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Krumm B, Vallance B, Burke L, Garcia J, Bouten J, Brocherie F, Saugy JJ, Botrè F, Faiss R. High-level performances following low altitude training and tapering in warm environments in elite racewalkers. Eur J Sport Sci 2024. [PMID: 38992976 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Current guidelines for prolonged altitude exposure suggest altitude levels ranging from 2000 to 2500 m to optimize an increase in total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass). However, natural low altitude locations (<2000 m) remain popular, highlighting the interest to investigate any possible benefit of low altitude camps for endurance athletes. Ten elite racewalkers (4 women and 6 men) underwent a 4-week "live high-train high" (LHTH) camp at an altitude of 1720 m (PIO2 = 121 mmHg; 20.1°C; 67% relative humidity [RH]), followed by a 3-week tapering phase (20 m; PIO2 = 150 mmHg; 28.3°C; 53% RH) in preparation for the World Athletics Championships (WC). Venous blood samples were withdrawn weekly during the entire observation period. In addition, blood volumes were determined weekly by carbon monoxide rebreathing during altitude exposure and 2 weeks after return to sea level. High-level performances were achieved at the WC (five placings among the Top 10 WC races and three all-time career personal bests). A slight but significant increase in absolute (+1.7%, p = 0.03) and relative Hbmass (+2.3%, p = 0.02) was observed after 4-week LHTH. In addition, as usually observed during LHTH protocols, weekly training distance (+28%, p = 0.02) and duration (+30%, p = 0.04) significantly increased during altitude compared to the pre-LHTH period. Therefore, although direct causation cannot be inferred, these results suggest that the combination of increased training load at low altitudes with a subsequent tapering period in a warm environment is a suitable competition-preparation strategy for elite endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences-REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brent Vallance
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johan Garcia
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences-REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Janne Bouten
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences-REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences-REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences-REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Deccy S, Bartkowiak C, Rodricks N, Paultre K. Echinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity and Erythropoiesis in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1991. [PMID: 38999738 PMCID: PMC11243582 DOI: 10.3390/nu16131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes are increasingly relying on natural supplements to improve athletic performance. Echinacea, a common herbal supplement, has been studied for its potential erythropoietin-enhancing effects, with mixed results in the literature. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to determine whether echinacea supplementation has erythropoietic or ergogenic effects in athletes. A search strategy was developed to identify trials studying the impact of echinacea supplementation on erythropoiesis and maximal oxygen uptake. The database search yielded 502 studies, 496 of which were excluded in the two-reviewer screening process. Six studies with a total of 107 athletes were included in the analysis. For hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, there were small, positive effect sizes when comparing the difference in pre- and post-intervention levels between the echinacea and placebo groups, at 0.38 (p = 0.02, 95% CI -0.04-0.80, I2 = 70%) and 0.34 (p < 0.01, 95% CI -0.10-0.78, I2 = 86%), respectively, though they did not reach statistical significance. There was also no statistically significant change in erythropoietin (effect size -0.29, p = 0.05, 95% CI -0.75-0.17, I2 = 67%) or maximal oxygen uptake (effect size -0.20, p = 0.95, 95% CI -0.60-0.21, I2 = 0%). Echinacea supplementation did not influence erythropoietin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or maximal oxygen uptake in athletes; however, the evidence base is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Deccy
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Jackson Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Callie Bartkowiak
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Jackson Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nathan Rodricks
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Jackson Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kristopher Paultre
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Jackson Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Student Healthcare Clinic, University of Miami Health Systems, Miami, FL 33146, USA
- Club Sports, Department of Wellness and Recreation, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
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3
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Siebenmann C, Roche J, Schlittler M, Simpson LL, Stembridge M. Regulation of haemoglobin concentration at high altitude. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38051656 DOI: 10.1113/jp284578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowlanders sojourning for more than 1 day at high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in plasma volume (PV) that increases haemoglobin concentration and thus restores arterial oxygen content. If the sojourn extends over weeks, an expansion of total red cell volume (RCV) occurs and contributes to the haemoconcentration. While the reduction in PV was classically attributed to an increased diuretic fluid loss, recent studies support fluid redistribution, rather than loss, as the underlying mechanism. The fluid redistribution is presumably driven by a disappearance of proteins from the circulation and the resulting reduction in oncotic pressure exerted by the plasma, although the fate of the disappearing proteins remains unclear. The RCV expansion is the result of an accelerated erythropoietic activity secondary to enhanced renal erythropoietin release, but a contribution of other mechanisms cannot be excluded. After return from HA, intravascular volumes return to normal values and the normalisation of RCV might involve selective destruction of newly formed erythrocytes, although this explanation has been strongly challenged by recent studies. In contrast to acclimatised lowlanders, native highlanders originating from the Tibetan and the Ethiopian plateaus present with a normal or only mildly elevated haemoglobin concentration. Genetic adaptations blunting the erythropoietic response to HA exposure have been proposed as an explanation for the absence of more pronounced haemoconcentration in these populations, but new evidence also supports a contribution of a larger than expected PV. The functional significance of the relatively low haemoglobin concentration in Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders is incompletely understood and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Roche
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- AO Research Institute Davos, Regenerative Orthopaedics Program, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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5
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Girard O, Levine BD, Chapman RF, Wilber R. "Living High-Training Low" for Olympic Medal Performance: What Have We Learned 25 Years After Implementation? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:563-572. [PMID: 37116895 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude training is often regarded as an indispensable tool for the success of elite endurance athletes. Historically, altitude training emerged as a key strategy to prepare for the 1968 Olympics, held at 2300 m in Mexico City, and was limited to the "Live High-Train High" method for endurance athletes aiming for performance gains through improved oxygen transport. This "classical" intervention was modified in 1997 by the "Live High-Train Low" (LHTL) model wherein athletes supplemented acclimatization to chronic hypoxia with high-intensity training at low altitude. PURPOSE This review discusses important considerations for successful implementation of LHTL camps in elite athletes based on experiences, both published and unpublished, of the authors. APPROACH The originality of our approach is to discuss 10 key "lessons learned," since the seminal work by Levine and Stray-Gundersen was published in 1997, and focusing on (1) optimal dose, (2) individual responses, (3) iron status, (4) training-load monitoring, (5) wellness and well-being monitoring, (6) timing of the intervention, (7) use of natural versus simulated hypoxia, (8) robustness of adaptative mechanisms versus performance benefits, (9) application for a broad range of athletes, and (10) combination of methods. Successful LHTL strategies implemented by Team USA athletes for podium performance at Olympic Games and/or World Championships are presented. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of the LHTL model represents an essential framework for sport science, in which field-driven questions about performance led to critical scientific investigation and subsequent practical implementation of a unique approach to altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX,USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,USA
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN,USA
| | - Randall Wilber
- United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO,USA
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Scariot PPM, Papoti M, Polisel EEC, Orsi JB, Van Ginkel PR, Prolla TA, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Living high - training low model applied to C57BL/6J mice: Effects on physiological parameters related to aerobic fitness and acid-base balance. Life Sci 2023; 317:121443. [PMID: 36709910 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of data regarding the acclimation to high altitude (hypoxic environment) accompanied by training at low altitude (normoxic conditions), the so-called "living high-training low" (LHTL) model in rodents. We aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic training on C57BL/6J mice living in normoxic (NOR) or hypoxic (HYP) environments on several parameters, including critical velocity (CV), a parameter regarded as a measure of aerobic capacity, on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in muscles and hypothalamus, as well as on hematological parameters and body temperature. In each environment, mice were divided into non-trained (N) and trained (T). Forty rodents were distributed into the following experimental groups (N-NOR; T-NOR; N-HYP and T-HYP). HYP groups were in a normobaric tent where oxygen-depleted air was pumped from a hypoxia generator set an inspired oxygen fraction [FiO2] of 14.5 %. The HYP-groups were kept (18 h per day) in a normobaric tent for consecutive 8-weeks. Training sessions were conducted in normoxic conditions ([FiO2] = 19.5 %), 5 times per week (40 min per session) at intensity equivalent to 80 % of CV. In summary, eight weeks of LHTL did not promote a greater improvement in the CV, protein expression of MCTs in different tissues when compared to the application of training alone. The LHTL model increased red blood cells count, but reduced hemoglobin per erythrocyte was found in mice exposed to LHTL. Although the LHTL did not have a major effect on thermographic records, exercise-induced hyperthermia (in the head) was attenuated in HYP groups when compared to NOR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Bordon Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul R Van Ginkel
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Hagiwara M, Yamagishi T, Okamoto S, Azuma Y, Yamashita D. Short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia improves explosive power production capacity and repeated sprint ability in Japanese international-level male fencers: A case study. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15637. [PMID: 36945895 PMCID: PMC10031295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This case study reports the effects of six sessions of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) over 3 weeks on explosive power production capacity and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in two Japanese international-level foil fencers. The six RSH sessions (60-s sprints in total per session: consisting of two sets of five 6-s sprints with 30-s passive recovery, at simulated altitude of 3000 m) caused improvements of peak power output (PPO; Athlete A: 5.1%; Athlete B: 3.2%) and mean power output (MPO; Athlete A: 4.4%; Athlete B: 1.6%) over the 10 repeated sprints, respectively. The observed findings suggest that as few as six RSH sessions over 3 weeks can improve, at least to some extent, explosive power production capacity (PPO) and RSA (MPO) in the two elite fencers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply short-term RSH in combat sport (fencing) with international-level athletes. Further studies are required to explore the effectiveness of short-term RSH in combat sports with a more robust study design (e.g., randomized control trial with adequate statistical power) as the modality of RSH would suit physical and physiological demands in the majority of combat sports (e.g., wrestling, boxing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hagiwara
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Takaki Yamagishi
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Shogo Okamoto
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Azuma
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
- Albirex Niigata BBNiigataJapan
| | - Daichi Yamashita
- Department of Sport Science and ResearchJapan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport CenterTokyoJapan
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8
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Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S, Tønnessen E. The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35362850 PMCID: PMC8975965 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9 ± 3 and 6 ± 2 (mean ± SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These differences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥ 80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and differ between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review offers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientific literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.
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9
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Usaj A, Kapus J, Štrumbelj B, Debevec T, Vodičar J. Effects of Moderate Altitude Training Combined with Moderate or High-altitude Residence. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1129-1136. [PMID: 35926513 DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify potential physiological and performance differences of trained cross-country skiers (V˙o2max=60±4 ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1) following two, 3-week long altitude modalities: 1) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m (LMTM;N=8); and 2) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m with additional nocturnal normobaric hypoxic exposures (FiO2 =0.17;LHTM; N=8). All participants conducted the same training throughout the altitude training phase and underwent maximal roller ski trials and submaximal cyclo-ergometery before, during and one week after the training camps. No exercise performance or hematological differences were observed between the two modalities. The average roller ski velocities were increased one week after the training camps following both LMTM (p=0.03) and LHTM (p=0.04) with no difference between the two (p=0.68). During the submaximal test, LMTM increased the Tissue Oxygenation Index (11.5±6.5 to 1.0±8.5%; p=0.04), decreased the total hemoglobin concentration (15.1±6.5 to 1.7±12.9 a.u.;p=0.02), and increased blood pH (7.36±0.03 to 7.39±0.03;p=0.03). On the other hand, LHTM augmented minute ventilation (76±14 to 88±10 l·min-1;p=0.04) and systemic blood oxygen saturation by 2±1%; (p=0.02) with no such differences observed following the LMTM. Collectively, despite minor physiological differences observed between the two tested altitude training modalities both induced comparable exercise performance modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Usaj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kapus
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boro Štrumbelj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Vodičar
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Cao Y, Fujii N, Fujimoto T, Lai YF, Ogawa T, Hiroyama T, Enomoto Y, Nishiyasu T. CO 2-Enriched Air Inhalation Modulates the Ventilatory and Metabolic Responses of Endurance Runners During Incremental Running in Hypobaric Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:125-134. [PMID: 35613387 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cao, Yinhang, Naoto Fujii, Tomomi Fujimoto, Yin-Feng Lai, Takeshi Ogawa, Tsutomu Hiroyama, Yasushi Enomoto, and Takeshi Nishiyasu. CO2-enriched air inhalation modulates the ventilatory and metabolic responses of endurance runners during incremental running in hypobaric hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 23:125-134, 2022. Aim: We measured the effects of breathing CO2-enriched air on ventilatory and metabolic responses during incremental running exercise under moderately hypobairc hypoxic (HH) conditions. Materials and Methods: Ten young male endurance runners [61.4 ± 6.0 ml/(min·kg)] performed incremental running tests under three conditions: (1) normobaric normoxia (NN), (2) HH (2,500 m), and (3) HH with 5% CO2 inhalation (HH+CO2). The test under NN was always performed first, and then, the two remaining tests were completed in random and counterbalanced order. Results: End-tidal CO2 partial pressure (55 ± 3 vs. 35 ± 1 mmHg), peak ventilation (163 ± 14 vs. 152 ± 12 l/min), and peak oxygen uptake [52.3 ± 5.5 vs. 50.5 ± 4.9 ml/(min·kg)] were all higher in the HH+CO2 than HH trial (all p < 0.01), respectively. However, the duration of the incremental test did not differ between HH+CO2 and HH trials. Conclusion: These data suggest that chemoreflex activation by breathing CO2-enriched air stimulates breathing and aerobic metabolism during maximal intensity exercise without affecting exercise performance in male endurance runners under a moderately hypobaric hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Cao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan.,Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yin-Feng Lai
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Division of Art, Music, and Physical Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hiroyama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enomoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
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11
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Heat Acclimation with or without Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure Leads to Similar Improvements in Endurance Performance in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050069. [PMID: 35622478 PMCID: PMC9147627 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combining the key adaptation of plasma volume (PV) expansion with synergistic physiological effects of other acclimation interventions to maximise endurance performance in the heat has potential. The current study investigated the effects of heat acclimation alone (H), combined with normobaric hypoxia exposure (H+NH), on endurance athletic performance. Methods: Well-trained participants completed a heat-stress trial (30 °C, 80% relative humidity (RH), 20.8% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)) of a 75 min steady-state cycling (fixed workload) and a subsequent 15 min cycling time trial for distance before and after intervention. Participants completed 12 consecutive indoor training days with either heat acclimation (H; 60 min·day−1, 30 °C, 80% RH; 20.8% FiO2) or heat acclimation and overnight hypoxic environment (H+NH; ~12 h, 60% RH; 16% FiO2 simulating altitude of ~2500 m). Control (CON) group trained outdoors with average maximum daily temperature of 16.5 °C and 60% RH. Results: Both H and H+NH significantly improved time trial cycling distance by ~5.5% compared to CON, with no difference between environmental exposures. PV increased (+3.8%) and decreased (−4.1%) following H and H+NH, respectively, whereas haemoglobin concentration decreased (−2%) and increased (+3%) in H and H+NH, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that despite contrasting physiological adaptations to different environmental acclimation protocols, heat acclimation with or without hypoxic exposure demonstrated similar improvements in short-duration exercise performance in a hot environment.
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Fagher K, Baumgart JK, Solli GS, Holmberg HC, Lexell J, Sandbakk Ø. Preparing for snow-sport events at the Paralympic Games in Beijing in 2022: recommendations and remaining questions. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001294. [PMID: 35295372 PMCID: PMC8867376 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2022 Winter Paralympic Games in Beijing, the Para snow-sport events will be held at high altitudes and in possibly cold conditions while also requiring adjustment to several time zones. Furthermore, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may lead to suboptimal preparations. Another concern is the high rate of injuries that have been reported in the Para alpine and snowboard events. In addition to these challenges, Para athletes various impairments may affect both sports-specific demands and athlete health. However, the group of Para snow-sport athletes is an understudied population. Accordingly, this perspective paper summarises current knowledge to consider when preparing for the Paralympic Games in Beijing and point out important unanswered questions. We here focus specifically on how sport-specific demands and impairment-related considerations are influenced by altitude acclimatisation, cold conditions, travel fatigue and jetlag, complications due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and injury prevention and sports safety considerations. As Para athletes with spinal cord injury, limb deficiency, cerebral palsy and visual impairment account for the majority of the Para snow-sport athletes, the focus is mainly on these impairment groups. In brief, we highlight the extra caution required to ensure athlete health, performance and sports safety among Para athletes participating in the snow-sport events in the 2022 Beijing Paralympic Games. Although there is an urgent need for more high-quality research focusing on Para winter athletes, we hope these non-consensus recommendations will help prepare for the 2022 Beijing Paralympic Winter Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- The Swedish Paralympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J K Baumgart
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G S Solli
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodo, Norway
| | - H C Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- The Medical Committee, The International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ø Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Bouten J, Debusschere J, Lootens L, Declercq L, Van Eenoo P, Boone J, Bourgois JG. Six weeks of static apnea training does not affect Hbmass and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:673-681. [PMID: 35050796 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute apnea is known to induce decreases in oxyhemoglobin desaturation (SpO2) and increases in erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]). This study examined the potential of an apnea training program to induce erythropoiesis and increase hematological parameters and exercise performance. METHODS Twenty-two male subjects were randomly divided into an apnea and control group. The apnea group performed a 6-week apnea training program consisting of a daily series of 5 maximal static apneas. Before and after training, subjects visited the lab on three test days to perform 1) a ramp incremental test measuring V̇O2peak, 2) CO-rebreathing for Hb mass determination and a 3-km time trial and 3) an apnea test protocol with continuous finger SpO2 registration. Venous blood samples were drawn before and 180 minutes after the apnea test for analysis of [EPO]. RESULTS Minimal SpO2 reached during the apnea test protocol was 91 ±7% pre and 82 ±7% post apnea training. The apnea test protocol did not elicit an acute increase in [EPO] (p=0.685) before nor after the training program. Consequently, resting [EPO] (p=0.170), Hbmass (p=0.134), V̇O2peak (p=0.796) and 3-km cycling time trial performance (p=0.509) were not affected either. CONCLUSION The apnea test and training protocol, consisting of 5 maximal static apneas, did not induce a sufficiently strong hypoxic stimulus to cause erythropoiesis and therefore did not result in an increase in resting [EPO], Hbmass, V̇O2peak or time trial performance. Longer and/or more intense training sessions inducing a stronger hypoxic stimulus are probably needed to obtain changes in hematological and exercise parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Debusschere
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louise Declercq
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gustaaf Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Royal JT, Eiken O, Keramidas ME, McDonnell AC, Mekjavic IB. Heterogeneity of Hematological Response to Hypoxia and Short-Term or Medium-Term Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777611. [PMID: 34975531 PMCID: PMC8715762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological changes are commonly observed following prolonged exposure to hypoxia and bed rest. Typically, such responses have been reported as means and standard deviations, however, investigation into the responses of individuals is insufficient. Therefore, the present study retrospectively assessed individual variation in the hematological responses to severe inactivity (bed rest) and hypoxia. The data were derived from three-bed rest projects: two 10-d (LunHab project: 8 males; FemHab project: 12 females), and one 21-d (PlanHab project: 11 males). Each project comprised a normoxic bed rest (NBR; PIO2=133mmHg) and hypoxic bed rest (HBR; PIO2=91mmHg) intervention, where the subjects were confined in the Planica facility (Rateče, Slovenia). During the HBR intervention, subjects were exposed to normobaric hypoxia equivalent to an altitude of 4,000m. NBR and HBR interventions were conducted in a random order and separated by a washout period. Blood was drawn prior to (Pre), during, and post bed rest (R1, R2, R4) to analyze the individual variation in the responses of red blood cells (RBC), erythropoietin (EPO), and reticulocytes (Rct) to bed rest and hypoxia. No significant differences were found in the mean ∆(Pre-Post) values of EPO across projects (LunHab, FemHab, and PlanHab; p>0.05), however, female EPO responses to NBR (Range - 17.39, IQR – 12.97 mIU.ml−1) and HBR (Range – 49.00, IQR – 10.91 mIU.ml−1) were larger than males (LunHab NBR Range – 4.60, IQR – 2.03; HBR Range – 7.10, IQR – 2.78; PlanHab NBR Range – 7.23, IQR – 1.37; HBR Range – 9.72, IQR – 4.91 mIU.ml−1). Bed rest duration had no impact on the heterogeneity of EPO, Rct, and RBC responses (10-d v 21-d). The resultant hematological changes that occur during NBR and HBR are not proportional to the acute EPO response. The following cascade of hematological responses to NBR and HBR suggests that the source of variability in the present data is due to mechanisms related to hypoxia as opposed to inactivity alone. Studies investigating hematological changes should structure their study design to explore these mechanistic responses and elucidate the discord between the EPO response and hematological cascade to fully assess heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Royal
- Environmental Physiology and Ergonomics Lab, Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michail E. Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Adam C. McDonnell
- Environmental Physiology and Ergonomics Lab, Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor B. Mekjavic
- Environmental Physiology and Ergonomics Lab, Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Igor B. Mekjavic,
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15
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A Comparative Study of Hematological Parameters of Endurance Runners at Guna Athletics Sport Club (3100 Meters above Sea Level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy (2400 Meters above Sea Level), Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8415100. [PMID: 34869775 PMCID: PMC8635926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8415100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Endurance running performance is dependent upon hematological, physiological, anthropometrical, diet, genetic, and training characteristics. Increased oxygen transport and efficiency of tissue in extracting oxygen are the major determinants to competitions that require endurance. Thus, altitude training is often employed to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity to improve sea-level endurance performance. This study aimed to compare hematological parameters of endurance runners’ training at different clubs with different altitudes (Guna Athletics Sport Club at Guna (3100 meter above sea level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy at Addis Ababa (2400 meter above sea level)). Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at GASC and EYSA. Data were collected from a total of 102 eligible study subjects (26 runners and 25 controls at Guna and 26 runners and 25 controls at Addis Ababa) from May to October 2019. About 3 ml of the venous blood was drawn from the antecubital vein by aseptic procedure and analyzed using a hematology analyzer (DIRUI BCC-3000B, China). One-way ANOVA and independent-sample t-tests were used to compare means. Result. Male runners in Guna had significantly higher hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) count than male runners in Addis Ababa. Besides, female runners in Guna had significantly higher MCH and MCHC than female runners in Addis Ababa. However, there were no significant differences between Guna and Addis Ababa runners in red blood cell (RBC) count, Hct, MCV, and platelet count in both sexes, while Hgb and WBC count in females. Conclusion. Decisively, Guna Athletics Sport Club endurance runners had significantly higher hematological parameters than Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy endurance runners. This provides invaluable information for coaches and sport physicians to monitor the hematological profile and the health status of an athlete living and training at different altitudes.
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Javaloyes A, Mateo-March M, Manresa-Rocamora A, Sanz-Quinto S, Moya-Ramón M. The Use of a Smartphone Application in Monitoring HRV during an Altitude Training Camp in Professional Female Cyclists: A Preliminary Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165497. [PMID: 34450939 PMCID: PMC8401324 DOI: 10.3390/s21165497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training is a common strategy to improve performance in endurance athletes. In this context, the monitoring of training and the athletes’ response is essential to ensure positive adaptations. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate stress and the response to training. In this regard, many smartphone applications have emerged allowing a wide access to recording HRV easily. The purpose of this study was to describe the changes of HRV using a validated smartphone application before (Pre-TC), during (TC), and after (Post-TC) an altitude training camp in female professional cyclists. Training load (TL) and vagal markers of heart rate variability (LnRMSSD, LnRMSSDcv) of seven professional female cyclists before, during, and after and altitude training camp were monitored. Training volume (SMD = 0.80), LnRMSSD (SMD = 1.06), and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = −0.98) showed moderate changes from Pre-TC to TC. Training volume (SMD = 0.74), TL (SMD = 0.75), LnRMSSD (SMD = −1.11) and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = 0.83) showed moderate changes from TC to Post-TC. Individual analysis showed that heart rate variability responded differently among subjects. The use of a smartphone application to measure HRV is a useful tool to evaluate the individual response to training in female cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | | | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | - Santiago Sanz-Quinto
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9656-62-523
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17
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Sandbakk Ø, Solli GS, Talsnes RK, Holmberg HC. Preparing for the Nordic Skiing Events at the Beijing Olympics in 2022: Evidence-Based Recommendations and Unanswered Questions. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2021; 3:257-269. [PMID: 38624672 PMCID: PMC8107804 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
At the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, the XC skiing, biathlon and nordic combined events will be held at altitudes of ~ 1700 m above sea level, possibly in cold environmental conditions and while requiring adjustment to several time zones. However, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may lead to sub-optimal preparations. The current commentary provides the following evidence-based recommendations for the Olympic preparations: make sure to have extensive experience of training (> 60 days annually) and competition at or above the altitude of competition (~ 1700 m), to optimize and individualize your strategies for acclimatization and competition. In preparing for the Olympics, 10-14 days at ~ 1700 m seems to optimize performance at this altitude effectively. An alternative strategy involves two-three weeks of training at > 2000 m, followed by 7-10 days of tapering off at ~ 1700 m. During each of the last 3 or 4 days prior to departure, shift your sleeping and eating schedule by 0.5-1 h towards the time zone in Beijing. In addition, we recommend that you arrive in Beijing one day earlier for each hour change in time zone, followed by appropriate timing of exposure to daylight, meals, social contacts, and naps, in combination with a gradual increase in training load. Optimize your own individual procedures for warming-up, as well as for maintaining body temperature during the period between the warm-up and competition, effective treatment of asthma (if necessary) and pacing at ~ 1700 m with cold ambient temperatures. Although we hope that these recommendations will be helpful in preparing for the Beijing Olympics in 2022, there is a clear need for more solid evidence gained through new sophisticated experiments and observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Meråker High School, Trøndelag County Council, Steinkjer, Norway
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Meng Z, Gao H, Li T, Ge P, Xu Y, Gao B. Effects of Eight Weeks Altitude Training on the Aerobic Capacity and Microcirculation Function in Trained Rowers. High Alt Med Biol 2021; 22:24-31. [PMID: 33719550 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meng, Zhijun, Huan Gao, Tao Li, Peng Ge, Yixiao Xu, and Binghong Gao. Effects of eight weeks altitude training on the aerobic capacity and microcirculation function in trained rowers. High Alt Med Biol. 22:24-31, 2021. Background: The mechanism of aerobic improvement after altitude training (AT) has not been resolved yet. Few studies have looked at microcirculation changes after AT in athletes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three male rowers were recruited and divided into either the AT (n = 18, altitude 2,280 m) or the sea level training (ST group, n = 15, altitude 50 m) for 8 weeks training. Microcirculation function was monitored using a laser Doppler flowmeter. VO2peak and ergometer 5 km time trial (Er5k) were conducted. Results: Within the AT group there was an 8.8% increment in VO2peak from pre- to post-training (4,708.9 ± 455.2 vs. 5,123.3 ± 391.2 ml/min, p < 0.01), whereas in ST group there was a 3.1% increase of VO2peak from pre- to post-training (4,975.4 ± 501.1 vs. 5,128.0 ± 499.3 m/min, p = 0.125). Er5k performance in AT group was significantly improved (1,040.3 ± 26.3 vs. 1,033.2 ± 27.5 seconds, p = 0.038), whereas in ST group Er5k performance was not improved (1,059.6 ± 30.9 vs. 1,060.4 ± 33.2 seconds, p = 0.819). Postocclusive reactive hyperemia reserve and heat reserve in the forearm of AT subjects increased significantly after 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the AT group's resting blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) of the thigh were higher after AT. For the ST group, resting blood flow and CVC in the thigh decreased significantly at third week post-training. There was a low correlation between the change of VO2peak and blood flow of the thigh (r = 0.45, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Trained rowers benefit more from 8 weeks of AT than from 8 weeks ST in terms of aerobic capacity. We have found that 8 weeks of AT increases thigh blood flow and improves endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Meng
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,The Research Institute of Sports Science of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Huan Gao
- The First Research Center of Competitive Sports, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- The First Research Center of Competitive Sports, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Ge
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Xu
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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19
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Genetic polymorphisms associated with high-altitude adaptation in a Baltí population. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Yan B, Ge X, Yu J, Hu Y, Girard O. Hypoxic re-exposure retains hematological but not performance adaptations post-altitude training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1049-1059. [PMID: 33426576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that hypoxic re-exposure after return from natural altitude training is beneficial in retaining hematological and performance adaptations. METHODS Eighteen mixed martial art fighters completed a 3-weeks natural altitude training camp at 2418 m. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to a living high-training low (12 h/d at a simulated altitude of 2800 m) group (LHTL, n = 9) or a living low-training low group (LLTL, n = 9) for a 3-week sea-level training period. At baseline and after return to sea level, hematological [hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) on days 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21] and performance (3000 m time trial and maximal oxygen uptake on days 4, 6, 9, 15 and 21) markers were assessed. RESULTS Mean Hbmass increased from baseline to day 2 (11.7 ± 0.9 vs. 12.4 ± 1.3 g/kg; + 6.6 ± 7.5%; P < 0.05). While Hbmass remained elevated above baseline in LHTL (P < 0.001), it returned near baseline levels from day 9 in LLTL. Irrespective of groups, mean V̇O2max was only elevated above baseline at day 2 (+ 4.5 ± 0.8%) and day 9 (+ 3.8 ± 8.0%) (both P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, 3000 m running time decreased at day 4 (- 3.1 ± 3.3%; P < 0.05) and day 15 (- 2.8 ± 2.3%; P < 0.05) only. CONCLUSIONS Despite re-exposure to hypoxia allowing a recovery of the hypoxic stimulus to retain Hbmass gains from previous altitude sojourn, there is no performance advantage of this practice above sea level residence. Our results also give support to empirical observations describing alternance of periods of optimal and attenuated performance upon return to sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ge
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabei Yu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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21
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Baranauskas MN, Constantini K, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Schlader ZJ, Chapman RF. Heat Versus Altitude Training for Endurance Performance at Sea Level. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:50-58. [PMID: 33044330 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stressors, such as heat or altitude, elicit dissimilar physiological adaptations to endurance training programs. Whether these differences (i.e., increased hemoglobin mass vs plasma volume) differentially influence performance is debated. We review data in support of our novel hypothesis, which proposes altitude as the preferred environmental training stimulus for elite endurance athletes preparing to compete in temperate, sea-level climates (5°C-18°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Keren Constantini
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Division of Natural Sciences, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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22
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Slawinski J, Chiron F, Millot B, Taouji A, Brocherie F. Effect of a 16-Day Altitude Training Camp on 3,000-m Steeplechase Running Energetics and Biomechanics: A Case Study. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:63. [PMID: 33344986 PMCID: PMC7739581 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 16-day training camp at moderate altitude on running energetics and biomechanics in an elite female 3,000-m steeplechase athlete (personal best: 9 min 36.15 s). The 16-day intervention included living and training at 1,600 m altitude. A maximal incremental test was performed at sea level to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V∙O2max). Before (pre-) and after (post-) intervention, the participant performed a specific training session consisting of 10 × 400 m with 5 hurdles with oxygen uptake (V∙O2), blood lactate, stride length and stride rate being measured. A video analysis determined take-off distance and landing around the hurdle (DTH and DLH), take-off velocity and landing around the hurdle (VTH and VLH), and the maximal height over the hurdle (MH). The results demonstrated that the mean V∙O2 maintained during the ten 400 m trials represented 84–86% of V∙O2max and did not change from pre- to post-intervention (p = 0.22). Mean blood lactate measured on the 6 last 400-m efforts increased significantly (12.0 ± 2.2 vs. 17.0 ± 1.6 mmol.l−1; p < 0.05). On the other hand, post-intervention maximal lactate decreased from 20.1 to 16.0 mmol.l−1. Biomechanical analysis revealed that running velocity increased from 5.12 ± 0.16 to 5.49 ± 0.19 m.s−1 (p < 0.001), concomitantly with stride length (1.63 ± 0.05 vs. 1.73 ± 0.06 m; p < 0.001). However, stride rate did not change (3.15 ± 0.03 vs. 3.16 ± 0.02 Hz; p = 0.14). While DTH was not significantly different from pre- to post- (1.34 ± 0.08 vs. 1.40 ± 0.07 m; p = 0.09), DLH was significantly longer (1.17 ± 0.07 vs. 1.36 ± 0.05 m; p < 0.01). VTH and VLH significantly improved after intervention (5.00 ± 0.14 vs. 5.33 ± 0.16 m.s−1 and 5.18 ± 0.13 vs. 5.51 ± 0.22 m.s−1, respectively; both p < 0.01). Finally, MH increased from pre- to post- (52.5 ± 3.8 vs. 54.9 ± 2.1 cm; p < 0.05). A 16-day moderate altitude training camp allowed an elite female 3,000-m steeplechase athlete to improve running velocity through a greater glycolytic—but not aerobic—metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Slawinski
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement - EA 2931, Université de Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - François Chiron
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Millot
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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23
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Caris AV, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation Attenuates the Increase in Rating of Perceived Exertion during Intense Exercise in Hypoxia Similar to 4200 m. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123797. [PMID: 33322280 PMCID: PMC7763460 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) indicates the feeling of fatigue. However, hypoxia worsens the condition and can worsen RPE. We evaluated whether carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation alters RPE and physiological markers in running at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nine volunteers underwent three running tests at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion: (1) hypoxia and placebo, (2) hypoxia and 8% maltodextrin, and (3) hypoxia after six days of glutamine supplementation (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin. The exercise and supplementation were randomized and double-blinded. Lactate, heart rate, haemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2%), and RPE (6-20 scale) were analyzed at the 15th and 30th min. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. SpO2% decreased at the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting in placebo, carbohydrate, and glutamine supplementation. RPE increased at the 30th minute compared to the 15th minute in placebo and carbohydrate supplementation; however, there was no difference in the glutamine supplementation condition. Heart rate and lactate increased after the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting, similar to the three conditions studied. We conclude that previous supplementation with glutamine and carbohydrate during intense exercise in hypoxia similar to 4500 m can attenuate the increase in RPE by the increase in glycemia and can be a useful strategy for people who exercise in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline V. Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo V. Thomatieli-Santos
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5572-0177
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24
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Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on High-Intensity Intermittent Running Performance at Different Doses of Normobaric Hypoxia in Endurance-Trained Males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:1-8. [PMID: 33260146 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BR) can improve high-intensity intermittent running performance in trained males in normoxia and different doses of normobaric hypoxia. Eight endurance-trained males (V˙O2peak, 62 ± 6 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed repeated 90 s intervals at 110% of peak treadmill velocity, from an initial step incremental test, interspersed by 60 s of passive recovery until exhaustion (Tlim). Participants completed the first three experimental trials during days 3, 5, and 7 of BR or nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (PLA) supplementation and completed the remaining experimental visits on the alternative supplement following at least 7 days of washout. The fraction of inspired oxygen during visits 1-3 was either 0.209, 0.182, or 0.157, equivalent to an altitude of 0, 1,200, and 2,400 m, respectively, and this order was replicated on visits 4-6. Arterial oxygen saturation declined dose dependently as fraction of inspired oxygen was lowered (p < .05). Plasma nitrite concentration was higher pre- and postexercise after BR compared with PLA supplementation (p < .05). There was no difference in Tlim between PLA and BR at 0 m (445 [324, 508] and 410 [368, 548] s); 1,200 m (341 [270, 390] and 332 [314, 356] s); or 2,400 m (233 [177, 373] and 251 [221, 323] s) (median and [interquartile range]; p > .05). The findings from this study suggest that short-term BR supplementation does not improve high-intensity intermittent running performance in endurance-trained males in normoxia or at doses of normobaric hypoxia that correspond to altitudes at which athletes typically train while on altitude training camps.
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van der Zwaard S, de Leeuw AW, Meerhoff LRA, Bodine SC, Knobbe A. Articles with impact: insights into 10 years of research with machine learning. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:967-979. [PMID: 32790596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide scientific output is growing faster and faster. Academics should not only publish much and fast, but also publish research with impact. The aim of this study is to use machine learning to investigate characteristics of articles that were published in the Journal of Applied Physiology between 2009 and 2018, and characterize high-impact articles. Article impact was assessed for 4,531 publications by three common impact metrics: the Altmetric Attention Scores, downloads, and citations. Additionally, a broad collection of (more than 200) characteristics was collected from the article's title, abstract, authors, keywords, publication, and article engagement. We constructed random forest (RF) regression models to predict article impact and articles with the highest impact (top-25% and top-10% for each impact metric), which were compared with a naive baseline method. RF models outperformed the baseline models when predicting the impact of unseen articles (P < 0.001 for each impact metric). Also, RF models predicted top-25% and top-10% high-impact articles with a high accuracy. Moreover, RF models revealed important article characteristics. Higher impact was observed for articles about exercise, training, performance and V̇o2max, reviews, human studies, articles from large collaborations, longer articles with many references and high engagement by scientists, practitioners and public or via news outlets and videos. Lower impact was shown for articles about respiratory physiology or sleep apnea, editorials, animal studies, and titles with a question mark or a reference to places or individuals. In summary, research impact can be predicted and better understood using a combination of article characteristics and machine learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Common measures of article impact are the Altmetric Attention Scores, number of downloads, and number of citations. To our knowledge, this is the first study that applies machine learning on a comprehensive collection of article characteristics to predict article attention scores, downloads, and citations. Using 10 years of research articles, we obtained accurate predictions of high-impact articles and discovered important article characteristics related to article impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie-Willem de Leeuw
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L Rens A Meerhoff
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Arno Knobbe
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
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26
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Nummela A, Eronen T, Koponen A, Tikkanen H, Peltonen JE. Variability in hemoglobin mass response to altitude training camps. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:44-51. [PMID: 32783231 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether athletes can be classified as responders or non-responders based on their individual change in total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) following altitude training while also identifying the potential factors that may affect responsiveness to altitude exposure. Measurements were completed with 59 elite endurance athletes who participated in national team altitude training camps. Fifteen athletes participated in the altitude training camp at least twice. Total Hb-mass using a CO rebreathing method and other blood markers were measured before and after a total of 82 altitude training camps (1350-2500 m) in 59 athletes. In 46 (56%) altitude training camps, tHb-mass increased. The amount of positive responses increased to 65% when only camps above 2000 m were considered. From the fifteen athletes who participated in altitude training camps at least twice, 27% always had positive tHb-mass responses, 13% only negative responses, and 60% both positive and negative responses. Logistic regression analysis showed that altitude was the most significant factor explaining positive tHb-mass response. Furthermore, male athletes had greater tHb-mass response than female athletes. In endurance athletes, tHb-mass is likely to increase after altitude training given that hypoxic stimulus is appropriate. However, great inter- and intra-individual variability in tHb-mass response does not support classification of an athlete permanently as a responder or non-responder. This variability warrants efforts to control numerous factors affecting an athlete's response to each altitude training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Eronen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Koponen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tikkanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha E Peltonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Girard O, Goods PSR, Brocherie F. Editorial: Elevating Sport Performance to New Heights With Innovative 'Live Low - Train High' Altitude Training. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:108. [PMID: 33345097 PMCID: PMC7739611 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, EA 7370, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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28
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Nutrition and Altitude: Strategies to Enhance Adaptation, Improve Performance and Maintain Health: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:169-184. [PMID: 31691928 PMCID: PMC6901429 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Training at low to moderate altitudes (~ 1600-2400 m) is a common approach used by endurance athletes to provide a distinctive environmental stressor to augment training stimulus in the anticipation of increasing subsequent altitude- and sea-level-based performance. Despite some scientific progress being made on the impact of various nutrition-related changes in physiology and associated interventions at mountaineering altitudes (> 3000 m), the impact of nutrition and/or supplements on further optimization of these hypoxic adaptations at low-moderate altitudes is only an emerging topic. Within this narrative review we have highlighted six major themes involving nutrition: altered energy availability, iron, carbohydrate, hydration, antioxidant requirements and various performance supplements. Of these issues, emerging data suggest that particular attention be given to the potential risk for poor energy availability and increased iron requirements at the altitudes typical of elite athlete training (~ 1600-2400 m) to interfere with optimal adaptations. Furthermore, the safest way to address the possible increase in oxidative stress associated with altitude exposure is via the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods rather than high-dose antioxidant supplements. Meanwhile, many other important questions regarding nutrition and altitude training remain to be answered. At the elite level of sport where the differences between winning and losing are incredibly small, the strategic use of nutritional interventions to enhance the adaptations to altitude training provides an important consideration in the search for optimal performance.
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29
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Wiśniewska A, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M. Changes in erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor following the use of different altitude training concepts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:677-684. [PMID: 32438783 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important factors regulating erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Altitude/hypoxic training may induce elevated VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, it appears that the range of adaptive changes depends largely on the training method used. Therefore, we investigated the changes in EPO and VEGF-A levels in athletes using three different altitude/hypoxic training concepts. METHODS Thirty-four male cyclists were randomly divided into four groups: LH-TL group ("live high-train low" protocol), HiHiLo ("live high - base train high - interval train low" procedure), IHT ("intermittent hypoxic training") and control group (CN, normoxic training). The same 4-week training program was used in all groups. Blood samples were taken before and after each training week in order to evaluate serum EPO and VEGF-A levels. RESULTS In the LH-TL and HiHiLo groups, EPO increased (P<0.001) after 1st week and remained elevated until 3rd week of altitude training. In the IHT and CN groups, EPO did not change significantly. VEGF-A was higher (P<0.001) after 2nd and 3rd week of training in the IHT group. In the HiHiLo group, VEGF-A changed (P<0.05) only after 3rd week. No significant changes of VEGF-A were noted in the LH-TL and CN groups. CONCLUSIONS Altitude/hypoxic training is effective in increasing VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, a training method plays a key role in the pattern of adaptations. EPO level increase only when an adequate hypoxic dose is provided, whereas VEGF-A increases when the hypoxic exposure is combined with exercise, particularly at high intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wiśniewska
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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30
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Mujika I, Sharma AP, Stellingwerff T. Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1651-1669. [PMID: 31452130 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s there has been an escalation in the purposeful utilization of altitude to enhance endurance athletic performance. This has been mirrored by a parallel intensification in research pursuits to elucidate hypoxia-induced adaptive mechanisms and substantiate optimal altitude protocols (e.g., hypoxic dose, duration, timing, and confounding factors such as training load periodization, health status, individual response, and nutritional considerations). The majority of the research and the field-based rationale for altitude has focused on hematological outcomes, where hypoxia causes an increased erythropoietic response resulting in augmented hemoglobin mass. Hypoxia-induced non-hematological adaptations, such as mitochondrial gene expression and enhanced muscle buffering capacity may also impact athletic performance, but research in elite endurance athletes is limited. However, despite significant scientific progress in our understanding of hypobaric hypoxia (natural altitude) and normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude), elite endurance athletes and coaches still tend to be trailblazers at the coal face of cutting-edge altitude application to optimize individual performance, and they already implement novel altitude training interventions and progressive periodization and monitoring approaches. Published and field-based data strongly suggest that altitude training in elite endurance athletes should follow a long- and short-term periodized approach, integrating exercise training and recovery manipulation, performance peaking, adaptation monitoring, nutritional approaches, and the use of normobaric hypoxia in conjunction with terrestrial altitude. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of accumulated altitude training through repeated exposures, the interactions between altitude and other components of a periodized approach to elite athletic preparation, and the time course of non-hematological hypoxic adaptation and de-adaptation, and the potential differences in exercise-induced altitude adaptations between different modes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain. .,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Avish P Sharma
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Triathlon Australia, Burleigh Heads, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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31
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Goods PSR, Millet GP. An Updated Panorama of "Living Low-Training High" Altitude/Hypoxic Methods. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:26. [PMID: 33345020 PMCID: PMC7739748 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With minimal costs and travel constraints for athletes, the “living low-training high” (LLTH) approach is becoming an important intervention for modern sport. The popularity of the LLTH model of altitude training is also associated with the fact that it only causes a slight disturbance to athletes' usual daily routine, allowing them to maintain their regular lifestyle in their home environment. In this perspective article, we discuss the evolving boundaries of the LLTH paradigm and its practical applications for athletes. Passive modalities include intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest (IHE) and Ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Active modalities use either local [blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise] and/or systemic hypoxia [continuous low-intensity training in hypoxia (CHT), interval hypoxic training (IHT), repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH), sprint interval training in hypoxia (SIH) and resistance training in hypoxia (RTH)]. A combination of hypoxic methods targeting different attributes also represents an attractive solution. In conclusion, a growing number of LLTH altitude training methods exists that include the application of systemic and local hypoxia stimuli, or a combination of both, for performance enhancement in many disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, EA 7370, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Paul S R Goods
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport (WAIS), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gregoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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MILLET GRÉGOIREP, BROCHERIE FRANCK. Hypoxic Training Is Beneficial in Elite Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:515-518. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Hematological status and endurance performance predictors after low altitude training supported by normobaric hypoxia: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Biol Sport 2020; 36:341-349. [PMID: 31938005 PMCID: PMC6945048 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of altitude/hypoxic training for sea level performance are still under debate. This study examined the effects of low altitude training supported by normobaric hypoxia on hematological status and endurance performance predictors in elite female cyclists. Twenty-two female cyclists trained for 3 weeks at low altitude (<1100 m) and 2 weeks near sea level. During the first 3 weeks, 15 subjects stayed in hypoxic rooms simulating an altitude of 2200 m (+NH group, n = 8) or 1000 m (placebo group, n = 7), and 7 (control group) stayed in regular rooms. Significant increases in total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass: p = 0.008, p = 0.025), power at 4 mmol·l-1 lactate (PAT4: p = 0.004, p = 0.005) (in absolute and relative values, respectively) and maximal power (PF: p = 0.034) (in absolute values) were observed. However, these effects were not associated with normobaric hypoxia. Changes in tHb-mass were not associated with initial concentrations of ferritin or transferrin receptor, whereas changes in relative tHb-mass (r = -0.53, p = 0.012), PF (r = -0.53, p = 0.01) and PAT4 (r = -0.65, p = 0.001) were inversely correlated with initial values. Changes in tHb-mass and PAT4 were positively correlated (r = 0.50, p = 0.017; r = 0.47, p = 0.028). Regardless of normobaric hypoxia application, low altitude training followed by sea-level training might improve hematological status in elite female cyclists, especially with relatively low initial values of tHb-mass, which could translate into enhanced endurance performance.
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34
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Voss SC, Al‐Hamad K, Samsam W, Cherif A, Georgakopoulos C, Al Maadheed M, Balanos G, Lucas S, Sottas P, Wilson M, Townsend N. A novel mixed living high training low intervention and the hematological module of the athlete biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:323-330. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - George Balanos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Sam Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | | | - Mathew Wilson
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Research and Scientific Support Doha Ad Dawhah Qatar
| | - Nathan Townsend
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Research and Scientific Support Doha Ad Dawhah Qatar
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35
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Hall R, Peeling P, Nemeth E, Bergland D, McCluskey WTP, Stellingwerff T. Single versus Split Dose of Iron Optimizes Hemoglobin Mass Gains at 2106 m Altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:751-759. [PMID: 30882751 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if a single versus a split equivalent daily dose of elemental iron was superior for hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) gains at altitude while minimizing gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort. METHODS Twenty-four elite runners attended a 3.1 ± 0.3 wk training camp (Flagstaff, AZ; 2106 m). A two-group design, randomized and stratified to baseline Hbmass, sex, and ferritin (>30 μ·L), was implemented daily as: 1) single dose of 1 × 200 mg (PM only, SINGLE) versus 2) split dose of 2 × 100 mg (AM and PM; SPLIT) elemental iron (ferrous fumarate). The Hbmass and venipuncture assessments were completed upon arrival and departure (±2 d) from camp for ferritin, hepcidin, and erythroferrone (ERFE) concentrations. Validated food frequency, GI distress, menstrual blood loss (MBL) and training questionnaires were implemented throughout. Univariate analysis was used to compare Hbmass, with baseline ferritin, dietary iron intake, MBL, and training volume used as covariates. RESULTS Both conditions increased Hbmass from baseline (P < 0.05), with SINGLE (867.3 ± 47.9 g) significantly higher than SPLIT (828.9 ± 48.9 g) (P = 0.048). The GI scores were worse in SINGLE for weeks 1 and 2 combined (SINGLE, 18.0 ± 6.7 points; SPLIT, 11.3 ± 6.9 points; P = 0.025); however, GI scores improved by week 3, resulting in no between-group differences (P = 0.335). Hepcidin significantly decreased over time (P = 0.043) in SINGLE, with a nonsignificant decrease evident in SPLIT (~22%). ERFE significantly decreased in both groups (~28.5%; P < 0.05). No between-group differences existed for ERFE, hepcidin, food frequency, MBL, or daily training outcomes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A single nightly 200-mg dose of elemental iron was superior to a split dose for optimizing Hbmass changes at altitude in runners over an approximately 3-wk training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hall
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Vancouver & Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dan Bergland
- Hypo2 High Performance Sport Center, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Walter T P McCluskey
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Vancouver & Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Vancouver & Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
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Okazaki K, Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. Iron insufficiency diminishes the erythropoietic response to moderate altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1569-1578. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of iron stores and supplementation on erythropoietic responses to moderate altitude in endurance athletes were examined. In a retrospective study, red cell compartment volume (RCV) responses to 4 wk at 2,500 m were assessed in athletes with low ( n = 9, ≤20 and ≤30 ng/mL for women and men, respectively) and normal ( n = 10) serum ferritin levels ([Ferritin]) without iron supplementation. In a subsequent prospective study, the same responses were assessed in athletes ( n = 26) with a protocol designed to provide sufficient iron before and during identical altitude exposure. The responses to a 4-wk training camp at sea level were assessed in another group of athletes ( n = 13) as controls. RCV and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) were determined at sea level before and after intervention. In the retrospective study, athletes with low [Ferritin] did not increase RCV (27.0 ± 2.9 to 27.5 ± 3.8 mL/kg, mean ± SD, P = 0.65) or V̇o2max (60.2 ± 7.2 to 62.2 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.23) after 4 wk at altitude, whereas athletes with normal [Ferritin] increased both (RCV: 27.3 ± 3.1 to 29.8 ± 2.4 mL/kg, P = 0.002; V̇o2max: 62.0 ± 3.1 to 66.2 ± 3.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.003). In the prospective study, iron supplementation normalized low [Ferritin] observed in athletes exposed to altitude ( n = 14) and sea level ( n = 6) before the altitude/sea-level camp and maintained [Ferritin] within normal range in all athletes during the camp. RCV and V̇o2max increased in the altitude group but remained unchanged in the sea-level group. Finally, the increase in RCV correlated with the increase in V̇o2max [( r = 0.368, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.059–0.612, P = 0.022]. Thus, iron deficiency in athletes restrains erythropoiesis to altitude exposure and may preclude improvement in sea-level athletic performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxic exposure increases iron requirements and utilization for erythropoiesis in athletes. This study clearly demonstrates that iron deficiency in athletes inhibits accelerated erythropoiesis to a sojourn to moderate high altitude and may preclude a potential improvement in sea-level athletic performance with altitude training. Iron replacement therapy before and during altitude exposure is important to maximize performance gains after altitude training in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Okazaki
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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37
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Dias KA, Lawley JS, Gatterer H, Howden EJ, Sarma S, Cornwell WK, Hearon CM, Samels M, Everding B, Liang ASW, Hendrix M, Piper T, Thevis M, Bruick RK, Levine BD. Effect of acute and chronic xenon inhalation on erythropoietin, hematological parameters, and athletic performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1503-1510. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of acute subanesthetic dosages of xenon inhalation to cause erythropoiesis and determine the effect of chronic xenon dosing on hematological parameters and athletic performance. To assess the acute effects, seven subjects breathed three subanesthetic concentrations of xenon: 30% fraction of inspired xenon (FiXe) for 20 min, 50% FiXe for 5 min, and 70% FiXe for 2 min. Erythropoietin (EPO) was measured at baseline, during, and after xenon inhalation. To determine the chronic effects, eight subjects breathed 70% FiXe for 2 min on 7 consecutive days, and EPO, total blood, and plasma volume were measured. Phase II involved assessment of 12 subjects for EPO, total blood volume, maximal oxygen uptake, and 3-km time before and after random assignment to 4 wk of xenon or sham gas inhalation. FiXe 50% and 70% stimulated an increase in EPO at 6 h [+2.3 mIU/mL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–4.5; P = 0.038] and at 192 h postinhalation (+2.9 mIU/mL; 95% CI 0.6–5.1; P = 0.017), respectively. Seven consecutive days of dosing significantly elevated plasma volume (+491 mL; 95% CI 194–789; P = 0.002). Phase II showed no significant effect on EPO, hemoglobin mass, plasma volume, maximal oxygen uptake, or 3-km time. Acute exposure to subanesthetic doses of xenon caused a consistent increase in EPO, and 7 consecutive days of xenon inhalation significantly expanded plasma volume. However, this physiological response appeared to be transient, and 4 wk of xenon inhalation did not stimulate increases in plasma volume or erythropoiesis, leaving cardiorespiratory fitness and athletic performance unchanged. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine each element of the cascade by which xenon inhalation is purported to take effect, starting with measurement of the hypoxia-inducible factor effector, erythropoietin, to hemoglobin mass and blood volume and athletic performance. We found that acute exposure to xenon increased serum erythropoietin concentration, although major markers of erythropoiesis remained unchanged. While daily dosing significantly expanded plasma volume, no physiological or performance benefits were apparent following 4 wk of dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A. Dias
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin S. Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Erin J. Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Christopher M. Hearon
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mitchel Samels
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Braden Everding
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Max Hendrix
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Caris AV, Tavares-Silva E, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes after exercise in hypoxia: A crossover, randomized, double-blind pilot study. Nutrition 2019; 70:110592. [PMID: 31743809 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes after exercise until exhaustion performed in hypoxia. METHODS Fifteen physically active men underwent three exercises until exhaustion with an intensity of 70% maximal oxygen intake at a simulated height of 4500 m under the following supplementation: placebo, CHO (maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min), and CHO + Gln (Gln 20 g/d for 6 d and maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min) during exercise and for 2 h of recovery. Analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey's post hoc test was realized and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Oxygen saturation of arterial blood (SaO2%) decreased in the three trials compared with baseline. Two hours post-exercise, the SaO2% was high in CHO + Gln condition compared with placebo. Two hours after exercise, interleukin (IL)-1β decreased compared with post-exercise in placebo and was lower compared with baseline in the CHO + Gln condition. Tumor necrosis factor-α decreased 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. No changes were observed in myeloperoxidase or IL-6 production. Two hours after exercise, Gln decreased compared with baseline and post-exercise in placebo and decreased 2 h after exercise in relation to post-exercise in the CHO condition. Gln increased post-exercise compared with pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. Although erythropoietin did not change in this condition, it was high post-exercise and 2 h after exercise in the placebo condition compared with baseline and 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO condition. CONCLUSIONS Gln supplementation for 6 d before exercise, associated with CHO supplementation during exercise, was able to revert Gln reduction after exercise and after 2 h of recovery and may have contributed to reducing tumor necrosis factor-α production, suggesting a possible anti-inflammatory effect of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline V Caris
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo V Thomatieli-Santos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Brazil; Postgraduate program in Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, Brazil.
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Intermittent Hypoxic Training at Lactate Threshold Intensity Improves Aiming Performance in Well-Trained Biathletes with Little Change of Cardiovascular Variables. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1287506. [PMID: 31662969 PMCID: PMC6778904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1287506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on aiming performance and aerobic capacity in biathletes. Fourteen male biathletes were randomly divided into a hypoxia group (H) (n = 7), which trained three times per week in a normobaric hypoxic environment (FiO2 = 16.5%, 2000 m a.s.l.) with lactate threshold intensity (LT) determined in hypoxia, and a control group (C) (n = 7), which exercised under normoxic conditions with LT intensity determined in normoxia. The training program included three weekly microcycles, followed by three days of recovery. The main part of the interval workout consisted of four 7 min (1st week), 8 min (2nd week), or 9 min (3rd week) running bouts at treadmill separated by 2 minutes of active recovery. After the warm-up and during the rest between the bouts, the athletes performed aiming to the target in the standing position with a sporting rifle (20 s). The results showed that the IHT caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in retention time in the target at rest (RT9rest) by 14.4% in hypoxia, whereas RT postincremental test (RT9post) increased by 27.4% in normoxia and 26.7% in hypoxia. No significant changes in this variable were found in group C. Additionally, the capillary oxygen saturation at the end of the maximal effort (SO2capillary max) in hypoxia increased significantly (p < 0.001) by ∼4% after IHT. The maximal workload during the incremental test (WRmax) in normoxia also increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 6.3% after IHT. Furthermore, in absolute and relative values of VO2max in normoxia, there was a propensity (p < 0.07) for increasing this value by 5% in group H. In conclusion, the main findings of this study showed a significant improvement in resting and postexercise aiming performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, the results demonstrated beneficial effects of the IHT protocol on aerobic capacity of biathletes.
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Sutehall S, Muniz-Pardos B, Lima G, Wang G, Malinsky FR, Bosch A, Zelenkova I, Tanisawa K, Pigozzi F, Borrione P, Pitsiladis Y. Altitude Training and Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: Considerations for Doping Detection. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:97-104. [PMID: 30969231 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of training at altitude to enhance exercise performance remains equivocal although the most widely accepted approach is one where the athletes live and perform lower-intensity running at approximately 2300 m with high-intensity training at approximately 1250 m. The idea is that this method maintains maximal augmentations in total hemoglobin mass while reducing the performance impairment of high-intensity sessions performed at moderate altitude and thus preventing any detraining that can occur when athletes live and train at moderate altitude. This training regimen, however, is not universally accepted and some argue that the performance enhancement is due to placebo and training camp effects. Altitude training may affect an athlete's hematological parameters in ways similar to those observed following blood doping. Current methods of detection appear insufficient to differentiate between altitude training and blood doping making the interpretation of an athlete's biological passport difficult. Further research is required to determine the optimal method for altitude training and to enhance current detection methods to be able to differentiate better blood doping and altitude exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Sutehall
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, SPAIN
| | - Giscard Lima
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM.,Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Guan Wang
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Andrew Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | | | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM
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Improved Performance in National-Level Runners With Increased Training Load at 1600 and 1800 m. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:286-295. [PMID: 30080440 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of altitude training at 1600 and 1800 m on sea-level (SL) performance in national-level runners. METHODS After 3 wk of SL training, 24 runners completed a 3-wk sojourn at 1600 m (ALT1600, n = 8), 1800 m (ALT1800, n = 9), or SL (CON, n = 7), followed by up to 11 wk of SL racing. Race performance was measured at SL during the lead-in period and repeatedly postintervention. Training volume (in kilometers) and load (session rating of perceived exertion) were calculated for all sessions. Hemoglobin mass was measured via CO rebreathing. Between-groups differences were evaluated using effect sizes (Hedges g). RESULTS Performance improved in both ALT1600 (mean [SD] 1.5% [0.9%]) and ALT1800 (1.6% [1.3%]) compared with CON (0.4% [1.7%]); g = 0.83 (90% confidence limits -0.10, 1.66) and 0.81 (-0.09, 1.62), respectively. Season-best performances occurred 5 to 71 d postaltitude in ALT1600/1800. There were large increases in training load from lead-in to intervention in ALT1600 (48% [32%]) and ALT1800 (60% [31%]) compared with CON (18% [20%]); g = 1.24 (0.24, 2.08) and 1.69 (0.65, 2.55), respectively. Hemoglobin mass increased in ALT1600 and ALT1800 (∼4%) but not CON. CONCLUSIONS Larger improvements in performance after altitude training may be due to the greater overall load of training in hypoxia compared with normoxia, combined with a hypoxia-mediated increase in hemoglobin mass. A wide time frame for peak performances suggests that the optimal window to race postaltitude is individual, and factors other than altitude exposure per se may be important.
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Cao Y, Ichikawa Y, Sasaki Y, Ogawa T, Hiroyama T, Enomoto Y, Fujii N, Nishiyasu T. Expiratory flow limitation under moderate hypobaric hypoxia does not influence ventilatory responses during incremental running in endurance runners. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13996. [PMID: 30714335 PMCID: PMC6360241 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether expiratory flow limitation (EFL) occurs in endurance athletes in a moderately hypobaric hypoxic environment equivalent to 2500 m above sea level and, if so, whether EFL inhibits peak ventilation ( V ˙ Epeak ), thereby exacerbating the hypoxia-induced reduction in peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak ). Seventeen young male endurance runners performed incremental exhaustive running on separate days under hypobaric hypoxic (560 mmHg) and normobaric normoxic (760 mmHg) conditions. Oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2 ), minute ventilation ( V ˙ E), arterial O2 saturation (SpO2 ), and operating lung volume were measured throughout the incremental exercise. Among the runners tested, 35% exhibited EFL (EFL group, n = 6) in the hypobaric hypoxic condition, whereas the rest did not (Non-EFL group, n = 11). There were no differences between the EFL and Non-EFL groups for V ˙ Epeak and V ˙ O2peak under either condition. Percent changes in V ˙ Epeak (4 ± 4 vs. 2 ± 4%) and V ˙ O2peak (-18 ± 6 vs. -16 ± 6%) from normobaric normoxia to hypobaric hypoxia also did not differ between the EFL and Non-EFL groups (all P > 0.05). No differences in maximal running velocity, SpO2 , or operating lung volume were detected between the two groups under either condition. These results suggest that under the moderate hypobaric hypoxia (2500 m above sea level) frequently used for high-attitude training, ~35% of endurance athletes may exhibit EFL, but their ventilatory and metabolic responses during maximal exercise are similar to those who do not exhibit EFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Cao
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yuhei Ichikawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of EconomicsNiigata Sangyo UniversityKashiwazakiJapan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Department of Physical EducationOsaka Kyoiku UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tsutomu Hiroyama
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yasushi Enomoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Impact of Energy Availability, Health, and Sex on Hemoglobin-Mass Responses Following Live-High-Train-High Altitude Training in Elite Female and Male Distance Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1090-1096. [PMID: 29431548 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors investigated the effects of sex, energy availability (EA), and health status on the change in hemoglobin mass (ΔHbmass) in elite endurance athletes over ∼3-4 wk of live-high-train-high altitude training in Flagstaff, AZ (2135 m; n = 27 women; n = 21 men; 27% 2016 Olympians). METHODS Precamp and postcamp Hbmass (optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and iron status were measured, EA was estimated via food and training logs, and a Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAFQ) and a general injury/illness questionnaire were completed. Hypoxic exposure (h) was calculated with low (<500 h), moderate (500-600 h), and high (>600 h) groupings. RESULTS Absolute and relative percentage ΔHbmass was significantly greater in women (6.2% [4.0%], P < .001) than men (3.2% [3.3%], P = .008). %ΔHbmass showed a dose-response with hypoxic exposure (3.1% [3.8%] vs 4.9% [3.8%] vs 6.8% [3.7%], P = .013). Hbmasspre was significantly higher in eumenorrheic vs amenorrheic women (12.2 [1.0] vs 11.3 [0.5] g/kg, P = .004). Although statistically underpowered, %ΔHbmass was significantly less in sick (n = 4, -0.5% [0.4%]) vs healthy (n = 44, 5.4% [3.8%], P < .001) athletes. There were no significant correlations between self-reported iron intake, sex hormones, or EA on Hbmass outcomes. However, there was a trend for a negative correlation between LEAFQ score and %ΔHbmass (r = -.353, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the importance of baseline Hbmass and exposure to hypoxia on increases in Hbmass during altitude training, while emphasizing the importance of athlete health and indices of EA on an optimal baseline Hbmass and hematological response to hypoxia.
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Stella F, Bortolan L, Boccia G, Zignoli A, Schena F, Mourot L, Pellegrini B. Delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2189-2201. [PMID: 30051338 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). METHODS Thirteen healthy men performed CPET and recovery in normoxia (N) and normobaric hypoxia (H) (FiO2 = 13.4%, ≈ 3500 m). Post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed during recovery (300 s) through the analysis of fast-phase and slow-phase heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. RESULTS Both short-term, T30 (mean difference (MD) 60.0 s, 95% CI 18.2-101.8, p = 0.009, ES 1.01), and long-term, HRRt (MD 21.7 s, 95% CI 4.1-39.3, p = 0.020, ES 0.64), time constants of HRR were higher in H. Fast-phase (30 and 60 s) and slow-phase (300 s) HRR indices were reduced in H either when expressed in bpm or in percentage of HRpeak (p < 0.05). Chronotropic reserve recovery was lower in H than in N at 30 s (MD - 3.77%, 95% CI - 7.06 to - 0.49, p = 0.028, ES - 0.80) and at 60 s (MD - 7.23%, 95% CI - 11.45 to - 3.01, p = 0.003, ES - 0.81), but not at 300 s (p = 0.436). Concurrently, Ln-RMSSD was reduced in H at 60 and 90 s (p < 0.01) but not at other time points during recovery (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Affected fast-phase, slow-phase HRR and HRV indices suggested delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after maximal exercise in hypoxia. However, a similar cardiac autonomic recovery was re-established within 5 min after exercise cessation. These findings have several implications in cardiac autonomic recovery interpretation and in HR assessment in response to high-intensity hypoxic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy. .,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Spyros Skafidas
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Laboratory of Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform (EA 3920), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Turner G, Fudge BW, Pringle JSM, Maxwell NS, Richardson AJ. Altitude training in endurance running: perceptions of elite athletes and support staff. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:163-172. [PMID: 29932816 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1488383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to establish perceptions of elite endurance athletes on the role and worth of altitude training. Elite British endurance runners were surveyed to identify the altitude and hypoxic training methods utilised, along with reasons for use, and any situational, cultural and behaviour factors influencing these. Prior to the 2012 Olympics Games, 39 athletes and 20 support staff (coaches/practitioners) completed an internet-based survey to establish differences between current practices and the accepted "best-practice". Almost all of the athletes (98%) and support staff (95%) surveyed had utilised altitude and hypoxic training, or had advised it to athletes. 75% of athletes believed altitude and hypoxia to be a "very important" factor in their training regime, with 50% of support staff believing the same. Athletes and support staff were in agreement of the methods of altitude training utilised (i.e. 'hypoxic dose' and strategy), with camps lasting 3-4 weeks at 1,500-2,500 m being the most popular. Athletes and support staff are utilising altitude and hypoxic training methods in a manner agreeing with research-based suggestions. The survey identified a number of specific challenges and priorities, which could provide scope to optimise future altitude training methods for endurance performance in these elite groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Turner
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK.,c EIS Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Barry W Fudge
- b National Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Jamie S M Pringle
- c EIS Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Alan J Richardson
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
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46
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Płoszczyca K, Langfort J, Czuba M. The Effects of Altitude Training on Erythropoietic Response and Hematological Variables in Adult Athletes: A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29695978 PMCID: PMC5904371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the goals of altitude training is to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity in order to improve sea-level endurance performance in athletes. The elevated erythropoietin (EPO) production in hypoxia is a key factor in the achievement of enhanced hematological variables. The level of the EPO increase and acceleration of erythropoiesis depend on the duration of exposure and degree of hypoxia. Furthermore, many other factors may affect the hematological response to altitude training. Aim: The purpose of this narrative review was to: (1) analyze the kinetics of EPO and hematological variables during and after altitude training; (2) summarize the current state of knowledge about the possible causes of individual or cohort differences in EPO and hematological response to altitude training; (3) formulate practical guidelines for athletes to improve the efficiency of altitude training. Methods: A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO for all English-language articles published between 1997 and 2017. Results: Complete unification of results from studies on EPO kinetics was difficult due to different time and frequency of blood sampling by different researchers during and after altitude training, but the data presented in the reviewed literature allowed us to detect certain trends. The results of the reviewed studies were divergent and indicated either increase or no change of hematological variables following altitude training. Factors that may affect the hematological response to altitude training include hypoxic dose, training content, training background of athletes, and/or individual variability of EPO production. Conclusions: Despite the potential benefits arising from altitude training, its effectiveness in improving hematological variables is still debatable. Further research and better understanding of factors influencing the response to altitude, as well as factors affecting the suitable measurement and interpretation of study results, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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Bejder J, Nordsborg NB. Specificity of “Live High-Train Low” Altitude Training on Exercise Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:129-136. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Robach P, Hansen J, Pichon A, Meinild Lundby AK, Dandanell S, Slettaløkken Falch G, Hammarström D, Pesta DH, Siebenmann C, Keiser S, Kérivel P, Whist JE, Rønnestad BR, Lundby C. Hypobaric live high-train low does not improve aerobic performance more than live low-train low in cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1636-1652. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne; site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme; Chamonix France
- HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - J. Hansen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - A. Pichon
- Laboratory Mobility, Aging & Exercise (MOVE) - EA 6314; Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - A.-K. Meinild Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Dandanell
- Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; XLab; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy; Metropolitan University College; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - D. Hammarström
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - D. H. Pesta
- Department of Sport Science; Faculty for Sports Science and Psychology; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery; D. Swarovski Research Laboratory; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - C. Siebenmann
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Keiser
- Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Kérivel
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne; site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme; Chamonix France
| | - J. E. Whist
- Innlandet Hospital Trust; Lillehammer Norway
| | - B. R. Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - C. Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Millet GP, Chapman RF, Girard O, Brocherie F. Is live high -train low altitude training relevant for elite athletes? Flawed analysis from inaccurate data. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:923-925. [PMID: 29247024 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Rendell RA, Prout J, Costello JT, Massey HC, Tipton MJ, Young JS, Corbett J. Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R191-R201. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to heat and hypoxia are typically studied in isolation but are often encountered in combination. Whether the adaptive response to multiple stressors affords the same response as when examined in isolation is unclear. We examined 1) the influence of overnight moderate normobaric hypoxia on the time course and magnitude of adaptation to daily heat exposure and 2) whether heat acclimation (HA) was ergogenic and whether this was influenced by an additional hypoxic stimulus. Eight males [V̇o2max = 58.5 (8.3) ml·kg−1·min−1] undertook two 11-day HA programs (balanced-crossover design), once with overnight normobaric hypoxia (HAHyp): 8 (1) h per night for 10 nights [[Formula: see text] = 0.156; SpO2 = 91 (2)%] and once without (HACon). Days 1, 6, and 11 were exercise-heat stress tests [HST (40°C, 50% relative humidity, RH)]; days 2–5 and 7–10 were isothermal strain [target rectal temperature (Tre) ~38.5°C], exercise-heat sessions. A graded exercise test and 30-min cycle trial were undertaken pre-, post-, and 14 days after HA in temperate normoxia (22°C, 55% RH; FIO2 = 0.209). HA was evident on day 6 (e.g., reduced Tre, mean skin temperature (T̄sk), heart rate, and sweat [Na+], P < 0.05) with additional adaptations on day 11 (further reduced T̄sk and heart rate). HA increased plasma volume [+5.9 (7.3)%] and erythropoietin concentration [+1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml]; total hemoglobin mass was unchanged. Peak power output [+12 (20) W], lactate threshold [+15 (18) W] and work done [+12 (20) kJ] increased following HA. The additional hypoxic stressor did not affect these adaptations. In conclusion, a separate moderate overnight normobaric hypoxic stimulus does not affect the time course or magnitude of HA. Performance may be improved in temperate normoxia following HA, but this is unaffected by an additional hypoxic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Rendell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Prout
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C. Massey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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