashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Management & Information Science, Josai International University, Togane, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sei-Etsu Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
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Wang W, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T, Hatta H, Kitaoka Y. Short-term hypoxic training increases monocarboxylate transporter 4 and phosphofructokinase activity in Thoroughbreds. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14473. [PMID: 32512646 PMCID: PMC7279979 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of short-term hypoxic training on lactate metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. Using crossover design (3 months washout), eight Thoroughbred horses were trained for 2 weeks in normoxia (FI O2 = 21%) and hypoxia (FI O2 = 18%) each. They ran at 95% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max ) on a treadmill inclined at 6% for 2 min (3 days/week) measured under normoxia. Before and after each training period, all horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) under normoxia. Following the 2-week trainings, V̇O2max in IET increased significantly under both oxygen conditions. The exercise duration in IET increased significantly only after hypoxic training. The monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 protein levels remained unchanged after training under both oxygen conditions, whereas MCT4 protein levels increased significantly after training in hypoxia but not after training in normoxia. Phosphofructokinase activity increased significantly only after hypoxic training, whereas cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly only after normoxic training. Our results suggest that hypoxic training efficiently enhances glycolytic capacity and levels of the lactate transporter protein MCT4, which facilitates lactate efflux from the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | | | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
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Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity-A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113865. [PMID: 32485945 PMCID: PMC7312918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate training-specific adaptations to eight weeks of moderate intensity continuous training (CT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Young healthy subjects (n = 25; 9 males and 16 females) performed either continuous training (30-60 min, 70-80% peak heart rate) or sprint interval training (5-10 near maximal 30 s sprints, 3 min recovery) three times per week for eight weeks. Maximal oxygen consumption, 20 m shuttle run test and 5·60 m sprint test were performed before and after the intervention. Furthermore, heart rate, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, lactate and running economy were assessed at five submaximal intensities, before and after the training interventions. Maximal oxygen uptake increased after CT (before: 47.9 ± 1.5; after: 49.7 ± 1.5 mL·kg-1·min-1, p < 0.05) and SIT (before: 50.5 ± 1.6; after: 53.3 ± 1.5 mL·kg-1·min-1, p < 0.01), with no statistically significant differences between groups. Both groups increased 20 m shuttle run performance and 60 m sprint performance, but SIT performed better than CT at the 4th and 5th 60 m sprint after the intervention (p < 0.05). At submaximal intensities, CT, but not SIT, reduced heart rate (p < 0.05), whereas lactate decreased in both groups. In conclusion, both groups demonstrated similar improvements of several performance measures including VO2max, but sprint performance was better after SIT, and CT caused training-specific adaptations at submaximal intensities.
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, García-Suárez PC, Rentería I, Moncada-Jiménez J, Plaisance EP. Impact of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on peripheral markers of glycemic control in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165820. [PMID: 32360396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycemic control is essential to reduce the risk of complications associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aerobic and resistance exercise performed alone or in combination improve glycemic control in both conditions. However, perceived lack of time and commitment are considered principal barriers to performing exercise regularly. High intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) can be performed in a fraction of the time required for continuous aerobic exercise. A substantial scientific evidence indicates that HIIT/SIT improve glycemic control to a similar or greater extent than aerobic exercise in populations without MetS or T2D. Likewise, growing evidence suggest that HIIT/SIT improve the glycemic control during MetS and T2D. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of interval training protocols on peripheral markers of glucose metabolism in patients with MetS and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric P Plaisance
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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Takei N, Kakinoki K, Girard O, Hatta H. Short-Term Repeated Wingate Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:43. [PMID: 33345035 PMCID: PMC7739589 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated Wingate efforts (RW) represent an effective training strategy for improving exercise capacity. Living low-training high altitude/hypoxic training methods, that upregulate muscle adaptations, are increasingly popular. However, the benefits of RW training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on performance and accompanying physiological adaptations remain largely undetermined. Our intention was to test the hypothesis that RW training in hypoxia provides additional performance benefits and more favorable physiological responses than equivalent training in normoxia. Twelve male runners (university sprinters) completed six RW training sessions (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery) in either hypoxia (FiO2: 0.145, n = 6) or normoxia (FiO2: 0.209, n = 6) over 2 weeks. Before and after the intervention, participants underwent a RW performance test (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery). Peak power output, mean power output, and total work for the three exercise bouts were determined. A capillary blood sample was taken for analyzing blood lactate concentration (BLa) 3 min after each of the three efforts. Peak power output (+ 11.3 ± 23.0%, p = 0.001), mean power output (+ 6.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001), and total work (+ 6.3 ± 5.4% p = 0.016) significantly increased from pre- to post-training, independently of condition. The time × group × interval interaction was significant (p = 0.05) for BLa. Compared to Pre-tests, BLa values during post-test were higher (+ 8.7 ± 10.3%) after about 2 in the normoxic group, although statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.08). Contrastingly, BLa values were lower (albeit not significantly) during post- compared to pre-tests after bout 2 (−9.3 ± 8.6%; p = 0.08) and bout 3 (−9.1 ± 10.7%; p = 0.09) in the hypoxic group. In conclusion, six RW training sessions over 2 weeks significantly improved RW performance, while training in hypoxia had no additional benefit over normoxia. However, accompanying BLa responses tended to be lower in the hypoxic group, while an opposite pattern was observed in the normoxic group. This indicates that different glycolytic and/or oxidative pathway adaptations were probably at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takei
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Is It Time to Rethink Our Weight Loss Paradigms? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040070. [PMID: 32252392 PMCID: PMC7235705 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Strategies aiming to promote weight loss usually include anything that results in an increase in energy expenditure (exercise) or a decrease in energy intake (diet). However, the probability of losing weight is low and the probability of sustained weight loss is even lower. Herein, we bring some questions and suggestions about the topic, with a focus on exercise interventions. Based on the current evidence, we should look at how metabolism changes in response to interventions instead of counting calories, so we can choose more efficient models that can account for the complexity of human organisms. In this regard, high-intensity training might be particularly interesting as a strategy to promote fat loss since it seems to promote many physiological changes that might favor long-term weight loss. However, it is important to recognize the controversy of the results regarding interval training (IT), which might be explained by the large variations in its application. For this reason, we have to be more judicious about how exercise is planned and performed and some factors, like supervision, might be important for the results. The intensity of exercise seems to modulate not only how many calories are expended after exercise, but also where they came from. Instead of only estimating the number of calories ingested and expended, it seems that we have to act positively in order to create an adequate environment for promoting healthy and sustainable weight loss.
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Alterations in energy system contribution following upper body sprint interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:643-651. [PMID: 31974857 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different work-to-rest ratios on relative energy system utilization during short-term upper-body sprint interval training (SIT) protocols. METHODS Forty-two recreationally trained men were randomized into one of three training groups [10 s work bouts with 2 min of rest (10:2, n = 11) or 4 min of rest (10:4, n = 11), or 30 s work bouts with 4 min of rest (30:4, n = 10)] or a control group (CON, n = 10). Participants underwent six training sessions over 2 weeks with 4-6 'all-out' sprints. Participants completed an upper body Wingate test (30 s 'all-out' using 0.05 kg kg-1 of the participant's body mass) pre- and post-intervention from which oxygen consumption and blood lactate were used to estimate oxidative, glycolytic, and adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) energy system provisions. An analysis of covariance was performed on all testing measurements collected at post with the associated pre-values used as covariates. RESULTS Relative energy contribution (p = 0.026) and energy expenditure (p = 0.019) of the ATP-PCr energy system were greater in 10:4 (49.9%; 62.1 kJ) compared to CON (43.1%; 47.2 kJ) post training. No significant differences were found between groups in glycolytic or oxidative energy contribution over a 30 s upper body Wingate test. CONCLUSION SIT protocols with smaller work-to-rest ratios may enhance ATP-PCr utilization in a 30 s upper body Wingate over a 2-week intervention.
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Yamanaka R, Ohnuma H, Ando R, Tanji F, Ohya T, Hagiwara M, Suzuki Y. Sprinting Ability as an Important Indicator of Performance in Elite Long-Distance Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:141-145. [PMID: 31094259 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increases in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and running economy improve performance in long-distance runners. Nevertheless, long-distance runners require sprinting ability to win, especially in the final phase of competitions. The authors determined the relationships between performance and sprinting ability, as well as other abilities in elite long-distance runners. METHODS The subjects were 12 elite long-distance runners. Mean official seasonal best times in 5000-m (5000 m-SB) and 10,000-m (10,000 m-SB) races within 1 year before or after the examination were 13:58.5 (0:18.7) and 28:37.9 (0:25.2) (mean [SD]), respectively. The authors measured 100-m and 400-m sprint times as the index of sprinting ability. They also measured V˙O2max and running economy (V˙O2 at 300 m·min-1 of running velocity). They used a single correlation analysis to assess relationships between 5000 m-SB or 10,000 m-SB and other elements. RESULTS There were significant correlations between 5000 m-SB was significantly correlated with 100-m sprint time (13.3 [0.7] s; r = .68, P = .014), 400-m sprint time (56.6 [2.7] s; r = .69, P = .013), and running economy (55.5 [3.9] mL·kg-1·min-1; r = .59, P = .045). There were significant correlations between 10,000 m-SB and 100-m sprint time (r = .72, P = .009) and 400-m sprint time (r = .85, P < .001). However, there was no significant correlation between 5000 m-SB or 10,000 m-SB and V˙O2max (72.0 [3.8] mL·kg-1·min-1). CONCLUSIONS The authors' data suggest that sprinting ability is an important indicator of performance in elite long-distance runners.
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Effects of focal vibration on power and work in multiple wingate tests. Biol Sport 2019; 37:25-31. [PMID: 32205907 PMCID: PMC7075225 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.89938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a specific protocol, based on a focal muscle vibration, on mechanical parameters in an exercise composed of five repeated bouts of sprint interval tests (Wingate Anaerobic Tests, 10 seconds duration). Twenty-eight young male healthy subjects were randomized to two groups (VIB and CTRL). Peak power (PP), average peak between bouts (aP) and total exercise work (TW) were measured. In both groups, three different exercise sessions were carried out, interspersed by seven days: T0, T1 and T2. Between the baseline (T0) and T1, in the VIB group the intervention was administered on three successive days on quadriceps muscles, whereas a placebo administration was carried out in the CTRL group at the same time. At T1 (30 minutes after intervention) and T2 (7 days after) CTRL did not show any significant change, whereas VIB showed significant increases in PP (11.4%–9.3%), aP (6.6%–6.9%) and TW (5.7%–7.9%) with respect to T0. The results could be explained by an ameliorative agonist-antagonist balance, and this hypothesis is coherent with the literature. On the basis of the present findings, the investigated intervention might be usefully adopted to increase muscular power and endurance.
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Merrells RJ, Cripps AJ, Chivers PT, Fournier PA. Role of lactic acidosis as a mediator of sprint-mediated nausea. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14283. [PMID: 31724342 PMCID: PMC6854110 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between nausea level and lactic acidosis during recovery from sprinting. In all, 13 recreationally active males completed a 60 s bout of maximal intensity cycling. Prior to and for 45 min following exercise, blood pH, pCO2 , and lactate levels were measured together with nausea. In response to sprinting, nausea, lactate, and H+ concentrations increased and remained elevated for at least 10 min (p < .001), whereas pCO2 increased only transiently (p < .001) before falling below pre-exercise levels (p < .001), with all these variables returning toward pre-exercise levels during recovery. Both measures of nausea adopted for analyses (nausea profile, NP; visual analogue scale, VAS), demonstrated significant repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) post-exercise between nausea and plasma lactate (VAS and NPrrm > 0.595, p < .0001) and H+ concentrations (VAS and NPrrm > 0.689, p < .0001), but an inconsistent relationship with pCO2 (VAS rrm = 0.250, p = .040; NP rrm = 0.144, p = .248) and bicarbonate levels (VAS rrm = -0.252, p = .095; NP rrm = -0.397, p = .008). Linear mixed modeling was used to predict the trajectory of nausea over time, with both lactate and H+ concentrations found to be key predictors of nausea (p < .0001). In conclusion, this study reveals a strong positive relationship between nausea and both H+ and lactate concentrations during recovery from sprinting, a finding consistent with H+ and lactate being potential mediators of nausea post-sprinting. However, as the timing of the recovery of both H+ and lactate was delayed, compared to that of nausea, further research is required to confirm these findings and investigate other potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Merrells
- School of Human SciencesDivision Sport Science, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
- School of Health SciencesThe University of Notre Dame AustraliaFremantleAustralia
| | - Ashley J. Cripps
- School of Health SciencesThe University of Notre Dame AustraliaFremantleAustralia
| | - Paola T. Chivers
- Institute for Health ResearchThe University of Notre Dame AustraliaFremantleAustralia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute & School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupAustralia
| | - Paul A. Fournier
- School of Human SciencesDivision Sport Science, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
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Akmali A, Saghebjoo M. High-intensity interval training with long duration intervals is more effective than short duration intervals for improving glycolytic capacity in the rats' gastrocnemius muscle. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2019; 41:hmbci-2019-0035. [PMID: 31628826 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There is little data regarding the ability of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to increase of glycolytic capacity and intramuscular metabolic adaptations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT (8 weeks, 5 times/week) with short (HIIT1 min: 16 × 1 min work and active recovery at 80-95% and 50-60% VO2max, respectively) and long (HIIT4 min: 4 × 4 min work and active recovery at 80-95% and 50-60% VO2max, respectively) duration intervals and 4 weeks detraining on the levels of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the rats' gastrocnemius muscle. Materials and methods Fifty-four male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups, including HIIT1 min, HIIT4 min and control (Ctrl). After 48 h of the last training session and after 4 weeks of detraining, the rats were sacrificed, and the gastrocnemius muscles were isolated. Results The PFK levels in the HIIT4 min group was significantly higher than in the HIIT1 min and Ctrl groups, and after the detraining period in the HIIT4 minDT group significantly decreased compared to the HIIT4 min group. The LDH activity in the HIIT4 min and HIIT1 min groups were significantly higher than the Ctrl group and the increasing trend in the HIIT4 min group was more than the HIIT1 min group. There was no significant change in LDH activity after detraining compared to training. No significant changes were observed in the level of GYS1 and MCT4 after HIIT. Conclusions Eight weeks of HIIT with long duration intervals induced more improvements in intramuscular glycolytic capacity than a short duration. After short-term detraining, some of these adaptations have remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Akmali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Ito S. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - The key to an efficient exercise protocol. World J Cardiol 2019; 11:171-188. [PMID: 31565193 PMCID: PMC6763680 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO2peak, the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or 75 min of moderate- or vigorous- intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT [usually called sprint interval training (SIT)], professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO2peak with higher adherence and less risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Ito
- Division of Cardiology, Sankuro Hospital, Aichi-ken, Toyota 4710035, Japan
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Delgado-Moreno R, González B, Ortega J, Ramos-Campo DJ. Amateur endurance triathletes' performance is improved independently of volume or intensity based training. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:2-8. [PMID: 29655762 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to compare the effects in swimming and running performance, horizontal jump test, autonomic modulation, and body composition of four training weeks with emphasis on volume versus intensity in moderate trained triathletes. Thirty-two amateur triathletes (20 males and 12 females) were randomly divided in three different groups that performed 6 training session per week: Intensity (INT): training focused on performs intensity training Volume (VOL): training focused on performs volume training; and Control (CON): physical active group with no periodized training. Body composition, heart rate variability, horizontal jump test, swimming and 2000 m running test were tested before and after the training period. There were no significant differences between INT and VOL in running test. Furthermore, both INT and VOL training groups improved 50 m (p: 0.046 and 0.042 respectively) and 400 m (p: 0.044 and 0.041 respectively) swimming performance. Moreover, there were no significant differences among groups in any moment in HRV variables. No significant difference was observed for horizontal jump test and body composition between the INT and VOL group at any time. According to the results of the present study, four weeks of training with either high intensity or volume results to similar adaptations in endurance, horizontal jump test and body composition parameters in amateur triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Psychophysiological Research Group, European University of Madrid, Spain; Tritoledo Triathlon Club, Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Tritoledo Triathlon Club, Toledo, Spain; Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Hurst C, Scott JPR, Weston KL, Weston M. High-Intensity Interval Training: A Potential Exercise Countermeasure During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:581. [PMID: 31191330 PMCID: PMC6541112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an effective approach for improving a range of physiological markers associated with physical fitness. A considerable body of work has demonstrated substantial improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness following short-term training programmes, while emerging evidence suggests that HIT can positively impact aspects of neuromuscular fitness. Given the detrimental consequences of prolonged exposure to microgravity on both of these physiological systems, and the potential for HIT to impact multiple components of fitness simultaneously, HIT is an appealing exercise countermeasure during human spaceflight. As such, the primary aim of this mini review is to synthesize current terrestrial knowledge relating to the effectiveness of HIT for inducing improvements in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness. As exercise-induced fitness changes are typically influenced by the specific exercise protocol employed, we will consider the effect of manipulating programming variables, including exercise volume and intensity, when prescribing HIT. In addition, as the maintenance of HIT-induced fitness gains and the choice of exercise mode are important considerations for effective training prescription, these issues are also discussed. We conclude by evaluating the potential integration of HIT into future human spaceflight operations as a strategy to counteract the effects of microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hurst
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P R Scott
- KBRwyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,Space Medicine Office, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency (ESA), Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Yasar Z, Dewhurst S, Hayes LD. Peak Power Output Is Similarly Recovered After Three- and Five-Days' Rest Following Sprint Interval Training in Young and Older Adults. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040094. [PMID: 31027172 PMCID: PMC6524350 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) exerts effects indicative of improved health in young and older populations. However, prescribing analogous training programmes is inappropriate, as recovery from HIIT is different between young and older individuals. Sprint interval training (SIT) is a derivative of HIIT but with shorter, maximal effort intervals. Prior to prescribing this mode of training, it is imperative to understand the recovery period to prevent residual fatigue affecting subsequent adaptations. (2) Methods: Nine older (6M/3F; mean age of 70 ± 8 years) and nine young (6M/3F; mean age of 24 ± 3 years) participants performed a baseline peak power output (PPO) test. Subsequently, two SIT sessions consisting of three repetitions of 20 s ‘all-out’ stationary cycling bouts interspersed by 3 minutes of self-paced recovery were performed. SIT sessions were followed by 3 days’ rest and 5 days’ rest on two separate occasions, in a randomised crossover design. PPO was measured again to determine whether recovery had been achieved after 3 days or after 5 days. (3) Results: Two-way repeated measure (age (older, young) × 3 time (baseline, 3 days, 5 days)) ANOVA revealed a large effect of age (p = 0.002, n2p = 0.460), with older participants having a lower PPO compared to young participants. A small effect of time (p = 0.702, n2p = 0.022), and a medium interaction between age and time (p = 0.098, n2p = 0.135) was observed. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates both young and older adults recover PPO following 3 and 5 days’ rest. As such, both groups could undertake SIT following three days of rest, without a reduction in PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerbu Yasar
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster LA1 3JD, UK.
| | - Susan Dewhurst
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster LA1 3JD, UK.
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Wang J, Qiu J, Yi L, Hou Z, Benardot D, Cao W. Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion during 6 weeks of HIIT on anaerobic performance of college students. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:18. [PMID: 30987663 PMCID: PMC6466775 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Past studies have found that sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to exercise has a performance-enhancing effect on high-intensity exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on anaerobic performance during six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods Twenty healthy college-age male participants were randomly assigned to either the HCO3− group (SB) or the placebo group (PL), with 10 subjects in each group. Both groups completed 6 weeks (3 days/week) of HIIT with the SB ingesting an orange-flavored solution containing 15 g xylitol and 0.2 g HCO3−/kg body mass during each training day, and PL ingesting a similar beverage that was HCO3−-free. This study separated 6 weeks of training into two stages with different training intensities, with the first 3 weeks at a lower intensity than the second 3 weeks. Blood samples to measure serum HCO3− were obtained 5 min before and 30 min after the following HIIT training sessions: Week 1, training session 1; week 3, training session 3; week 6, training session 3. Three 30s Wingate tests (WAnT) were conducted before, in the middle, and after the training and the supplementation interventions, with peak power, mean power, and fatigue index obtained during WAnT, and blood lactate and heart rate obtained after WAnT. Results Our findings indicate the following: 1) Serum HCO3− level of SB was significantly higher than PL (p < 0.05) both before and after each HIIT; 2) Relative peak power in WAnT was significantly higher in the SB group after 6 weeks (p < 0.01); 3) Lactate clearance rate and the lactate clearance velocity after 10 min of WAnT were both significantly higher in SB in the post-test (p < 0.01); 4) Heart rate recovery rate at 10 min after WAnT in both SB and PL after 6 weeks were significantly improved (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), resulting in no difference between groups on these measures. Conclusions These data suggest that supplementation of HCO3− at the level of 0.2 g/kg body mass before HIIT training enhances the effect of HIIT on anaerobic performance, and improves the blood lactate clearance rate and the blood lactate clearance velocity following anaerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wang
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China.
| | - Longyan Yi
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Zhaoran Hou
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Dan Benardot
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
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