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Molinari S, Imbriano C, Moresi V, Renzini A, Belluti S, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Gigli G, Cedola A. Histone deacetylase functions and therapeutic implications for adult skeletal muscle metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1130183. [PMID: 37006625 PMCID: PMC10050567 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptive organ that sustains continuous metabolic changes in response to different functional demands. Healthy skeletal muscle can adjust fuel utilization to the intensity of muscle activity, the availability of nutrients and the intrinsic characteristics of muscle fibers. This property is defined as metabolic flexibility. Importantly, impaired metabolic flexibility has been associated with, and likely contributes to the onset and progression of numerous pathologies, including sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies involving genetic and pharmacological manipulations of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in vitro and in vivo have elucidated their multiple functions in regulating adult skeletal muscle metabolism and adaptation. Here, we briefly review HDAC classification and skeletal muscle metabolism in physiological conditions and upon metabolic stimuli. We then discuss HDAC functions in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism at baseline and following exercise. Finally, we give an overview of the literature regarding the activity of HDACs in skeletal muscle aging and their potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Molinari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Viviana Moresi,
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Belluti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Cedola
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chubanava S, Treebak JT. Regular exercise effectively protects against the aging-associated decline in skeletal muscle NAD content. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112109. [PMID: 36708750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue integral to general health. Due to its high abundance and oxidative capacity, its metabolism is intimately linked to whole-body physiology. In the elderly population, mobility correlates positively with life expectancy and survival. Furthermore, regular physical activity is one of the most effective health-promoting interventions that delay the onset of aging-associated chronic diseases. Data from preclinical studies show that aging of various tissues is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Thus, a hypothesis has emerged that normalization of its content would ameliorate the age-related decline in tissue function and therefore improve health of the elderly. This idea, along with the documented safety and high tolerability of NAD precursor supplementation, makes NAD metabolism a prospective target for anti-aging interventions. Interestingly, muscle NAD biosynthesis pathways are stimulated by exercise training, which suggests that training-induced adaptations rely on tissue NAD levels. However, while the relationship between muscle fitness and regular physical activity is well-characterized, the proposed synergy between muscle NAD replenishment and exercise training has not been established. Here, we review the published data on the role of NAD metabolism in exercise in the context of young and aged skeletal muscle and discuss the current challenges relevant to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Chubanava
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Walzik D, Jonas W, Joisten N, Belen S, Wüst RCI, Guillemin G, Zimmer P. Tissue-specific effects of exercise as NAD + -boosting strategy: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13921. [PMID: 36599416 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) is an evolutionarily highly conserved coenzyme with multi-faceted cell functions, including energy metabolism, molecular signaling processes, epigenetic regulation, and DNA repair. Since the discovery that lower NAD+ levels are a shared characteristic of various diseases and aging per se, several NAD+ -boosting strategies have emerged. Other than pharmacological and nutritional approaches, exercise is thought to restore NAD+ homeostasis through metabolic adaption to chronically recurring states of increased energy demand. In this review we discuss the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on tissue-specific NAD+ metabolism of rodents and humans to highlight the potential value as NAD+ -boosting strategy. By interconnecting results from different investigations, we aim to draw attention to tissue-specific alterations in NAD+ metabolism and the associated implications for whole-body NAD+ homeostasis. Acute exercise led to profound alterations of intracellular NAD+ metabolism in various investigations, with the magnitude and direction of changes being strongly dependent on the applied exercise modality, cell type, and investigated animal model or human population. Exercise training elevated NAD+ levels and NAD+ metabolism enzymes in various tissues. Based on these results, we discuss molecular mechanisms that might connect acute exercise-induced disruptions of NAD+ /NADH homeostasis to chronic exercise adaptions in NAD+ metabolism. Taking this hypothesis-driven approach, we hope to inspire future research on the molecular mechanisms of exercise as NAD+ -modifying lifestyle intervention, thereby elucidating the potential therapeutic value in NAD+ -related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wiebke Jonas
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sergen Belen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Cho SY, Roh HT. Effects of Exercise Training on Neurotrophic Factors and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Young-Old and Old-Old Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16896. [PMID: 36554777 PMCID: PMC9778715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging and regular exercise may have opposite effects on brain health, and although oxidative stress and sirtuins may be involved in these effects, studies on this topic are limited. Accordingly, the present study aimed to verify the effect of exercise training on oxidant-antioxidant balance, neurotrophic factors, blood-brain barrier permeability, and sirtuins in young-old and old-old women. The study participants were 12 women aged 65-74 years (Young-Old group) and 12 women aged 75-84 years (Old-Old group). All of the selected participants performed exercise training consisting of treadmill walking and resistance band exercise three times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise training to analyze serum oxidant-antioxidant markers (reactive oxygen species [ROS], superoxide dismutase [SOD]), neurotrophic factor (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) levels, and blood-brain barrier permeability marker (S100 calcium-binding protein β [S100β], matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]) levels, and sirtuin (SIRT-1, SIRT-2, SIRT-3) levels. The Young-Old group showed significantly increased SOD, BDNF, VEGF, SIRT-1, and SIRT-3 levels after training in comparison with the levels before training (p < 0.05), and a significantly higher BDNF level than the Old-Old group after training (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the Old-Old group showed significantly higher SIRT-1 levels after training in comparison with the levels before training (p < 0.05). Thus, exercise training may be effective in increasing the levels of neurotropic factors and reducing blood-brain barrier permeability in the elderly women, and increased antioxidant capacity and elevated levels of sirtuins are believed to play a major role in these effects. The positive effect of exercise may be greater in participants of relatively young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Department of Sports Science, College of Health Science, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221 beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Republic of Korea
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5
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Cho SY, Chung YS, Yoon HK, Roh HT. Impact of Exercise Intensity on Systemic Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Responses, and Sirtuin Levels in Healthy Male Volunteers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811292. [PMID: 36141561 PMCID: PMC9516970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can induce anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, for which regulation of sirtuins (SIRTs) may be a major consideration for exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise, in particular its intensity, on systemic oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and SIRT levels. Twenty healthy, untrained males were recruited and randomly assigned to moderate-intensity (MI, 65% VO2max, n = 10) and high-intensity (HI, 85% VO2max, n = 10) exercise. Blood samples were obtained pre-, immediately post-, and 1 h post-exercise for measurements of malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dis-mutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, SIRT-1, SIRT-2, and SIRT-3. Overall, MDA, SOD, IL-6, SIRT-1, and SIRT-3 levels were significantly increased at post-exercise compared with pre-exercise regardless of exercise intensity (p < 0.05). The HI group had significantly higher MDA, SOD, and IL-6 levels than the MI group at post-exercise (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the IL-1β, TNF-α, and SIRT-2 levels (p > 0.05). Altogether, these findings suggest that exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses may be dependent on exercise intensity. Moreover, activation of inflammatory cytokines and SIRT family members may be dependent on the intensity of the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Sports and Leisure Studies, School of Arts and Health, Myongji College, Seoul 03656, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ki Yoon
- School of Sports, College of Humanities, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Department of Sports Science, College of Health Science, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221 beongil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-530-2293
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6
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Zhou L, Pinho R, Gu Y, Radak Z. The Role of SIRT3 in Exercise and Aging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162596. [PMID: 36010672 PMCID: PMC9406297 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of regular exercise are well established. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for exercise-induced health benefits remain a topic of debate. One of the key cell-signaling candidates proposed to provide exercise-induced benefits is sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). SIRT3, an NAD+ dependent mitochondrial deacetylase, positively modulates many cellular processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and protection against oxidative stress. Although the exercise-induced change in SIRT3 signaling is a potential mechanism contributing to the health advantages of exercise on aging, studies investigating the impact of exercise on SIRT3 abundance in cells provide conflicting results. To resolve this conundrum, this narrative review provides a detailed analysis of the role that exercise-induced changes in SIRT3 play in providing the health and aging benefits associated with regular physical activity. We begin with an overview of SIRT3 function in cells followed by a comprehensive review of the impact of exercise on SIRT3 expression in humans and other mammalians. We then discuss the impact of SIRT3 on aging, followed by a thorough analysis of the cell-signaling links between SIRT3 and exercise-induced adaptation. Notably, to stimulate future research, we conclude with a discussion of key unanswered questions related to exercise, aging, and SIRT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-304918224
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7
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Ma C, Zhao Y, Ding X, Gao B. Hypoxic Training Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation Vascular Function in a Sirt3-Dependent Manner. Front Physiol 2022; 13:921763. [PMID: 35923237 PMCID: PMC9340254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.921763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training improves the microcirculation function of human skeletal muscle, but its mechanism is still unclear. Silent information regulator 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) can improve mitochondrial function and oxidative status. We aimed to examine the role of Sirt3 in the process of hypoxic training, which affects skeletal muscle microcirculation. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control (C), hypoxic training (HT), Sirt3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP), and 3-TYP + hypoxic training (3-TYP + HT) groups (n = 6/group). Sirt3 inhibition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Sirt3 inhibitor 3-TYP. After 6 weeks of intervention, microcirculatory capillary formation and vasomotor capacity were evaluated using immunofluorescence, Western blot, biochemical tests, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to evaluate skeletal muscle microcirculation blood flow characteristics. Six weeks of hypoxic training enhanced skeletal muscle microcirculation function and increased microcirculatory vasodilation capacity and capillary formation. After the pharmacological inhibition of Sirt3, the reserve capacity of skeletal muscle microcirculation was reduced to varying degrees. After the inhibition of Sirt3, mice completed the same hypoxic training, and we failed to observe the microcirculation function adaptation like that observed in hypoxic training alone. The microcirculation vasodilation and the capillaries number did not improve. Hypoxic training improved skeletal muscle microcirculation vasodilation capacity and increased skeletal muscle microcirculation capillary density. Sirt3 is involved in the adaptation of skeletal muscle microcirculation induced by hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physical Education, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Yongcai Zhao
- College of Social Sport and Health Sciences, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ding
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao,
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Egawa T, Ogawa T, Yokokawa T, Kido K, Goto K, Hayashi T. Methylglyoxal reduces molecular responsiveness to 4 weeks of endurance exercise in mouse plantaris muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:477-488. [PMID: 35023763 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise triggers skeletal muscle adaptations, including enhanced insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptations may not occur in some cases, a condition known as exercise-resistance. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite and has detrimental effects on the body such as causing diabetic complications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the effect of methylglyoxal on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations following endurance exercise. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 12 per group): sedentary control group, voluntary exercise group, MG-treated group, and MG-treated with voluntary exercise group. Mice in the voluntary exercise group were housed in a cage with a running wheel, while mice in the MG-treated groups received drinking water containing 1% MG. Four weeks of voluntary exercise induced several molecular adaptations in the plantaris muscle, including increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), mitochondria complex proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72), hexokinase II, and glyoxalase 1; this also enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and citrate synthase activity. However, these adaptations were suppressed with MG treatment. In the soleus muscle, the exercise-induced increases in the expression of TLR4, HSP72, and advanced glycation end products receptor 1 were inhibited with MG treatment. These findings suggest that MG is a factor that inhibits endurance exercise-induced molecular responses including mitochondrial adaptations, insulin signaling activation, and the upregulation of several proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose handling, and glycation in primarily fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Egawa
- Laboratory of Health and Exercise Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Budiono BP, See Hoe LE, Peart JN, Vider J, Ashton KJ, Jacques A, Haseler LJ, Headrick JP. Effects of voluntary exercise duration on myocardial ischaemic tolerance, kinase signaling and gene expression. Life Sci 2021; 274:119253. [PMID: 33647270 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exercise is cardioprotective, though optimal interventions are unclear. We assessed duration dependent effects of exercise on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, kinase signaling and gene expression. METHODS Responses to brief (2 day; 2EX), intermediate (7 and 14 day; 7EX and 14EX) and extended (28 day; 28EX) voluntary wheel running (VWR) were studied in male C57Bl/6 mice. Cardiac function, I-R tolerance and survival kinase signaling were assessed in perfused hearts. KEY FINDINGS Mice progressively increased running distances and intensity, from 2.4 ± 0.2 km/day (0.55 ± 0.04 m/s) at 2-days to 10.6 ± 0.4 km/day (0.72 ± 0.06 m/s) after 28-days. Myocardial mass and contractility were modified at 14-28 days VWR. Cardioprotection was not 'dose-dependent', with I-R tolerance enhanced within 7 days and not further improved with greater VWR duration, volume or intensity. Protection was associated with AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK3β phosphorylation, with phospho-AMPK selectively enhanced with brief VWR. Gene expression was duration-dependent: 7 day VWR up-regulated glycolytic (Pfkm) and down-regulated maladaptive remodeling (Mmp2) genes; 28 day VWR up-regulated caveolar (Cav3), mitochondrial biogenesis (Ppargc1a, Sirt3) and titin (Ttn) genes. Interestingly, I-R tolerance in 2EX/2SED groups improved vs. groups subjected to longer sedentariness, suggesting transient protection on transition to housing with running wheels. SIGNIFICANCE Cardioprotection is induced with as little as 7 days VWR, yet not enhanced with further or faster running. This protection is linked to survival kinase phospho-regulation (particularly AKT and ERK1/2), with glycolytic, mitochondrial, caveolar and myofibrillar gene changes potentially contributing. Intriguingly, environmental enrichment may also protect via similar kinase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris P Budiono
- Charles Sturt University, School of Community Health, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise E See Hoe
- Griffith University, School of Medical Science, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason N Peart
- Griffith University, School of Medical Science, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jelena Vider
- Griffith University, School of Medical Science, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Bond University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Luke J Haseler
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- Griffith University, School of Medical Science, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Reddy YNV, Stewart GM, Obokata M, Koepp KE, Borlaug BA. Peripheral and pulmonary effects of inorganic nitrite during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:814-823. [PMID: 33421267 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether inorganic nitrite improves peripheral and pulmonary oxygen (O2 ) transport during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). METHODS AND RESULTS Data from two invasive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with matched workload exercise of inhaled and intravenous sodium nitrite were pooled for this analysis (n = 51). Directly measured O2 consumption (VO2 ) and blood gas data were used to evaluate the effect of nitrite on skeletal muscle O2 conductance (Dm), VO2 kinetics, alveolar capillary membrane O2 conductance (DL ), and O2 utilization during submaximal exercise. As compared to placebo, treatment with nitrite resulted in an improvement in Dm (+4.9 ± 6.5 vs. -0.9 ± 4.3 mL/mmHg*min, P = 0.0008) as well as VO2 kinetics measured by mean response time (-5.0 ± 6.9 vs. -0.6 ± 6.0 s, P = 0.03), with preserved O2 utilization despite increased convective O2 delivery through cardiac output (+0.4 ± 0.7 vs. -0.3 ± 0.9 L/min, P = 0.02). Nitrite improved DL (+2.5 ± 6.3 vs. -2.0 ± 9.0 mL/mmHg*min, P = 0.05) with exercise, which was associated with lower pulmonary capillary pressures (r = -0.34, P = 0.02), and reduced pulmonary dead space ventilation fraction (-0.01 ± 0.05 vs. +0.02 ± 0.05, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Sodium nitrite enhances skeletal muscle Dm during exercise as well as pulmonary O2 diffusion, optimizing O2 kinetics in tandem with increased convective O2 delivery through cardiac output augmentation. The favourable combined pulmonary, cardiac and peripheral effects of nitrite may improve exercise tolerance in people with HFpEF and requires further investigation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01932606 and NCT02262078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh N V Reddy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Glenn M Stewart
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katlyn E Koepp
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Ra S, Kawamoto E, Koshinaka K, Iwabe M, Tomiga Y, Iizawa H, Honda H, Higaki Y, Kawanaka K. Acute bout of exercise downregulates thioredoxin-interacting protein expression in rat contracting skeletal muscles. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14388. [PMID: 32476292 PMCID: PMC7261653 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that in rat skeletal muscle, disuse (i.e., decreased muscle contractile activity) rapidly increases thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which is implicated in the reduced glucose uptake. Accordingly, we sought herein to (a) determine the effect of exercise (i.e., increased muscle contractile activity) on muscle TXNIP protein expression, and (b) elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes of TXNIP protein expression in response to exercise. Rat epitrochlearis and soleus muscles were dissected out after an acute bout of 3-hr swimming (without weight loading) or 3-hr treadmill running (15% grade at 9m/min). In a separate protocol, the isolated epitrochlearis and soleus muscles were incubated for 3 hr with AMP-dependent protein kinase activator AICAR. Immediately after the cessation of the 3-hr swimming, the TXNIP protein was decreased in epitrochlearis but not in soleus muscle. Conversely, 3-hr treadmill running decreased the TXNIP protein in soleus but not in epitrochlearis muscle. TXNIP protein was decreased concomitantly with reduced postexercise muscle glycogen, showing that a decrease in TXNIP protein expression occurs in muscles that are recruited during exercise. In addition, 3-hr incubation with AICAR decreased TXNIP protein in both isolated epitrochlearis and soleus muscles. Our results suggest that (a) an acute bout of exercise downregulates TXNIP protein expression in rat contracting skeletal muscles, and (b) the reduction in TXNIP protein expression in contracting muscles is probably mediated by AMPK activation, at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song‐Gyu Ra
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition and BiochemistryFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical ActivityFukuokaJapan
| | - Emi Kawamoto
- Department of Materials EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyNagaoka CollegeNagaokaJapan
| | - Keiichi Koshinaka
- Department of Health and SportsNiigata University of Health and WelfareNiigataJapan
| | - Maiko Iwabe
- Department of NutritionSapporo University of Health SciencesSapporoJapan
| | - Yuki Tomiga
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical ActivityFukuokaJapan
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hiroki Iizawa
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition and BiochemistryFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hiroki Honda
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition and BiochemistryFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical ActivityFukuokaJapan
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition and BiochemistryFaculty of Sports and Health ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical ActivityFukuokaJapan
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12
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Effect of Quercetin Treatment on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Exercise-Induced AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030729. [PMID: 32164219 PMCID: PMC7146161 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic quercetin treatment on mitochondrial biogenesis, endurance exercise performance and activation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in rat skeletal muscle. Rats were assigned to a control or quercetin group and were fed for 7 days. Rats treated with quercetin showed no changes in the protein levels of citrate synthase or cytochrome C oxidase IV or those of sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α or phosphorylated AMPK. After endurance swimming exercise, quercetin-treated rats demonstrated no differences in blood and muscle lactate levels or glycogen utilization speed compared to control rats. These results indicate that quercetin treatment does not stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and does not influence metabolism in a way that might enhance endurance exercise capacity. On the other hand, the AMPK phosphorylation level immediately after exercise was significantly lower in quercetin-treated muscles, suggesting that quercetin treatment might provide a disadvantage to muscle adaptation when administered with exercise training. The molecular results of this study indicate that quercetin treatment may not be advantageous for improving endurance exercise performance, at least after high-dose and short-term therapy.
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13
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Dimauro I, Paronetto MP, Caporossi D. Exercise, redox homeostasis and the epigenetic landscape. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101477. [PMID: 32127290 PMCID: PMC7284912 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents one of the strongest physiological stimuli capable to induce functional and structural modifications in all biological systems. Indeed, beside the traditional genetic mechanisms, physical exercise can modulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications, namely DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and non-coding RNA transcripts. Initially considered as merely damaging molecules, it is now well recognized that both reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) produced under voluntary exercise play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes. While robust scientific evidences highlight the role of exercise-associated redox modifications in modulating gene expression through the genetic machinery, the understanding of their specific impact on epigenomic profile is still at an early stage. This review will provide an overview of the role of ROS and RNS in modulating the epigenetic landscape in the context of exercise-related adaptations. Physical exercise can modulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic regulation of ROS/RNS generating, sensing and neutralizing enzymes can impact the cellular levels of ROS and RNS. ROS might act as modulators of epigenetic machinery, interfering with DNA methylation, hPTMs and ncRNAs expression. Redox homeostasis might hold a relevant role in the epigenetic landscape modulating exercise-related adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Pacifici F, Di Cola D, Pastore D, Abete P, Guadagni F, Donadel G, Bellia A, Esposito E, Salimei C, Sinibaldi Salimei P, Ricordi C, Lauro D, Della-Morte D. Proposed Tandem Effect of Physical Activity and Sirtuin 1 and 3 Activation in Regulating Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194748. [PMID: 31557786 PMCID: PMC6801856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are seven nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylases enzymes (SIRT1–7) that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Among those, the most studied are SIRT1 and SIRT3, a nuclear SIRT and a mitochondrial SIRT, respectively, which significantly impact with an increase in mammals’ lifespan by modulating metabolic cellular processes. Particularly, when activated, both SIRT1 and 3 enhance pancreatic β-cells’ insulin release and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress pancreatic damage, maintaining then glucose homeostasis. Therefore, SIRT1 and 3 activators have been proposed to prevent and counteract metabolic age-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Physical activity (PA) has a well-established beneficial effect on phenotypes of aging like β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Recent experimental and clinical evidence reports that PA increases the expression levels of both SIRT1 and 3, suggesting that PA may exert its healthy contribute even by activating SIRTs. Therefore, in the present article, we discuss the role of SIRT1, SIRT3, and PA on β-cell function and on diabetes. We also discuss the possible interaction between PA and activation of SIRTs as a possible therapeutic strategy to maintain glucose hemostasis and to prevent T2DM and its complications, especially in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Di Cola
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Esposito
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Salimei
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Neuroscience, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Sinibaldi Salimei
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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15
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Exercise and Sirtuins: A Way to Mitochondrial Health in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112717. [PMID: 31163574 PMCID: PMC6600260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins form a family of evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylases. Seven sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) have been described in mammals, with specific intracellular localization and biological functions associated with mitochondrial energy homeostasis, antioxidant activity, proliferation and DNA repair. Physical exercise affects the expression of sirtuin in skeletal muscle, regulating changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and the cellular antioxidant system. In this context, sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 have been the most studied. This review focuses on the effects of different types of exercise on these sirtuins, the molecular pathways involved and the biological effect that is caused mainly in healthy subjects. The reported findings suggest that an acute load of exercise activates SIRT1, which in turn activates biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Additionally, several sessions of exercise (training) activates SIRT1 and also SIRT3 that, together with the biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative function, jointly activate ATP production and the mitochondrial antioxidant function.
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16
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Buso A, Comelli M, Picco R, Isola M, Magnesa B, Pišot R, Rittweger J, Salvadego D, Šimunič B, Grassi B, Mavelli I. Mitochondrial Adaptations in Elderly and Young Men Skeletal Muscle Following 2 Weeks of Bed Rest and Rehabilitation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:474. [PMID: 31118897 PMCID: PMC6504794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression levels of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis regulation and bioenergetics in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from 16 elderly and 7 young people subjected to 14 days of bed-rest, causing atrophy, and subsequent 14 days of exercise training. Based on quantitative immunoblot analyses, in both groups a reduction of two key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis/remodeling and activity, namely PGC-1α and Sirt3, was revealed during bed-rest, with a subsequent up-regulation after rehabilitation, indicating an involvement of PGC-1α-Sirt3 axis in response to the treatments. A difference was observed comparing the young and elderly subjects as, for both proteins, the abundance in the elderly was more affected by immobility and less responsive to exercise. The expression levels of TOM20 and Citrate Synthase, assayed as markers of outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial mass, showed a noticeable sensitivity in the elderly group, where they were affected by bed-rest and rehabilitation recalling the pattern of PGC-1α. TOM20 and CS remained unchanged in young subjects. Single OXPHOS complexes showed peculiar patterns, which were in some cases dissimilar from PGC-1α, and suggest different influences on protein biogenesis and degradation. Overall, exercise was capable to counteract the effect of immobility, when present, except for complex V, which was markedly downregulated by bed-rest, but remained unaffected after rehabilitation, maybe as result of greater extent of degradation processes over biogenesis. Phosphorylation extent of AMPK, and its upstream activator LKB1, did not change after bed-rest and rehabilitation in either young or elderly subjects, suggesting that the activation of energy-sensing LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway was “missed” due to its transient nature, or was not triggered under our conditions. Our study demonstrates that, as far as the expression of various proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis/remodeling, adaptations to bed-rest and rehabilitation in the two populations were different. The impact of bed-rest was greater in the elderly subjects, where the pattern (decrease after bed rest and recovery following rehabilitation) was accompanied by changes of mitochondrial mass. Modifications of protein abundance were matched with data obtained from gene expression analyses of four public human datasets focusing on related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Buso
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marina Comelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Miriam Isola
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Desy Salvadego
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Mavelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,INBB Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
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17
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Alsabah Alavizadeh N, Rashidlamir A, Hejazi SM. Effects of Eight Weeks of Cardiac Rehabilitation Training on Serum Levels of Sirtuin1 and Functional Capacity of Post- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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18
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Lehnig AC, Dewal RS, Baer LA, Kitching KM, Munoz VR, Arts PJ, Sindeldecker DA, May FJ, Lauritzen HPMM, Goodyear LJ, Stanford KI. Exercise Training Induces Depot-Specific Adaptations to White and Brown Adipose Tissue. iScience 2019; 11:425-439. [PMID: 30661000 PMCID: PMC6348298 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects whole-body metabolism through adaptations to various tissues, including adipose tissue (AT). Recent studies investigated exercise-induced adaptations to AT, focusing on inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT), perigonadal WAT, and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). Although these AT depots play important roles in metabolism, they account for only ∼50% of the AT mass in a mouse. Here, we investigated the effects of 3 weeks of exercise training on all 14 AT depots. Exercise induced depot-specific effects in genes involved in mitochondrial activity, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid uptake and oxidation in each adipose tissue (AT) depot. These data demonstrate that exercise training results in unique responses in each AT depot; identifying the depot-specific adaptations to AT in response to exercise is essential to determine how AT contributes to the overall beneficial effect of exercise. This study investigates the effects of exercise on all adipose tissue (AT) depots Exercise training induces unique metabolic changes to BAT, scWAT, and vWAT Exercise training differentially affects each AT depot within BAT, scWAT, and vWAT
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Lehnig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Revati S Dewal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kitching
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vitor Rosetto Munoz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter J Arts
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Devin A Sindeldecker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Francis J May
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hans P M M Lauritzen
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Yokokawa T, Kido K, Suga T, Sase K, Isaka T, Hayashi T, Fujita S. Exercise training increases CISD family protein expression in murine skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:571-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Yokokawa T, Kido K, Suga T, Isaka T, Hayashi T, Fujita S. Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis coincides with the expression of mitochondrial translation factors in murine skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13893. [PMID: 30369085 PMCID: PMC6204255 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of mitochondrial translation, in which mitochondrial (mt)DNA-encoded genes are translated into proteins, is crucial for mitochondrial function and biogenesis. In each phase, a series of mitochondrial translation factors is required for the synthesis of mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Two mitochondrial initiation factors (mtIF2 and mtIF3), three mitochondrial elongation factors (mtEFTu, mtEFTs, and mtEFG1), one mitochondrial release factor (mtRF1L), and two mitochondrial recycling factors (mtRRF1 and mtRRF2) are mitochondrial translation factors that coordinate each translational phase. Exercise increases both nuclear DNA- and mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins, resulting in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscles. Therefore, mitochondrial translation factors are likely regulated by exercise; however, it is unclear whether exercise affects mitochondrial translation factors in the skeletal muscles. We investigated whether exercise training comprehensively increases this series of mitochondrial translation factors, as well as mtDNA-encoded proteins, in the skeletal muscle. Mice were randomly assigned to either the sedentary or exercise group and housed in standard cages with or without a running wheel for 1 and 8 weeks. The expression levels of mitochondrial translation factors in the plantaris and soleus muscles were then measured. Exercise training concomitantly upregulated mitochondrial translation factors and mitochondrial proteins in the plantaris muscle. However, in the soleus muscle, these comprehensive upregulations were not detected. These results indicate that exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis coincides with the upregulation of mitochondrial translation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yokokawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise MedicineGraduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise MedicineGraduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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21
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Sidorova-Darmos E, Sommer R, Eubanks JH. The Role of SIRT3 in the Brain Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:196. [PMID: 30090057 PMCID: PMC6068278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin enzymes are a family of highly seven conserved protein deacetylases, namely SIRT1 through SIRT7, whose enzymatic activities require the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Sirtuins reside in different compartments within cells, and their activities have been shown to regulate a number of cellular pathways involved in but not limited to stress management, apoptosis and inflammatory responses. Given the importance of mitochondrial functional state in neurodegenerative conditions, the mitochondrial SIRT3 sirtuin, which is the primary deacetylase within mitochondria, has garnered considerable recent attention. It is now clear that SIRT3 plays a major role in regulating a host of mitochondrial molecular cascades that can contribute to both normal and pathophysiological processes. However, most of the currently available knowledge on SIRT3 stems from studies in non-neuronal cells, and the consequences of the interactions between SIRT3 and its targets in the CNS are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we will summarize current advances relating to SIRT3, and explore how its known functions could influence brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sidorova-Darmos
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosa Sommer
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Brouwers B, Stephens NA, Costford SR, Hopf ME, Ayala JE, Yi F, Xie H, Li JL, Gardell SJ, Sparks LM, Smith SR. Elevated Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl Transferase in Skeletal Muscle Augments Exercise Performance and Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity Following Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:704. [PMID: 29942262 PMCID: PMC6004371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice overexpressing NAMPT in skeletal muscle (NamptTg mice) develop higher exercise endurance and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) following voluntary exercise training compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying by determining skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in NamptTg and WT mice. Body weight and body composition, tissue weight (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, soleus, heart, liver, and epididymal white adipose tissue), skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content, VO2max, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity (measured by high-resolution respirometry), skeletal muscle gene expression (measured by microarray and qPCR), and skeletal muscle protein content (measured by Western blot) were determined following 6 weeks of voluntary exercise training (access to running wheel) in 13-week-old male NamptTg (exercised NamptTg) mice and WT (exercised WT) mice. Daily running distance and running time during the voluntary exercise training protocol were recorded. Daily running distance (p = 0.51) and running time (p = 0.85) were not significantly different between exercised NamptTg mice and exercised WT mice. VO2max was higher in exercised NamptTg mice compared to exercised WT mice (p = 0.02). Body weight (p = 0.92), fat mass (p = 0.49), lean mass (p = 0.91), tissue weight (all p > 0.05), and skeletal muscle (p = 0.72) and liver (p = 0.94) glycogen content were not significantly different between exercised NamptTg mice and exercised WT mice. Complex I oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) respiratory capacity supported by fatty acid substrates (p < 0.01), maximal (complex I+II) OXPHOS respiratory capacity supported by glycolytic (p = 0.02) and fatty acid (p < 0.01) substrates, and maximal uncoupled respiratory capacity supported by fatty acid substrates (p < 0.01) was higher in exercised NamptTg mice compared to exercised WT mice. Transcriptomic analyses revealed differential expression for genes involved in oxidative metabolism in exercised NamptTg mice compared to exercised WT mice, specifically, enrichment for the gene set related to the SIRT3-mediated signaling pathway. SIRT3 protein content correlated with NAMPT protein content (r = 0.61, p = 0.04). In conclusion, NamptTg mice develop higher exercise capacity following voluntary exercise training compared to WT mice, which is paralleled by higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle. The changes in SIRT3 targets suggest that these effects are due to remodeling of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Brouwers
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Natalie A Stephens
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Sheila R Costford
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Meghan E Hopf
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Hui Xie
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Stephen J Gardell
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
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23
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Alavizadeh NS, Rashidlamir A, Hejazi SM. Effect of Eight Weeks Aerobic and Combined Training on Serum Levels of Sirtuin 1 and PGC-1α in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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24
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Li FH, Li T, Ai JY, Sun L, Min Z, Duan R, Zhu L, Liu YY, Liu TCY. Beneficial Autophagic Activities, Mitochondrial Function, and Metabolic Phenotype Adaptations Promoted by High-Intensity Interval Training in a Rat Model. Front Physiol 2018; 9:571. [PMID: 29875683 PMCID: PMC5974531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of high-intensity interval (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on basal autophagy and mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle and plasma metabolic phenotypes have not been clearly characterized. Here, we investigated how 10-weeks HIIT and MICT differentially modify basal autophagy and mitochondrial markers in cardiac and skeletal muscle and conducted an untargeted metabolomics study with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis of plasma metabolic phenotypes. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into three groups: sedentary control (SED), MICT, and HIIT. Rats underwent evaluation of exercise performance, including exercise tolerance and grip strength, and blood lactate levels were measured immediately after an incremental exercise test. Plasma samples were analyzed by 1H NMR. The expression of autophagy and mitochondrial markers and autophagic flux (LC3II/LC3-I ratio) in cardiac, rectus femoris, and soleus muscle were analyzed by western blotting. Time to exhaustion and grip strength increased significantly following HIIT compared with that in both SED and MICT groups. Compared with those in the SED group, blood lactate level, and the expression of SDH, COX-IV, and SIRT3 significantly increased in rectus femoris and soleus muscle of both HIIT and MICT groups. Meanwhile, SDH and COX-IV content of cardiac muscle and COX-IV and SIRT3 content of rectus femoris and soleus muscle increased significantly following HIIT compared with that following MICT. The expression of LC3-II, ATG-3, and Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3-I ratio were significantly increased only in soleus and cardiac muscle following HIIT. These data indicate that HIIT was more effective for improving physical performance and facilitating cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations that increase mitochondrial function and basal autophagic activities. Moreover, 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis identified 11 metabolites in plasma, among which fine significantly and similarly changed after both HIIT and MICT, while BCAAs isoleucine, leucine, and valine and glutamine were changed only after HIIT. Together, these data indicate distinct differences in specific metabolites and autophagy and mitochondrial markers following HIIT vs. MICT and highlight the value of metabolomic analysis in providing more detailed insight into the metabolic adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ai
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Min
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ying Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle enables posture, breathing, and locomotion. Skeletal muscle also impacts systemic processes such as metabolism, thermoregulation, and immunity. Skeletal muscle is energetically expensive and is a major consumer of glucose and fatty acids. Metabolism of fatty acids and glucose requires NAD+ function as a hydrogen/electron transfer molecule. Therefore, NAD+ plays a vital role in energy production. In addition, NAD+ also functions as a cosubstrate for post-translational modifications such as deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation. Therefore, NAD+ levels influence a myriad of cellular processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, transcription, and organization of the extracellular matrix. Clearly, NAD+ is a major player in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, aging, and disease. The vast majority of studies indicate that lower NAD+ levels are deleterious for muscle health and higher NAD+ levels augment muscle health. However, the downstream mechanisms of NAD+ function throughout different cellular compartments are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies investigating NAD+ function in muscle development, homeostasis, disease, and regeneration. Emerging research areas include elucidating roles for NAD+ in muscle lysosome function and calcium mobilization, mechanisms controlling fluctuations in NAD+ levels during muscle development and regeneration, and interactions between targets of NAD+ signaling (especially mitochondria and the extracellular matrix). This knowledge should facilitate identification of more precise pharmacological and activity-based interventions to raise NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle, thereby promoting human health and function in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Goody
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Clarissa A Henry
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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26
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Miller VJ, Villamena FA, Volek JS. Nutritional Ketosis and Mitohormesis: Potential Implications for Mitochondrial Function and Human Health. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:5157645. [PMID: 29607218 PMCID: PMC5828461 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function often results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is involved in the etiology of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Moderate levels of mitochondrial ROS, however, can protect against chronic disease by inducing upregulation of mitochondrial capacity and endogenous antioxidant defense. This phenomenon, referred to as mitohormesis, is induced through increased reliance on mitochondrial respiration, which can occur through diet or exercise. Nutritional ketosis is a safe and physiological metabolic state induced through a ketogenic diet low in carbohydrate and moderate in protein. Such a diet increases reliance on mitochondrial respiration and may, therefore, induce mitohormesis. Furthermore, the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which is elevated during nutritional ketosis to levels no greater than those resulting from fasting, acts as a signaling molecule in addition to its traditionally known role as an energy substrate. BHB signaling induces adaptations similar to mitohormesis, thereby expanding the potential benefit of nutritional ketosis beyond carbohydrate restriction. This review describes the evidence supporting enhancement of mitochondrial function and endogenous antioxidant defense in response to nutritional ketosis, as well as the potential mechanisms leading to these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Miller
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Dhillon RS, Richards JG. Hypoxia induces selective modifications to the acetylome in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:79-87. [PMID: 29309913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein acetylation is an important regulatory mechanism for modulating protein function. The cellular protein acetylome is in large part dictated by the cellular redox balance, and in particular [NAD+]. While the relationship between hypoxia, redox balance, energy charge and resulting mitochondrial dysfunction has been examined in the context of hypoxia-linked pathologies, little is known about the direct effects of decreases in environmental oxygen on reversible lysine acetylation, and the resulting modifications to mitochondrial metabolism. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 16 h of hypoxia (2.21 kPa) and quantified acetylation levels of 1220 proteins using whole-cell proteomics in samples of brain taken from normoxic and hypoxic zebrafish. In addition, we examined the effects of hypoxia on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox status, whole-cell energetics, the activity of the mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT3, and electron transport chain complex activities to determine if there is an association between hypoxia-induced metabolic disturbances, protein acetylation, and mitochondrial function. Our results (1) reveal several key changes in the acetylation status of proteins in the brain, primarily within the mitochondria; (2) show significant fluctuations in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox status within the brain during hypoxia exposure; and (3) provide evidence that lysine acetylation may be related to large changes in electron transport and ATP-synthase complex activities and adenylate status in zebrafish exposed to hypoxic stress. Together, these data provide new insights into the role of protein modifications in mitochondrial metabolism during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashpal S Dhillon
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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28
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Edgett BA, Hughes MC, Matusiak JBL, Perry CGR, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. SIRT3 gene expression but not SIRT3 subcellular localization is altered in response to fasting and exercise in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2018; 101:1101-13. [PMID: 27337034 DOI: 10.1113/ep085744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Evidence from cellular and animal models suggests that SIRT3 is involved in regulating aerobic ATP production. Thus, we investigated whether changes in fatty acid and oxidative metabolism known to accompany fasting and exercise occur in association with changes in SIRT3 mitochondrial localization and expression in human skeletal muscle. What is the main finding and its importance? We find that 48 h of fasting and acute endurance exercise decrease SIRT3 mRNA expression but do not alter SIRT3 mitochondrial localization despite marked increases in fatty acid oxidation. This suggests that SIRT3 activity is not regulated by changes in mitochondrial localization in response to cellular energy stress in human skeletal muscle. The present study examined SIRT3 expression and SIRT3 mitochondrial localization in response to acute exercise and short-term fasting in human skeletal muscle. Experiment 1 involved eight healthy men (age, 21.4 ± 2.8 years; peak O2 uptake, 47.1 ± 11.8 ml min(-1) kg(-1) ) who performed a single bout of exercise at ∼55% of peak aerobic work rate for 1 h. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (Rest), immediately after exercise (EX-0) and 3 h postexercise (EX-3). Experiment 2 involved 10 healthy men (age, 22.0 ± 1.5 years; peak O2 uptake, 46.9 ± 6.0 ml min−1 kg−1) who underwent a 48 h fast, with muscle biopsies collected 1 h postprandial (Fed) and after 48 h of fasting (Fast). Mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized muscle fibre bundles to assess substrate oxidation. Whole body fat oxidation increased after both exercise (Rest, 0.96 ± 0.32 kcal min(-1) ; Exercise, 5.66 ± 1.97 kcal min(-1) ; P < 0.001) and fasting (Fed, 0.87 ± 0.51 kcal min(-1) ; Fast, 1.30 ± 0.37 kcal min(-1) , P < 0.05). SIRT3 gene expression decreased (P < 0.05) after both exercise (-8%) and fasting (-19%); however, SIRT3 whole muscle protein content was unaltered after fasting. No changes were observed in SIRT3 mitochondrial localization following either exercise or fasting. Fasting also decreased the Vmax of glutamate [80 ± 43 versus 50 ± 21 pmol s(-1) (mg dry weight)(-1) ; P < 0.05]. These findings suggest that SIRT3 does not appear to be regulated by changes in mitochondrial localization at the time points measured in the present study in response to cellular energy stress in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Meghan C Hughes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Jennifer B L Matusiak
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Craig A Simpson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
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29
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Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Baechler BL, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. The effect of acute and chronic sprint-interval training on LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC-1α expression in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12879. [PMID: 27604398 PMCID: PMC5027339 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined changes in LRP130 gene and protein expression in response to an acute bout of sprint‐interval training (SIT) and 6 weeks of SIT in human skeletal muscle. In addition, we investigated the relationships between changes in LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α gene or protein expression. Fourteen recreationally active men (age: 22.0 ± 2.4 years) performed a single bout of SIT (eight, 20‐sec intervals at ~170% of VO2peak work rate, separated by 10 sec of rest). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (PRE) and 3 h post‐exercise. The same participants then underwent a 6 week SIT program with biopsies after 2 (MID) and 6 (POST) weeks of training. In response to an acute bout of SIT, PGC‐1α mRNA expression increased (284%, P < 0.001); however, LRP130 and SIRT3 remained unchanged. VO2peak and fiber‐specific SDH activity increased in response to training (P < 0.01). LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α protein expression were also unaltered following 2 and 6 weeks of SIT. There were no significant correlations between LRP130, SIRT3, or PGC‐1α mRNA expression in response to acute SIT. However, changes in protein expression of LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α were positively correlated at several time points with large effect sizes, which suggest that the regulation of these proteins may be coordinated in human skeletal muscle. Future studies should investigate other exercise protocols known to increase PGC‐1α and SIRT3 protein, like longer duration steady‐state exercise, to identify if LRP130 expression can be altered in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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30
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Ansari A, Rahman MS, Saha SK, Saikot FK, Deep A, Kim KH. Function of the SIRT3 mitochondrial deacetylase in cellular physiology, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:4-16. [PMID: 27686535 PMCID: PMC5242307 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, seven members of the sirtuin protein family known as class III histone deacetylase have been identified for their characteristic features. These distinguished characteristics include the tissues where they are distributed or located, enzymatic activities, molecular functions, and involvement in diseases. Among the sirtuin members, SIRT3 has received much attention for its role in cancer genetics, aging, neurodegenerative disease, and stress resistance. SIRT3 controls energy demand during stress conditions such as fasting and exercise as well as metabolism through the deacetylation and acetylation of mitochondrial enzymes. SIRT3 is well known for its ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species and to prevent the development of cancerous cells or apoptosis. This review article provides a comprehensive review on numerous (noteworthy) molecular functions of SIRT3 and its effect on cancer cells and various diseases including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Ansari
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Subbroto K. Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-Ro Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Forhad K. Saikot
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO); Sector 30 C Chandigarh 160030 India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seoul 04763 Korea
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31
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Gertz M, Steegborn C. Using mitochondrial sirtuins as drug targets: disease implications and available compounds. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2871-96. [PMID: 27007507 PMCID: PMC11108305 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are an evolutionary conserved family of NAD(+)-dependent protein lysine deacylases. Mammals have seven Sirtuin isoforms, Sirt1-7. They contribute to regulation of metabolism, stress responses, and aging processes, and are considered therapeutic targets for metabolic and aging-related diseases. While initial studies were focused on Sirt1 and 2, recent progress on the mitochondrial Sirtuins Sirt3, 4, and 5 has stimulated research and drug development for these isoforms. Here we review the roles of Sirtuins in regulating mitochondrial functions, with a focus on the mitochondrially located isoforms, and on their contributions to disease pathologies. We further summarize the compounds available for modulating the activity of these Sirtuins, again with a focus on mitochondrial isoforms, and we describe recent results important for the further improvement of compounds. This overview illustrates the potential of mitochondrial Sirtuins as drug targets and summarizes the status, progress, and challenges in developing small molecule compounds modulating their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gertz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayer Pharma AG, Apratherweg 18a, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
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32
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Derbré F, Droguet M, Léon K, Troadec S, Pennec JP, Giroux-Metges MA, Rannou F. Single Muscle Immobilization Decreases Single-Fibre Myosin Heavy Chain Polymorphism: Possible Involvement of p38 and JNK MAP Kinases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158630. [PMID: 27383612 PMCID: PMC4934689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle contractile phenotype is affected during immobilization. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms are the major determinant of the muscle contractile phenotype. We therefore sought to evaluate the effects of muscle immobilization on both the MHC composition at single-fibre level and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), a family of intracellular signaling pathways involved in the stress-induced muscle plasticity. METHODS The distal tendon of female Wistar rat Peroneus Longus (PL) was cut and fixed to the adjacent bone at neutral muscle length. Four weeks after the surgery, immobilized and contralateral PL were dissociated and the isolated fibres were sampled to determine MHC composition. Protein kinase 38 (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and c-Jun- NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylations were measured in 6- and 15-day immobilized and contralateral PL. RESULTS MHC distribution in immobilized PL was as follows: I = 0%, IIa = 11.8 ± 2.8%, IIx = 53.0 ± 6.1%, IIb = 35.3 ± 7.3% and I = 6.1 ± 3.9%, IIa = 22.1 ± 3.4%, IIx = 46.6 ± 4.5%, IIb = 25.2 ± 6.6% in contralateral muscle. The MHC composition in immobilized muscle is consistent with a faster contractile phenotype according to the Hill's model of the force-velocity relationship. Immobilized and contralateral muscles displayed a polymorphism index of 31.1% (95% CI 26.1-36.0) and 39.3% (95% CI 37.0-41.5), respectively. Significant increases in p38 and JNK phosphorylation were observed following 6 and 15 days of immobilization. CONCLUSIONS Single muscle immobilization at neutral length induces a shift of MHC composition toward a faster contractile phenotype and decreases the polymorphic profile of single fibres. Activation of p38 and JNK could be a potential mechanism involved in these contractile phenotype modifications during muscle immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Derbré
- Laboratory “Movement Sport and health Sciences”(M2S) -EA1274, University Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Mickaël Droguet
- Physiology Department-EA1274 M2S, School of Medicine, Brest, France
| | - Karelle Léon
- Physiology Department-EA1274 M2S, School of Medicine, Brest, France
| | - Samuel Troadec
- Physiology Department-EA1274 M2S, School of Medicine, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Rannou
- Physiology Department-EA1274 M2S, School of Medicine, Brest, France
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33
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Lai YC, Tabima DM, Dube JJ, Hughan KS, Vanderpool RR, Goncharov DA, St Croix CM, Garcia-Ocaña A, Goncharova EA, Tofovic SP, Mora AL, Gladwin MT. SIRT3-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation by Nitrite and Metformin Improves Hyperglycemia and Normalizes Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2016; 133:717-31. [PMID: 26813102 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PH-HFpEF) is an increasingly recognized clinical complication of metabolic syndrome. No adequate animal model of PH-HFpEF is available, and no effective therapies have been identified to date. A recent study suggested that dietary nitrate improves insulin resistance in endothelial nitric oxide synthase null mice, and multiple studies have reported that both nitrate and its active metabolite, nitrite, have therapeutic activity in preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS To evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of nitrite in metabolic syndrome associated with PH-HFpEF, we developed a 2-hit PH-HFpEF model in rats with multiple features of metabolic syndrome attributable to double-leptin receptor defect (obese ZSF1) with the combined treatment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blocker SU5416. Chronic oral nitrite treatment improved hyperglycemia in obese ZSF1 rats by a process that requires skeletal muscle SIRT3-AMPK-GLUT4 signaling. The glucose-lowering effect of nitrite was abolished in SIRT3-deficient human skeletal muscle cells, and in SIRT3 knockout mice fed a high-fat diet, as well. Skeletal muscle biopsies from humans with metabolic syndrome after 12 weeks of oral sodium nitrite and nitrate treatment (IND#115926) displayed increased activation of SIRT3 and AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, early treatments with nitrite and metformin at the time of SU5416 injection reduced pulmonary pressures and vascular remodeling in the PH-HFpEF model with robust activation of skeletal muscle SIRT3 and AMP-activated protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS These studies validate a rodent model of metabolic syndrome and PH-HFpEF, suggesting a potential role of nitrite and metformin as a preventative treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lai
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Diana M Tabima
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - John J Dube
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Kara S Hughan
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Rebecca R Vanderpool
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Dmitry A Goncharov
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Elena A Goncharova
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Stevan P Tofovic
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Ana L Mora
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.)
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- From Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Y.-C.L., D.M.T., K.S.H., R.R.V., D.A.G., E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (J.J.D.); Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (K.S.H.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (C.M.St.C.); Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (A.G.-O.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.A.G., S.P.T., A.L.M., M.T.G.).
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Cheng A, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Maharana C, Lu D, Peng W, Liu Y, Wan R, Marosi K, Misiak M, Bohr VA, Mattson MP. Mitochondrial SIRT3 Mediates Adaptive Responses of Neurons to Exercise and Metabolic and Excitatory Challenges. Cell Metab 2016; 23:128-42. [PMID: 26698917 PMCID: PMC5141613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of mitochondrial protein acetylation status on neuronal function and vulnerability to neurological disorders is unknown. Here we show that the mitochondrial protein deacetylase SIRT3 mediates adaptive responses of neurons to bioenergetic, oxidative, and excitatory stress. Cortical neurons lacking SIRT3 exhibit heightened sensitivity to glutamate-induced calcium overload and excitotoxicity and oxidative and mitochondrial stress; AAV-mediated Sirt3 gene delivery restores neuronal stress resistance. In models relevant to Huntington's disease and epilepsy, Sirt3(-/-) mice exhibit increased vulnerability of striatal and hippocampal neurons, respectively. SIRT3 deficiency results in hyperacetylation of several mitochondrial proteins, including superoxide dismutase 2 and cyclophilin D. Running wheel exercise increases the expression of Sirt3 in hippocampal neurons, which is mediated by excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and is essential for mitochondrial protein acetylation homeostasis and the neuroprotective effects of running. Our findings suggest that SIRT3 plays pivotal roles in adaptive responses of neurons to physiological challenges and resistance to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwu Cheng
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neurology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chinmoyee Maharana
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ruiqian Wan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Magdalena Misiak
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Cerna-Cortés J, Castro-Rodríguez EM, Montero SA, Muñiz J, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Lemus M, De Álvarez-Buylla ER. Effects of moderate- and high-intensity chronic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in fast and slow muscles. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:446-51. [PMID: 26148339 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression is sensitive to cellular activity. In the sedentary state, BDNF expression is affected by the muscle phenotype. METHODS Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into the following 3 groups: sedentary (S); moderate-intensity training (MIT); and high-intensity training (HIT). The training protocol lasted 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after training, total RNA and protein levels in the soleus and plantaris muscles were obtained. RESULTS In the plantaris, the BDNF protein level was lower in the HIT than in the S group (P < 0.05). A similar effect was found in the soleus (without significant difference). In the soleus, higher Bdnf mRNA levels were found in the HIT group (P < 0.001 vs. S and MIT groups). In the plantaris muscle, similar Bdnf mRNA levels were found in all groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that high-intensity chronic exercise reduces BDNF protein level in fast muscles and increases Bdnf mRNA levels in slow muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Maldonado
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Elena M Castro-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Jesús Muñiz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Mónica Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | - Elena Roces De Álvarez-Buylla
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
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Effect of regional muscle location but not adiposity on mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating proteins. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:11-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Raipuria M, Bahari H, Morris MJ. Effects of maternal diet and exercise during pregnancy on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and fat of weanling rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120980. [PMID: 25853572 PMCID: PMC4390148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy contributes to the development of metabolic disorders in offspring. Maternal exercise may limit gestational weight gain and ameliorate these programming effects. We previously showed benefits of post-weaning voluntary exercise in offspring from obese dams. Here we examined whether voluntary exercise during pregnancy influences lipid and glucose homeostasis in muscle and fat in offspring of both lean and obese dams. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed chow (C) or high fat (F) diet for 6 weeks before mating. Half underwent voluntary exercise (CE/FE) with a running wheel introduced 10 days prior to mating and available until the dams delivered; others remained sedentary (CS/FS). Male and female pups were killed at postnatal day (PND)19 and retroperitoneal fat and gastrocnemius muscle were collected for gene expression. Lean and obese dams achieved similar modest levels of exercise. At PND1, both male and female pups from exercised lean dams were significantly lighter (CE versus CS), with no effect in those from obese dams. At PND19, maternal obesity significantly increased offspring body weight and adiposity, with no effect of maternal exercise. Exercise significantly reduced insulin concentrations in males (CE/FE versus CS/FS), with reduced glucose in male FE pups. In males, maternal obesity significantly decreased muscle myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expressions (FS vs CS); these were normalized by exercise. Maternal exercise upregulated adipose GLUT4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) mRNA expression in offspring of dams consuming chow. Modest voluntary exercise during pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight in pups from lean dams. Maternal exercise appeared to decrease the metabolic risk induced by maternal obesity, improving insulin/glucose metabolism, with greater effects in male than female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Raipuria
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cho EH. SIRT3 as a Regulator of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Lifestyle Med 2014; 4:80-5. [PMID: 26064858 PMCID: PMC4391020 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2014.4.2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic presentation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD includes a large spectrum of hepatic pathologies that range from simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to liver cirrhosis without an all-encompassing approved therapeutic strategy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key component of many metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, NAFLD, and aging. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that regulates many of the mitochondrial proteins that are involved with metabolic homeostasis, oxidative stress, and cell survival. This review discusses the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance and later explore the possibility that SIRT3 plays a protective role against NAFLD by improving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Nikolai S, Huebbe P, Metges CC, Schloesser A, Dose J, Ikuta N, Terao K, Matsugo S, Rimbach G. R-α lipoic acid γ-cyclodextrin complex increases energy expenditure: a 4-month feeding study in mice. Nutrition 2014; 30:228-33. [PMID: 24377457 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high-fat diet (HFD) affects energy expenditure in laboratory rodents. R-α lipoic acid cyclodextrin (RALA-CD) complex is a stable form of lipoic acid (LA) and may improve energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of RALA-CD on energy expenditure and underlying molecular targets in female laboratory mice. METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD containing 0.1% LA for about 16 wk. The effects on energy expenditure, gene and protein expression were assessed using indirect calorimetry, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Supplementing mice with RALA-CD resulted in a significant increase in energy expenditure. However, both RALA per se (without γ-cyclodextrin) and S-α lipoic acid cyclodextrin did not significantly alter energy expenditure. Furthermore RALA-CD changed expression of genes encoding proteins centrally involved in energy metabolism. Transcriptional key regulators sirtuin 3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, coactivator 1 alpha, as well as thyroid related enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase were up-regulated in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of RALA-CD-fed mice. Importantly, mRNA and/or protein expression of downstream effectors uncoupling protein (Ucp) 1 and 3 also were elevated in BAT from RALA-CD-supplemented mice. CONCLUSION Overall, present data suggest that RALA-CD is a regulator of energy expenditure in laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Nikolai
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Janina Dose
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Naoko Ikuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; School of Natural Systems, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | | | - Seiichi Matsugo
- School of Natural Systems, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany.
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Jing E, O’Neill BT, Rardin MJ, Kleinridders A, Ilkeyeva OR, Ussar S, Bain JR, Lee KY, Verdin EM, Newgard CB, Gibson BW, Kahn CR. Sirt3 regulates metabolic flexibility of skeletal muscle through reversible enzymatic deacetylation. Diabetes 2013; 62:3404-17. [PMID: 23835326 PMCID: PMC3781465 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sirt3 is an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase that regulates mitochondrial function by targeting metabolic enzymes and proteins. In fasting mice, Sirt3 expression is decreased in skeletal muscle resulting in increased mitochondrial protein acetylation. Deletion of Sirt3 led to impaired glucose oxidation in muscle, which was associated with decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, accumulation of pyruvate and lactate metabolites, and an inability of insulin to suppress fatty acid oxidation. Antibody-based acetyl-peptide enrichment and mass spectrometry of mitochondrial lysates from WT and Sirt3 KO skeletal muscle revealed that a major target of Sirt3 deacetylation is the E1α subunit of PDH (PDH E1α). Sirt3 knockout in vivo and Sirt3 knockdown in myoblasts in vitro induced hyperacetylation of the PDH E1α subunit, altering its phosphorylation leading to suppressed PDH enzymatic activity. The inhibition of PDH activity resulting from reduced levels of Sirt3 induces a switch of skeletal muscle substrate utilization from carbohydrate oxidation toward lactate production and fatty acid utilization even in the fed state, contributing to a loss of metabolic flexibility. Thus, Sirt3 plays an important role in skeletal muscle mitochondrial substrate choice and metabolic flexibility in part by regulating PDH function through deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxuan Jing
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T. O’Neill
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - André Kleinridders
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olga R. Ilkeyeva
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James R. Bain
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Y. Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric M. Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: C. Ronald Kahn,
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Newsom SA, Boyle KE, Friedman JE. Sirtuin 3: A major control point for obesity-related metabolic diseases? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:e35-e40. [PMID: 23997790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related complications are epidemic issues currently plaguing much of the developed world with increasing associated morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. In this brief review, we discuss emerging evidence and remaining questions regarding the possible role for mitochondrial sirtuin 3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Newsom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
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Pucci B, Villanova L, Sansone L, Pellegrini L, Tafani M, Carpi A, Fini M, Russo MA. Sirtuins: the molecular basis of beneficial effects of physical activity. Intern Emerg Med 2013; 8 Suppl 1:S23-5. [PMID: 23462891 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-013-0920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The research of the last decade highlighted the existence of a family of genes activated by cellular stresses that allow the cells to reactivate defense and repair activities regardless of age. The prolonged activation of these genes enhances the organism health and lifespan. Members of this gene family are called sirtuins (SIRT). The founding member of the SIRT protein family, Sir2 is a limiting component of yeast longevity. Many members of this family have been also identified as key longevity regulators in species ranging from yeast to fly. On the other hand, the role of SIRTs in the regulation of mammalian ageing has been questioned. While SIRTs' effects on lifespan are still a matter of scientific debate, the beneficial effects of SIRTs in terms of physical health and quality of aging are widely accepted. Increasing evidence suggests a pivotal role for SIRTs in mediating the adaptive response to physical exercise. The following review summarizes the knowledge so far acquired on sirtuins' role in mediating beneficial effects of physical exercise. In particular, the first paragraph gives an overture on mammalian sirtuins defining their localization, function when possible, and substrates. In the second paragraph, we discuss recent data regarding alteration of sirtuins expression and activity after physical exercise collected by our laboratory and others'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Pucci
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1208-46. [PMID: 22978553 PMCID: PMC3579386 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of human DNA has been affected by aerobic metabolism, including endurance exercise and oxygen toxicity. Aerobic endurance exercise could play an important role in the evolution of Homo sapiens, and oxygen was not important just for survival, but it was crucial to redox-mediated adaptation. The metabolic challenge during physical exercise results in an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are important modulators of muscle contraction, antioxidant protection, and oxidative damage repair, which at moderate levels generate physiological responses. Several factors of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and SIRT1, are modulated by exercise-associated changes in the redox milieu. PGC-1α activation could result in decreased oxidative challenge, either by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and/or by an increased number of mitochondria that allows lower levels of respiratory activity for the same degree of ATP generation. Endogenous thiol antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin are modulated with high oxygen consumption and ROS generation during physical exercise, controlling cellular function through redox-sensitive signaling and protein-protein interactions. Endurance exercise-related angiogenesis, up to a significant degree, is regulated by ROS-mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Moreover, the exercise-associated ROS production could be important to DNA methylation and post-translation modifications of histone residues, which create heritable adaptive conditions based on epigenetic features of chromosomes. Accumulating data indicate that exercise with moderate intensity has systemic and complex health-promoting effects, which undoubtedly involve regulation of redox homeostasis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
The maintenance of metabolic homeostasis requires the well-orchestrated network of several pathways of glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Mitochondria integrate these pathways and serve not only as the prime site of cellular energy harvesting but also as the producer of many key metabolic intermediates. The sirtuins are a family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes, which have a crucial role in the cellular adaptation to metabolic stress. The mitochondrial sirtuins SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 together with the nuclear SIRT1 regulate several aspects of mitochondrial physiology by controlling post-translational modifications of mitochondrial protein and transcription of mitochondrial genes. Here we discuss current knowledge how mitochondrial sirtuins and SIRT1 govern mitochondrial processes involved in different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Pirinen
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Nogueiras R, Habegger KM, Chaudhary N, Finan B, Banks AS, Dietrich MO, Horvath TL, Sinclair DA, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH. Sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3: physiological modulators of metabolism. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1479-514. [PMID: 22811431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases that act as cellular sensors to detect energy availability and modulate metabolic processes. Two sirtuins that are central to the control of metabolic processes are mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), which are localized to the nucleus and mitochondria, respectively. Both are activated by high NAD(+) levels, a condition caused by low cellular energy status. By deacetylating a variety of proteins that induce catabolic processes while inhibiting anabolic processes, SIRT1 and SIRT3 coordinately increase cellular energy stores and ultimately maintain cellular energy homeostasis. Defects in the pathways controlled by SIRT1 and SIRT3 are known to result in various metabolic disorders. Consequently, activation of sirtuins by genetic or pharmacological means can elicit multiple metabolic benefits that protect mice from diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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He W, Newman JC, Wang MZ, Ho L, Verdin E. Mitochondrial sirtuins: regulators of protein acylation and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:467-76. [PMID: 22902903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases and have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, and aging. Three sirtuins are located in mitochondria: SIRT3, 4, and 5. SIRT3 deacetylates and regulates the enzymatic activity of many metabolic enzymes in mitochondria, whereas SIRT5 removes two novel post-translational modifications, lysine malonylation and succinylation. Here, we review the current knowledge of how mitochondrial sirtuins function in metabolism and metabolic diseases, and offer a conceptual model how they may regulate mitochondrial function through distinct deacylation activities (deacetylation, demalonylation, or desuccinylation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan He
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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47
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White AT, Schenk S. NAD(+)/NADH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E308-21. [PMID: 22436696 PMCID: PMC3423123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotides, NAD(+) and NADH, are coenzymes that provide oxidoreductive power for the generation of ATP by mitochondria. In skeletal muscle, exercise perturbs the levels of NAD(+), NADH, and consequently, the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, and initial research in this area focused on the contribution of redox control to ATP production. More recently, numerous signaling pathways that are sensitive to perturbations in NAD(+)(H) have come to the fore, as has an appreciation for the potential importance of compartmentation of NAD(+)(H) metabolism and its subsequent effects on various signaling pathways. These pathways, which include the sirtuin (SIRT) proteins SIRT1 and SIRT3, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins PARP1 and PARP2, and COOH-terminal binding protein (CtBP), are of particular interest because they potentially link changes in cellular redox state to both immediate, metabolic-related changes and transcriptional adaptations to exercise. In this review, we discuss what is known, and not known, about the contribution of NAD(+)(H) metabolism and these aforementioned proteins to mitochondrial adaptations to acute and chronic endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T White
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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48
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White AT, Schenk S. NAD(+)/NADH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2012. [PMID: 22436696 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2012.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotides, NAD(+) and NADH, are coenzymes that provide oxidoreductive power for the generation of ATP by mitochondria. In skeletal muscle, exercise perturbs the levels of NAD(+), NADH, and consequently, the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, and initial research in this area focused on the contribution of redox control to ATP production. More recently, numerous signaling pathways that are sensitive to perturbations in NAD(+)(H) have come to the fore, as has an appreciation for the potential importance of compartmentation of NAD(+)(H) metabolism and its subsequent effects on various signaling pathways. These pathways, which include the sirtuin (SIRT) proteins SIRT1 and SIRT3, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins PARP1 and PARP2, and COOH-terminal binding protein (CtBP), are of particular interest because they potentially link changes in cellular redox state to both immediate, metabolic-related changes and transcriptional adaptations to exercise. In this review, we discuss what is known, and not known, about the contribution of NAD(+)(H) metabolism and these aforementioned proteins to mitochondrial adaptations to acute and chronic endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T White
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Muscle or liver-specific Sirt3 deficiency induces hyperacetylation of mitochondrial proteins without affecting global metabolic homeostasis. Sci Rep 2012; 2:425. [PMID: 22645641 PMCID: PMC3361023 DOI: 10.1038/srep00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirt3 is a mitochondrial sirtuin, predominantly expressed in highly metabolic tissues. Germline ablation of Sirt3 has major metabolic consequences, including increased susceptibility to metabolic damage and oxidative stress after high fat feeding. In order to determine the contribution of liver and skeletal muscle to these phenotypes, we generated muscle-specific Sirt3 (Sirt3skm−/−) and liver-specific Sirt3 (Sirt3hep−/−) knock-out mice. Despite a marked global hyperacetylation of mitochondrial proteins, Sirt3skm−/− and Sirt3hep−/− mice did not manifest any overt metabolic phenotype under either chow or high fat diet conditions. Similarly, there was no evidence for increased oxidative stress in muscle or liver when Sirt3 was ablated in a tissue-specific manner. These observations suggest that the mitochondrial hyperacetylation induced by Sirt3-deletion in a tissue specific manner is not necessarily linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and does not recapitulate the metabolic abnormalities observed in the germline Sirt3 knock-out mice.
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Gurd BJ, Holloway GP, Yoshida Y, Bonen A. In mammalian muscle, SIRT3 is present in mitochondria and not in the nucleus; and SIRT3 is upregulated by chronic muscle contraction in an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-independent manner. Metabolism 2012; 61:733-41. [PMID: 22078938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In selected cell lines, it appears (a) that metabolic stressors induce the translocation of SIRT3 from the nucleus to mitochondria and (b) that SIRT3 may contribute to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and/or fatty acid utilization. We have examined in mammalian muscle (1) the association between SIRT3 protein content and muscle oxidative capacity and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, (2) the subcellular location of SIRT3, (3) whether exercise induces the translocation of SIRT3 from the nucleus to the mitochondria, and (4) the response of SIRT3 protein to stressors known to induce mitochondrial biogenesis (chronic muscle stimulation and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside administration). SIRT3 protein displayed hierarchical expression based on oxidative potential of muscle tissues (heart >> red >> white). In contrast to studies in some cell lines, metabolic stress (exercise) did not induce the translocation of SIRT3 from the nucleus to mitochondria, as SIRT3 was only present in subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria, not in the nucleus. Chronic stimulation increased muscle mitochondrial content and SIRT3 protein in SS (+33%) and IMF (+27%) mitochondria (P < .05). In contrast, chronic 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside administration, while inducing mitochondrial biogenesis, did not alter SS or IMF mitochondrial SIRT3 protein content. These studies have shown that, in muscle, SIRT3 (a) scales with muscle oxidative capacity and with enzymes regulating fatty acid oxidation, (b) in resting muscle is localized to SS and IMF mitochondria and not nuclei, (c) in contracting muscle is not acutely translocated to mitochondria, and (d) is upregulated with chronic stimulation in an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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